Molecules of Life: 1.1 WATER 1.2 Carbohydrates 1.3 Lipids 1.4 Proteins 1.5 Dna & Rna

BIOLOGY UNIT BIOLOGY 1 SB015
SEMESTER 1
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI MELAKA
CHAPTER 1: MOLECULES OF LIFE
1.1 WATER
1.2 CARBOHYDRATES
1.3 LIPIDS
1.4 PROTEINS
1.5 DNA & RNA
UPS 1 PSPM
7 marks -
CHAPTER 1 : BIOLOGY 1 SB015
SEMESTER 1
MOLECULES OF LIFE
1.1 : WATER
LEARNING OUTCOMES
a) State the structure and properties of water
molecules.
b) Relate the properties of water and its
importance:
i. universal/ versatile solvent
ii. high specific heat capacity
iii. high latent heat of vaporization
iv. cohesion of water molecules
v. maximum density at 4OC 2
STRUCTURE OF ONE WATER MOLECULE
❖Chemical formula: H2O

❖Shape: V shape with angle 104.50
❖2 hydrogen atoms joined to 1 oxygen atom
by single covalent bond.
Covalent bond
Schematic diagram
showing covalent bond
within a water molecule
❖ Water is a polar molecule:

⮚opposite ends of water molecule have opposite charges
• due to unequal distribution of shared electrons.
• O atom is more electronegative compared to H
atoms.
• Hydrogen: partial positive charge; δ+
• Oxygen: partial negative charge; δ–
Why oxygen is partially negative, and hydrogen is

partially positive?
FORMATION OF HYDROGEN BOND
• Polar property allows water molecules to form

hydrogen bonds with each other which is
constantly break & reformed.
• Hydrogen bond: A chemical bond that formed
when the partially positive (δ+) H of one
molecule is attracted to the partially negative
(δ–) oxygen in another water molecule,
causing them to stick together.
Hydrogen bond between

water molecule
FORMATION OF HYDROGEN BOND
⮚Hydrogen bonds are weaker than

covalent bonds but, strong enough to
hold water molecules together
Schematic Diagram Showing Hydrogen Bonds
Between Water Molecules
⮚ONE water molecule will form hydrogen bond
to a maximum of FOUR water molecules
4
2
3
QUESTIONS
1. Why is it unlikely that two

neighboring water molecules
would be arranged like this?
2. What would be the effect on the properties

of the water molecule if oxygen and hydrogen
had equal electronegativity?
PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Is universal/versatile solvent
2. Has high specific heat capacity
3. Has high latent heat of vaporization
4. Cohesion of water molecules
5. Has maximum density at 4°C
1. IS UNIVERSAL/ VERSATILE SOLVENT
❖ Due to its polarity, water act as

universal solvent
❖ It can dissolve ionic and polar
molecules
e.g. sodium chloride (NaCl)
• Oxygen atoms (partially
negative charge) are attracted
to positively charged sodium
ion (Na+)
• Hydrogen atoms (partially
positive charged) are attracted
to negatively charged chloride
ion (Cl-)
When you pour some table salt (NaCl)
into a cup of water, what really happens?
Hydration shell
The sphere of water
molecules around each
dissolved ion
Water molecule surround

sodium and chloride ions,
separate and avoid them from each other.
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
WATER IS UNIVERSAL/ VERSATILE SOLVENT
❖ Capable of dissolving different types of

substances (especially polar and ionic
compounds)
- due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds
❖ Provides an aqueous medium

for biochemical reactions
(i.e. enzymatic reactions)
❖ Major transport medium in living

organisms (e.g. in blood capillaries
of human and in xylem of plants)
2. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
Definition of high specific heat capacity :

Large @ high amount of heat energy
that must be absorbed or lost for
1 gram of water molecules to change
its temperature by 1ºC
Specific heat capacity for water

= 1 cal/gºC @ 4.2 J/gºC
2. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
❖ Large amount of heat energy is

absorbed to break ALL hydrogen
bonds between water molecules in
order to increase the temperature
of water molecules
❖ Large amount of heat energy is
released to form hydrogen bonds
between water molecules in order to
decrease the temperature of water
molecules
WATER HAS HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY
❖ Can stabilize the ocean

temperature & enable
aquatic organisms to
survive in favorable
environment
❖ Act as heat buffer

to prevent large
fluctuation in body
temperature of
terrestrial organisms 16
3. HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
Definition of high latent heat of

vaporization :
Large @ high amount of heat energy

that must be absorbed for 1 gram of
water molecule to change from liquid
water into water vapour
Latent heat of vaporization for
water = 580 cal/g
3. HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
Large amount of heat energy is absorbed

