Building Diagnosis Expert

BUILDING
DIAGNOSIS
EXPERT
A NEW
PROFESSIONAL
PROFILE FOR
BUILDING AND
CONSTRUCTION
SECTOR IN EUROPE
http://www.erasmus-diagnosis.eu
Erasmus+ Program. Ref.: 2017-1-ES01-KA203-038254
BUILDING
DIAGNOSIS
EXPERT
A NEW
PROFESSIONAL
PROFILE FOR
BUILDING AND
CONSTRUCTION
SECTOR IN EUROPE

Published by RehabiMed as Diagnosis Consortium.
Av. Dr. Marañón, 50 - 08028 Barcelona
diagnosis@rehabimed.net - http://www.erasmus-diagnosis.eu
July 2019
Edition co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union. This publication
reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any
use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Promotor:
Asociación RehabiMed
Xavier Casanovas & Montserrat Casado
Dr. Marañon 50
08028 Barcelona. Spain
Tel: +34 689311758; E-mail: xavier.casanovas.b@gmail.com
www.rehabimed.net
Partners:
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
Joan Ramon Rosell & Montserrat Bosch
Calle Jordi Girona 31
08034 Barcelona. Spain
Tel: +34 934017126; E-mail: joan.ramon.rosell@upc.edu
www.upc.edu
Università degli Studi di Ferrara

Marcello Balzani & Fabiana Raco
Via Ariosto 35
44121 Ferrara. Italy
Tel: + 39 0532293204; E-mail: fabiana.raco@unife.it
www.unife.it
Warsaw University of Technology. Civil Engineering Faculty

Pawel Nowak & Jerzy Rosłon
Armii Ludowej, 16
00-637 Warsaw. Poland
Tel: +48 222346515; E-mail: diagnosis@il.pw.edu.pl
www.il.pw.edu.pl
Association of European Experts in Buildings and Construction

Martin Russell-Croucher & Toni Floriach
198 High Street
TN91BE Tonbridge. United Kingdom
Tel: +44 2073343734; E-mail: aeebcorg@gmail.com
www.aeebc.org
Polish Association of Building Managers

Andrzej Minasowicz & Jacek Zawistowski
Emilii Plater 18,
00-688 Warsaw. Poland
Tel: +48 223260003; E-mail: psmb@psmb.pl
www.psmb.pl
CENTOFORM
Chiara Pancaldi & Alberto Gulinelli
Via Nino Bixio 13
44042 Cento (Ferrara). Italy
Tel: +39 0516830470; E-mail: chiara.pancaldi@centoform.it
www.centoform.it
DIAGNOSIS Project
2017-1-ES01-KA203-038254
DIAGNOSIS
Innovating a crucial profession in building
and construction sector in Europe
Intellectual Output IO1: Comparative Research
BUILDING DIAGNOSIS EXPERT

A NEW PROFESSIONAL PROFILE FOR
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
SECTOR IN EUROPE
The society of the 21st century is experiencing moments of constant technological and social changes that are totally modifying
the services and benefits of the habitat where human beings carry out their activities. Likewise, on 25 September 2015, the United
Nations approved Agenda 2030, defining the Sustainable Development Objectives for the next decade. From now on, our cities
and towns must be sustainable, resilient, efficient, energy-efficient and non-polluting.
Urban and architectural rehabilitation plays a key role in adapting the existing building stock to the new requirements of this
more sustainable future. But an adequate response to these challenges can only be given if we deepen, as a previous action to any
sustainable intervention, in the methods of analysis and evaluation of the current state of our neighbourhoods and buildings.
For this reason, diagnosis is essential as a discipline, helping to understand the technological, constructive, social and economic
complexity of our built realities, and offering really efficient lines of intervention in rehabilitation projects. Therefore, so that
the work of the technicians can reach the rigor that the new times demand, it is absolutely necessary to increase training and
specialization in this field, incorporating all those new areas of knowledge of today’s society.
We therefore celebrate the results of the European Erasmus Plus Project “Diagnosis Innovating: a crucial profession in Building
and construction sector”. It is a strategic action that has made it possible to advance in the redefinition of this discipline and
reinforces the networking of the different international experts specialised in the field.
Sandra Bestraten i Castells

President of the Barcelona Architects’ Association of Catalonia
La sociedad del siglo XXI vive momentos de constantes cambios tecnológicos y sociales que están modificando totalmente los
servicios y prestaciones del hábitat donde el ser humano desarrolla su actividad. Asimismo, el 25 de septiembre de 2015, la
Organización de Naciones Unidas aprobó la Agenda 2030, definiendo cuáles son los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible en
la próxima década. De ahora en adelante, nuestras ciudades y pueblos deben ser sostenibles, resilientes, eficientes, asequibles
energéticamente y no contaminantes.
La rehabilitación urbana y arquitectónica tiene un papel primordial en la adaptación del parque edificado existente a los nuevos
requerimientos de este futuro más sostenible. Pero sólo se podrá dar una respuesta adecuada a estos retos si profundizamos, como
acción previa a cualquier intervención sostenible, en los métodos de análisis y evaluación del estado actual de nuestros barrios y
edificios.
Por este motivo, la diagnosis es imprescindible como disciplina, ayudando a entender la complejidad tecnológica, constructiva,
social y económica de nuestras realidades construidas, y ofreciendo líneas de intervención realmente eficientes en los proyectos de
rehabilitación. Por lo tanto, para que el trabajo de los técnicos pueda alcanzar el rigor que exigen los nuevos tiempos, es del todo
necesario aumentar la formación y especialización en este ámbito, incorporando todas aquellas nuevas áreas del conocimiento de
la sociedad actual.
Celebramos por tanto los resultados del Proyecto europeo Erasmus Plus Diagnosis Innovating: a crucial profesion in Building and
construction sector. Porque es una acción estratégica que ha permitido avanzar en la redefinición de esta disciplina y refuerza el
trabajo en red de los diferentes expertos internacionales especializados en la materia.
Sandra Bestraten y Castells

Presidenta de la Demarcación de Barcelona,
Colegio de Arquitectos de Cataluña
La societat del segle XXI viu moments de constants canvis tecnològics i socials que estan modificant totalment els serveis i prestacions
de l’hàbitat on l’ésser humà desenvolupa la seva activitat. Alhora, el 25 de setembre de 2015 l’Organització de les Nacions Unides va
aprovar l’Agenda 2030, definint quins són els Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible en la pròxima dècada. D’ara en endavant
les nostres ciutats i pobles han de ser sostenibles, resilients, eficients, assequibles energèticament i no contaminants.
La rehabilitació urbana y arquitectònica té un paper cabdal en l’adaptació del parc edificat existent als nous requeriments d’aquest
futur més sostenible. Però, només es podrà donar una resposta adequada si aprofundim, com a acció prèvia a qualsevol intervenció
sostenible, en els mètodes d’anàlisi i avaluació de l’estat actual dels nostres barris i edificis.
És per aquest motiu que la diagnosi esdevé imprescindible com a disciplina, ajudant a entendre la complexitat tecnològica,
constructiva, social i econòmica de les nostres realitats construïdes, i oferint línies d’intervenció realment eficients en els projectes
de rehabilitació. Per tant, per a que el treball dels tècnics pugui assolir el rigor que exigeixen aquests nous temps, és del tot necessari
augmentar la formació i especialització en aquest àmbit, incorporant totes aquelles noves àrees del coneixement de la societat
actual.
Celebrem doncs els resultats del Projecte europeu Erasmus Plus Diagnosis Innovating a crucial profession in Building and
construction sector. Perquè és una acció estratègica que ha permès avançar en la redefinició d’aquesta disciplina i reforça el treball
en xarxa dels diferents experts internacionals especialitzats en la matèria.
Sandra Bestraten i Castells

Presidenta de la Demarcació de Barcelona,
Col·legi d’Arquitectes de Catalunya
The programming of the educational policies of our Region follows the European strategies and Recommendations in
relation to development of the different priori economic sectors, including building and construction.
The investment in digital competences and skills for supporting a qualified work insertion represents the most
important driver for development and a lever for increasing the capacity building of the socio-economic systems for
facing the new challenges induced by the Industry 4.0 paradigm.
The demand of qualified work force has been emerging not only at regional level, but also at national one, also
supported by the introduction of the New Public Procurement Code, in relation both to the digitalization of the
complex construction works and to the adoption, even if on voluntary basis at international and national level, of a
more advanced legal reference framework concerning the “Organization and digitalization of the information about
building and civil engineering works, including Building Information Modelling – BIM, included.
This scenario has brought the Emilia Romagna Region to update the Regional Qualification Framework with the
recent introduction of a new qualification, the BIM Specialist.
Novel paths, traced by initiatives as the project DIAGNOSIS represent an important moment for a shared debate for
all the relevant stakeholders, public and private, in order to facilitate the quick review and updating of the third level
educational offer, together with the qualified work insertion.
Francesca Bergamini
Emilia Romagna Region- Servizio Programmazione delle politiche dell’Istruzione della formazione del lavoro e della
conoscenza
La programmazione delle politiche dell’istruzione della formazione del lavoro e della conoscenza della Regione Emilia-
Romagna trova le proprie linee d’indirizzo nella programmazione comunitaria che definisce le traiettorie di sviluppo
e aggiornamento per le diverse filiere produttive, tra le quali il settore delle costruzioni. Investire nelle competenze
digitali per permettere un inserimento qualificato nel mondo del lavoro rappresenta il principale driver di sviluppo e
lo strumento affinché i sistemi economici e produttivi possano cogliere le nuove sfide della competitività così come
tracciate da Industria 4.0.Questa domanda qualificata emerge non solo nel contesto regionale, ma anche su scala
nazionale, favorita da un lato dalle recenti novità introdotte dal Nuovo Codice degli Appalti in tema di digitalizzazione
nel contesto degli affidamenti di lavori pubblici complessi, dall’altro dalla adozione volontaria, a scala internazionale
prima ed europea e nazionale poi, di un quadro normativo sempre più esteso e dettagliato relativo a ”l’Organizzazione
e digitalizzazione delle informazioni relative all’edilizia e alle opere di ingegneria civile, incluso il Building Information
Modelling (BIM) - Gestione informativa mediante il Building Information Modelling”.
Scenario che ha portato la Regione Emilia-Romagna alla revisione e all’aggiornamento del quadro regionale delle
qualifiche, come testimoniato dalla più recente introduzione della qualifica del BIM specialist.
Percorsi tracciati nell’ambito di progetti quali il presente progetto DIAGNOSIS rappresentano pertanto un momento
di confronto importante tra tutti gli attori della filiera, pubblici e privati, al fine di favorire un sempre più rapido
aggiornamento dell’offerta formativa di terzo livello da un lato e l’inserimento lavorativo qualificato dall’altro.
Francesca Bergamini
Responsabile Programmazione delle politiche dell’Istruzione della formazione del lavoro e della conoscenza – Regione Emilia-
Romagna
Economic, strategic and environmental imperatives have focused the need for targeted investment in the existing
building stock across Europe and the imperative to strengthen a competent skills framework in this area. This requires
a network of professional skills to enhance quality assurance to address the sub-optimal performance of buildings
against a backdrop of climate change and other demographic factors.
We need to optimize the existing stock of buildings across Europe, while recognizing the importance of renovation of
the existing buildings, including over 220 million private households across the European Union. In particular, the
need to improve energy efficiency to meet the EU carbon targets, has now become more important.
The building sector in Europe is still recovering from the financial shock brought about by economic decline over the
past decade and has meant that for many reasons innovation and upgrading of competences has been largely neglected
and received inadequate attention and resourcing.
The Diagnosis project examines the current state of the building renovation market in the partner countries and
considers a curriculum of competences coupled with the use of up-to-date diagnostic tools and cross-disciplinary
instrumental techniques.
The project looks at communication and specifically the use of ICT applied to construction sectors for construction
professionals to deepen their knowledge about existing up-to-date technological tools for building assessment.
It encompasses collaboration among international partners, and consequently seeks to upgrade existing training tools
and professional qualifications curricula proposals in order to create a renewed professional profile in the building and
construction sector for adaptation and adoption across the member states. This should greatly assist in the creation of
a model professional profile for a diagnosis specialist to address the shortfall in this operational area of construction
professionals across Europe.
Kevin Sheridan EurBE, MSc, CEnv, FIET, MICE. FCABE, CBUILDE, FCIOB, FRICS, FSCSI, FIBCI, FCInstCES.
Secretary General AEEBC
DIAGNOSIS project responds to the important need of construction sector, which is related to the lack of a specific
professional profile of diagnosis expert.
The Project developed professional profile as well as relevant syllabuses for the expert who has to work with premises
owner and with building and construction professionals, as well as tenants.
There is a need for safety assurance for building objects during the whole construction process (design, construction,
maintenance). Taking this under consideration we can state that diagnosis expert knowledge, supported by experience
should be wide - from very important technical issues necessary for checking the building status up to soft skills for
running the negotiations.
Another important element of the Project is set of Business - Education Agreements, showing interest in the project
from industry (26 agreements in Poland only).
Please feel free to check the project website and consider participation in preparation and running the Diagnosis
courses, planned for year 2020.
Elżbieta Janiszewska-Kuropatwa
Former Vice Ministry of Construction, former Director of Control and Director of Building Products Department at The
Central Office of Building Control representative of Polish Chamber of Construction Engineers, Vice President of Association
of Engineers and Technicians of the Building Materials Industry, Vice President of Scientific-Technical Committee Federation
of Scientific-Technical Associations NOT in the area of Energy Industry.
Projekt DIAGNOSIS wychodzi naprzeciw ważnej potrzebie sektora budowlanego, jakim jest poprawne określenie
specyficznych wymagań stawianych edukacji i sylwetce zawodowej budowlanego eksperta - diagnosty.
W projekcie opracowano profesjonalny profil diagnosty oraz programy nauczania dla specjalisty, który pracować musi
na styku właściciela obiektu ze specjalistami I inżynierami przemysły budowlanego, a także z użytkownikami obiektów.
Potrzeba zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa obiektów w przebiegu procesu budowlanego (projektowanie, budowa i
użytkowanie obiektów) wymusza, aby Jego wiedza, poparta doświadczeniem powinna być bardzo szeroka - od ważnych
elementów technicznych niezbędnych do przeprowadzenia odpowiednich ekspertyz, po umiejętności miękkie,
potrzebne do prowadzenia stosownych negocjacji.
Innym ważnym rezultatem projektu jest zestaw umów edukacja / przemysł pokazujący znaczne zainteresowanie
projektem ze strony przemysłu (tylko w Polsce Politechnika Warszawska, Partner projektu, zawarła 26 odpowiednich
umów szkoleniowych).
Zachęcam Państwa do zapoznania się z projektem na stronie www oraz rozważenie udziału w przygotowaniu I
uczestnictwie w kursach projektu Diagnosis w 2020 roku.
Elżbieta Janiszewska-Kuropatwa
b. podsekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Budownictwa, b. Dyrektor Departamentu Kontroli oraz Departamentu Wyrobów
Budowlanych Głównego Urzędu Nadzoru Budowlanego, przedstawicielka Polskiej Izby Inżynierów Budowlanych, Wiceprezes
Stowarzyszenia Inżynierów i Techników Przemysłu Materiałów Budowlanych, Wice-przewodnicząca Komitetu Naukowo-
Technicznego Federacji Stowarzyszeń Naukowo-Technicznych NOT Gospodarki Energetycznej.
1 Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2 Analysis of the building and construction sector in Spain, Italy, UK and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.1 The building and construction sector in Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 The building and construction sector in Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 The building and construction sector in UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4 The building and construction sector in Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 nalysis of the existing professional qualifications regarding the studied field in Spain,
A
Italy, UK and Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 University training in building and construction sector in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 University training in building and construction sector in Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 University training in building and construction sector in UK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 University training in building and construction sector in Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 enchmarking of formal and non - formal recognition of learning outcomes in the

B
framework of ECVET for a European dimension of project results and outputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1 The present situation in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.2 The present situation in Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3 The present situation in UK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 The present situation in Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5 Analysis of legislative contexts implementation in Spain, Italy, UK and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5.1 Legal regulations that establish the intervention of the different professionals in
the building and construction sector in Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
the building and construction sector in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
the building and construction sector in UK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
the building and construction sector in Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6 nalysis of employment opportunities in relation to the selected professional competences

