Healthy Heart

Group members: Mabel Tang Xuen Xuen, Pang Li

Xin Vivian, Joan Hau Kai Qi, Chuin Shi Qi

Form: 3 Yellow

Theme: Maintenance and continuity of life

Learning area: Transportation
Content standard: Blood circulatory system
Learning standard: Justify the importance of maintaining a
healthy heart
Budget to build a human heart model
Materials RM

Paper box 1.50

Color paper 5.00

 Double-sided tape 2.00

Razor blade 5.00

Scissors 3.00

Total 16.50

List of materials and apparatus used

Scissors: To cut the color paper
Razor blade: To cut down the heart model shape
Double -sided tape: To paste the color paper on the paper box
Paper box: To build a heart model shape
Color paper: To make the color inside of the heart
Duty roster with date
Duty roster Date

Buy materials 12/7/2024

Draw a poster 13/7/2024

Build a human heart 15/7/2024

model
Find the information 16/7/2024
Folio 18/7/2024

Steps to build a heart model

1. Prepare materials such as scissors, razor blades, double-sided tape,

paper box and colored paper.
2. Draw the heart part on the paper box.
3. Cut out the heart part.

4. Colorful red on the left heart.

5. Draw and cut the shape of the lung and paste it on the paper box.
6. Assembling arteries and veins.

7. Complete a heart model.

Knowledge
Types of heart diseases

1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Coronary Artery Disease is the most common heart problem. With Coronary Artery
Disease you may get blockages in your coronary arteries -- the vessels that supply
blood to your heart. That can lead to a decrease in the flow of blood to your heart
muscle, keeping it from getting the oxygen it needs. The disease usually starts as a
result of atherosclerosis, a condition sometimes called hardening of the arteries.

2. Heart Arrhythmias
A heart arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat. A heart arrhythmia occurs when the
electrical signals that tell the heart to beat don't work properly. The heart may
beat too fast or too slow. Or the pattern of the heartbeat may be inconsistent.

A heart arrhythmia may feel like a fluttering, pounding or racing heartbeat. Some
heart arrhythmias are harmless. Others may cause life-threatening symptoms.

Heart arrhythmia treatment may include medicines, devices such as pacemakers,

or a procedure or surgery. The goals of treatment are to control or get rid of fast,
 slow or otherwise irregular heartbeats. A heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent
heart damage that can trigger some heart arrhythmias.

3. Congenital heart disease

Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that
are present at birth. Congenital means that you're born with the condition. A
congenital heart condition can change the way blood flows through the heart.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects. This article focuses on
congenital heart disease in adults.
Some types of congenital heart disease may be mild. Others may cause life-
threatening complications. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have improved
survival for those born with a heart problem.

Treatment for congenital heart disease may include regular health checkups,
medicines or surgery. If you have adult congenital heart disease, ask your
healthcare professional how often you need a checkup.

4. Heart Failure
Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it
should. When this happens, blood often backs up and fluid can build up in the
lungs, causing shortness of breath.
Certain heart conditions gradually leave the heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump
blood properly. These conditions include narrowed arteries in the heart and high
blood pressure.

Proper treatment may improve the symptoms of heart failure and may help some
people live longer. Lifestyle changes can improve quality of life. Try to lose weight,
exercise, use less salt and manage stress.

But heart failure can be life-threatening. People with heart failure may have severe
symptoms. Some may need a heart transplant or a device to help the heart pump
blood.
Causes of heart diseases

1. Smoking
The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients. Over time,
fatty deposits ( plaque ) can build up inside the coronary arteries . This can
reduce the flow of blood to the heart and increases the risk of heart attack.
Smoking speeds up the clogging and narrowing of coronary arteries. Smoking
also damages other blood vessels. When the arteries supplying blood to the
arms and legs are affected, this is called peripheral arterial disease which
affects blood circulation. Peripheral arterial disease can lead to blood clots,
gangrene and even amputation.

2. High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is determined by two things: the amount of blood the
heart pumps and how hard it is for the blood to move through the arteries. The
more blood the heart pumps and the narrower the arteries, the higher the
blood pressure.

