A?

P 24
APPTNDIX 2 CoNrc srcnons. Qunontc SURFACES

A line througl+a focus of a hyperbola and parallel to the 2l Find the graph of all points whose distances from the point
diiectrix is called a latus rectum. The length of the segment (8, 0) are always 3 times their distances from the line x: 1.

cut off by the hyperbola is called the length of the latus 22 Show that an asymptote, a directrix, and the line through
rectum. Show that for the hyperbola the corresponding focus perpendicuJar to the asymptote
(x2la2\ - l'''lb'): I pass through a point.
the length of the latus rectum is 2b2la. or
point
Given the hyperbola (y2 14) - $2 16\ = 1. Decide whether
20 Find the graph of all points'whose distances from the not tangents to this hyperbola can be drawn which pass
are always uEt15 times their distances from the through any of the points P(0, 8),Q0,5), R(4,0), and S( -8;
tO, J?ii
line y:2slJn. -9). Find the equations of the lines, wherever possible.

Qunonrc SURFACES

In the plane any equation of the form

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 * Dx |Ey * F: 0

is the equation of a curve. More specifically, we have found that circles,

parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas, i.e., all conic sections. are represented, !y
such second-degree equations. . ...'.
In three-space the most general equation of the second degree in x,'y, and
z has the form

ax2 +by2 +czz +dxy*exz*fyz+gx+ hy+kz*l:0, (1)

where the quantities a, b, c, ...,1 are positive or negative numbers or zero. The
points in space satisfying such an equation all lie on a surface. Certain special
cases, such as spheres and cylinders, were discussed in Chapter 13. Any
second-degree equation which does not reduce to a cylinder, plane, line, gr
point corresponds to a surface which we call quadric. Quadric surfaces are
classified into six types, and itcan be shown that every second-degree
equation which does not degenerate into a cylinder, a plane, etc., corresponds
to one of these six types. The proof of this result involves the study of
translation and rotation of coordinates in three.dimensional space, a topic
beyond the scope of this Appendix.

DtflNlTlONS The x, y, and z intercepts of a surfoce arc, respectiuely, the x, y, and z

coordinates of the points of intersection of the surfoce with the resryctioe axes.
When we are giuen an equation of a sudace, we get the x intercept by setting y
and z equal to zero and soluing for x. We proceed analogously for the y and z
intercepts.
sEcTtoN 2.S Queontc SURFACTS

The traces of a surface on the coordinate planes are the curves of

intersections"of the surface with the coordinate planes. When we are given a
surface, we obtain the trace on the xz planeby fiist setting y equal to zero and
then considering the resulting equation in x and z as thJiquation ofa curve
in the plane, as in plane analytic geometry. A section of a surl'ace by a plane is
the curve of intersection of the surface with the plane.

EXAMru 1 Find the x, y, and z intercepts of the surface

3x2+2y2+422:12.
Describe the traces of this surface. Find the section of this surface by the plane
z: I and by the plane x : 3.

Solution We set !:z:0, getting 3t

= lZ;the x interccpts ale at2and -2. Similarly,
the y intercepts are at +.v/6, the z intercepts at +
fi.To find the trace on the
xy plane, we set z:0, getting3x2+2y2:12. It is convenient to use set
notation, and for this trace we write
\

{,,,
* ,t,l +'}:,,,,: o}.

we recognize this surve as an ellipse, with major semi-aiis.r/6, minor semi-

axis 2, foci at (A, \f2, (0, .Jf2,0) . Similarly, the trace on the xz plane is the
O) ,
-
ellipse

{1,,
,, ,,i *'} : ,,r: o},
and the trace on the yz plane is the ellipse

{r.,,,
n,* r*= 1,,:ol.
The section of the surface by the plane z = 1 is the curve

2v2 +4 : rr,\ € : t,}

E:_ I {y::*
which we recognize as an ellipse. The section by the plane x:3 is the curye

I *
fzl +zyz + 422:12,) fzy'+4e2+15:0,)
lx:3 [x:3 ]
Since the sum ofthree positive quantities can neier be zero, we conclude that
the plane x:
3 does not intersect the surface. The section is D empty.

DEFlNtrtoNs A sudace is symmetric with respect to the xy plare if and onty yih, porntQi,
- z) lies-on the syrface wheneuer (x,,y, z) does; ir is symmetri"Htt .op""t
to i[u
x axis if and only if the point (x, y, z) is on the graph whenerr, (*, y, z) is.
- -
similar definitions aie easily formulated for symnetiy with respict to the
remaining coorilinate planes and axes.
APP 26
APPENDIX 2 Comc secnoNs. QuADf,tc st RF cet

The notions of intercepts. traces, and symmetry are useful in the

following description of the six types of quadric surfaces.
i) An ellipsoid is the graph of an equation of the form

****4:,
1z'32'gz
The surface is sketched in Fig. 13. The x, l, z intercepts are the numbers
!A, + B, * C, respectively, and the traces on the xy, xz, and yz planes are,
respectively, the ellipses
x2 y' x2
' t-' zz -l - tv2..+'z2
-1
-l-:--:1
Sections made by the planes y: k (k a constant) are the similar ellipses
xz J- -z2
A2e-krlBr)'Czt-krlBr)-t " '-:b "' -B <k< B.

Several such.ellipses are drawn in Fig. 13.