A
in Spain, Italy, UK and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.1 The employment opportunities for the Diagnosis Expert in the Spanish labour market. . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.2 The employment opportunities for the Diagnosis Expert in the Italian labour market. . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.3 The employment opportunities for the Diagnosis Expert in the UK labour market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.4 The employment opportunities for the Diagnosis Expert in the Polish labour market . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Updated webliography and bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7.1 Building and construction sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.2 Professional qualifications regarding diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.3 Educational system EQF and ECVET for Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.4 Legislative contexts for Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.5 Employment opportunities in Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8 Annexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.1 Questionnaire: Expert Profile in Building Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.2 Questionnaire: Building Inspection Report. Pre-diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
1 PRESENTATION
Building and construction sector in Europe is one of the sectors which suffered most the
economic crisis in these last ten years, and where for many reasons innovation and upgrading
of competences is still difficult to develop. The subsector of the rehabilitation and maintenance
of buildings also has been affected by the crisis of the sector and although it has significantly
reduced its activity, this happened with a lower impact proving itself as the most resistant.
The intervention in existing buildings has been a very active sub sector in every European country,
with an average activity higher than 50% of the whole sector. However, it is acknowledged that
the rates are not equal for each country: some reach the 20% while others go beyond the 70%
of the total activity. On the other side, differently from the industrial sector, those involved in
improving buildings are more reluctant to their upgrade their technical specifications with the
addition of new technologies and managing systems, which are, in general, quite in its infancy
in Europe. For example, the Building Information Modelling (BIM) is still far from being a
part of the current projects of the sector and it is progressively being introduced into an archaic
and reluctant-to-change structure.
The crisis implied a comprehensive rearrangement of the renovation and building sectors,
resulting into a general increment of the rehabilitation activities and of the improvement of the
aging European building stock, which is really more efficient than the new improvements from
a social, economical and environmental point of view.
This rehabilitation activity has traditionally been oriented towards the structural aspects of
the buildings and their safety. Nowadays, multiple international agreements, such as the last
Climate Summit COP21 of Paris in 2015 or the recent actualization of the European Directive
on energy efficiency of buildings (2018/844), have chosen to accelerate the renovation of
existing buildings to reduce the energy consumptions and to reach a sustainable, competitive,
safe and de-carbonized energetic system.
Currently, given the social commitment, we have to add to the energetic issue new exigencies
in comfort, accessibility and many other parameters that the 21st century buildings must offer.
These indispensable changes are an excellent opportunity to incorporate enhancements within
the managing systems of the sector and to introduce the BIM as a standard working model of
great utility.
Answering to the wide and complex spectrum of exigencies that a correct rehabilitation must
confront is not an easy matter and the majority of professionals in the sector have difficulties
facing it. The key aspect, when discussing existing buildings, is to reach a good knowledge of
these buildings and of their components, for which one important need of this sector is related
to the lack of a specific professional profile: a DIAGNOSIS EXPERT.
15
An expert who can discuss with owners of existing buildings or their representatives
(administrator/building managers) and at the same time with building and construction
professionals, being the person who can use up-to-date technologies to analyse the building,
detect and explain the needed interventions (i.e. for earthquakes prevention, for improving
energy, structural and environmental comfort etc.). And this expert could - with specific socio-
psychological and technical competences - inform and guide owners and building managers
in planning interventions through an aware and informed decision based on real data on their
specific building.
The maintenance, the rehabilitation and the restoration of buildings require two complementary
professional disciplines: one technological and linked to the engineering and other a heritage
and aesthetic one linked to the architecture. The diagnosis has to lay out a very consistent
technological base of calculation, energetic behaviour etc., always taking into account the
building conception, and its aesthetic, historical and heritage values. In this sense the diagnosis
expert, working on an existing building with a historical values, must be a technician who
always shows a sensibility and respect toward the building. The quality of the diagnosis expert’s
work is indispensable for the designer to realize a complete project that saves resources and
time, and that improves the results of the rehabilitation or restoration.
At EU level, DIAGNOSIS takes into account the Construction 2020 Strategy for the sustainable
competitiveness of the construction sector and its enterprises (2012), in particular the related
Action Plan aiming at the improvement of specialized training and making the sector more
attractive and efficient. It is necessary to better anticipate future skills and qualification needs,
to attract a sufficient number of students of relevant construction professions and to create the
conditions for a better working environment and career management, for a greater mobility of
construction workers and for wider provision of cross-border services.
This document, “Building Diagnosis Expert. A new professional profile for building and
construction sector in Europe”, presents a comparative research participated by all Partners
developed within the DIAGNOSIS project and it is meant to be the shared knowledge baseline,
the common state-of-the-art about the studies and profiles related to the Diagnosis activity.
It is a comparative research on up-to-date technological tools/methodologies for building
assessments and related professional qualification in the four countries.
16
2 ANALYSIS OF THE BUILDING
AND CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN
SPAIN, ITALY, UK AND POLAND
Overview of the European Construction Market

Most of the following text are from a published article1.
The European construction market forecast has always been a complex task for analysts owing to
the many different players in the region. However, recent times have seen the European construction
market on a path of steady growth. Until 2008, market prospects were relatively bleak, given
the economic downturn. However, recent developments and an economic turnaround suggest a
positive outlook for the near future. Since 2014, GDP for nearly all EU countries is growing. It
is therefore unsurprising, that the future of the European construction market looks bright. Our
research analysts predict that construction activity will increase again from 2015, with the growth
of up to 3% per annum.
GDP & Total Construction Output from 2014 (Euroconstruct November 2018])
1 Seyed Hasan. Europe Construction Market Forecast from 2015 to 2020. Building radar
19
European Construction Market Forecast (short-term)
We researched short-term growth patterns across the European construction market. Our analysts
predict the market will stabilise in some countries in preparation for long-term future growth. In
other countries, markets will continue in a steady pattern of growth.
(Euroconstruct November 2018)
Further Partners looked into different sectors of the construction industry, which are expected to
prosper in the near future, and it is expected to have a steady growth pattern. 2015 was a very
important year for the construction industry in Europe.2
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

New Residential -4 0,1 2,6 4,7 3,7 5,0 6,2 7,6
New Non-residential -5,2 0,6 2,7 2,1 2,3 3,1 4,1 4,7
Building R&M -0,3 1,4 1,6 1,1 1,4 1,8 2,2 2,6
Civil Engineering -4,2 1,4 2,2 2,6 2,7 3,7 4,4 4,9
Total -2,7 1 2,1 2,2 2,2 2,9 3,6 4,2
Total output development by market segments – % growth rate in real terms (source Euroconstruct November 2018)
20
European renovation market
When analysing the Euroconstruct report from 2018, it is clear that each year; the construction
renovation market is becoming more and more important when compared to the new building
market.
The diagram below shows that in 2018 the construction renovation market accounted for 50%
of the entire construction market, which means that it is as important as new construction. The
figure below also shows that the greatest need for renovation is in housing.
According to the statistics presented in the Euroconstruct 2018 report, the increase in
renovation in housing will be as large as the growth of new housing construction.
The construction
renovation market is
becoming more and
more important when
compared to the new
building market
21
European Construction Market Forecast (long-term)
The European Commission’s Action Plan: Construction 20203

The future and outlook for the construction industry looks bright and promising, in part because the
European Commission wants the construction industry to stabilise and grow once again. In 2013, a
“Construction 2020” Action Plan was established with the aim of ensuring that the industry becomes
more competitive and experiences sustainable growth in the short and long run. The Construction
2020 Action Plan is a comprehensive plan, which outlines a strategy for “sustainable competitiveness
of the construction sector and its enterprises” featuring key pillars of competitiveness and efficiency.
The plan has 5 objectives:

1. Securing investment for renovation
2. Human capital
3. Resource efficiency
4. Improving the internal market for construction
5. Remaining competitive in the global industry
The European Building Conference (EBC) has welcomed this project and is in cooperation with the
EU to work on key measures for to promote growth in the construction industry in Europe, and make
it more attractive. The Construction 2020 Action Plan supports SMEs in the construction industry,
by encouraging them to expand in the low carbon refurbishment market through financial and other
incentive schemes. It also encourages a level playing field among SMEs to promote competitiveness,
in particular through the Build Up Skill programme, a valuable self-improvement tool for business.
Technological Developments in Europe

A major goal in the EU is to promote green energy and encourage “smart infrastructure”. Policy
aims include investing in technology, fostering innovation in the construction industry. Our research
indicates that Europe has some of the most advanced energy efficient measures for the development
of infrastructure. All these measures are part of the EU’s strategy to promote eco-innovation and
environmentally friendly techniques for development and infrastructure.
Predictions for the Future

Generally, the European construction market shows a trend of steady growth, although some regions
22
may not experience growth as quickly as others. Measures such as the Construction 2020 Action
Plan and eco-innovation policy indicate the EU has and will continue to provide key facilities and
incentives to provide stability and encourage growth.
2.1 The building and construction

sector in Spain
According to the Euroconstruct report of November 20184, the Spanish economy suffered from
the global economic slowdown and entered a phase of lower growth. With consumption and
exports losing traction, the vigorous growth rate of the 2015-17 triennium can no longer be
maintained. After observing signs of fatigue in many economic indicators, it must be thought
if the construction sector can also be dragged. Obviously, the construction is not immune
to economic cooling, but so far hardly any reaction has been perceived and employment in
construction continued to grow more than the other sectors. The short-term growth seemed
not to be threatened and there was enough project portfolio to expect production advances of
5.7% in 2018 and 4.5% in 2019. The medium-term outlook is more uncertain.
Evolution by subsectors in the Spanish market
The Spanish construction sector has been positive for four years, mostly as a result of the
recovery of residential construction. The demand for housing does not present any symptoms,
at the moment, of touching the ceiling and it was expected that both 2018 and 2019 would
be years of robust growth (11% and 8.5%, respectively). As a first estimate, a scenario can be
proposed in which 2020 still remains in the positive zone (3.5%) but 2021 no longer (-3%).
For its part, the non-residential market also has reasons to continue growing, but also to feel
threatened. The forecast raises a scenario of lower and lower growth (from 4% in 2018 to
2.5% in 2021) but without showing the decline as housing. In any case, the sector that for
many years maintains a regular and sustained growth (of 2%) is that of rehabilitation and
maintenance, which is consolidating itself as a refuge from possible future crises, just as it did
in the serious crisis of the last 10 years.
In Spain, the building sector has evolved developing and keeping in use manufacturing
techniques “in situ” and almost-artisanal building systems, partly due to the environment, to a
favourable climate and to a relatively recent development of the building industry. It has been
4 Euroconstruct November 2018
23
influenced also by socio-economical factors, such as a workforce cheaper than in other EU
Countries, less specialized training, keeping of traditions, etc.
Nowadays the building and construction sector in Spain relies essentially on subcontracting
systems, which implies unstable managements and requires professionals with a high
competitiveness, technical and organizational skills, able to organize and manage complex
teams for different tasks.
The sector has turned and reoriented towards new exigencies in a faster way than compared to
the professionals themselves and to the university education for those newly graduated entering
in the market. A consequence is that nowadays there is a multiplicity of coexisting occupations,
with different characteristics (new edification, rehabilitation, etc.) and a variety of professional
profiles, works and functions that result poorly defined and proof of a proper professional
vision.
If we talk about rehabilitation, this is an activity has been very important for the entire duration
of the crisis in the sector and now maintains its pace of growth and can be predicted 2.5%
annual between 2018 and 2021. It must be considered that the Government has planned a
new State Plan for the rehabilitation of houses 2019-2022, which should boost rehabilitation
activity. Surely, one of the priority lines that will be developed for the rehabilitation will be
the one of the energy efficiency, driven by the new directive oriented towards these global
objectives.

sector in Italy
Overview of the Italian Building and Construction Sector
The construction sector in Italy represents a key driver of the national economy, contributing
to about the 17% of GDP.
Construction sector: contribution to GDP, Source ISTAT
24
After a long and continuous decline because of the economic crisis, that caused a dropping
by 32,2% of the sectoral production between 2010 and 2016 and a relevant reduction of
profitability in the same period (19,3%) with severe impacts on employment (reduction of
the 23,3% of the work force)5, since 2015, the construction sector registered a modest growth,
contributing up to the 18.8% of the national GDP.
Industry (including construction), value – Source, World Bank Data
In relation to sectoral employment trends, data provided by the European Construction Sector
Observatory [2018], quantifies the employed work force in 2016, in the broad construction
sector (engineering and architectural activities, manufacturing, construction, real estate
activities), as 2.254.918 people, with a 22, 4% decrease compare 2010. Updated data referred
to 2017 sectoral employment trend, quantify the number of workers in about 1.400.000, 00
people.
The recovery after the crisis has been showing a crucial change, identifiable with a significant
Number of employed people by sector in 2017
reduction in terms of investments into new buildings and a renewed interest in restoration and
requalification of existing building heritage. In few words, the recovery has become tangible,
but it remains weak. In fact, the low productivity together with the increased costs of materials,
equipment and work make difficult to cover the gap for competitiveness and Italian companies
have been still suffering in comparison with sectoral companies of other European countries.
5 European Construction Sector Observatory, Country profile - Italy June 2018
25
On the other hand, the central government introduced new sectoral regulations (i.e. the New
Public Procurement Code), in order to support the growth of the sector and its innovation.
Specifically, the Budget Law 2017 introduces a panel of ad hoc measures for incentive the
recovery, stimulating requalification/restoration of existing buildings as well as energy efficiency
interventions and, seismic safety measures (up to 85% of deduction).
Sectoral Analysis provides by ECSO January 2019, confirm the above-described trends,
identifying the following main constraints for a whole recovery of the Italian and construction:
- High difficulty for SMEs to access to finance. In fact, the sector has particularly suffered
from limited access to finance during the past few years, e.g. the narrow construction
sector access to credit decreased by 22% in 2016, because of the lack of a broad-based
recovery of the stock of bank credit and consequent urgent need of founding new
sources of financing;
- Growing public debt and related delay in payments provide by public administrations:
SMEs reported in 2017 an average in payments provided by P.A. of 156 days;
- Reduction of employed work force, “substitution effect”, skill shortage: because of the
long crisis, qualified workers and experts, most of all youngster, have emigrate abroad.
The consequence is that the country has a surplus of low skilled workers (i.e. traditional
profiles as painters, building structure cleaners, sectoral trade workers, etc.); the skill
shortage phenomenon is also increasing. Better interaction between higher education
institutions (imparting technical knowledge) and companies (providing practical and
managerial experience) is thus necessary to address the skills gap observed in the Italian
construction sector. A second phenomenon is the substitution one, determined by the
flows of foreign workers replacing progressively national work force.
Despite this complex general situation of the broad construction sector it is worthwhile to
consider that Italy anyway results as “Moderate Innovator” according to the European Innovation
Scoreboard 2017 (innovation index = 75,5). The prior innovations are related to construction
related patent applications. design applications and smart living systems. Also the application
of BIM methodology that will become progressively mandatory by 2025, represents a field of
innovation for the whole sector and, at the same time a relevant challenge for application to
existing and historical building and construction heritage. On the other hand, transformation
generated by the digitalization’s impacts and eco-sustainability of buildings represents the
most important directories for development and sectoral recovery itself. More in details, the
implementation of digital communication technologies in the construction sector would
contribute to the transparency of existing information is, in terms of accessibility, usability and
usability of data, representing an important lever for the relaunch of business in the sector. The
diffusion of new models of living, the attention to sustainable production and low-impacts
materials and production processes implies the adoption of innovative technologies, the use of
eco-materials for green buildings, the integration of the built with innovative low environmental
impact mobility systems or intelligent collection of waste characterizing the “intelligent city”6.
Finally, a considerable strength is represented by the export activities and cross-border provision
of construction services: In 2016 Italy exported worldwide about 421 million of products,
most of all ceramic, marble products), with a considerable increase equal to + 45 million in
comparison with 2010.
6 PROJECT N° 2016-1-IT01-KA202-005399 – CUP G36J16000810006 BIM4PLACEMENT, COMPARATIVE REPORT
26
sector in UK
The following contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence
v3.0
According to the UK Parliament briefing paper from December 2018 the UK construction
sector includes the development and construction of residential and non-residential buildings;
construction work on civil engineering projects; and specialist construction activities (such as
plumbing and electrical installation). The sector does not include activities such as architectural
services or project management which often accompany construction projects.
In 2017, the construction sector contributed £113 billion to the UK economy, 6% of total
economic output. There were 2.4 million jobs in the sector, 7% of UK total. There were
1.0 million construction businesses in the UK, 17% of the total. The construction sector’s
economic output was £113 billion in 2017, 6% of the UK total.
Output from the construction industry has grown each year (in real terms) since 2013. This
is a prolonged period of growth for the construction sector. The proportion of total economic
output accounted for by construction has increased over the past 20 years from 3.8% in 1997
to 6.6% in 2017.
Construction sector output fell more significantly during the financial crisis in 2008 and 2009
than the economy as a whole, and has recovered more slowly since then. Construction output
grew somewhat in 2010 and 2011 before falling again in 2012 to almost the low seen during
the recession in 2009. Between late 2012 and early 2017, growth in construction sector output
growth was sustained. The sector surpassed its pre-recession peak in Q4 2015. In Q3 2018
output was 14% higher than in Q1 2008 (output in the whole economy has grown by 15%
over the same period).
There were 2.4 million jobs in the construction industry in Q3 2018, 6.8% of all jobs in the
UK. In the last ten years, the number of jobs in the construction industry has been broadly
steady (despite falling in 2009 and 2010). However, the number of construction jobs as a
proportion of all jobs has fallen. This is in the context of rising output, meaning that the
construction sector has become more productive over the past decade (more is produced by the
same or a smaller number of workers).
The construction sector is unusual because a high proportion of people working in the sector
are self-employed. Many jobs in the sector are contracts to work on specific projects.
Self-employed jobs in the construction sector account for 37% of all jobs, almost three times
the proportion in the whole economy. In the service sectors as a whole, self-employed jobs
account for only 11% of jobs.
There is a similar proportion of jobs in the construction sector in each region of the UK.
27
Repairs and maintenance orders to the construction sector make up 34% of the value of all
orders. Overall, orders from the private sector accounted for three quarters of all orders. Private
sector housing orders were worth £34.7 billion, up 10% on the year (in nominal terms).
In the first quarter of 2007, private sector orders to the construction sector were worth more
than five times the value of orders from the public sector. Through 2008 and 2009, private
sector orders fell. At the same time public sector orders increased, partly as a result of the then
Government’s fiscal stimulus, which involved bringing forward some infrastructure orders.
Since then public sector orders to the construction sector have remained broadly the same
(in nominal terms). Private sector orders have increased by 34% in nominal terms. In 2017,
private sector construction orders accounted for 76% of all construction orders.
Private sector infrastructure orders have increased over the past decade, at roughly the same rate
as public sector infrastructure orders. However, since 2017, public sector order increased much
more quickly. In the last quarter, the difference between public and private sector infrastructure
orders has narrowed considerably and public sector orders have increased.
In Q3 2018, private sector infrastructure orders totalled £2.9 billion, and public sector
infrastructure orders totalled £2.7 billion.
House building is an important part of the construction sector, accounting for £41 billion of
output, 25% of the sector’s output. The recession had a particularly marked impact on private
sector house building. Private sector orders fell sharply until 2009 but have since recovered
strongly.
In Q3 2018, private sector housing output was worth £22.2 billion. Public sector housing
output was worth £7.2 billion. The government have an ambition to deliver 1 million homes
by the end of 2020 and to deliver half a million more by the end of 2022.

sector in Poland
According the last available (February 2019) data of Central Statistical Office (Główny Urząd
Statystyczny -GUS) the value of construction and assembly production realized domestically in
2017 amounted to PLN 197.4 billion. The increase in construction and assembly production
in 2017 in comparison to the previous year (in constant prices) amounted to 10.2% (against a
decrease by 2.2% in 2016). The largest share in 2017 was held by enterprises carrying out mainly
specialized construction activities - 40.8%. In 2017 Polish construction and non-construction
entities with more than 9 persons employed realized with own resources outside the territory of
Poland construction activities with a total value of PLN 6.6 billion, of which PLN 5.8 billion
(88.5%) were allocated to exports of works carried out by construction enterprises. The graph
below shows how the building and assembly production in Poland has changed over the years
over the years. The solid line shows the dynamics of changes in this production.
28
Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny
House building is an
important part of the
construction sector
Index numbers of construction and assembly production (constant prices) -

average monthly base 2015=100, Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Housing
From January to March 2019, 47.4 thousand apartments were put into use, 5.8% more than
in the same period last year. In 2018, 185 170 apartments were completed, by 3.8% 2 more
than in 2017. Each year, the housing market in Poland records an increase in both the number
of building permits issued and the number of dwellings completed [1]. The chart below shows
how the number of building permits issued has changed over the years since 2014, the number
of dwellings whose construction has begun, and the number of dwellings completed.
29
The graph below shows the activity of housing construction in specific months in Poland from
2016. According to the latest data, in March 2019, the number of permitions for building or
submitting a construction project increased (by 17.2%) and the number of dwellings in which
construction has begun increased (by 42.4%). The number of dwellings completed dropped
(by 5.5%) in comparison with February 2019.
Renovation and modernization market

