UNIT2

ELEC202: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS II
Adel Gastli
UNIT 2: METHODS OF ANALYSIS (NODAL AND MESH) AND NETWORK

THEOREMS FOR AC CIRCUITS
Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 1
CONTENT
1 • Basic Approach
2 • Nodal Analysis
3 • Mesh Analysis
Adel Gastli
4 • Superposition Theorem
5 • Source Transformation
6 • Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

CONTENT
3 • Mesh Analysis
Adel Gastli

BASIC APPROACH
Steps to Analyze AC Circuits:
Time to Frequency Solve Variables Frequency to Time
Adel Gastli
Transform the Solve the problem Transform the

circuit to the phasor using circuit techniques
(nodal analysis, mesh
resulting phasor to
or frequency analysis, the time domain.
domain. superposition, etc.)

CONTENT
3 • Mesh Analysis
Adel Gastli

NODAL ANALYSIS
 It is possible to use KCL to analyze a circuit
in frequency domain.
 The first step is to convert a time domain
circuit to frequency domain by calculating
the impedances of the circuit elements at
the operating frequency.
Adel Gastli
 Impedances will be expressed as complex

numbers.
 Sources will have amplitude and phase
noted.
 Note that AC sources appear as DC sources 𝒁 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
with their values expressed as their
amplitude.
NODAL ANALYSIS
At this point, KCL analysis can proceed as normal.
It is important to bear in mind that complex values
will be calculated, but all other treatments are the
same.
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The final voltages and current calculated are the

real component of the derived phasor values.
𝑣(𝑡) = Re 𝐕𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑖(𝑡) = Re 𝐈𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

NODAL ANALYSIS
 The equivalency of the frequency domain treatment compared to
the DC circuit analysis includes the use of supernodes.
 A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or
independent) voltage source connected between two non-
reference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it.
Adel Gastli

LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.1
Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 10. 1 using the nodal analysis.

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SOLUTION
 We first convert the circuit to the

frequency domain:
20 cos 4t  200 o ,   4rad/s
1H  j L  j 4
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0.5 H  j L  j 2
1
0.1 F    j 2.5
jC
 Thus, the frequency domain
equivalent circuit is:

LEARNING BY DOING
 Applying KCL at node 1: I s  I x  I1
Applying Ohms Law
Is I1 I1 I2
20 - V1 V1 V1  V2
 
10 -j 2.5 j4
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10.1.1
(1  j1.5) V1  j 2.5V2  20
V1  V2 V2
 Applying KCL at node 2: 2I x  I1  I 2  2I x  
j4 j2
10.1.2
V1
 But I x  V1  V2
 j 2 .5 V1
 
V2
2  11V1  15V2  0
 j 2 .5 j4 j2
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(1  j1.5)V1  j 2.5V2  20
11V1  15V2  0
Solving Simultaneous Multivariable Linear Equations

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Graphical Method
Substitution Method
Elimination Method
Gauss-Jordan Elimination Method
Inverse Matrix Method
Determinants
LEARNING BY DOING
Matrix Form
10.1.1
1  j1.5 j 2.5  V1   20 
 11     
10.1.2  15   V2   0 
1  j1.5 j 2.5
 We obtain the determinants as:    15  j 5
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11 15
20 j 2 .5 1  j1.5 20
1   300 2   220
0 15 11 0
 Thus, the voltages can be found as:
1 300 2 220
V1    18.97 18.43 V
o
V    13.91198.3o
V
 15  j 5
2
 15  j 5
LEARNING BY DOING
 The current Ix, is given by:
V1 18.97 18.43o
Ix    7.59 108.4 o
A
 j 2.5 2.5 90 o
Adel Gastli
 Transforming this to the time domain:
ix (t )  7.59 cos 4t  108.4  o

A
Profs. Adel Gastli &

Lazhar Ben Brahim Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 14
LEARNING BY DOING
PRACTICE PROBLEM 10.1
Using nodal analysis, find v1 and v2 in the circuit of Fig. 10.3..
Adel Gastli
Answer:
v1 (t )  20.96 sin( 2t  58 ) o
v2 (t )  44.11sin( 2t  41o )
LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.2
Compute V1 and V2 in the circuit of Fig. 10. 4.
SOLUTION
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 Node 1 and 2 form a supernode as shown

in Fig. 10.5.
 Applying KCL at the supernode gives:
V1 V2 V2
3    36  j 4V1  (1  j 2) V2
 j 3 j 6 12