2

FICURE 13

If A = B: C,we obtain a sphere, while if two of the three numbers are

equal, the surGce is an ellipsoid of revolution, also called a spheroid. If, for
example, A: B and C > A,the surface is called a prolate spheroid, exemplified
by a football. On the other hand, if A: B and C < A, we have an oblate
spheroid. The earth is approximately the shape of an oblate spheroid, with the
section at the equator being circular and the distance between the North and
South poles being smaller than the diameter of the equatorial circle.
ii) An elliptic hyperboloid of one sheet is the graph of an equation of the form
*'-!'
-, ''
A2 ' 82-"C2-
The graph ofsuch a surface is sketched in Fig. 14. The x intercepts arcat * A
and the y intercepts at * B. As for the z intercepts, we must solve the equation
-z'lc':1, which has no real solutions. Therefore the surface does not
intersect the z axis. The trace on the xy plane is an ellipse, while ttre traces on
the yz and xz planes are hyperbolas. The seciions made by any plane z : k are
the ellipses
x2,y2
FIGURI 1.3 TGTFtcTa s111111621:r' z:k'
 AW27
stcTtoN 2.5 QUADTrc SURFACES

and the sections made by the planes ! : k ate the hyperbolas

= -,2 .:!-
- _ =
C20 kzlB2\
-v=k.

iii) An elliptic hyperboloid of two sheets is the graph of an equation of the

form
xz - y' ,'
T-F- c':-, ''
such a graph is sketched in Fig. 15. we observe that we must have l*l > 1,fo.-l
otherwiie the quantity (x' I,q'\ < I and the left side of the above equation will
always be less ihan the right side. The x intercepts are at x X A. There are :
no y and z intercepts. The traces on the xz atdxy planes are hyperbolas; there
is no trace on thi yz plane. The sections made by the planes x k are the :
ellipses

* ="rr"Z'.-." ,,
:1, x:krif lkl> A,
-J-
B2(kzlAz - \' Cz&rlA, - l)
whiie the section is empty if I k| < ,4. The sections made by the planes ],,
: k and
z: k are hyperbolas.

FICURE 15

iv) An elliptic paraboloid is the graph of an equation of the form

xz v2

A,+7:''
A typical eiliptic paraboloid is sketihed in Fig. 16.
A11 three iotercepts are 0; the traces on the yz and ,= 6,DEs are
parabolas, while the trace on the xy plane consisti of a single point- thc origro-
sections made by pianes z:
k are ellipses if I( > 0, empt-\i if k < CI" sertions
:
made by planes x k and ! = k are parabolas-
lf A:
B,we have a pareboloid of revolutioq and th€ satims madc by tbe
planes z:k,k>0 are circles. The reflecting surfaoes of U{cscopcr aLlto-
?
mobile headlights, eti., are always paraboloids of revolutir:o ISGE SEson I
v) A hyperbolic paraboloid is the graph of an equation of fu lrm

FrcUNI 16
4_*:,
1z 82
APP 28
APPENDIX 2 CoNrc sEcrtoNs. QuADRlc suRrACEs

Such a graph is sketched in Fig. 1?. As in the elliptic paraboloid,.all

intercepts
ur"n i.Th" tru." on the xz plane is a parabola opening upward; the trace on
on the xy plane is
the yz plane is a parabola opening downward; and the trace
the pair of intersecting straight lines
Y: + (BlA)x'
z

FIGURE 17

As Fig. 17 shows, the surface is "saddle-shaped"; sections made by planes

x: kire parabolas opening downward and those made by planes !: k ue
parabolaJopening upward. The sections made by planes z : k are -hyperbolas
iacing one way if k < 0 and the other way if k > 0. The trace on the xy plane
corresponds to k: 0 and, as we saw, consists of two intersecting iines.

vi) An etliptic cone is the graph of of the form

Tr"o.;:,."
T*F:8.
A typical cone of this type is shown in Fig. 18. once again all intercepts are
,.ro. Tt traces on the xz and yz planes are pairs ofintersecting straight lines,
"
while the trace on the xy plane is a single point, the origin. Planes parallel to
the coordinati planes yield sections which are the familiar conic sections of
TIGURE 18 plane analytic geometrY.

EXAMPTE 2 Name and sketch the graph ol 4x2 - 9y' + 822 :7}.Indicate a few sections
puruit"t to the coordinate planes.

Solution We divide by 72, getting

y' z'
*-**{:r,
1889
which is an elliptic hyperboloid of one sheet. The x intercepts are + fva, the
t
z intercepts are 3, and there are no y intercepts. The trace on the xy plane is
the hyperbola
x2 y2
188"
-_-:t
 APP 2I)
sEcTroN 2.s Qreoruc $rnr c6

the trace on the xz plane is the ellipse

*' *"
189 -1
and the trace on the yz plane is the hyperbola
22 y2
9-T: ''
The surface is sketched in Fig. 19. D

5 PROBTEMS

Name and stetch the graph of each of the following cquations.

n y=*+*
'88 t2 z2:4xz+4y2
tIl*Y'*/:r
1694 'a*#.u-' 13.yl:x2'+22
15 2x2+6y2-322:8
11 z2:x2-yz
15 4x2- 3y2+222=0
, x2 v2 z2
f;;'^*^=, 4
1694
-+-----1 l7 3x=2y2 -Sz2 It ! =822 -2x2

st-Y'
1694 -" -r u*-**r:' 19 Show that the intersection of thc hypcrbolic paraboloitl
x' - y' = z with the plane z - x * ! consists of trro inter-
sccting straight lincs. Establish tf samc rcsult for thc iatcr-
section of this quadric with thc plane z ax + cy, whorc
,**l=t+* t -*'1694
-!' *" =r a is.any numbcr.
=

*20 Using the result ofProblem 19 as a guide, show that any

g!-l'*t
449 n'=l { hyperbolic paraboloid is 'compoeed cntirely of straight
lines."