On the basis of the report “Renovation and modernization of buildings in Poland 2016. Market
analysis and development forecasts for 2016-2021” it is clearly visible that for several years the
contribution of the renovation sector to the Polish construction market has clearly increased. It
is caused by the gradual saturation of the economy by new construction investments. For several
years, this trend has been clearly visible in housing, which has been declining year by year.
According to a quarterly consumer survey by Eurostat, the highest percentage of Poles in recent
years has declared their intention to renovate a house or flat within the next year. The trend of
the growing importance of renovation and modernization works in housing construction is also
confirmed by the PMR report entitled “Interior furnishings market in Poland 2016. Market
analysis and development forecasts for 2016-2021”. The research conducted for the purposes
of the report on a representative sample of 600 Poles indicates that every second renovation
was carried out personally by respondents or with the help of friends and family. However, the
higher the income of respondents, the more rarely is the renovation carried out personally, and
a greater percentage of renovations is carried out by renovation and construction companies.
The chart below shows the most frequently carried out renovation works:
Chart based on data from

izolacje.com.pl
30
Analysing the data from the table below, it can be clearly seen that residential construction has
been declining over the years, which is connected with the increase in the renovation market:
Chart based on data from izolacje.com.pl
The table below presents the estimated costs of home renovation. The left column refers to the
scale of a single object, and the right to the scale of the whole country:
WALLS
ROOFS
DOORS
WINDOWS
WATER INSTALLATIONS
HEATING
TOTAL
Source: https://instalreporter.pl
31
What are the foreseen refurbishment needs at your property?
Source: https://instalreporter.pl
Another very important element of the renovation is the improvement of energy efficiency in
buildings. The chart below illustrates how the law changes in this matter and the forecast for
future years.
32
In 2016, revenues of the 15 largest construction companies in Poland dropped by 3%
compared to the previous year and amounted to PLN 28.6 billion. In 2014 and 2015, an
increase in the income of companies from the construction sector could be observed. It was
caused by the implementation of large infrastructure projects implemented under the first EU
perspective. The drop in revenues in 2016 was caused by a delay in the new procedures on
public procurement concerning infrastructure to be carried out under the EU budget for 2014-
20. It should also be emphasized that many companies implement new projects in accordance
with the “design and construct” approach, so even if a public contract is finalized and made,
actual work, i.e. revenue generation, will start 18 months of the contract date.
33
3
ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
REGARDING THE STUDIED FIELD
IN SPAIN, ITALY, UK AND POLAND
In this part we analyse the situation of those professions with a career longer than three years
or more that are involved in this sector, in each country of the European Union participating
to the DIAGNOSIS Project. We describe the sectorial field where they work and the academic
situation that gives birth to different professions within each country, we resume the working
situations of the corresponding professionals and the functions they play in the construction
process.
In the Diagnosis Project take part four EU Countries: Spain, Italy, Great Britain and Poland.
The presented analysis, as much of the university studies as of the occupations, comes from the
works realized by each partner of the project and from the results of the inquiry “Expert Profile
in Building Diagnosis”, specifically designed as a part of the study.
As we can see in the map of the Education, Audio-visual and Culture Executive Agency
below, the heterogeneity of the education of young people and college students, by extension,
is remarkable and it is reflected in the analysis detailed for each country that we present as
following.
European Commission/EACEA/Eurydice, 2017. The Structure of the European Education Systems 2017/18: Schematic
Diagrams. Eurydice Facts and Figures. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
35
3.1 University training in building
and construction sector in Spain
Fortunately, in the ambit of the edification, the higher academic education in Spain is
characterized by a generalist approach and by the concentration on very few degrees that,
theoretically, should provide all the possible knowledge system. This flexibility of the professional
generalist is broken, to the existence of a professional exercise strongly corporate and protected
by the laws. All this has conditioned the market, in practice, which has often moved away from
too strict regulations, in order to respond to real needs.
In the subsector of rehabilitation and restoration, professionals featuring specialized academic

profiles intervene with a punctual and complementary approach: historians, archaeologists,
restorers, geotechnical geologists, physicians, chemists, topographers and many other specialists.
These are often advisers or incorporated to the projects and the executions of works when there
is the need for specific knowledge from different subjects, especially in the rehabilitation and
restoration of buildings.
The most appropriate and polyvalent profiles for works of diagnosis on existing buildings in
Spain are usually Architects and Technical Architects (Building Engineers). These practitioners
are able to understand the buildings in their whole entity and have been trained for the analysis
and the comprehension of the different subsystems of the building (foundations, structure,
building envelope, finishing and equipment) and to understand the actions that can result in
damages for the buildings. They are the Spanish practitioners who can better develop a complete
and accurate diagnosis, autonomously or leading – whether it is necessary – a team of experts.
However, as the following syllabuses of the degrees in Architecture and Technical Architecture
will show, the education in Diagnosis of buildings is scarce and often only a part of the student
body gains a deeper knowledge by attending optional classes that can provide an extension of
specific competences in rehabilitation and intervention on the built heritage.
Until today, the practitioners have solved this lack of training in diagnosis in different ways.
The majority obtained a specific knowledge by vocational training activities offered by
universities and professional entities of this sector. We are talking about training activities and
short duration courses, which target very specific topics that the professionals must know to
keep abreast of new technical, organizational or legislative items. Educational opportunities
oriented more towards the techniques of rehabilitation than to the Diagnosis itself, what is a
previous requirement for all rehabilitation and restauration works. On the other side, this short
training focused on specific aspects has been completed by the working experience up to form
proper experts. Nowadays, few experts exist in Spain because of a high personal effort of them.
The following graph shows the rule-based educational pathway existing in Spain, according
to the study promoted by the European Commission, the EACEA and Eurydice in 2017. We
observe that young people get to the university at 18/19 years and the degrees last 3/4 years, to
which it may follow a master lasting one or two years. As we will see later, the degrees are quite
general while masters and post-degree courses are those allowing to choose the professional
profile and the real expertise.
36
Starting from the constitution of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), dawned
an expertise deriving from the academic education and the diversification of qualifications/
degrees referring to new and real tasks and functions to be played by the new practitioners.
This progressive process of adaptation will end not only with the quantitative and qualitative
change of the syllabuses, but it will also promote new professional figures. It is precisely within
this context that the Diagnosis Project develops taking as main purpose answering to the need
of a diagnosis expert for the Spanish building sector.
Just few years ago in Spain the academic system changed to adapt to the EHEA. To analyse the
Spanish academic panorama of the studies related to architecture, edification and construction,
we focused on the analysis of the curriculum offered by the Polytechnic University of Catalunya
(UPC). As a partner of DIAGNOSIS Project and according to the QS World University
Rankings by Subject7 it is the first University of Spain in the field of Architecture and Built
Environment, the 8th in Europe and the 22nd in the world. It is a representative example of
the Spanish academic reality, since at a national level there is a common mandatory program
that unifies the common curricula, while it allows to each University to adapt and to specialize
in precise matters.
The selected centres and the study curricula are the following:
Barcelona School of Architecture
Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura de Barcelona (ETSAB) y Vallés (ETSAV)
Degree in Architecture Studies

Duration: 5 years
Study load: 300 ECTS credits (including the bachelor’s thesis). One credit is equivalent
to a study load of 25-30 hours.
Delivery: Face-to-face
Graduates of this degree in Architecture Studies will be technically competent and
scientifically rigorous professionals who will be involved in productive architectural
work and architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements.
Students will have knowledge of the history and theories of architecture, urban design
and urban planning, research methods and preparation of construction projects, in
addition to the problems of structure, construction and engineering related to building
design. They will understand the relationships between people, buildings and their
environment, and the architectural profession and its role in society, enabling them to
take into account the social factors of design.
7 http://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings
37
Master’s degree in Architecture
Duration: 1 year
Study load: 60 ECTS credits. One credit is equivalent to a study load of 25-30 hours.
The master’s degree in Architecture qualifies to practise as an architect. Its aim is to
provide a body of advanced knowledge that builds on the content of the degree in
Architecture Studies and it involves the in-depth study of design, technology and
urbanism as well as solid, multidisciplinary training in architecture.
Master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Architecture-Barcelona (MBArch)

Duration: 1 year
The aim of the master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Architecture-Barcelona (MBArch)
is to train students in research, innovation and contemporary architectural design in a
manner that is flexible and directed towards a specialisation. With an emphasis on expertise,
erudition, tradition and professional practice, the Barcelona School of Architecture offers
a comprehensive approach to a professional or teaching career in architecture.
Some Specialities related with the intervention on built stock included in the
MBArch master
Urban and Architectural Management and Valuation
The aim of this specialisation is to promote research in urban and spatial planning
and management that addresses spatial, urban and real estate problems from a
transdisciplinary perspective that takes into account the technical, legal, economic and
social aspects of urban management and valuation.
Theory, History and Culture
The aim of this specialisation is to provide the specialised knowledge needed for
professional practice in the fields of cultural and museum management, architectural
and urban heritage management, mediation in participation processes and the
provision of historical and heritage documentation for all kinds of public and private
institutions.
Architecture, Energy and Environment
This is a specialisation that allows students to acquire and develop research skills for
the energy assessment of architecture and urban structures, environmental impact
assessment of architectural and urban development projects and the application of
natural and artificial environmental conditioning techniques.
Architectural Restoration and Rehabilitation
The aim of this specialisation is to provide students with the skills to carry out analysis,
design and research in the fields of architectural restoration and rehabilitation.
Master’s degree in Sustainable Intervention in the Built Environment (MISMeC)

Duration: 1 year
The master’s degree in Sustainable Intervention in the Built Environment aims to
produce graduates with advanced conceptual and technological knowledge of the urban
38
environment to improve sustainability and manage projects involving intervention in
the fields of architecture, building construction, urban design and infrastructure.
Barcelona School of Civil Engineering

Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyers de Camins, Canals i Ports de Barcelona (ETSECCPB)
Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering

Duration: 4 years
This bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering, aims to produce generalist engineers who have
a solid grounding in the basic sciences and a wide-ranging view of civil engineering and its
applications in developing and improving contemporary societies, and it seeks alternative
solutions that respect the environment. How transport and cities are organised; designing
roads; protecting coasts and beaches; defending against floods and earthquakes; analysing
and designing large-scale infrastructure; and researching and developing new sources of
energy—all of this is the work of civil engineers. The degree gives access to mobility
pathways leading to double degrees with prestigious institutions across the world.
Bachelor’s degree in Public Works Engineering

Duration: 4 years
The specialised training provided by the bachelor’s degree in Public Works Engineering
(formerly the bachelor’s degree in Construction Engineering) will offers you an specialised
training in managing and implementing projects in the areas of civil constructions,
hydrology and urban transport and services, the development of which is in much
demand from society. You will acquire skills in sustainable engineering; the planning,
design, construction, maintenance and management of civil engineering projects and
infrastructure, including roads, bridges, dams, water treatment plants, railways, seaports
and coasts; logistics systems; and economic and spatial planning. You will be able to
perform calculations, assessments, studies and reports for any business in the sectors in
which civil and environmental engineering play a role.
Master’s degree in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions
(SAHC)
Duration: 1 year
Master’s degree in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions
(SAHC), coordinated by the Universidade do Minho and with the UPC as a participant,
provides advanced engineering training in the conservation of historical architectural
structures. The course is taught by experts in the fields of architecture, engineering,
geophysics, chemistry and history and aims to provide a multidisciplinary understanding
of the field of structural conservation.
39
Barcelona School of Building Construction
Escola Politècnica Superior d’Edificació de Barcelona (EPSEB)
Bachelor’s degree in Architectural Technology and Building Construction

Duration: 4 years
This bachelor’s degree in Architectural Technology and Building Construction, will
provide with a Europe-focused, generalist education on the theory, techniques and
technology of the building construction sector. Students will acquire the competencies
needed to solve any issue related to stages in the building cycle: construction,
maintenance, rehabilitation, demolition and urban development. Once they graduate,
they will be qualified to practise some of the professions with the most reach in the
European building sector: technical architect, construction site manager, health and
safety coordinator and building information modelling (BIM) 3D software specialist.
They will specialise by taking an optional subject pathway that provides the specific
knowledge that is required for the Diploma of Further Competencies (DAC), a diploma
that can be homologated by the Professional Certification Agency (ACP), which certifies
the quality, capacity and competence of professionals in the building construction and
architecture sector.
Master’s degree in Advanced Building Construction MUCAE

Duration: 1.5 academic years
Study load: 90 ECTS credits (including the master’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to
a study load of 25-30 hours.
The master’s degree in Advanced Building Construction produces graduates for the
building construction sector, which is increasingly automated. In the current context,
which has seen a decrease in the number of new buildings being built in Spain, concepts
such as sustainability and energy efficiency are increasingly important, as are the
recovery, conservation and improvement of built heritage. The master’s degree therefore
provides an education that confronts the sector’s new challenges and the skills students
need to understand and deepen their knowledge of the construction process and pursue
a research career.
Master’s degree in Building Construction Management
Duration: 1.5 academic years
Study load: 90 ECTS credits (including the master’s thesis). One credit is equivalent to
a study load of 25-30 hours.
The aim of the master’s degree in Building Construction Management is to produce
graduates who will be involved in processes for managing and leading building
construction companies and who will seek to improve these processes. The education
provided covers financial and quality management, project management, energy
management of buildings and built heritage, and the safety of building works. Students
may choose to deepen their knowledge of other topics such as project leadership, the use
of integral management tools and real estate marketing.
40
Training related to rehabilitation, restoration and maintenance of existent buildings, according
to the different syllabuses:
ETSAB/ETSAV
Degree in Architecture Studies
Subject ECTS Mandatory/Optional
History (I-II) 6+7 Mandatory
Introduction to Architectural Heritage 3 Optional
Re-Inhabit: Dwelling and Street 5 Optional
Rehabilitation Techniques and Application 3 Optional
Techniques and Arts for Restoration 3 Optional
Master’s degree in Architecture
Housing and Sustainability: Physical Rehabilitation and
Social and Urban Regeneration 5 Optional
Master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Architecture-Barcelona (MBArch)
Architectural Renovation and Conservation Intervention
Techniques: Security Measures 5 Mandatory
Architectural Renovation and Conservation Intervention
Techniques: Occupant Safety and Health Regulations 5 Mandatory
Renovation, Pathologies and Structural Reinforcement 5 Optional
Master’s degree in Sustainable Intervention in the Built Environment (MISMeC)
Re-Dwell 5 Mandatory
Re-Enable 5 Mandatory
Re-Generate 5 Mandatory
Social Metabolism and City 5 Mandatory
ETSECCPB
Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering
Strength of Materials and Structures 9 Mandatory
Structures Analysis 7.5 Mandatory
Bachelor’s degree in Public Works Engineering
Strength of Materials 6 Mandatory
Master’s degree in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historical Constructions (SAHC)
Seismic Behavior and Structural Dynamics
Inspection and Diagnosis
Repairing and Strengthening Techniques
Restoration and Conservation of Materials
EPSEB
Bachelor’s degree in Architectural Technology and Building Construction
Building Pathology 5 Mandatory
Buildings Diagnostics and Energy Rehabilitation 3 Optional
Diagnosis for Rehabilitation 3 Optional
Historical Study and Graphic Representation for Rehabilitation 3 Optional
Rehabilitation Projects 3 Optional
Master’s degree in Occupational Health and Safety
Business and Society 4 Mandatory
Master’s degree in Advanced Building Construction
Introduction to Renovations of Existing Building 5 Mandatory
Physical Phenomena in Building Construction 5 Mandatory
Building Management Through Building Information Modelling (BIM) 5 Optional
Energy Renovations and Renewal Energies 5 Optional
Historical-Architectural-Constructive Analysis of Existing Buildings 5 Optional
Diagnosis Technology and Characterization of Materials 5 Optional
Integral Valuation of the Existing Building. Structural Analysis 5 Optional
Intervention Techniques in Existing Buildings. Functional Renovations 5 Optional
Management and Alternatives to Building Heritage 5 Optional
41
As we may observe in the charts above, the Master’s Degree in Advanced Building Construction
taught at the EPSEB is the one providing the most focused training on the rehabilitation of
buildings, although we may observe that none of the 10 analysed curricula contains the skills
that the diagnosis expert should achieve (social, economical, technological etc.)

and construction sector in Italy
With reference to the Italian Education System, the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills
in building diagnostics refers to a variety of both second and third level courses.
Moreover, it is important to distinguish between the diagnostics process of new buildings, as

well as of infrastructures with reference to the latest fifty years of construction, and diagnostics
processes on existing buildings or historical ones. In fact, from one hand it is possible recognising
a good offer in terms of either curricular courses or professionals courses, from the other hand
it is possible identifying specific curricula which are mainly related to the conservation of
historical buildings. Definitely, there is a lack of specific education offer in diagnostics for
existing buildings. Consequently, there is not a national specific professional profile in that
area, which is becoming even more important due to the growing market of existing buildings
renovation.
Looking at buildings diagnostics in a holistic way by considering both technical and human
aspects affecting the performance of existing buildings is becoming an urgent national issue in
order to support the competitiveness of the building sector and the preservation of building
assets.
The general education system in Italy (2018) is divided into three main areas as shown below.
Reflection on existing training programs in the field of diagnostics are of a main importance
particularly with reference to existing buildings rehabilitation market. There are main issues to
take into account with reference to the transformation of historical buildings in a different way
from in the past. Today, 55% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is
expected to increase to 68% by 2050. Consequently, the preservation and renovation processes
are expected to increase in next few years up to 90% of the whole construction activities.
42
General construction diagnosis is part of both vocational education post-secondary education
courses and tertiary education courses at either engineering faculties or architecture faculties.
With reference to post-secondary education courses, diagnostics can take the following forms:
• Survey, drawing and representation (average 100 hours);
• Legal and regulatory framework (average 12 hours with reference to all the matters in
the course);
• Energy building performance;
• Building monitoring.
Tertiary education: Engineering courses

