CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that
are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to
any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-
solving. The ideal characteristic of artificial intelligence is its ability to rationalize and take
actions that have the best chance of achieving a specific goal. A subset of artificial intelligence is
machine learning, which refers to the concept that computer programs can automatically learn
from and adapt to new data without being assisted by humans. Deep learning techniques enable
this automatic learning through the absorption of huge amounts of unstructured data such as text,
images, or video. Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in
machines. The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception.AI is
being used across different industries including finance and healthcare. Weak AI tends to be
simple and single-task oriented, while strong AI carries on tasks that are more complex and
human-like. When most people hear the term artificial intelligence, the first thing they usually
think of is robots. That's because big-budget films and novels weave stories about human-like
machines that wreak havoc on Earth. But nothing could be further from the truth.

Artificial intelligence is based on the principle that human intelligence can be defined in
a way that a machine can easily mimic it and execute tasks, from the most simple to those that
are even more complex. The goals of artificial intelligence include mimicking human cognitive
activity. Researchers and developers in the field are making surprisingly rapid strides in
mimicking activities such as learning, reasoning, and perception, to the extent that these can be
concretely defined. Some believe that innovators may soon be able to develop systems that
exceed the capacity of humans to learn or reason out any subject. But others remain skeptical
because all cognitive activity is laced with value judgments that are subject to human experience.
As technology advances, previous benchmarks that defined artificial intelligence become
outdated. For example, machines that calculate basic functions or recognize text through optical
character recognition are no longer considered to embody artificial intelligence, since this
function is now taken for granted as an inherent computer function. AI is continuously evolving
to benefit many different industries. Machines are wired using a cross-disciplinary approach
based on mathematics, computer science, linguistics, psychology, and more. Algorithms often
play a very important part in the structure of artificial intelligence, where simple algorithms are
used in simple applications, while more complex ones help frame strong artificial intelligence.
The applications for artificial intelligence are endless. The technology can be applied to many
different sectors and industries. AI is being tested and used in the healthcare industry for dosing
drugs and different treatment in patients, and for surgical procedures in the operating room.
 Other examples of machines with artificial intelligence include computers that play
chess and self-driving cars. Each of these machines must weigh the consequences of any action
they take, as each action will impact the end result. In chess, the end result is winning the game.
For self-driving cars, the computer system must account for all external data and compute it to
act in a way that prevents a collision.

Artificial intelligence also has applications in the financial industry, where it is used to
detect and flag activity in banking and finance such as unusual debit card usage and large
account deposits—all of which help a bank's fraud department. Applications for AI are also
being used to help streamline and make trading easier. This is done by making supply, demand,
and pricing of securities easier to estimate.

1.2 Categorization of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence can be divided into two different categories: weak and strong.
Weak artificial intelligence embodies a system designed to carry out one particular job. Weak AI
systems include video games such as the chess example from above and personal assistants such
as Amazon's Alexa and Apple's Siri. You ask the assistant a question, it answers it for you.
Strong artificial intelligence systems are systems that carry on the tasks considered to be human-
like. These tend to be more complex and complicated systems. They are programmed to handle
situations in which they may be required to problem solve without having a person intervene.
These kinds of systems can be found in applications like self-driving cars or in hospital operating
rooms.

Since its beginning, artificial intelligence has come under scrutiny from scientists and
the public alike. One common theme is the idea that machines will become so highly developed
that humans will not be able to keep up and they will take off on their own, redesigning
themselves at an exponential rate. Another is that machines can hack into people's privacy and
even be weaponized. Other arguments debate the ethics of artificial intelligence and whether
intelligent systems such as robots should be treated with the same rights as humans. Self-driving
cars have been fairly controversial as their machines tend to be designed for the lowest possible
risk and the least casualties. If presented with a scenario of colliding with one person or another
at the same time, these cars would calculate the option that would cause the least amount of
damage. Another contentious issue many people have with artificial intelligence is how it may
affect human employment. With many industries looking to automate certain jobs through the
use of intelligent machinery, there is a concern that people would be pushed out of the
workforce. Self-driving cars may remove the need for taxis and car-share programs, while
manufacturers may easily replace human labor with machines, making people's skills more
obsolete.
1.3 How Artificial Intelligence (AI) Works?