to break ALL hydrogen bonds between
water molecules in order to change liquid
water into water vapour
WATER HAS HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
❖ Give the evaporative cooling effects

during:
⮚ Evaporation of sweat on
human skin
- To dissipates body heat
and help prevent terrestrial
organisms from
overheating on hot day/
strenuous activity//
- To maintain body
temperature
19
WATER HAS HIGH LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
❖ Give the evaporative cooling effects

during:
⮚ transpiration from leaves of
plants help keep the tissues
in leaves from becoming too
warm in the sunlight
⮚panting in animals
e.g. dog
20
QUESTIONS
1. Why must water absorb relatively large

quantity of heat in order to change its
temperature?
2. State ONE property of water based on

question above.
4. COHESION OF WATER MOLECULES
❖ Definition of cohesion:
Force of attraction (hydrogen
bonds) between the water molecules
⮚ One result of cohesion due to the

hydrogen bonding is high surface
tension; a measure of how difficult
it is to stretch / break the surface of
a liquid
❖ Water molecules on the surface is bonded by hydrogen

bonds with water molecules at the below to form a ‘skin
like’ layer at the surface of water
• In the body of water, water molecule within

are attracted equally by cohesion.
• At the air-water interface, cohesive force
only form interior.
• The unequal attraction cause the inwardly
forces that cause high surface tension at
the surface of water.
• E.g.: Surface of pond
COHESION OF WATER MOLECULES
❖ Allows insects to walk on the water
surface.
• The high surface tension of water, resulting
from collective strength of hydrogen bonds,
e.g. water skater/

raft spider
25
COHESION OF WATER MOLECULES
❖ Transport of water and
dissolved nutrients
against gravity in plants
water-conducting cells.
• Water from the roots reaches the
leaves through a network of water-
conducting cells.
• Adhesion of water by hydrogen

bonds to the molecules of cell walls
helps counter the downward pull of
gravity
6. MAXIMUM DENSITY AT 4°C
❖ At temperature above 4⁰C, water behave like other liquid,

expanding as it warms and contracting as it cools
❖ Water reaches its greatest density at 4⁰C
❖ Ice is less dense than liquid water at 4 ⁰C
❖ As temperature falls from 4⁰C to 0⁰C, water begin to

freeze because more water molecules are moving slowly
to break hydrogen bonds. 27
6. MAXIMUM DENSITY AT 4°C
❖ At 0°C, liquid water transforms into ice (solid)

❖ The water molecules become locked into crystalline
lattice; each water molecule hydrogen bonded to four
partner.
❖ Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bond keeps
the water molecule far enough apart, making ice less
dense.
MAXIMUM DENSITY AT 4°C
❖ Allow aquatic organisms to survive under

the floating ice during winter
• As ice floats, it acts as insulator to
prevent ponds, lakes, oceans from
freezing.
Test your knowledge….
How does aquatic life survive in

extremely cold conditions ?

Molecules of Life: 1.1 WATER 1.2 Carbohydrates 1.3 Lipids 1.4 Proteins 1.5 Dna & Rna

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Molecules of Life: 1.1 WATER 1.2 Carbohydrates 1.3 Lipids 1.4 Proteins 1.5 Dna & Rna

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Molecules of Life: 1.1 WATER 1.2 Carbohydrates 1.3 Lipids 1.4 Proteins 1.5 Dna & Rna

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BIOLOGY UNIT BIOLOGY 1 SB015

CHAPTER 1: MOLECULES OF LIFE

❖Chemical formula: H2O

❖ Water is a polar molecule:

Why oxygen is partially negative, and hydrogen is

• Polar property allows water molecules to form

Hydrogen bond between

⮚Hydrogen bonds are weaker than

1. Why is it unlikely that two

2. What would be the effect on the properties

❖ Due to its polarity, water act as

Water molecule surround

❖ Capable of dissolving different types of

❖ Provides an aqueous medium

❖ Major transport medium in living

Definition of high specific heat capacity :

Specific heat capacity for water

❖ Large amount of heat energy is

❖ Can stabilize the ocean

❖ Act as heat buffer

Definition of high latent heat of

Large @ high amount of heat energy

Large amount of heat energy is absorbed

❖ Give the evaporative cooling effects

❖ Give the evaporative cooling effects

1. Why must water absorb relatively large

2. State ONE property of water based on

⮚ One result of cohesion due to the

❖ Water molecules on the surface is bonded by hydrogen

• In the body of water, water molecule within

e.g. water skater/

• Adhesion of water by hydrogen

❖ At temperature above 4⁰C, water behave like other liquid,

❖ As temperature falls from 4⁰C to 0⁰C, water begin to

❖ At 0°C, liquid water transforms into ice (solid)

❖ Allow aquatic organisms to survive under

How does aquatic life survive in

You might also like