With reference to engineering curricula, diagnostics path are mainly related to specific
application such as either structural analysis or thermal studies.
Moreover, sustainable environmental and land planning processes are the objectives of
engineering degree at Politecnico schools of engineering.
The Laurea Magistrale (equivalent to Master of Science) in “Environmental and Land Planning
Engineering” provides an education focused on the broad range of professional capabilities
and expertise required to deal with and address adequate engineering frameworks for the
sustainable utilization of natural resources and manmade infrastructures. The mission is
to educate engineers who can design infrastructures and plan human development while
balancing environmental health and the society’s need for better living conditions. Technical
and scientific education is thus devoted, through specialized courses and laboratories, to the
development, design and evaluation of proper management and intervention strategies, as well
as individual measures, in the following general fields of interest:
- Planning and design of strategies and infrastructures for land protection and prevention
from natural risks damage and related anthropogenic forcing;
- Management of complex environmental systems and of information systems for land
management and resource planning;
- Design and evaluation of engineering processes and technologies for environmental
quality reclamation and maintenance, for treatment and resource recovery from liquid,
solid and gaseous emissions and for soil remediation;
- Designing and data management of systems and components for environmental and
land resources measurement, diagnosis and control.
The programme provides a panoply of specialized courses and laboratories addressing all the
environmental components, air, water, soil and the biota, and the impacts due to natural
hazards and to human activities, as well as their mitigation.
Moreover, some specific path is strictly linked with the management of tertiary buildings and
plats. For instance, the educational programme of the Laurea Magistrale (equivalent to Master
of Science) in “Safety and Prevention Engineering in the Process Industry” at Politecnico Turin
has the objective of exploring issues concerning the safety of production systems, considering
also the environmental impact related to plant operation. An educational programme is thus
defined to prepare safety managers and safety planners, and professional figures having the
skills to identify dangers, quantify and minimise risks, arrange diagnostic, establish protective
43
and maintenance measures to minimize the risks associated with plant operation and able to
make sustainable productions.
Tertiary education: architectural courses and postgraduate

studies
The introduction of digitization tools and methods could represent a great opportunity for
improving the productivity of the construction sector. However, significant updating of skills
is needed as well as ways of sharing professionals’ knowledge among all the players in the
construction sector. With reference to the construction industry, the regional higher education
system is characterized by:
- 3 higher regional diplomas;
- 14 graduate courses;
- 4 doctorate programs.
Despite the high level of quality of the regional training offer, since 2006 the University of
Ferrara has been the top University among national graduate courses in architecture (CENSIS,
2017). It is possible to verify a lack of digital collaboration based knowledge issues, linked to
both diagnosis topics and project management on existing buildings, within the courses, as
mentioned before.
Italian post graduate courses for both engineering and architects in the field of diagnosis are
related to the following areas of application:
- rehabilitation of buildings;
- seismic prevention, assessment and risk management;
- natural risk and hazard management;
- digitalization of the construction sector for existing buildings processes management
(BIM tools and method).
The Engineering of Building Processes and System - Curriculum Historic Buildings

Rehabilitation from the University of Bologna is a two-years Master “second cycle Degree”
requiring the students to obtain 120 ECTS. The program is two years in duration and is
divided into four terms. In the first year, courses are mainly oriented to address basic issues
44
of the Master’s studies: History of Italian and European Architecture; Conservation Theory
of Historic Buildings and Heritage Conservation; Survey of Historic Buildings, Materials
and Technologies for Historic Buildings; Advanced Structural Mechanics and Mechanics of
Historic Masonry and Wood Structures. Additionally, a Design Project course aims at training
the students in applying to a case-study the acquired knowledge. In the second year, both
compulsory and elective courses are offered on specialized topics, such as Structural Diagnostics,
Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation; Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of
Historic Buildings; Mineralogical and Petrographical Characterization of Natural and Artificial
Stone Materials.
The Masters degree in “Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology” of the ROSE
Programme is jointly awarded by the Institute for Advanced Study of Pavia (IUSS) and the
Università degli Studi di Pavia. During the 18-month MSc programme students will acquire
the ability to design, execute and evaluate assessments of seismic hazard for site-specific
engineering projects as well as to undertake seismic design of new structures and the assessment
and strengthening of existing structures.
The ROSE Masters degree require a minimum of 90 credits to be obtained, with no more than
one dissertation. This effectively means that the student must earn at least 60 credits through
courses and 30 credits through a master thesis.
Courses for professionals

Following the same needs framework, professional development in Italy is emergeging, from
the point of view of digital competencies for the rehabilitation projects of existing buildings a
key driver for the competitiveness of the construction sector, both at national and international
level.
Nervertheless the increased number of technical courses in the field of rehabilitation for
architects and engineers it is registered a lack of training programmes in the field of diagnosis.
This subject is increansingly a matter of interest for industries as well as for real estate market.
As a consequence, professionals and chartered associations are asking for new training courses
in order to acquire not only technical skills, which are garated by short courses abuot specific
tools and technologies (infrared camera; 3D laser scanner and so on) but complementary tools
and techniques about the diagnosis project, from an olistic point of view.
Methods and tools

Generally speaking, all the courses, training programmes and curricula mentioned above
teaching methods and tools are traditional on-campus learning activities, less frequently
e-learning or blended.
After graduating from university, there is a possibility to undertake postgraduate studies, where
there is a possibility of deepening knowledge in the field of general construction diagnosis.
Italian construction sector: the strategies for updating

competencies
With reference of the key skills and competencies areas of the “DIAGNOSIS” project the
introduction of digitization tools and methods can represent a great opportunity for improving
the productivity of the construction sector. However, a huge competencies updating is needed as
45
well as ways of sharing professionals’ knowledge among all the actors in the construction sector.
With reference to construction industry, regional higher education system is characterized by:
- 2 higher regional diplomas;
- 13 graduate courses;
- 4 doctorate programmes.
Despite the high level of quality of both national and regional training offer, since 2017 thanks
to the Clust-ER BUILD and the collaboration among Universities, Public Administration,
ECVET system and industries it was possible starting quantifying the lack of digital
collaboration based knowledge issues in the whole courses as mentioned before.
Digital knowledge is considered a key area especially with reference to existing buildings
recovery and restauration processes.
The analysis of the regional education system has also demonstrated the almost total lack of
project management based knowledge even within five years courses.
In fact, there is a huge amount of courses in the areas such as digital representation, virtual
modelling for architectures and engineering, integrated ICT technologies for survey, 3D
survey, GIS as well as high quality doctoral researches on BIM, Big-Data management, 3D
Printing tools for architecture and Artificial Intelligence tools and so on. On the other hand,
the teaching of collaborative work tools and methods has not been introduced yet.
Since the competencies updating was identified by Clust-ER members as a primary goal to be
achieved, in 2017 a “higher education task group” was launched in order to realise some goals
within from three to five years:
1. Updating existing training courses, in specific areas, with reference to the new
qualifications identified;
2. Scheduling of the adoption of specific training methods (deductive training
activities, on the job training etc.) to be applied in order to rapidly reach the expected
target.
3. Updating bachelor, master, PhD programmes (managerial knowledge, data based
decision-making methods and tools, risk management, skills to enhance interactions
between academia and Industry, financial tools awareness)
4. Making the post graduate courses more effective (inductive approach, training on
the job, etc.);
5. Strengthening the partnership between public and private sector in the field of
digitization in the construction industry.
Furthermore, four competencies areas are identified:

1. Existing building diagnosis;
2. Process and product digitization;
3. Predictive maintenance;
4. Communication.
46
and construction sector in UK
The general education system in UK is presented below.
Almost uniquely in Europe, the UK is a self-regulatory regime across the entire construction
industry with the exception of architects, whose title is protected and who must be registered
with the Architects Registration Board which was established by the UK Parliament in 1997
to regulate the architects’ profession in the UK. They are an independent, public interest body
and works in regulating architects that ensures that good standards within the profession are
consistently maintained for the benefit of the public and architects alike.
47
This has led to a proliferation of degrees, which contain elements of the key skills, and
competencies areas of the “DIAGNOSIS” project because several professions and their
associated professional associations claim to work in this sector to some degree. However, these
competencies require updating to reflect the increasing need for Diagnosis specialists in the
construction sector as well as is needed as well the sharing of professional knowledge among all
the actors in the construction sector.
Tertiary Education
Architecture Courses (https://www.architecture.com/education-cpd-and-careers/riba-
validation/international-validated-schools)
Most architecture courses are delivered by universities at a first (bachelor) degree level which
is recognised as part one of the registration process required by the ARB, see above. Currently
there are 152 Architecture degree courses in the UK.
Entry is usually through successful completion of Advanced level certificate of secondary

education which must include passes at A2 (EQF Level 4) in at least two subjects or the
successful completion of a BTEC Extended Diploma (EQF Level 4) or an “International
Baccalaureate” Diploma with 28 points including a minimum of 15 points at Higher Level.
Entry can also be achieved by successfully completing a foundation year before the first year
of the degree.
A typical course at the University of East London (www.uel.ac.uk)

Architecture course is one of flagship degrees at the University of East London, providing an
excellent educational framework and the first qualification to become a practising architect.
It teaches you individually or in small groups, each led by a design tutor who is usually a
practising architect. The academics team supports in areas of history, theory, technology and
computing.
It takes a distinctly ‘hands-on’ approach to architecture. The course emphasises learning

through the process of making, and then reflecting critically on what has been made, developing
creativity and critical judgement.
The core of architecture is the design studio, and the main emphasis of the course is developing
design abilities.
Year 1
Architecture, Design Investigation 1 (Core)
Architecture, Design Resolution 1 (Core)
History and Theory 1
Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 1 (Core)
Year 2
Architecture Design Investigation 2 Core)
Architecture, Design Resolution 2 (Core)
History and Theory 2 (Core)
Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 2 (Core)
48
Year 3
Architecture, Design Investigation 3 (Core)
Architecture Design Resolution 3 (Core)
History and Theory 3 (Core)
Technical Studies and Professional Studies 3 (Core)
Architectural Technologist Courses

Architectural Design Technology is an interdisciplinary course that blends architecture with
building engineering, building technology and construction management. The course has a
strong grounding in design projects and is particularly recognisable by its ‘hands-on’ approach
to architectural design. There is a strong focus on technical studies as well as computer software
for Computer Aided Drawing (AutoCAD, Revit, BIM, Adobe Illustrator, Rhino), and building
design and energy performance simulations (Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES), and
Design Builder). We have world class laboratories and workshops including digital and robotic
manufacture (laser cutters, 3D printers, robotic arm).
The programme can be studied in either full-time (3 years or 4 years if you choose to do a
placement year) or part-time mode (6 years). Apprenticeship routes have also been introduced
in 16/17, in which employers within the construction sector have approached the University
to offer Construction Design Management as an apprenticeship route on a part-time basis.
Architectural technology courses are delivered by universities at a first (bachelor) degree level
which is recognised by the Chartered Institute of Architectural Technologists as one part of
their chartered membership process and thee Chartered Association of Building Engineers
(CABE) as one part of their chartered membership process. There are currently 432 degrees in
the UK.
Entry is usually through successful completion of Advanced level certificate of secondary
education which must include passes at A2 in at least two subjects or the successful completion
of a BTEC Extended Diploma or Diploma or an INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
Diploma with 28 points including a minimum of 15 points at Higher Level.
Entry can also be achieved by successfully completing a foundation year before the first year
of the degree.
Recently the UK government has introduced an apprenticeship system which allows universities
the option to offer apprenticeship routes in which employers within the construction sector
offer jobs as an apprentice with degree included on a part-time basis.
Year 1
Architectural Design Resolution 1
Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 1
Introduction to the Built Environment
Building Technology & Material
Year 2
Technical Studies, Computing and Representation 2
49
Legal and Regulatory Framework
Building Contract Law in Construction
Surveying Tendering, Estimating & Cost Control
is an
Year 3
established
discipline
Architectural Design Investigation
Technical and Professional Studies
Professional & Corporate Studies
Built Asset Management & Development
Building Surveying Courses

Building Surveying courses are delivered by universities at a first (bachelor) degree level which
is recognised by the Royal Institution Of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) as one part of their
chartered membership process and the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) as one part of
their chartered membership process. There are currently 408 degrees in the UK.
University of Westminster (www.westminster.ac.uk)

Building Surveying is an established discipline, which covers surveying buildings as a
professional, either at pre-construction phase for clients or developers or using your technical
knowledge and being able to report about various property assets. It concerns new builds,
building control, refurbishment work, restorations, maintenance, and increasingly, design.
Building surveyors have specialist skills and knowledge in the technologies of domestic, industrial
and commercial building, construction processes, planning, project life-cycle assessment, and
people and business management. In addition to the core themes of surveying and technology,
this professional role requires a range of surveying skills including team working and effective
communication.
These skills are integrated into the learning strategies of this course, enabling you typically
to work in building surveying, although you may also follow a career in building control, or
property development or Party Wall disputes. Alongside the knowledge and understanding of
building surveying theories, and the practical and technical skills needed to become a building
surveyor, you will gain the transferable and cognitive skills necessary for lifelong personal and
professional development.
Our construction courses share a common Year 1, so students interact with those studying
different pathways, gain some knowledge of the work of all professionals working in the
construction industry, promoting the interdisciplinary nature of the modern construction
industry. Throughout the course, construction technology and management remain
central, the issue of health and safety is addressed, and the importance of sustainability is
considered.
All of our courses are delivered using an enquiry-based blended learning approach involving
workshops, lectures, tutorials and independent study. Our technology-enhanced learning
supports independent study via synchronous online lectures, tutorials and seminars, which
are captured and stored to enable you to revisit sessions online after the event. We assess your
learning through a variety of methods including project work, essays and exams. The course
50
promotes a professional approach to teaching and learning thus equipping students with the
core skills for future and existing careers.
Year 1
Design - Design Principles
Design - Digital Literacy
Management - Introduction to the Built Environment
Management - Project, Commercial and Organisational Environment
Technology - Building Science
Technology - Construction Technology and Services
Year 2
Design - Digital Practice
Management - Project Procurement, Management and Law
Management - Construction Project Based Learning
Technology - Fabric and Performance
Technology - Structures Principles
Technology - Building Surveying Practice
Year 3
Management - Professional Practice
Technology - Construction Technology & Innovation
Technology - Care and Adaptation of Buildings
Technology - Building Pathology
Technology - Applied Building Surveying
Dissertation
Civil Engineering Courses.

University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk)
The programme offers a world-class education brought to you by leading researchers, educators
and practising engineers. It is supported by a structured personal tutorial scheme, subject-
specific clinics and student mentoring. Our extensive links with industry provide many
opportunities for vacation work experience and subsequent permanent employment.
The programme is accredited by the Joint Board of Moderators, and if followed by a Master’s
level qualification, offers a route to Chartered Engineer (CEng) status. Studying in London
is the perfect setting for civil engineering students because of the exciting range of projects
underway (e.g. Crossrail) and the access to professional institutions.
Accreditation
The programme is accredited by the Joint Board of Moderators. It partially satisfies the
educational base for a Chartered Engineer (CEng), and fully satisfies the educational base for
an Incorporated Engineer (IEng). A programme of accredited further learning is required to
fully satisfy the academic requirement for Chartered Engineer status (for example, UCL’s Civil
Engineering MSc).
Degree structure
Each year of the degree will take a number of individual modules, normally valued at 15 or
30 credits, adding up to a total of 120 credits for year. Modules are assessed in the academic
51
year in which they are taken. The balance of compulsory and optional modules varies from
programme to programme and year to year. A 30-credit module is considered equivalent to 15
credits in the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS).
Year one develops the theoretical basis of civil engineering and is structured around a series of
real-world engineering problems (scenarios), intended to put your acquired knowledge into
practice. You will share classes in mathematics and professional skills with other engineering
students, and take part in two interdisciplinary engineering challenges. At the end of year one,
there is a two-week residential field trip to Wales for surveying, stream gauging and a dam visit.
In year two core civil engineering knowledge is developed further and you will also choose a
minor engineering subject from a wide range. At the end of this year there is a residential field
trip to the National Construction College for a Constructionarium week.
Study of your minor subject continues into the final year, where you will also take compulsory
advanced core modules and complete a substantial research project.
This degree is part of the Integrated Engineering Programme (IEP), a teaching framework
that engages students in specialist and interdisciplinary activities designed to create well-
rounded graduates with a strong grasp of the fundamentals of their discipline and a broad
understanding of the complexity and context of engineering problems. Students register for
a core discipline, but also engage in activities that span departments so the development
of fundamental technical knowledge takes place alongside specialist and interdisciplinary
research-based projects and professional skills. This creates degrees encouraging professional
development, with an emphasis on design and challenging students to apply knowledge to
complex problems
Year 1
Applied Fluid and Soil Mechanics
Applied Structures and Materials
Challenges (Energy and Sustainability, Global Health)
Civil Engineering Design
Design and Professional Skills 1
Engineering, Society and the Planet
Engineering Toolkit (including Drawing, AutoCAD, and GIS)
Mathematics, Modelling and Analysis
Year 2
Civil Engineering Scenarios
Design and Professional Skills 2
Geotechnics (Soil Mechanics and Geology)
Lampeter Field Course (Surveying, Stream Gauging, Dam Visit)
Materials and Fluids
Mathematics, Modelling and Analysis
Structural Analysis and Design
52
Year 3
Civil Engineering in Practice
Civil Engineering Project
Fluids and Soils III
Structures and Materials III
Post Graduate Courses

Course are offered at Masters level across the various disciplines and some are recognised as a
route to chartered membership by the associations listed above.
Civil Engineering degrees are also often offered at Master’s level as a first degree lasting 4 rather
than 3 years.
It is also possible to undertake a PhD level qualification, however this is used by academics
rather than for professional qualification.
Courses for Professionals

Courses for professionals are largely provided under the auspices of the relevant professional
associations in the form of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) and in most cases
do not lead to any formal recognition with a few exceptions, such as the RIBA and the RICS
who both offer conservation accreditation schemes for professionals working in the historic
building sector.
3.4 University training in building and

construction sector in Poland
Reflections on existing training programs in the acquisition of skills useful in Diagnosis
widespread civil engineering phenomena are extremely important for many reasons. Thanks
to this reflection, we are able to make a kind of inventory, and the comparison of any courses
among themselves can highlight new content and useful information that will allow future
diagnostics to find the perfect course for themselves. Finding and matching a training course
to the existing level of knowledge of a future diagnostician is crucial in his self-development
and gaining the skills he is looking for. There are many teaching programs available in Poland
in the field of widespread diagnostics of Civil Engineering.
The general education system in Poland (2018) is presented below.