Building an AI system is a careful process of reverse-engineering human traits and

capabilities in a machine, and using it’s computational prowess to surpass what we are capable
of. To understand How Aritificial Intelligence actually works, one needs to deep dive into the
various sub domains of Artificial Intelligence and and understand how those domains could be
applied into the various fields of the industry. You can also take up an artificial intelligence
course that will help you gain a comprehensive understanding.

 Machine Learning : ML teaches a machine how to make inferences and decisions based
on past experience. It identifies patterns, analyses past data to infer the meaning of these
data points to reach a possible conclusion without having to involve human experience.
This automation to reach conclusions by evaluating data, saves a human time for
businesses and helps them make a better decision.

 Deep Learning : Deep Learning ia an ML technique. It teaches a machine to process

inputs through layers in order to classify, infer and predict the outcome.

 Neural Network : Neural Networks work on the similar principles as of Human Neural
cells. They are a series of algorithms that captures the relationship between various
underying variabes and processes the data as a human brain does.

 Natural Language Processing: NLP is a science of reading, understanding, interpreting

a language by a machine. Once a machine understands what the user intends to
communicate, it responds accordingly.

 Computer Vision : Computer vision algorithms tries to understand an image by breaking

down an image and studying different parts of the objects. This helps the machine
classify and learn from a set of images, to make a better output decision based on
previous observations.

 Cognitive Computing : Cognitive computing algorithms try to mimic a human brain by

analyzing text/speech/images/objects in a manner that a human does and tries to give the
desired output.
 CHAPTER 2

2.0 What are the Types of Artificial Intelligence?

Not all types of AI all the above fields simultaneously. Different Artificial Intelligence
entities are built for different purposes, and that’s how they vary. AI can be classified based on
Type 1 and Type 2 (Based on functionalities). Here’s a brief introduction the first type.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

 Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

 Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)

2.1 What is Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)?

This is the most common form of AI that you’d find in the market now. These Artificial
Intelligence systems are designed to solve one single problem and would be able to execute a
single task really well. By definition, they have narrow capabilities, like recommending a
product for an e-commerce user or predicting the weather. This is the only kind of Artificial
Intelligence that exists today. They’re able to come close to human functioning in very specific
contexts, and even surpass them in many instances, but only excelling in very controlled
environments with a limited set of parameters.

2.2 What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)?

AGI is still a theoretical concept. It’s defined as AI which has a human-level of

cognitive function, across a wide variety of domains such as language processing, image
processing, computational functioning and reasoning and so on. We’re still a long way away
from building an AGI system. An AGI system would need to comprise of thousands of Artificial
Narrow Intelligence systems working in tandem, communicating with each other to mimic
human reasoning. Even with the most advanced computing systems and infrastructures, such as
Fujitsu’s K or IBM’s Watson, it has taken them 40 minutes to simulate a single second of
neuronal activity. This speaks to both the immense complexity and interconnectedness of the
human brain, and to the magnitude of the challenge of building an AGI with our current
resources.

2.3 What is Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)?

We’re almost entering into science-fiction territory here, but ASI is seen as the logical
progression from AGI. An Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) system would be able to surpass all
human capabilities. This would include decision making, taking rational decisions, and even
includes things like making better art and building emotional relationships. Once we achieve
Artificial General Intelligence, AI systems would rapidly be able to improve their capabilities
and advance into realms that we might not even have dreamed of. While the gap between AGI
and ASI would be relatively narrow (some say as little as a nanosecond, because that’s how fast
Artificial Intelligence would learn) the long journey ahead of us towards AGI itself makes this
seem like a concept that lays far into the future.

 Strong and Weak Artificial Intelligence

Extensive research in Artificial Intelligence also divides it into two more categories,
namely Strong Artificial Intelligence and Weak Artificial Intelligence. The terms were coined by
John Searle in order to differentiate the performance levels in different kinds of AI machines.
Here are some of the core differences between them.

Weak AI Strong AI

It is a narrow application with a limited scope. It is a wider application with a more vast
scope.

This application is good at specific tasks. This application has an incredible human-level
intelligence.

It uses supervised and unsupervised learning to It uses clustering and association to process
process data. data.

Example: Siri, Alexa. Example: Advanced Robotics