Primary hypertension, also called essential hypertension

This type of high blood pressure is called primary hypertension or essential
hypertension. It tends to develop gradually over many years. Plaque buildup in
the arteries, called atherosclerosis, increases the risk of high blood pressure.
 Secondary hypertension
This type of high blood pressure is caused by an underlying condition. It tends
to appear suddenly and cause higher blood pressure than does primary
hypertension. Conditions and medicines that can lead to secondary
hypertension include:

-Adrenal gland tumors

-Blood vessel problems present at birth, also called congenital heart defects.
-Cough and cold medicines, some pain relievers, birth control pills, and other.
-Kidney disease

3. High cholesterol blood

-High cholesterol is when you have too much of a fatty substance called
cholesterol in your blood.
-It's mainly caused by eating fatty food, not exercising enough, being
overweight, smoking and drinking alcohol. It can also run in families.
-You can lower your cholesterol by eating healthily and getting more exercise.
Some people also need to take medicine.
-Too much cholesterol can block your blood vessels. It makes you more likely
to have heart problems or a stroke.
-High cholesterol does not usually cause symptoms. You can only find out if
you have it from a blood test.
Symptoms of heart diseases

1. Chest pain (angina).

Chest pain is discomfort or pain that you feel along the front of your body,
between (and including) your neck and upper abdomen.

But chest pain is still the most common symptom of poor blood flow to the
heart or a heart attack. This type of chest pain is called angina.

Chest pain can occur when the heart is not getting enough blood or oxygen.
The amount and type of pain can vary from person to person. The intensity
of the pain does not always relate to how severe the heart problem is some
people may feel a crushing pain, while others feel only mild discomfort.

Chest discomfort due to a heart attack or another heart problem may feel
like:

-Pressure, fullness, burning or tightness in the chest.

-Shortness of breath.
-Cold sweats.
-Dizziness, lightheadedness or weakness.
-Racing heartbeats.
-Nausea or vomiting.

2. Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Shortness of breath — known medically as dyspnea — is often described as
an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing,
breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation.
 Very strenuous exercise, extreme temperatures, obesity and higher altitude
all can cause shortness of breath in a healthy person. Outside of these
examples, shortness of breath is likely a sign of a medical problem.

When the heart can't pump blood as well as it should, blood backs up in the
veins that go from the lungs to the heart. Fluid leaks into the lungs and
causes shortness of breath. This is a symptom of heart failure.
You may notice shortness of breath:

-During activity
-While you're resting
-When you're lying flat on your back -- it may even wake you from sleep

3. Fatigue or exhaustion
Fatigue is a feeling of constant exhaustion, burnout or lack of energy. It can
be physical, mental or a combination of both. Fatigue can affect anyone –
most adults experience it at some time in their life.

Sometimes fatigue can be more serious – it may indicate an underlying

medical condition or it can put people at risk of a workplace or motor
vehicle accident.

Fatigue symptoms can be physical, mental and emotional and may include:

-chronic tiredness, sleepiness or lack of energy

-headache
-dizziness
-muscle weakness
-slowed reflexes and responses
-reduced immune system function
-blurry vision
-short-term memory problems
-poor concentration
-low motivation.

4. Dizziness or fainting
Fainting (also called dizziness) is when you suddenly lose consciousness or
‘black out’ for a few seconds. People usually recover very quickly and
 without any lasting effects. A faint can be caused by tiredness, dehydration,
severe pain, anxiety, low blood pressure, low blood sugar levels, heart
attack or stroke.
Before fainting, it is common to experience some of the following:
-sweating, weakness, dizziness, light-headedness
-shortness of breath
-vision changes, blurred or faded vision, seeing spots or lights
-pale face, cool and moist skin
-numbness, tingling
-anxiety, restlessness
Ways to prevent heart diseases

1. Be more physically active

Regular exercise will make your heart and blood circulatory system more
efficient, lower your cholesterol level, and also keep your blood pressure
at a healthy level.

Exercising regularly reduces your risk of having a heart attack. The heart
is a muscle and, like any other muscle, benefits from exercise. A strong
heart can pump more blood around your body with less effort.

Any aerobic exercise, such as walking, swimming and dancing, makes

your heart work harder and keeps it healthy.

2. Take any prescribed medicine

If you have congenital heart disease, you may be prescribed medicine to
help relieve your symptoms and stop further problems developing.

If you do not have congenital heart disease but have high cholesterol,
high blood pressure or a history of family heart disease, your doctor may
prescribe medicine to prevent you developing heart-related problems.

If you're prescribed medicine, it's vital you take it and follow the correct
dosage. Do not stop taking your medicine without consulting a doctor
first, as doing so is likely to make your symptoms worse and put your
healthy at risk.

3. Keep your blood pressure under control

 You can keep your blood pressure under control by eating a healthy diet
low in saturated fat, exercising regularly and, if needed, taking medicine
to lower your blood pressure.

Your target blood pressure should be below 135/85mmHg. If you have

high blood pressure, ask a general practitioner to check your blood
pressure regularly.

4. Keep to a healthy weight

A general practitioner or practice nurse can tell you what your ideal
weight is in relation to your height and build.

Drinking water, along with eating good foods and exercising daily, can
help you to maintain a healthy weight. According to the Obesity Society,
drinking water on a daily basis can also shrink your waistline and change
your body fat percentage over time.