After graduating from university, there is a possibility to undertake postgraduate studies, where
there is a possibility of deepening knowledge in the field of general construction diagnostics.
Diagnostics can take many forms. The thermovision and thermovision expertise is a very good
tool to deal with the diagnosis of various processes in construction.
53
The SEDPOL8 Corporation and the POLONIA Scientific and Technical Association of
Energy Auditors and Certifiers organize the course: “Thermovision, thermal imaging in
construction”. The training aims to provide participants with knowledge on the operation
of thermal imaging cameras, to carry out measurements using it and to prepare reports in
accordance with applicable standards and regulations. Each participant gets acquainted with
the basic parameters of the thermal imaging camera and the principles of its operation. The
training participants will also gain knowledge in the field of testing the thermal insulation
of buildings and humidity, and the influence of external factors on the measurement results.
In addition to the theoretical part, the course program also includes practical exercises, in
which each student will carry out measurements of the office and apartment building using the
camera and will prepare a report on the conducted research himself. In addition, the student
in the training gets the possibility of renting a thermal imaging camera and receives a package
of study materials at home.
The original program of the course covers 24 hours. including:

1. Theoretical foundations - Part I - e-learning (8 hours);
2. Theoretical foundations - Cz. II (3 hours);
3. Practical classes (Workshops) - (5 hours) with the use of thermovision cameras;
4. Practical classes (Workshops) - (8 hours).
A similar training program is organized by the Department of Building Physics and Building
Materials at the Lodz University of Technology9. In addition, it is enriched by the Diagnostics
of building structures and Diagnostics and renovation of building structures. These courses are
designed to raise the qualification in the field of diagnostics using innovative tools.
8 https://sedpol.com.pl/termowizja-ekspertyzy-termowizyjne-w-budownictwie/
9 http://kfb-lx.p.lodz.pl/dydaktyka_pl.html
54
An interesting option in acquiring knowledge useful to building auditor is participation
in online courses. The biggest advantage is the possibility of remote study which is easy to
reconcile with work. The SANKOM company10 organizes online training at the highest level.
The Auditor’s course is an e-learning platform that enables learning to use programs in a
modern and convenient form of online workshops. The participant of such training receives
all the necessary materials and “step by step” instructions. In addition, each lesson participant
gets a lot of useful tips, instruction videos, and at the end of each lesson a checker awaits the
student.
University of Ecology and Management in Warsaw11 conducts post-graduate studies:

Property Management. Classes conducted by highly qualified practitioners from the Technical
Supervision Office, the Professional Self-Government of Property Managers possessing
professional experience gained outside the university, as well as by lecturers of scientific
institutes and universities. The aim of the studies is first of all preparing graduates for rational
management of real estate. The studies enable to acquire specialist competences in the field of real
estate management. The graduate is equipped with knowledge in the field of business activity,
real estate trading, real estate acquisition procedures and transactions related to transactions. It
is very important to develop the skills of using broadly understood planning documentation,
for example local spatial development plans or plans for setting up agricultural and forest
areas. Maintenance of facilities and care for their durability also lies with the construction
diagnostics. This is a particularly important issue in the case of historic buildings.
Post-graduate studies at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow12: “Modern analytical

techniques for the preservation of historic buildings” are a very good development path for
future experts in the field of civil engineering. The study program has been prepared for people
professionally engaged in conservation, archaeology and art history, as well as enthusiasts
of these fields. Studies do not require any mathematics and natural sciences. Thanks to the
extensive instrumental facilities, students are prepared both from the theoretical and practical
use of the latest achievements of analytical chemistry to study a variety of historic objects and
works of art. The course will remind and extend the basic issues related to general, analytical
and conservation chemistry. The lectures support practical classes to acquire basic laboratory
skills. The program includes refreshing the knowledge of the basics of chemistry, necessary
to master the issues presented in practical classes - 35 hours. Science in preservation will be
complemented by lectures presenting the current state of knowledge regarding the assessment
of the degradation progress of objects in museum and library collections as well as determining
its causes, recommended conservation procedures and conservative maintenance - 44 hours.
Modern analytical techniques will be discussed during lectures and laboratory exercises.
There will be information about physicochemical phenomena that form the basis of a given
analytical method, discussion of techniques and methods of sample preparation as well as
typical applications in solving conservation problems - 86 hours. The student receives the
necessary didactic materials for work at school and at home. The condition for passing the
studies is attendance and passing the exam.
If you want to study more focused on law, geotechnical knowledge, building physics, causes
of disasters and simulation of conducting construction expertise, a good choice is the AGH
10 http://www.kursaudytora.pl/o-kursie
11 http://www.wseiz.pl/index.php/pl/studia-podyplomowe/zarzadzanie-nieruchomosciami
12 http://www.informator.uj.edu.pl/en/programmes-all/ZKM/WZKS-121-0-UZ-4/
55
University of Science and Technology in Krakow13, which conducts studies: Renovation
and modernization of buildings (180 hours). Graduates of this specialization are prepared to
work in construction and design contractors, consulting, research and scientific organizations,
universities and building and state administration and state administration authorities, and
gain managerial qualifications needed to manage construction projects and maintain and
restore historic buildings and mining. A graduate of this specialization obtains, in addition to
extended knowledge in the field of construction and design of building objects, comprehensive
preparation in the field of modern reconstruction methods of mainly underground elements
of historic buildings, their modernization, repairs and maintenance. In the education process,
particular attention is paid to solving unusual problems in historic buildings, the use of
computer techniques in geotechnics and engineering design, as well as relationships between
theoretical foundations and experimental methods with these techniques. The studies last two
semesters and the number of places is 30.
The development of future building experts is not only about the diagnosis of objects, but it
is extremely important to pay attention to aspects related to the costs of various buildings.
Higher Technical School in Katowice - the Technical-Art College14 conducts post-graduate
studies: “Property valuation”. The aim of the studies is to provide future property appraisers
with professional knowledge and practical skills necessary to perform the profession in
accordance with procedures aimed at ensuring proper functioning of the property, safe use
and proper operation. The studies allow you to gain current knowledge covering the latest
legal regulations, economic and financial issues, selected elements of construction and cost
estimation and real estate appraisal. Graduates possess the necessary knowledge, practical skills
regarding property valuation and preparation of appraisal reports as well as the latest legal
regulations, economic and financial issues, construction and cost estimation. Studies last 1
year - 2 semesters (260 hours).
In the education
process, particular
attention is paid
to solving unusual
problems in historic
buildings
13 https://www.agh.edu.pl/ksztalcenie/oferta-ksztalcenia/studia-podyplomowe/renowacja-i-modernizacja-obiektow-
budowlanych/
14 http://www.en.wst.com.pl/postgraduate_studies
56
4
BENCHMARKING OF FORMAL AND NON-
FORMAL RECOGNITION OF LEARNING
OUTCOMES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF
ECVET FOR A EUROPEAN DIMENSION
OF PROJECT RESULTS AND OUTPUTS
The European credit system for vocational education and training (ECVET) is one of the
common EU tools, intended to aid the transfer, recognition and accumulation of assessed
learning outcomes of individuals aiming to achieve a qualification and to promote lifelong
learning through flexible and individualised learning pathways (European Parliament and
Council of the EU, 2009).
ECVET is a support to learners on their career and learning paths to a recognised vocational
qualification, through transfer and accumulation of their assessed learning outcomes acquired
in different national, cultural and education and training contexts. It should contribute to
promoting lifelong learning and increasing the employability of European people by a better
transparency and mutual trust between education systems and providers, as well as more
efficient and readable recognition of non-formal learning, ensuring flexibility of pathways and
recognising all learning.
4.1 The present situation in Spain

The different starting point and educational practices and cultures existing in the European
contries give us a long way to go to the moment that we can speak about a European credit
system in VET, but it has made significant progress and now is one of the important common
European tools to support and increase transnational mobility.
The National Qualifications and Vocational Training System in Spain offers two different
approaches: one from the Education System and the other from National Employment System.
The VET offered in the education system is oriented to youth population after Secondary
Compulsory Education, and the VET offered by the National Employment System is aimed at
adult population either employed or unemployed. VET of the National Employment System
is named Vocational Training for Employment.
The two mentioned approaches, Led by Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Labour and
Immigration, are integrated into Units of Competence of the National Catalogue of Professional
Qualifications (CNCP). However, it must be noted that this Catalogue is not a Catalogue
of official accreditations or diplomes. The CNCP includes 667 Professional Qualifications.
A new dual model for VET programmes, either at the Education or Employment Systems,
is being developed together with the existing IVET model (VET Diplomas or Professional
Certificates), with the aim of increasing students access to VET, as well as supporting their
transition into the labour market.
In Spain, VET is coherent with the ECVET philosophy. The VET system is based on modular
59
learning programmes. All the diplomas from initial VET within the education system are
2 000 hours in duration, both intermediate diplomas (3B ISCED level) and higher level
diplomas (5B ISCED and higher) are expressed in learning outcomes and permit acquiring
professional competences following established standards in response to production sector
needs. At the moment, the validation procedure is used for vocational education and training
at both levels, intermediate and higher. However, the Ministry of Education is working on the
legal framework on validation for university level.
Some of the modules and diplomes offered by the Spanish Vocational Training System,
are related to construction sector. Unfortunately, any specialized module on rehabilitation,
maintenance or diagnosis of the buildings don’t exist nowadays, in order to be integrate as
“Building Diagnosis Expert”.
4.2 The present situation in Italy

The first compulsory cycle of schooling takes place over an 8-year period and includes primary
school (5 years) and secondary school (3 years), finishing with a final examination. Pupils can
then choose:
• To continue their studies in the upper secondary school for 5 years ending with the
final examination enabling pupils to enter higher education.
• To enrol for vocational training under the aegis of the regions for 3 years in order to
prepare a vocational qualification. This enables them to start working or to go to upper
secondary school to continue their studies or specialise in a post-qualification course.
This specialisation gives students the possibility to join the IFTS (non-university
higher technical training) and the ITS (Istituti tecnici superiori).
• To enrol in vocational training which alternates between work experience and the
classroom and allows young people to acquire basic knowledge plus skills they will be
able to put into practice on the job market.
Horizontal mobility in both directions is possible between the mainstream education system
and vocational training.
Vocational training centres have been set up in the regions where schools, universities,
enterprises and research teams collaborate on the same theme. Higher technician diplomas can
be awarded after 4 to 6 semesters of courses according to the speciality studied in the higher
technical institutes (ITS – Istituti tecnici superiori). Higher vocational training leading to a
diploma (2 semesters) is offered by the regions in relation to local and regional requirements
in the frame of the IFTS (Istruzione Formazione tecnica superiore). Universities carry out the
traditional general tertiary education but, even more often, propose vocational diplomas in the
field of health, paramedical sciences and the arts, over a variable duration, and also profession-
oriented Master’s degrees.
60
4.3 The present situation in UK
Key features of the education system15
Overall responsibility for the education system in England lies with the UK Government’s
Department for Education (DfE). Unlike Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, England does
not have its own devolved government.
Parents are responsible for ensuring a child of compulsory school age (5 to 16) receives efficient
full-time education suitable to their age, ability, aptitude, and to any special educational needs
they may have, by regular attendance at school or otherwise. Although education is compulsory,
school is not, and parents may educate their child at home without seeking approval.
There is also a requirement on the young person (16+) to participate in one of the following
until 18:
• full-time education
• an apprenticeship or traineeship
• 20 hours minimum per week of work or volunteering while in part-time education or
training.
Local authorities (LAs) must help children who are missing education get back into education.
They must also promote the participation in education and training of 16- and 17-year-olds
and identify those who are not in education, employment or training (NEET).
Governance and accountability

Reforms in the 1980s and 1990s changed the balance of responsibilities for publicly funded
education outside of higher education. Schools became more autonomous as responsibility for
staffing and budgets was delegated to each school’s governing body. Further education colleges
were incorporated as autonomous bodies. A national accountability framework was developed,
with outcomes for learners based on attainment in externally provided tests and qualifications.
In 1992, external inspection by Ofsted was established. A common inspection framework is
used to inspect early childhood education and care providers, schools, colleges, work-based
learning and adult education providers. Inspection reports are published. Providers may be
subject to intervention if important areas for improvement exist.
Further reforms have affected schools since 2010. Academies now form a substantial minority
of primary and a majority of secondary schools and, in many academies, accountability has
shifted from the local governing body to a central trustee board in a multi-academy trust
(MAT). Eight regional schools commissioners provide oversight of academies and now also of
underperforming maintained schools.
Although their role has greatly reduced since the 1980s, local authorities retain a duty to ensure
a sufficient supply of school places; support school improvement; and support vulnerable
children and young people.
15 https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/united-kingdom-england_en
61
There is a strong tradition of private education in England. Independent schools, other than
academies, receive no direct public funding.
School curriculum
The school curriculum is framed by broad aims to promote the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental
and physical development of pupils and to prepare them for the opportunities, responsibilities
and experiences of later life, first established by the Education Act 1944. A national curriculum
was introduced under the Education Reform Act 1988, giving pupils an entitlement to a broad
and balanced curriculum and setting standards for attainment. Re-enacted by the Education
Act 2002, and last revised in 2014, the national curriculum specifies compulsory subjects,
programmes of study and entitlement areas for ages 5-16, although it does not prescribe
teaching hours. It sits alongside requirements for religious education, sex education and careers
education, and is compulsory for maintained schools but not academies.
Pupils are organised into year groups according to their age and may be taught for some subjects
according to ability. Grade repetition and early tracking into different study programmes are
not typical.
Qualifications
From age 14, the curriculum is framed by external qualifications, provided by independent
awarding organisations and regulated by Ofqual. Qualifications are assigned levels of difficulty
on the Regulated Qualifications Framework (RQF), which accommodates all regulated general
and vocational qualifications outside of higher education. Qualifications can be taken at any
age, providing a structure for progression from school to adult learning.
General and vocational qualifications have undergone considerable reform since 2010, with
the aim of improving relevance and rigour.
Stages of the education system

Full-time education is compulsory from the term following a child’s 5th birthday until they
turn 16. Young people must be in full- or part-time education or training until they are 18.
ISCED 0
Part-time provision is free of charge to parents for all children from age 3 and disadvantaged
children from 2. For children of working parents, the entitlement is 30 (instead of 15) hours
a week.
From age 4 to 5, most children attend a primary school reception class full time.
A common statutory framework regulates childcare provision from 0 to 5 across settings,
including nursery schools, maintained primary schools and academies, private and voluntary
settings and registered childminders.
ISCED 1
Primary education consists of Key Stage 1 for ages 5 to 7 and Key Stage 2 for ages 7 to 11.
Primary schools are either maintained schools or academies. Almost all are mixed-sex and
around a third are faith schools.
National tests in English and maths at 11 are important for school accountability but do not
influence admission to secondary school.
62
ISCED 2
Key Stage 3 is for ages 11 to 14. It is provided in secondary schools catering for pupils from
11 to 16 or 18/19.
Secondary schools are either maintained schools or academies. They can be mixed- or single-sex
and around a fifth are faith schools. Most admit pupils without reference to academic criteria.
In a few areas, grammar schools select pupils on the basis of performance in an exam.
ISCED 3
Key Stage 4
Pupils normally continue at the same secondary school for Key Stage 4, which is for ages 14
to 16. Attainment at the end of Key Stage 4 is measured mainly through GCSEs. Vocational
qualifications, including technical awards, may be offered alongside these.
These qualifications are important for school accountability and for individuals’ progression in
education/training and transition to the labour market.
From age 16 to 18/19, young people must be in full- or part-time education or training. They
may continue at the same secondary school in the sixth form; in another school sixth form; in a
sixth-form college; in a further education (FE) college; or start an apprenticeship or traineeship.
Study programmes can contain a mix of general and vocational qualifications. Most general
routes lead to two or three A Levels (Level 3 qualifications). FE colleges typically offer a wider
range of vocational options at Level 3, including Applied General Qualifications in a vocational
area, and Tech levels in a recognised occupation. Pupils not yet ready for Level 3 study can
complete technical certificates (Level 2qualifications relating to a specific industry, occupation
or occupational group). Level 1 and Entry Level qualifications are also available.
Apprenticeships are work-based training programmes for individuals not in full-time education
aged 16 and over. They can be completed at different qualification levels.
Traineeships are for young people not ready to start an apprenticeship.
Adult learning
Adult learning includes apprenticeships and provision to raise achievement in basic skills,
focusing mainly on English and maths qualifications. Most publicly funded programmes lead
to a regulated qualification on the RQF. Other programmes encourage the hardest-to-reach
adults back to learning and employment.
ISCED 5,6,7,8
Programmes are structured on a five-level framework which aligns with the five highest RQF
levels and with three cycles of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral studies. The framework includes
short programmes such as foundation degrees and postgraduate certificates.
Programmes are offered by HEIs, FE colleges, and alternative providers. Institutions determine
their admissions policies and wide variations in competition for places exist. A Levels are the
most common entry qualification to bachelor programmes, but other qualifications may be
accepted. Well-established routes, such as Access programmes, exist for mature learners who
lack formal qualifications.
63
4.4 The present situation in Poland
In 2009, the European Parliament and the Council of Europe system ECVET, or the European
system of transfer of achievements in education and training professional, is a document that
was created to increase transparency education and vocational training systems. The ECVET
system is aimed at creating facilities for lifelong learning and support mobility of European
citizens both at home and abroad. Comparing professional qualifications in European countries
can take place based on two indicators: the level of education in the European Qualification
Framework and number of ECVET points, i.e. the volume of education. By the volume of
education is the number of hours of education assigned to a given unit of education. The
introduction of the European Qualifications Framework created the foundations for the
introduction ECVET system in European countries. It happened thanks to the introduction
learning outcomes as an element of qualification units. These units ECVET points can be
assigned, taking 60 points for year of education. The evaluation systems and the attempt to
compare the formal and non-formal recognition of learning outcomes are based on a unitary
approach. If a given unit is common to several qualifications, the number of ECVET points
assigned to such a unit does not have to be the same. ECVET points are first assigned to the
entire qualification (based on the assumed learning time in one learning context), and then
distributed between the qualifying entity.
In 2012, on the aforementioned basis of vocational education in Poland, there is the possibility
of varying the weight (volume) of the ECVET point. In professions trained in a three-year term
cycle at the basic level, the minimum number of hours of training differs. For example, in the
profession of a machine and metallurgical device operator it is 800 hours education, and in the
profession of a machine tool operator cutting 1050 hours. Assuming that 60 ECVET points
are awarded for each year of education, weight of the point, that is the number of hours of
education in these occupations falling on one point must be different.
Number of hours spent on vocational training in a two-year school post-secondary school is

the same as in a three-year vocational school. In each of schools it is 1600 hours. The period
of education in technical school is 4 years, hence the number of ECVET points for this period
of education is 240 points. Primary vocational school and post-secondary school period
education is shorter than in technical secondary schools, but the number of hours of vocational
education in these schools is greater than in technical secondary schools. System acceptance
by all environments related to vocational education or professional work is essential for proper
functioning ECVET system in each country. Research on the possibility of implementing the
ECVET system in Poland deals with Institute for Educational Research.
Principles of the ECVET model in Poland:

1. The basis for assigning ECVET points is to show the achievements (effects acquired
Learning).
2. Each ECVET unit is described in the form of learning outcomes.
3. The base for converting ECVET points for each unit of learning outcomes is
hypothetical learning time.
4. One year of study is valued at 60 ECVET points.
64
5. ECVET points are allocated on the basis of the weight of each unit of learning
outcomes in relation to the total time necessary to obtain the qualification (in hours).
6. Within the units of learning outcomes, ECVET points are allocated to the so-called
Components of units of learning outcomes based on the weight of these components
[%]
7. Within the individual units of learning outcomes, all learning outcomes are treated
as a whole.
65
5 ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATIVE
CONTEXTS IMPLEMENTATION IN
SPAIN, ITALY, UK AND POLAND
The construction sector is one of strategic importance for many European countries, generating
about 9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in the European Union and providing 18 million
direct jobs. At the same time, buildings and construction products have an important impact
on energy consumption, on climate change and in the environment quality.
For all these reasons, the European Union has been developing a comprehensive legislative
and regulatory framework, including European standards, information platforms, labelling
schemes and other instruments. In the recent decades, the differences between the building
control systems in the European countries have gradually been fading away, essentially because
of developments in regulations at the level of the European Union. Building regulations are
one of the most important instruments to guarantee an adequate quality of the European built
environment, and the EU is able to influence the regulatory systems of the member state but,
in practice, the quality of constructions is an issue in every European country.
Now, linked to the International agreements and engagements, the EU policies for buildings
and construction sector aim at an integrated approach, covering sustainability, in terms of
energy efficiency, health and safety issues and the member states retain the competency to
regulate issues such as safety, indoor air quality, noise and radiation. The membre states also have
the responsibility to implement the European legislation framework, addapting the directives
to their countries. In this sense, there is a large market to cover on renovating of the existing
building stock. Renovation of buildings is key to meet the European Union energy efficiency
strategies and targets as the recently revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EU)
2018/844 propose has huge potential for efficiency gains in the EU building sector. It includes
measures that will accelerate the rate of building renovation towards more energy efficient
systems and strengthen the energy performance of new buildings, making them smarter.
5.1
Legal regulations that establish the intervention
of the different professionals in the building and
construction sector in Spain
In Spain, all the mentioned occupations are ruled by the UE legislation and the necessary
requirements to practice are the possession of the corresponding academic degree and in
some cases the affiliation to a competent professional entity. The Professional Body controls
the access to any of these professions for the Architects, Engineers and Technical Architects/
Building Engineers.
The Building Ordinance Law (LOE)
In Spain, the competences of the various professions within the field of the building process
are précised by the Law 38/1999 of the Building Ordinance (LOE), which represents the pillar
67
for the process of the edification. The law fixes the basic requirements of the buildings, updates
and completes the legal frame of the agents involved in the edification; stablish their duties and
responsibilities, and guarantees for the users’ protection.
According to this law, the works of new edifications, expansion, modification, reformation or
rehabilitation that alter the architectural configuration of the buildings require a project. The
same stands for the interventions on listed buildings or subject to some kind of protection from
the environmental or historical-artistic point of view.
The law also defines the role of each practitioner of the edification: the promoter, the designer,
the builder, the project supervisor and the executive supervisor; moreover, the entities and the
laboratories for the construction quality control.
In order to practice as a designer, project supervisor or executive supervisor one needs to own an
academic degree and a professional license as architect, technical architect, engineer or technical
engineer according to the requirements and the eligible conditions to practice the profession.
Depending on the type of work, the qualifying academic and professional qualification will
be that of architect, technical architect or engineer or technical engineer and is determined
by the legal provisions in force for each profession, according to their specialties and specific
competences.
Technical Building Code (CTE)

The Technical Building Code (CTE) is the legal framework providing the building criteria
to be satisfied relating to the safety and habitability requirements fixed by the LOE and it
represents the tool transposing the European directives. Moreover, the CTE concerns about
the accessibility as a consequence of the Law 51/2003 of the equal opportunities, non-
discrimination and total accessibility for people with disabilities.
The CTE is oriented towards the new edification, leaving the works of rehabilitation out of the
legal framework. Only the annex D at the Basic Document of Structural Safety (DB-SE) sets
the requirements to realize a structural evaluation of existing buildings. This annex defines the
base and the procedures to be followed according to the principles of the analysis of structural
safety, considering also economical, social and environmental factors.
In general, the DB-SE sets three phases of diagnosis: preliminary evaluation; detailed evaluation;
advanced evaluation. In doing so, it recommends to apply methods of analysis of security to
determine the present situation, the use of tests, calculation bases, risk management, structural
analysis, and suitability to the service and qualitative evaluation of the outputs. The fact is
that in the existing buildings, architects and technical architects/building engineers are those
usually entitled both of the project and the executive supervision.
UNE standards 52906. AENOR

In Spain there are also several legal documents of a technical nature known as UNE. A body of
experimental rules and standards created by the Technical Committees for the Normalization
(CTN) of the Spanish Association of Normalization and Certification (AENOR). Within this
body of regulations, the UNE 41805 IN are intended for the building diagnosis.
68
Considering that the diagnosis of a building must be faced through a global vision, the
normative develops in 14 independent documents:
• UNE 41805-1 IN Building diagnosis. Part 1: Overview.
• UNE 41805-2 IN Building diagnosis. Part 2: Historical studies.
• UNE 41805-3 IN Building diagnosis. Part 3: Constructive and pathological analysis
studies.
• UNE 41805-4 IN Building diagnosis. Part 4: Pathological analysis of the building’
structure. Ground and foundations.
structure. Wall structures.
structure. Concrete structures.
structure. Metallic structures.
structure. Timber structures.
structure. Roofing.
structure. Non-bearing façades.
structure. Window frames and locksmithing.
structure. Inner partitions and finishing.
structure. Equipments.
• UNE 41805-14 IN Building diagnosis. Part 14: diagnostic report.
Habitability standards
In Spain the minimum standards of habitability for existing residences are fixed by the various
autonomous communities, which provide the corresponding “Certificate of habitability” for
its intended purpose. Document that is essential to rent or sell a home. In order to obtain it
one has to submit a certificate, signed by a skilled technician (architect or technical architect/
building engineer) attesting that the dwelling accomplishes the habitability requirements as it
is established by each Autonomous Community.
Law of Land and Urban Rehabilitation 2015

The consolidated text of the Law of Land and Urban Rehabilitation 7/2015, taking into
account the Law 8/13 of rehabilitation, regeneration and urban renovation, set the obligation
of the Buildings Evaluation Report (IEE) to the whole Spanish territory. This Report has to
identify the building and contain:
a) The evaluation of the state of conservation of the building (ITE).
b) The evaluation of the basic conditions of universal accessibility and non-discrimination
of disabled people to access to the building.
c) The Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) of the building, with the content and
through the procedures fixed by the current legislation (CEE).
69
Several Autonomous Communities and Municipalities already contemplated the first of the
required document with the name of Technical Inspection of Buildings (ITE). A technical
control to which buildings must periodically submit (each 10 years), with the revision of a
series of elements that affect the security of the property and the inhabitants. It consists of a
visual inspection of the building made by a skilled technician (architect or technical architect/
building engineer) who determines its conditions at the moment of the inspection and addresses
the owner to the actions required to be correctly maintained. In any case it is intended to
detect hidden defects. Once the technical report has been obtained, one has to apply to the
Administration for the certificate of aptitude of the building.
Depending on local regulations, various building elements can be revised such as: foundations
and structures; façades and medians; waterproofing and roofing; installations; other elements
interfering with the safety, healthiness and public ornament. The output of the inspection is
positive when the building accomplishes to the following requirements: Safety, intended as the
absence of risks for people and goods; Healthiness, when it does not undermine public health
and hygiene; Public ornament and decorum, when the building façade does not undermine
the public image.
On the other side the Energy Performance Certificate (CEE), introduced in Spain under
compulsion of the European Union Directive, is mandatory since 2015 for every estate transfer
(sale or rent). It consists of the evaluation of the energetic behaviour of the buildings starting
from the analysis of its constructive elements, enclosures and installations. As a result, we
obtain an energetic qualification ranked from A to G, according respectively to the best and the
worst performances. With this Certificate the building is provided of an energetic certification,
which is the label indicating the level of energetic efficiency of the whole or part of the building.
The basic procedure to certificate the energetic efficiency of the buildings states that only the
skilled technicians, those in possess of one of the academic and professional required degrees.
According to the LOE, are entitled to elaborate projects, to supervise the edification, to realize
projects of heating systems and the validation of certificates of energy efficiency. In any case,
the certifying technicians are usually Architects, Technical Architects/ Building Engineers.
Other compulsory inspections in residential buildings

Elevators
The periodic inspections of elevators are regulated in the Regulation of elevators and
maintenance equipment, published in Real Decreto 2291/1985 and by the complementary
Technical Instruction AEM 1 “Elevators”. Depending on the characteristics and use of the
elevator, the inspections will have a lower or higher periodicity:
•Every two years: Elevators installed in industrial buildings or spaces of public
attendance.
• Every four years: Elevators used in buildings with more than four floors or more than
twenty homes.
• Every six years: The rest of elevators located in buildings that do not comply with the
previous sections.
Those responsible for carrying out inspections to this element, is the elevator maintenance
company.
70
Gas
The periodic inspections of gas installations are regulated in Decree 125/2016, which regulates
the inspection and review of gas reception facilities. Depending on the elements, the inspections
will have a lower or higher periodicity:
• Every two years the gas boiler
• Every five years: Operation and tightness of the meter, the pipes, the keys and gums
and the general state of conservation.
Those responsible for carrying out inspections to these elements, is the gas distribution company
or an authorized technician.
Electrical installations
The inspection of low voltage electrical installations is regulated by the electrotechnical
regulation for low voltage and its complementary Technical Instructions, published in Real
Decreto 842/2002, and these require to be inspected.
Depending on the characteristics of the building, or the power of the installation, they should
be inspected with greater frequency:
Every five years:
• Garages with more than 25 vehicles.
• Swimming pools with a power greater than 10 KW.
• Outdoor lighting with a power greater than 5 KW.
Every ten years:
• Those common areas of the building that have an installed power exceeding 100 KW.
These inspections will be carried out by authorized electrical technicians by the OCA
(Authorized Control Organisms).
Oil tanks
The diesel deposits of the communities, are governed by the Regulation of Petroliferous
Installations, and like the elevators and the electrical installation, they must undergo periodic
inspections to guarantee their good functioning.
• Inspection at 10 years: For those indoor tanks with a capacity exceeding 3000 liters
and external tanks with more than 5000 litres. An authorized review can be done every
five years.
• Review every 10 years: It will be carried out in those deposits with less capacity.
• Inspection at 5 years: Underground installations must carry out leak tests, where the
pipes will be checked, as well as the storage tanks that are not double-walled antifouling,
nor are they buried in a tank with a diver tube.
• The above storage tanks must pass a tightness test, with the enclosure empty and clean
provided that nothing unusual has been found on the surface.
These inspections and revisions will be carried out by specialized technicians authorized by the
OCA.
71
5.2
Legal regulations that establish the
intervention of the different professionals in
the building and construction sector in Italy
Responsibility for proper maintenance of buildings
According to Italian building law, the owner of the building is asked to properly maintain
in safety conditions some equipment of his property. With reference to public buildings,
it becomes compulsory to guarantee safety conditions of equipment, accessibility and fire
protection as well as energy efficiency especially in tertiary buildings.
Town planning is regulated not only at national level but also at regional and at local level,
“Ufficio Tecnico” is the local building authority, and it depends on the type of works and on
building date of construction.
The main type of permit refers to:

• Building permit;
• Announcement to the start of the work;
• Certified announcement to the start of the work;
• Free construction works;
• Declaration to conformity;
Energy performance certificate, which defines the technical standards and energetic performance
categories for heating systems, hot water, production, and air-conditioning of properties.
Moreover, since 2003 it has become compulsory for new buildings to follow ant seismic norms
and standards with reference to four main national zones (Introduction of seismic zonation in
Italy). This Regulation introduced the concept of safety testing as a means of acquiring useful
information concerning a building.
The main national laws to refer with are:

• The Italian Civil Code, which regulates freehold title, other rights on real estate assets,
how to acquire and transfer real estate and building rights;
• The Unified Building Acts, which regulates development, construction and
refurbishment of real estate;
• The various legislation regulating the Cadastral system, which maps Italian real estate
properties.
At national level, it is possible to identify two different compulsory approaches to existing

buildings management and renovation.
From one point of view, the law establishes the type and periodicity of inspections such as:
- Annual installations inspections, which are mainly referred to gas, heater, fire and
elevator installations.
With reference to inspections of technical conditions of gas installations, these involve some
tasks as listed below:
- cleaning, checking and adjusting the boiler;
- smoke testing, in order to verify the efficiency of the heat generator (durability testing);
- durability testing of the installation;
72
- warranty release;
- remote testing and inspection services;
- thermal check-up.
Otherwise, no compulsory inspections are provided for structural safety, seismic safety and
health except for, with reference to the last point, specialized buildings such as hospitals.
Since 2008, with the introduction of “New Technical Building Regulations” approved by
Ministerial Decree on 14 January 2008, and after the earthquakes events in 2012 new updated
protocols have been introduced in order to verify, during the rehabilitation projects, the seismic
vulnerability of existing buildings. Consequently, diagnosis projects for structural safety are
becoming even more relevant.
5.3
the building and construction sector in UK
There are a limited number of interventions by professionals in the UK Building and
Construction Sector.
The responsibility for the upkeep and maintenance of buildings rests with the owners and/or
occupiers of building.
Energy certification (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/

uploads/attachment_data/file/671018/A_guide_to_energy_performance_certificates_for_
the_marketing__sale_and_let_of_dwellings.pdf )
An EPC is intended to provide prospective buyers and tenants of a building with correct
information about the energy performance of the building and practical advice on improving
such performance. An EPC provides an energy efficiency rating (related to running costs)
for a building based on the performance potential of the building itself (the fabric) and its
services (such as heating, insulation ventilation and fuels used). Not all buildings are used
in the same way, so the energy rating uses ‘standard occupancy’ assumptions which may be
different from the way the building is used. An EPC includes recommendations on how the
energy performance of the building can be improved (to reduce running costs) together with
an indication of the payback period. There is no statutory requirement to carry out any of the
recommended energy efficiency measures stated. Which buildings require EPCs?
Any reference to a building includes a reference to a building unit in that building, except
where otherwise stated. Existing buildings need an EPC when they are to be sold or rented out.
An EPC is valid for 10 years or until a newer EPC is produced for the same building no matter
how many times the property is sold or rented out during that period. Existing occupiers and
tenants will not require an EPC unless they sell, assign or sublet their interest in a building. A
building offered for sale or rent, must include the energy performance indicator of the building
as shown on the EPC, for example C, in any advertisements in the commercial media 1. There
is no requirement to display the full EPC.
73
Situations where an EPC is not required an EPC is generally not required where the seller
or landlord can demonstrate that the building is any of these: buildings protected as part
of a designated environment or because of their special architectural or historical merit are
exempt from the requirements to have an energy performance certificate insofar as compliance
with minimum energy performance requirements would unacceptably alter their character
or appearance. To comply with minimum energy performance requirements, many of the
recommendations in an EPC report e.g. double glazing, new doors and windows, external
wall insulation, and external boiler flues would likely result in unacceptable alterations in the
majority of historic buildings. These can include buildings protected as part of a designated
environment or because of their special architectural or historical merit (e.g. listed buildings or
buildings within a conservation area).
In these cases an EPC would not be required. Building owners will need to take a view as to
whether this will be the case for their buildings. If there is any doubt as to whether works would
unacceptably alter the character or appearance of a building, building owners may wish to seek
the advice of their local authority’s conservation officer. Temporary buildings with a planned
time of use of two years or less residential buildings which are intended to be used less than
four months of the year or where the owner or landlord could reasonably expect the energy
consumption of the building to be less than 25% of all year round use stand-alone buildings
with a total useful floor area of less than 50m² (i.e. buildings entirely detached from any other
building) A building is also exempt where the seller or landlord can demonstrate that: the
building is suitable for demolition the resulting site is suitable for redevelopment all the
relevant planning permissions, listed building consents and conservation area consents exist
in relation to the demolition, and in relation to the redevelopment, either outline planning
or planning permission exists and where relevant listed building consents exist Holiday lets
may not need an EPC. An EPC will only be required for a property rented out as a furnished
holiday let, as defined by HMRC, where the building is occupied for the purposes of a holiday
as a result of a short term letting arrangement of less than 31 days to each tenant, and is rented
out for a combined total of four months or more in any 12 month period, and if the occupier
is responsible for meeting the energy costs for the property.
Conducting energy assessments only an accredited energy assessor may carry out an energy
assessment and produce an EPC for a building. For newly constructed buildings the EPC
can only be produced by an accredited on construction energy assessor. Energy assessors can
be self-employed, employees of service organisations, such as surveyors or energy companies,
or employees of the landlord or owner. Energy assessors must be a member of a government
approved accreditation scheme. Energy assessors must act in an independent manner and must
declare any conflict of interest when undertaking an assessment. Conflicts of interest include,
but are not limited to, a situation where the energy assessor has employment links with an
organisation or is related to the person who commissioned the EPC. Energy assessors must
identify conflicts of interest and raise concerns with their accreditation scheme if they feel they
have been asked to implement practices which run contrary to this.
Gas (https://www.gassaferegister.co.uk/)
Gas Safe Register is the only official gas registration body of gas businesses and engineers in
the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Guernsey. By law all gas businesses must be on the Gas
Safe Register.
74
A gas engineer can only be aligned to a registered business and be issued with a license to
undertake gas work on behalf of a registered business if they hold a valid and current
qualification. This evidence of competence relates only to matters of gas safety and is obtained
by every engineer through a recognised route of training and assessment (much as the DVLA
issues driving licences to those who have demonstrated their competence by passing a driving
test).
Registration is only given on the basis of the business having at least one gas safety qualified
engineer.
The Register is not a membership body or trade association.