LEARNING BY DOING
 But the voltage source is connected between
nodes 1 and 2, so that:
V1  V2  10 45o  V1  V2  10 45o
 Substituting in the previous equation:
36  j 4V1  (1  j 2)V2
Adel Gastli
 results in:
36  40 135o  1  j 2  V2
V2  31.41 87.18o V
V1  V2  10 45o  25.78 70.48o V

LEARNING BY DOING
Calculate V1 and V2 in the circuit of Fig. 10.6..
Adel Gastli
Answer:
V1  96.8 69.66o V V2  16.88 165.72o V

CONTENT
3 • Mesh Analysis
Adel Gastli

MESH ANALYSIS
 Just as in KCL, the KVL analysis
also applies to phasor and
frequency domain circuits.
 The same rules apply: Convert to
frequency domain first, then
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apply KVL as usual.

 In KVL, supermesh analysis is
also valid.

MESH ANALYSIS
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents in
AC circuits:
1. Convert to frequency domain first
2. Assign mesh currents to the n
meshes.
Adel Gastli
3. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.

Use Ohm’s law to express the
voltages in terms of the mesh
currents.
4. Solve the resulting n simultaneous
equations to get the mesh currents.
LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.3
Determine current I0 in the circuit of Fig. 10. 7 using mesh
analysis.
Adel Gastli

LEARNING BY DOING
SOLUTION
 Applying KVL to mesh 1, we obtain:
8  j10  j 2 I1   j 2 I 2  j10I 3  0

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4  j 2  j 2 I 2   j 2 I1   j 2 I 3  2090 o  0
 For mesh 3, I3=5 A. Substituting in the previous equations gives:

8  j8  I1  j 2I 2  j 50
j 2I1   4  j 4  I 2   j 30
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 Putting the previous two equations into matrix form gives:
8  j8 j 2   I1   j 50 
 j2     
 4  j 4  2 
I  j 30 
 From which we obtain the determinants:
8  j8 j2 8  j8
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 j 50
j2 4  j4 2   340  j 240
j2  j 30
 32 1  j 1  j   4  68  416.17 35.22o
2 416.17 35.22o
I2    6.12 35.22o A
 68
LEARNING BY DOING
 The desired current is:
I 0  I 2
I 0  6.12 35.22o A
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I 0  6.12 180o  35.22o A

I 0  6.12 144.78o A

LEARNING BY DOING
Find I0 in the circuit of Fig. 10.8

using mesh analysis.
Adel Gastli
Answer:
I 0  5.969 65.45o A
LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.4
Solve for V0 in the circuit of Fig. 10. 9 using mesh analysis.
Adel Gastli

SOLUTION
 As shown in Fig. 10.10, meshes 3 and 4 form a supermesh due to the current
source between the meshes.
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 10  8  j 2 I1  (  j 2)I 2  8I 3  0
8  j 2 I1  j 2I 2  8I 3  10
 For mesh 2, we obtain: I 2  3 A

 For the supermesh, we obtain: 8  j 4 I 3  8I1  6  j 5I 4  j 5I 2  0
LEARNING BY DOING
 Due to the current source between the meshes 3 and 4, at node A,
I 4  I3  4  I 4  I3  4
 Combining the previous equations,

8  j 2 I1  8I 3  10  j 6
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 8I1  14  j I 3  24  j 35
8  j 2  8   I1   10  j 6 
 8     
 14  j  3  
I  24  j 35 
Matrix Form
LEARNING BY DOING
 We obtain the determinants,
8  j2 8 10  j 6 8
  112  j8  j 28  2  64 1 
8 14  j  24  j 35 14  j
 50  j 20  140  j10  j84  6  192  j 280
 58  j186
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1 58  j186
 We obtain I1 as: I1    3.618 274.5o A
 50  j 20
 The equivalent voltage V0 is: V0   j 2  I1  I 2    j 2  3.618 274.5o  3

 7.2134  j 6.568
 9.756 222.32o V
LEARNING BY DOING
Calculate current I0 in the circuit of Fig. 10.11.
Adel Gastli
Answer:
I 0  6.089 5.943o A

CONTENT
3 • Mesh Analysis
Adel Gastli

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
 Since AC circuits are linear, it is also possible to apply the principle
of superposition.
 This becomes particularly important if the circuit has sources
operating at different frequencies.
 The complication is that each source must have its own frequency
domain equivalent circuit.
Adel Gastli
 The reason for this is that each element has a different impedance
at different frequencies.
 Also, the resulting voltages and current must be converted back to
time domain before being added.
 This is because there is an exponential factor ejωt implicit in
sinusoidal analysis.
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
• The separate phasor circuit for each

1) frequency must be solved
independently,
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• The total response is the sum of time-

2) domain responses of all the individual
phasor circuits.

LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.5
Use the superposition theorem to find I0 in the circuit of Fig. 10. 7.
Adel Gastli

LEARNING BY DOING
SOLUTION
 Let: I1  I 0  I 0 where I’0 and I”0 are due to the voltage and current sources, respectively.
' "
 To find I’0 consider the circuit in Fig. 10.12(a).

 If we let Z be the parallel combination of (–j2) and (8+j10),
then.
Adel Gastli
 j 2(8  j10)
Z  0.25  j 2.25
 j 2  8  j10
j 20 j 20
I0 
'

4  j 2  Z 4.25  j 4.25
I '0  2.353  j 2.353

LEARNING BY DOING
 To get I”0, consider the circuit in Fig. 10.12(b).
 Form mesh 1,
10.5.3 (8  j8)I1  j10I 3  j 2I 2  0

 Form mesh 2,
( 4  j 4) I 2  j 2I 1  j 2 I 3  0
Adel Gastli
10.5.4
 Form mesh 3,
10.5.5 I3  5 10.5.4
( 4  j 4)I 2  j 2I1  j10  0 I 1  ( 2  j 2) I 2  5

10.5.5
10.5.6

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10.5.5
10.5.3
10.5.6
(8  j8)  (2  j 2)I 2  5  j 50  j 2I 2  0
Adel Gastli
90  j 40
I2   2.647  j1.176
34
 Current I”0 is obtained as: I "0  I 2  2.647  j1.176
LEARNING BY DOING
Knowing that:
I 0  I '0  I "0 I  2.353  j 2.353
'
0
I "0  2.647  j1.176
Adel Gastli
I 0  5 j  j 3.529  6.12144.78o A
This agrees with what we got in Example 10.3. It should be noted that applying the
superposition theorem is not the best way to solve this problem. It seems that we have
made the problem twice as hard as the original one by using superposition. However, in
the next Example 10.6, superposition is clearly the easiest approach.
LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.6
Find v0 of the circuit of Fig. 10. 13 using the superposition theorem.
Adel Gastli

LEARNING BY DOING
SOLUTION
 Since the circuit operates at three different frequencies (=0 for dc source), one way to
obtain a solution is to use superposition, which breaks the problem into single-frequency
problems.
 So, let: v0  v1  v2  v3
where:
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 v1 is due to the 5-V dc voltage source,

 v2 is due to the 10cos(2t) voltage source
 v3 is due to the 2sin(5t) current source.
 To find v1, we set to zero all voltage sources except the 5-V dc source and to open circuit
all current sources.
 We recall that at steady state, a capacitor is an open circuit to the dc while an inductor is
a short circuit to dc.
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 There is an alternative way of looking at this.
 Since,
 j L  0
 1
 0  

 j C
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1
 By voltage division, v1   5  1 V
1 4
 To find v2, we set zero both 5-V dc source and the

2sin(5t) current source and transform the circuit to the
frequency domain.

LEARNING BY DOING
10 cos 2t 100 o ,   2 rad/s
2H j L  j 4 
1
0.1 F   j5 
j C
 The equivalent circuit is now as shown in Fig. 10.14(b).
Adel Gastli
 Let:
 j5  4
Z   j 5 || 4   2.439  j1.951
4  j5
 By voltage division: V2 
1
1 j4  Z
10 0 o
 
10
3.439  j 2.09
 
2.498 30.79 o

LEARNING BY DOING
 In the time domain:

v2  2.498 cos 2t  30.79 o V 
 To obtain v3, we set the voltage sources to zero and
transform what is left to the frequency domain:
2 sin 5t 2 90o ,   5 rad/s
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2H jL  j10 
1
0.1 F   j2 
j C
 The equivalent circuit is now as shown in Fig. 10.14(c).
 Let:  j2  4
Z   j 2 || 4   0.8  j1.6
2  j5
LEARNING BY DOING I1 
j10
j10  1  Z1
2  90 o A 
 By current division:
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j10
V3  I1  1  ( j 2)  2.328 80o V
1.8  j8.4
 In the time domain: v3  2.328 cos5t  80o  V
 Finally: v0  v1  v2  v3  
v0(t)  1  2.498 cos 2t  30.79o  2.328 cos 5t  80o V  
LEARNING BY DOING
Find the current I0 in the circuit of Fig. 10.8 using the superposition theorem.
Adel Gastli
Answer: I 0  5.97 65.45o A