The Register (and all services associated with it) is operated on behalf of the relevant Health
and Safety Authority for each region in which it operates– i.e. Great Britain, Northern Ireland,
Isle of Man and Guernsey.
Electrical installations
Part P is an aspect of the UK Building Regulations concerning the compliant installation and
maintenance of electrical work carried out in a home or domestic property by an electrician
or electrical installer. It enables competent electricians to self-certify their work as compliant
against the Building Regulations.
5.4
the building and construction sector in Poland
The following text is a copy of chosen parts from relevant Polish legal regulations, publicly available
at the governmental website16.
Polish building industry is regulated by Parliament Act – Building Law (Journal of Law, 2019,
item: 1186).
Responsibility for proper maintenance of buildings

According to art. 61 point 1 of the Act - Building Law - it is the owner or manager of a
construction object obligation to use it in a manner consistent with its intended use and
environmental protection requirements and to maintain in a good technical and aesthetic
condition, not allowing excessive deterioration of its performance and technical efficiency,
ensuring particular fulfilment of the so-called basic requirements regarding: construction safety,
fire safety, safety of use, appropriate hygienic and health conditions as well as environmental
protection, protection against noise and vibration, energy savings and adequate thermal
insulation of partitions.
In accordance with art. 61 point 2 of Building Law, the owner or manager of a building
object is obliged to ensure, with due diligence, safe use of the object in the event of external
factors affecting the object related to human activity or forces of nature, such as atmospheric
discharges, seismic shocks, strong winds, heavy rainfall, landslides, ice phenomena on rivers
and the sea as well as lakes and water reservoirs, fires or floods that result in damage to a
16 https://www.gunb.gov.pl/strona/kontrole-stanu-technicznego-obiektow
75
construction object or an imminent threat of such damage that could endanger human life
or health, property or environmental safety. To ensure proper maintenance of a building, its
owner or manager is required to ensure that periodic inspections are carried out by a person
authorized to do so.
Types of control:
Periodic inspection carried out once a year.
At least once a year, periodic inspections should be carried out, checking the technical
condition of:
• elements of the building, structures and installations exposed to harmful atmospheric
influences and destructive factors occurring during the use of the facility,
• installations and devices for environmental protection,
• gas installations and chimney flues (smoke, exhaust and ventilation) - art. 62 par. 1
point 1 of the Act - Building Law.
Control of building elements and installations exposed to harmful atmospheric influences

Pursuant to § 5 par. 1 of the Ordinance of the Minister of Interior and Administration of 16
August 1999 on technical conditions for the use of residential buildings (Journal of Laws No.
74, item 836, as amended), shows that in the course of the detailed inspection, the technical
condition should be checked:
• external layers of external partitions (invoice layer), external wall elements (attics,
pillars, cornices), balustrades, loggias and balconies,
• devices attached to the walls and roof of the building,
• elements of building drainage and flashings,
• roofing,
• central heating and hot water installations,
• devices constituting the fire protection of the building,
• elements of sewage system draining sewage from the building,
• pass the installation connections through the building walls (see § 5 (2) of the
Regulation).
Checks of gas installations and chimney ducts

Assessment of the technical condition of gas installations and chimney flues (smoke, exhaust
and ventilation), referred to in art. 62 par. 1 point 1c of the Building Law Act, it should
include, among others check:
• implementation of recommendations resulting from the previous periodic inspection,
• changes in ducts and flues, introduced with the consent of the owner or manager of
the building in the period from the previous review,
• patency of chimney ducts,
• chimney draft force, determined using an attested measuring device that ensures
proper operation of connected smoke, exhaust and ventilation devices,
• damages of cables along their entire length, canals, flues, hatches, chimney benches,
chimney cowls, etc.,
• having efficiently functioning ventilation devices, including supply and exhaust air
in rooms where heating devices are installed (e.g. kitchen stoves, flow water stoves,
boilers, etc.),
• frequency of periodical cleaning of flues, as referred to in § 34 of the Regulation of the
76
Minister of Interior and Administration of 7 June 2010 on fire protection of buildings,
other construction objects and areas (Journal of Laws of 2010, No. 109, item 719),
• convenient access to cleaning and periodic inspections of flues and devices related to
chimneys,
• the occurrence of other irregularities found during the inspection that could pose a
threat to the safety of people or property.
Periodic inspection carried out once every five years

At least once every 5 years, a check should be carried out to check the technical condition
and suitability for use of the building, the aesthetics of the building and its surroundings. The
inspection should also cover the examination of the electrical and lightning protection system
in terms of the efficiency of connections, accessories, protection and protection measures
against electric shocks, insulation of conductors and earthing of installations and apparatus
(Article 62 (1) (2) of the Building Law Act). Additional regulations regarding periodic
inspections of a residential building are contained in the ordinance of the Minister of Interior
and Administration of 16 August 1999 on technical conditions for the use of residential
buildings (Journal of Laws No. 74, item 836 with later amendments). According to § 6 of the
Regulation, the scope of the periodic inspection referred to in art. 62 par. 1 point 2 of the Act
(ie periodic inspection at least every 5 years), it should also include checking the condition
of technical efficiency and utility value of building elements, referred to in § 5, and all other
elements of the building, as well as the aesthetics of the building and its surroundings.
Control covering the scope of annual and five-year audits

The scope of annual and five-year audits varies, with the exception of the construction part that
is common to both controls. Therefore, the owner or manager of the facility, in the calendar
year in which the five-year inspection period falls, can carry out one joint control, taking into
account the scope of the annual audit of Art. 62 par. 1 point 1 lit. b and c and the scope of
five-year inspection, that is including checking the technical condition:
• elements of the building, structures and installations exposed to harmful atmospheric
influences and destructive factors acting during the use of the object,
• the aesthetics of the building object and its surroundings,
• installations and devices for environmental protection,
• gas installations and chimney ducts,
• electrical and lightning protection installations.
regulations regarding
periodic inspections of
a residential building
are contained in the
ordinance of the
Minister of Interior
77
6
ANALYSIS OF EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITIES IN RELATION TO THE
SELECTED PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES
IN SPAIN, ITALY, UK AND POLAND
The employment situation in the European Countries features a strong contrast from one
edge to the other. In general, we can state that Mediterranean Countries are those featuring a
clearly remarkable unemployment rate, which decreases approaching the northern area. In the
following graph we see the evolution of the long-lasting unemployment rate in the European
Countries, where we can observe that Spain and in lower measure Italy lead the ranking, while
Poland and Great Britain stay in a privileged position with a near-zero value.
Evolution of long-lasting unemployment rate in Europe.
6.1 The employment opportunities for the

Diagnosis Expert in the Spanish labour market
Due to various reasons as we stated before, it seems clear that the Expert in Building Diagnosis
represents an indispensable figure in the field of rehabilitation and consequently it offers wide
and interesting job opportunities. Not surprisingly, the building sector is recovering from the
crisis of the past 10 years and the subsector of the rehabilitation is playing a leading role in the
regeneration of the whole sector.
Architects and technical architects/building engineers – two occupations that heavily suffered
the effects of the crisis – today face a challenge and a great opportunity to find a prestigious
position within the sector. Many professional activities can be taken in the perspective of the
diagnosis expert:
• Realization of inspections and reports of the State of the Building (IEE), currently
mandatory according to the Spanish law. They include the Technical Inspection (ITE)
and the Energy Performance (CEE).
79
• Realization of inspections and Certificates of habitability of residential buildings,
mandatory for every real estate transfer in Spain.
• Elaboration of reports, certificates and pronouncements in property disputes and for
trials, always according to the highest objectivity and professional expertise.
• Advice to owners, when pathologies are detected in their building. From a simple
problem in an apartment to the study of the behaviour of a vast park built.
• Supporting to the managements and maintenance of vast public or private estates.
• Advise in the acquisition of buildings or residences.
• Coordination and interpretation of all the necessary studies to formulate the diagnosis
before the projects of rehabilitation and restoration.
The spectrum of possible clients is also wide:

• Designer of rehabilitation and restoration projects.
• Small owners of buildings and residences.
• Owners of big estates for their own use or to be rented. For example, trading companies
for their activities or real estate for their management, renting or selling.
• Public administrations to evaluate their own built stock and to have information on
the state of private building stock, in order to prepare the best policies of rehabilitation
and maintenance.
• Other actors involved in the built stock.
As we have witnessed in the meetings of the Resonance Group, where the involved agents from
public, private and professional sectors meet, the Diagnosis Expert features a professional profile
of great interest. In the public sector, the administrations consider that this new professional
figure will contribute to improve the quality of the mandatory inspections and diagnoses
currently prescribed. From the private sector, we aim that the new expert will contribute to
enhance the quality of the projects and of the rehabilitation works, in terms of economical
aspects, time saving, safety, absence of unpredictable events etc. For its part, the professional
bodies positively approve the new expertise, in virtue of its higher education respect to the
degree courses held in Spain. A positive symptom in this direction is the introduction in public
competitions of separated professional contracts for the diagnosis of the projects. Until recent,
the works of diagnosis and the experts responsible to carry them out, were not autonomously
acknowledged.
All these commentaries must be referred to the present job situation in Spain and to its
evolution on the last years. In the following graph, showing the evolution of the employment
market from 1990 to the present days, we see that the highest rates of unemployment refer to
the years 1993 and 2013, and the moment of highest employment falls in the 2007. Today
the unemployment rate is still significant (16,5%), but it is in decline. The same trend has
happened in the building sector as we can see in the graph referring to the evolution of the
unemployment in the field of construction. The job opportunities of the Diagnosis Expert
are today really positive and the sector will clearly benefit from the incorporation of this new
professional profile.
80
Evolution of the labour market. El País. 28/01/2018
The new expert will

contribute to enhance
the quality of the
projects and of the
rehabilitation works
Evolution of the unemployment in the building sector. Ministry of Employment. 3/04/2018

Diagnosis Expert in the Italian labour market
The diagnostics specialists in building maintenance can count on a growing number of
job opportunities especially in the field of facility management. The ability of integrating
maintenance, systems monitoring, energy management and safety is not merely a competence
but a service for several markets such as for instance:
- Real Estate;
- Manufacturing and logistics;
- Hotels;
- Retail and large-scale retail service;
- Corporate buildings.
In order to add value to the property asset from an administrative, technical and property point
of view SME, big enterprises, architectural and engineering firms are developing products and
services in order to manage:
- Electrical System;
- Water system;
- Mechanical (thermal) systems;
81
- Special system (Physical security solutions; Anti-intrusion systems;
- Preventive, predictive maintenance.
Responsibilities can include:

- overseeing and agreeing contracts and providers for services;
- supervising multi-disciplinary teams of staff;
- ensuring that basic facilities are well-maintained;
- managing budgets and ensuring cost-effectiveness;
- allocating and managing space between buildings
- ensuring that facilities meet government regulations and environmental, health and
security standards;
- advising businesses/owners on increasing energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness
- overseeing building projects, renovations or refurbishments;
- helping businesses/owners to relocate to new buildings (offices, tertiary, etc.) and to
make decisions about leasing
- drafting reports and making written recommendations.
Moreover, the facility management activities can count on a specific integration in Building
Information Modeling tools, which allow both professionals and owners with new data based
decision-making model.
This field of competencies is becoming increasingly important, with reference to engineers and
architects, in order to meet new job opportunities especially in the following market:
- infrastructures;
- buildings renovation;
- Public cultural heritage preservation.
With reference to prevention engineering for tertiary buildings management, graduates find
employment mainly in production plants and consultancy companies. The main tasks concern
safety planning and coordination, both in the design as well as in the operational phase, the
preparation of safety reports for high accident risk companies, the design and management of
maintenance plans and management of prevention and protection services.

Diagnosis Expert in the UK labour market
The UK building stock consists of 25 million dwellings and two million commercial and public
buildings, therefore an emphasis on maintaining and improving existing stock means diagnosis
experts will be in high demand especially during tough economic times such as now.
There are particularly opportunities in diagnosing and improving the energy use and efficiency
of the building stock as it accounts for 17% of the country’s direct Green House Gas (GHG)
emissions.
These emissions are primarily due to fossil fuel use in space heating, but indirectly, buildings
82
also account for two-thirds of the power sector’s emissions, mainly due to electricity demand
from lighting and appliances.
Buildings have a crucial role to play in achieving the UK’s carbon targets and therefore
contributing to the country’s pledge to the COP 21 global climate change agreement.
The market for diagnosis expert jobs is unusual among construction professions in that, during
a recession, it is relatively well-insulated because the focus is on ‘making the most of existing
buildings so demand for diagnosis on refurbishment projects is likely to be high.
6.4
17
The employment opportunities for the

Diagnosis Expert in the Polish labour market18
The diagnostics specialist in civil engineering can count on numerous job offers, because the
old staff of this profession needs a dignified replacement. This is not a very popular type of
work, which increases its prestige. The scope of duties entrusted usually fluctuates around the
list below:
- conducting diagnostic tests to gather information about facilities and devices,
- assessment of the technical condition and suitability for use of buildings,
- preparing documentation for the building object’s book, resulting from the applicable
regulations in the field of construction law,
- making changes in the technical documentation of devices,
- participation in the work of commission commissioning after construction and
assembly works,
- taking care of entrusted measuring equipment.
Requirements apart from higher education in a given specialty or experience and having
building qualifications in a given secrecy include a point regarding additional education in the
field of diagnostics or knowledge about the maintenance of existing buildings.
The market, although it is very volatile and often unpredictable, is very favourable for all
employees in the construction industry. Currently in Poland, there is a very high demand
for employees performing various activities in a wide-blown workmanship. This is followed
directly by repressions in the form of demand for specialists and experts.
With the development of construction and the implementation of many construction facilities,
there is a need to perform various expert opinions and any review of the structure.
This is a very good space for building diagnostics, which has the ability to recognize and
diagnose construction-execution problems. In this work, it is absolutely important to know
how to maintain objects, including historic ones, because many objects that are revitalized or
renovated are very old.
The situation on the employment market for employees in the construction industry for 2018
is presented below.
17 https://www.wielkiebudowanie.pl/go.live.php/PL-H716/rynek-pracy-w-budownictwie.html
83
Source: https://www.wielkiebudowanie.pl/go.live.php/PL-H716/rynek-pracy-w-budownictwie.html
In 2018, the situation on the labour market in construction has reached unprecedented
conditions since the ‘89 of employment. On average, 65% of construction companies suffered
from lack of workers throughout the year. In addition, the supply of people willing to work has
fallen since April, and by the end of the year interest in construction work was at similarly low
levels as in the previous year. There is a shortage of specialists, but also people to learn, despite
the fastest growing wages in history. According to the analysis of GBW ads, wages increased in
2018 by as much as 12%, of which for specialists by as much as 14%. In 2018, the low supply
of construction workers was supported mainly by Ukrainians and Byelorussians, but more
and more often workers from Asia appear. The lack of opening of the labor market abroad
causes that the participation of foreign workers is still insufficient, and the opening of the
German labor market in 2019 (for Eastern Europe citizens) may only aggravate the situation
of personnel in companies. The largest personnel needs throughout the year were reported by
finishing, masonry, reinforcement and carpentry companies (almost 70% of the entities in
these industries needed workers almost all of the year).
84
77.1 UPDATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
AND WEBLIOGRAPHY
Building and construction sector