CONTENT
3 • Mesh Analysis
Adel Gastli

SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
 Source transformation in frequency domain involves transforming a voltage
source in series with an impedance to a current source in parallel with an
impedance, or vice versa.
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Vs  Z s I s
Vs
Is 
Zs

LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.7
Calculate Vx in the circuit of Fig. 10. 17 using the method of source

transformation.
Adel Gastli

SOLUTION
 We transform the voltage source to a current source
and obtain the circuit in Fig. 10.18(a),
 where:
20  90 o
Is   4  90 o   j 4 A
5
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Z1
The parallel combination of 5 resistance and (3+j4) 

impedances gives:
2.5 
53  j 4  Z1
Z1   2.5  j1.25  j1.25 
8  j4
 Converting the current source back to a voltage source Z1
yields the circuit in Fig. 10.18(b), where:
Vs  I s Z1   j 4( 2.5  j1.25)
 5  j10 V
Adel Gastli
By voltage division, we can determine Vx as follows:
10
Vx   5  j10 
10  2.5  j1.25  4  j13
 5.159 28o V

LEARNING BY DOING
Find the current I0 in the circuit of Fig. 10.19 using the concept of source
transformation.
Adel Gastli
Answer:
I 0  9.863 99.46o A
CONTENT
3 • Mesh Analysis
Adel Gastli

10.6 THEVENIN AND NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
 Both Thevenin and Thevenin transform Z Th  Z N
Norton’s theorems
are applied to AC Open-circuit voltage
circuits the same
way as DC.
 The only difference VTh  Z N I N
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is the fact that the

Norton transform
calculated values
are complex. Short-circuit current

LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.8
Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit in
Fig. 10. 22.
Adel Gastli

SOLUTION
 We find ZTh by setting the sources to zero.
 As shown in Fig. 10.23(a), the 8- resistance is now in
parallel with the –j6 reactance, so that their combination
gives: Z1 Z2
 j6  8
Z1   j 6 || 8   2.88  j 3.84 
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8  j6
Similarly, the 4- resistance is in parallel with the j12 reactance, and their combination
gives:
j12  4
Z 2  4 || j12   3.6  j1.2 
4  j12
 The Thevenin impedance is the series combination of Z1 and Z2; that is:
Z th  Z1  Z 2  6.48  j 2.54 
 To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. 10.23(b).
 Currents I1 and I2 are obtained as:
120 75o
I1  A
8  j6
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120 75o
I2  A
4  j12
 Applying KVL around loop ‘bcdeab’ in Fig. 10.23(b) gives:
Vth  4I 2  (  j 6)I1  0

Vth  4I 2  (  j 6)I1  0
480 75o 720 75o  90o

Vth  4I 2  j 6I1  
4  j12 8  j6
Adel Gastli
Vth  37.95 3.43o  72 201.87 o
Vth  28.936  j 24.55
Vth  37.95 220.31o V

LEARNING BY DOING
Find Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 10. 24.
Adel Gastli
Answer:
Zth  12.4  j 3.2  , Vth  63.24 51.57 o V
LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.9
Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 10. 22, as seen
from terminals a-b.
Adel Gastli

SOLUTION
 To find Vth, we apply KCL at node 1 of Fig. 10.26(a).
15  I 0  0.5I 0 I 0  10 A
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 Applying KVL to the loop on the right-hand side in Fig. 10.26(a), we obtain:
 I 0 2  j 4   0.5I 0 4  j 3  Vth  0
Vth  102  j 4   54  j 3   j 55

Vth  55 90o V
 To obtain Zth, we remove the independent source.
 Due to the presence of the dependent current source, we connect a 3-A current source (3
is an arbitrary value chosen for convenience here, a number divisible by the sum of the
currents leaving the nodes) to terminals a-b as shown in Fig. 10.26(b).
 At the node, KCL gives
3  I 0  0.5I 0  1.5I 0 I0  2 A
Adel Gastli
 Applying KVL to the outer loop in Fig. 10.26(b) gives:

Vs  I 0 4  j 3  2  j 4   26  j 
Vs 26  j 
 The Thevenin impedance is: Z th    4  j 0.6667 
Is 3
LEARNING BY DOING
Determine the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 10. 27 as seen from
terminals a-b.
Adel Gastli
Answer:
Zth  4.473 7.64o  , Vth  7.35 72.9o V

LEARNING BY DOING
EXAMPLE 10.10
Obtain current I0 in Fig. 10.28 using Norton’s theorem.
Adel Gastli

LEARNING BY DOING
SOLUTION
Our first objective is to find the Norton

equivalent at terminals a-b.
ZN is found in the same way as ZTh.
We set the sources to zero as shown in Fig.
Adel Gastli
10.29(a).
As evident from the figure, the (8-j2) and
(10+j4) impedances are short-circuited, so
that:
ZN  5 
LEARNING BY DOING
To get IN, we short circuit terminals a-b
as in Fig. 10.29(b) and apply mesh
analysis.
Notice that meshes 2 & 3 form a
Adel Gastli
supermesh because of the current

source linking them.

LEARNING BY DOING
 From mesh 1:  j 40  18  j 2 I1  8  j 2 I 2  10  j 4 I 3  0
 For the supermesh:
13  j 2 I 2  10  j 4 I 3  18  j 2 I1  0

Adel Gastli
 Adding to 2 above equations:
 j 40  5I 2  0  I 2  j8
 At node a, due to the current source between meshes 2 & 3, I 3  I 2  3  3  j8
 The Norton current is, I N  I 3  3  j8 A

LEARNING BY DOING
 Fig. 10.29(c) shows the Norton equivalent circuit along with the
impedance at terminals a-b.
 By applying current division rule:
IN
5
I0  IN
Adel Gastli
5  20  j15
3  j8
I0 
5  j3
I 0  1.465 38.48o A

LEARNING BY DOING
Determine the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 10. 30 as seen from
terminals a-b. Use the equivalent circuit to find I0.
Adel Gastli
Answer:
Z N  3.176  j 0.706  , I N  8.396 32.68 A
o
I 0  1.9714 2.10o A
END OF THIS UNIT
Adel Gastli

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ELEC202: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS II

UNIT 2: METHODS OF ANALYSIS (NODAL AND MESH) AND NETWORK

6 • Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 2

6 • Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 3

Transform the Solve the problem Transform the

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 4

6 • Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 5

 Impedances will be expressed as complex

The final voltages and current calculated are the

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 7

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 8

Find ix in the circuit of Fig. 10. 1 using the nodal analysis.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 9

 We first convert the circuit to the

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 10

Solving Simultaneous Multivariable Linear Equations

 Transforming this to the time domain:

ix (t )  7.59 cos 4t  108.4  o

Profs. Adel Gastli &

 Node 1 and 2 form a supernode as shown

 Applying KCL at the supernode gives:

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 16

V1  V2  10 45o  25.78 70.48o V

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 18

6 • Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 19

apply KVL as usual.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 20

3. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 22

 Applying KVL to mesh 1, we obtain:

8  j10  j 2 I1   j 2 I 2  j10I 3  0

 Applying KVL to mesh 2, we obtain:

 For mesh 3, I3=5 A. Substituting in the previous equations gives:

I 0  6.12 180o  35.22o A

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 25

Find I0 in the circuit of Fig. 10.8

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 27

 For mesh 2, we obtain: I 2  3 A

 Combining the previous equations,

 8I1  14  j I 3  24  j 35

 The equivalent voltage V0 is: V0   j 2  I1  I 2    j 2  3.618 274.5o  3

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 31

6 • Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 33

• The separate phasor circuit for each

• The total response is the sum of time-

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 35

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 36

 To find I’0 consider the circuit in Fig. 10.12(a).

I '0  2.353  j 2.353

10.5.3 (8  j8)I1  j10I 3  j 2I 2  0

( 4  j 4)I 2  j 2I1  j10  0 I 1  ( 2  j 2) I 2  5

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 38

Qatar University, Electrical Engineering Department, ELEC202: Electric Circuits II 41

 v1 is due to the 5-V dc voltage source,

 To find v2, we set zero both 5-V dc source and the