European Union
- EUROCONSTRUC. www.euroconstruct.org/ec/reports
- European construction sector observatory. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/
construction/observatory_en (10/07/2019)
- Building Radar. https://buildingradar.com/construction-blog/european-construction-
market-forecast/ (10/07/2019)
- BIM Community. www.bimcommunity.com/news/load/631/the-future-of-
construction-an-european-overview (10/07/2019)
- Statista. www.statista.com/topics/5137/construction-industry-in-europe/
(10/07/2019)
Spain
- Consejo Económico y social. (2016) El papel del sector de la construcción en el
crecimiento económico: Competitividad, cohesion y calidad de vida. Madrid.
- Fundación laboral de la construcción. (2019) Informe sobre el sector de la construcción
2018. Madrid
- CONAMA. Grupo de trabajo GT-6. (2018) Economia circular en el sector de la
construcción. Madrid
Italy
- ANCE, Associaiozne Nazioanle dei costruttori edili, www.ance.it
- FEDERCASA, www.federcasa.it
- IlSole24ORE, Edilizia e Territorio, www.ediliziaeterritorio.ilsole24ore.com
- ISTAT, Rapporto Annuale 2018 - La situazione del paese, ISTAT Istituto Nazionale di
statistica, Roma www.istat.it/it/archivio/214230
- NOMISMA, 2° Rapporto 2019 dell’Osservatorio sul Mercato Immobiliare,
NOMISMA, www.nomisma.it/index.php/it/temi/immobiliare/osservatorio-
immobiliare
United Kingdom
- Office of National Statistics - Construction statistics: Number 19, 2018 edition. A
wide range of statistics and analysis on the construction industry in Great Britain
in 2017. https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/
articles/constructionstatistics/number192018edition
87
Poland
- Report “Financial situation of construction companies” of the Polish Association of
Construction Employers: http://pzpb.com.pl/dzialalnosc-pzpb/analizy-i-raporty/
- Article “Construction Sector in Poland with Particular Reference to Housing in
the Małopolska Region”: http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.
desklight-c2d33fc8-2124-400e-8fee-871a11bd2991/c/2849-9004-1-PB.pdf
- Report “Domino Effect, the Financial Situation in the Construction Industry” National
Debt Register: www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&-
cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwixqce9ysLgAhXkoYsKHd6mCnoQFjAHegQIA-
BAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkrd.pl%2Fgetattachment%2F16179fe5-e060-404c-9
e52-487c9f235a40%2FEfekt-domina-czyli-sytuacja-finansowa-w-branzy-bud.aspx-
%3Fdisposition%3Dattachment&usg=AOvVaw3nFYj60QeOXpsNRGPLKT1d
- Report “Construction market in Poland 2019-2025” prepared by the Spectis company:
https://www.spectis.pl/pl/oferta/rynek-budowlany-w-polsce
- “Construction sector in Poland - second half of 2018
- Market analysis and development forecasts for 2018-2023 “by PMR https://mypmr.
pro/products/sektor-budowlany-w-polsce--ii-polowa-2018-1
- “The construction industry in Poland is growing again” by Tomasz Świderek: https://
financialobserver.eu/poland/the-construction-industry-in-poland-is-growing-again/
- “European Construction Sector Observatory – Country profile Poland, March
2018” by European Commission: www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&-
source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiDlZXpy8LgAhXkoYs-
KHd6mCnoQFjAGegQICBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fdocs-
room%2Fdocuments%2F30668%2Fattachments%2F1%2Ftranslations%2Fen%-
2Frenditions%2Fnative&usg=AOvVaw2x-SKoL3Qc27SuVt5aVsFf
- “Current Situation and Forecasts About the Construction Market Development in
Poland, Including the Windows and Doors Sector” by Świat Szkła: www.swiat-szkla.
pl/kontakt/14407-current-situation-and-forecasts-about-the-construction-market-
development-in-poland-including-the-windows-and-doors-sector.html
- “Residential construction in January 2018” by Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central
Statistical Office): https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/industry-construction-fixed-assets/
construction/residential-construction-in-january-2018,3,68.html
- Construction Reports by Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office ):
http://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/industry-construction-fixed-assets/
7.2 Professional qualifications

regarding diagnosis
European Union
- ERA Steering Group Human Resources and Mobility (ERA SGHRM) (2011), Using
the Principles for Innovative Doctoral Training as a Tool for Guiding Reforms of
Doctoral Education in Europe (pp. 1-9).
- European Commission (EC, 2013), Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan (pp. 1-33).
Brussels, BE: European Commission. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/
88
promoting-entrepreneurship/action-plan/
- European Commission (EC, 2016), The 2016 EU Industrial R&D Investment
Scoreboard EU (pp. 1-107). Seville, ES: European Commission.
- Oesterreich, T. D., Teuteberg, F. (2016). Understanding the implications of digitisation
and automation in the context of Industry 4.0: A triangulation approach and elements
of a research agenda for the construction industry, in Computers in Industry 83, (pp.
121-139). Osnabrück, DE: Elsevier
- Agarwal, R., Chandrasekaran, S., Sridhar, M., (2016), Imagining construction’s digital
future (pp. 1-14). Singapore: McKinsey&Company
- Wiseman, J., Roe, P., Parry, E. (2016), Skills and Training in the Construction Industry
2016 (pp. 1-123). Birmingham, UK: Construction Industry Training Board (CITB)
Spain
- Consejo Colegios arquitectos. www.cscae.com/ (10/07/2019)
- Consejo Colegios arquitectos técnicos. www.arquitectura-tecnica.com/ (10/07/2019)
- Colegio Ingenieros de Caminos Madrid. www3.ciccp.es/el-colegio/ (10/07/2019)
- Ministerio Fomento. Arquitectura y vivienda. www.fomento.gob.es/el-ministerio/
organizacion-y-funciones/secretaria-de-estado-de-infraestructuras-transportes-y-
vivienda/direccion-general-de-arquitectura-vivienda-suelo (10/07/2019)
Italy
- ANIT, Associazione Nazionale Isolamento Termico e Acustico, www.anit.it/norme/
norme-acustica/page/2/
- ANIT, Associazione Nazionale Isolamento Termico e Acustico, www.anit.it/elenco-
nazionale-tecnici-competenti-acustica-2/
- ASSOCERT, Associazione italiana per il sostegno e controllo della conformità dei
prodotti delle professioni e delle certificazioni, www.assocert.eu/formazione/corsi-in-
programmazione
- IFL, Istruzioe, Formazione, Lavoro, www.ifl.servizirl.it/site/index/ricerca_profilo_
normato, with reference to the following professional qualification competencies
framework: “Tecnico del restauro”, “Conduttore di impianti termici” e “Installatore e
manutentore straordinario di impianti energetici alimentati da fonti rinnovabili”
- MISE, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, mise.gov.it/index.php/it/energia/
efficienza-energetica/edifici/certificatori-energetici
- MISE, Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, www.mise.gov.it/index.php/it/mercato-
e-consumatori/normativa-tecnica/organismi-abilitati-alle-verifiche
- RER, Regione Emilia-Romagna, orienter.regione.emilia-romagna.it/orienter/
exec/portale;jsessionid=zmf6ubi9R07hc8R1Snomlq+D.undefined?areaProfession-
ale=43&Submit=Cerca&actionRequested=performShowQualifiche&lastViewed-
Page=1&recordsPerPage=20&pagesRange=10
United Kingdom
- Chartered Building Surveyor - Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors - www.rics.
org
- Chartered Building Engineer - Chartered Association of Building Engineers - www.
CBuildE.
89
- Chartered Architect - Royal Institute of British Architects - www.architecture.com
- Registered Architect - Architects Registration Board - www.arb.org.uk
- Chartered Architectural Technologist - Chartered Institute of Architectural
Technologists - www.ciat.org.uk
- Chartered Builder - Chartered Institute of Building - www.ciob.org
- Civil Engineer - Institute of Civil Engineers - www.ice.org.uk
- Chartered Services Engineer - Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers -
www.cibse.org
Poland
- List of occupations and names of qualifications by professional groups: https://bip.
ore.edu.pl/archiwum/Wykaz%20zawodów%20i%20nazw%20kwalifikacji%20
według%20grup%20zawodowychd609.pdf?id=3975
- Construction occupations in vocational education: https://budowlaneabc.gov.pl/
kwalifikacje-zawodowe/zawody-budowlane-w-szkolnictwie-zawodowym/
- Professional qualifications formula 2017: www.kwalifikacjezawodowe.info/
s/3506/74628-Kwalifikacje-zawodowe/107795-BD27-Prowadzenie-prac-
renowatorskich-elementow-architektury.htm
- Professional qualifications search engine: https://kwalifikacjewzawodzie.pl/_
kwalifikacje/
- Classification of Occupations and Specialties for the needs of the Labour
Market by the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy: https://psz.praca.gov.pl/
documents/10240/54723/Klasyfikacja%20zawodów%20i%20specjalności%20
na%20potrzeby%20rynku%20pracy%20-%202014.pdf/bca1e08c-6a33-494a-a75b-
e2d7258ce796?t=1421667227000
- “Important Skills for Construction Jobs” article by The Balance Careers: https://www.
thebalancecareers.com/construction-skills-list-2062378
7.3 Educational system EQF and

ECVET for Diagnosis
European Union
- EU. Learning Opportunities and Qualifications in Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/
ploteus/ (10/07/2019)
- EU. The European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning. https://ec.europa.
eu/ploteus/sites/eac-eqf/files/leaflet_en.pdf (10/07/2019)
- EU (2018) The European Qualifications Framework: supporting learning, work and
cross-border mobility.
- ECVET toolkit. http://www.ecvet-toolkit.eu/introduction/eqf-ecvet-and-other-
european-instruments. (10/07/2019)
Spain
- Ministerio Educación. www.todofp.es/en/profesores/europa/fp-europa/eqf/que-es-eqf.
html (10/07/2019)
90
- Educación superior en España. www.educacionyfp.gob.es/educacion-mecd/dms/
mecd/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/catalogo-servicios/gestion-titulos/informacion-
comun/naric/cuadro-meces.pdf
- Unión Profesional. (2015) Panorama del Sistema educativo en España.
Italy
- CENSIS, (2017), La classifica delle Università italiane, [On-line]. Available: www.
censis.it/17?shadow_pubblicazione=120573
- ANPAL, Rapporto 2018 sulla formazione continua: L’Italia migliora ma resta
indietro, www.lavorosi.it/report-statistici/vari/anpal-rapporto-2018-sulla-formazione-
continua-litalia-migliora-ma-resta-indietro/
United Kingdom
• UK NARIC - UK National Recognition Information Centre
• UK NEC - National Europass Centre for the UK
• CPQ - The Centre for Professional Qualifications
• ECVET - The national contact point for England, improving the mobility of those
holding vocational qualifications across Europe
Poland
- Article European Credit Transfer System (ECVET) in vocational education and training
on the example of Scotland, Germany and Poland by Alina Król Okręgowa Komisja
Egzaminacyjna w Krakowie: www.oke.krakow.pl/inf/filedata/files/Kr%F3l_2013.pdf
- Monitoring ECVET implementation strategies in Europe by Cedefop: www.
eksperciecvet.org.pl/img/eksperciecvet/Mfile/61/file.pdf
- Council Recommendations of 22 May 2017 on the European Qualifications
Framework for lifelong on the establishment of the European Qualifications
Framework for lifelong learning: www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&es-
rc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjA77bT0cLgAh-
VkqYsKHa2PDmIQFjABegQICBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.
eu%2Fsocial%2FBlobServlet%3FdocId%3D15686%26langId%3Den&usg=AOv-
Vaw1No799lUT_z2lkbbC1UFJx
- Presentation “The role of the ECVET system in the development of the quality of
vocational education in Poland”: www.eksperciecvet.org.pl/img/eksperciecvet/Mfile/
file/196/tnoik.pdf
- Article “Keeping you informed about the European Credit system for Vocational
Education & Training” by James Calleja: www.ecvet.nl/uploads/ECVET/
Magazinedec201421.pdf
- Article “Implementing ECVET Principles. Reforming Poland’s Vocational Education
and Training Through Learning Outcomes Based Curricula and Assessment”
by Horacy Dębowski and Wojciech Stęchły: https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/
handle/123456789/11846/Implementing_ECVET_principles_Reforming_Polands_
Vocational_Educational_System.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Article “The Polish Education System in Brief 2017/18”:
https://eurydice.org.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Education-System-in-
Poland_2017_2018_EN.pdf
- “The European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training. ECVET Get to
91
know ECVET better Questions and Answers”:
http://www.eksperciecvet.org.pl/img/eksperciecvet/Mfile/54/file.pdf
- Article” European Vocational Skills Week “Discover your talent!” by João Santos: www.
ecvet-secretariat.eu/en/system/files/magazines/en/ecvet_magazine_27.pdf
7.4 Legislative contexts for Diagnosis

European Union
- Strategy for the sustainable competitiveness of the construction sector and its enterprises.
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52012DC0433
- EU. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-performance-of-
buildings (10/07/2019)
- EU Building stock observatory. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-
efficiency/energy-performance-of-buildings/eubuildings
Spain
- Ley 38/1999 de ordenación de la edificación. www.boe.es/eli/es/l/1999/11/05/38/con
(10/07/2019)
- Codigo Técnico de la Edificación www.codigotecnico.org/index.php/menu-
documentoscte.html (10/07/2019)
- AENOR (2009-2010). UNE 41805-1 a 14 IN Diagnostico de edificios
- ITE. www.iccl.es (10/07/2019)
- Certificación energética. https://energia.gob.es/desarrollo/EficienciaEnergetica/
CertificacionEnergetica/DocumentosReconocidos/Paginas/procedimientos-
certificacion-proyecto-terminados.aspx
- Hervás Más, Jorge (2017) Nuevo régimen jurídico de la regeneración urbana. Editorial
Aranzadi, Pamplona. España
Italy
- Decreto Legislativo 18 aprile 2016, n. 50, [On-line]. Available: http://www.
gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.
dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2016-04-19&atto.codiceRedazionale=16G00062
- Nuove Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni, DM 14 gennaio 2008, pubblicato sulla
Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 29 del 4 febbraio 2008 - Suppl. Ordinario n. 30, www.cslp.it/
cslp/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=1
- Opcm n. 3274 del 20 marzo 2003: primi elementi in materia di criteri generali
per la classificazione sismica del territorio nazionale e di normative tecniche per le
costruzioni in zona sismica 20 marzo 2003, Pubblicato nel Supplemento Ordinario
n. 72 della Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 105 dell’8 maggio 2003, www.protezionecivile.gov.
it/jcms/it/view_prov.wp;jsessionid=66C8E97162DA310DF2A27DF59CA6FD13.
worker3?contentId=LEG21455
92
United Kingdom
UK - England and Wales

- Buildings Regulations 2010 - www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2214/contents/made
- Approved documents - www.planningportal.co.uk/info/200135/approved_documents
UK – Scotland
- The Building (Scotland) Regulations - www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2004/406/contents/
made
- Building Standards technical handbook 2017: domestic buildings - www.gov.scot/
publications/building-standards-2017-domestic/
- Building Standards technical handbook 2017: non-domestic buildings www.gov.scot/
publications/building-standards-2017-non-domestic/
UK - Northern Ireland
- Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) Order 1979 - www.legislation.gov.uk/
nisi/1979/1709/contents
- Building Regulations Technical Booklets - www.finance-ni.gov.uk/articles/building-
regulations-technical-booklets
Poland
- Baryłka A., Baryłka J.: Inżynieria bezpieczeństwa obiektów budowlanych w przepisach
prawa. Referat na XXVI Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowo-Technicznej pt.
Inżynieria bezpieczeństwa – Ochrona przed skutkami nadzwyczajnych zagrożeń
„Ekomilitaris 2012”, Zakopane, 3-6.09.2012
- Macińska A.: Regulacje Prawa budowlanego dotyczące utrzymania obiektów
budowlanych. Referat na Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji nt. „Problemy techniczno-
prawne utrzymania obiektów budowlanych”, GUNB, Warszawa, styczeń, 2012
- Dziwiński R., Ziemski P.: Prawo budowlane. Komentarz. Warszawa, 2006 r., LEX.
- Ustawa z 7 lipca 1994 r. Prawo budowlane (Dz.U. z 2010 r. nr 243, poz. 1623 z późn.
zm.).
- Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z 12.04.2002 r. w sprawie warunków, jakim
powinny odpowiadać budynki i ich usytuowanie (Dz.U. 2002.75.690, z późn. zm).
- Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 2 września 2004 r. w sprawie
szczegółowego zakresu i formy dokumentacji projektowej, specyfikacji technicznych
wykonania i odbioru robót budowlanych oraz programu funkcjonalno-użytkowego
(DzU z 2004 r. nr 202, poz. 2072).
- Baryłka A.: „Nowe przepisy dotyczące samodzielnych funkcji technicznych w
budownictwie” – Chłodnictwo nr 01/2015.
- Giera M.: Poradnik – Uprawnienia Budowlane Wyd. POLCEN, wyd, 12, Warszawa
2013.
- Wąchocki R.: Prawo Budowlane po zmianach – przepisy z komentarzem wyd. 6 stan
prawny 24.07.2015 r., Wyd. POLCEN.
93
7.5 Employment opportunities
in Diagnosis
European Union - General
- World Economic Forum (WEF, 2016), The Future of Jobs Employment, Skills and
Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (pp. 1-12). Cologny/Geneva,
CH: World Economic Forum
- EU. Construction sector competitiveness. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/
construction/competitiveness_en (10/07/2019)
- EU. European Construction Sector Observatory Building Information Modelling in
the EU construction sector 2019.
- EU. Construction sector. https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/construction_en
(10/07/2019)
Spain
- Fundación Laboral de la Construcción (2017) Ocupación y formación en el secor de
la construcción.
- Alonso, Isabel (2019). Rehabilitación: amenazas y oportunidades.
- Cuchí, A & Sweatman, P (2011). Una visión-país para el sector de la edificación en
España. Hoja de ruta para un nuevo sector de la vivienda.
- Cuchí, A & Sweatman, P (2012). Informe GTR 2012. Una visión-país para el sector
de la edificación en España. Plan de acción para el sector de la edificación en España.
- Cuchí, A & De la Puerta, I (2016). Diagnóstico de la Rehabilitación en las Comunidades
Autónomas.
- Casanovas, X & altri (2018). Por un cambio en las políticas públicas de fomento de
la rehabilitación residencial: Los municipios, pieza clave en un marco de cooperación
institucional.
Italy
- ISTAT, Rapporto Annuale 2018 - La situazione del paese, ISTAT Istituto Nazionale di
statistica, Roma www.istat.it/it/archivio/214230
United Kingdom
- House of Commons - http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/
SN01432/SN01432.pdf
- Designing Buildings Wiki - https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/UK_
construction_industry
- Office of National Statistics - Construction statistics: Number 19, 2018 edition. A
wide range of statistics and analysis on the construction industry in Great Britain
in 2017. https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/constructionindustry/
articles/constructionstatistics/number192018edition
Poland
• The article “Labor market in construction in 2018 (analysis)”: www.wielkiebudowanie.
pl/go.live.php/PL-H845/komentarz-rynek-pracy-w-budownictwie-2018.html
• The article “Labor market in construction: demand and supply of employees in
construction occupations, January 2019”: www.wielkiebudowanie.pl/go.live.php/PL-
94
H854/styczen-2019.html
• Report “Economic situation in industry, construction, trade and services - October
2018” by the Central Statistical Office: https://stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/
pl/defaultaktualnosci/5516/3/71/1/koniunktura_w_przemysle_budownictwie_
handlu_i_uslugach_w_pazdzierniku_2018_roku.pdf
• Raport „Zwiększenie renowacji budynków: jaki potencjał i wartość dla Europy?”
przez Parlament Europejski: www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/
STUD/2016/587326/IPOL_STU%282016%29587326_EN.pdf
• Article “Renovation key to Polish construction market” by Joe Malone: www.khl.com/
features/renovation-key-to-polish-construction-market/123520.article
• Industry Report” Building repairs and upgrading in Poland 2017” by PMR: https://
mypmr.pro/products/building-repairs-and-upgrading-in-poland-2017
• Article “Repairs and upgrades become increasingly vital components of building
construction sector” by EuropaProperty.com: http://europaproperty.com/
news/2016/12/repairs-and-upgrades-become-increasingly-vital-components-of-
building-construction-sector-3058
95
8 ANNEXES
The Diagnosis project has several objectives, among them:
• Know the needs, professional qualifications and training programs in the field of
diagnosis in the different countries participating in the project (Spain, Italy, Poland
and the United Kingdom)
• Define a new expert profile in building diagnosis and its training curriculum, unified
at European level
• Create a training program for new experts, oriented to new technologies and soft skills
• Establish agreements between universities and sector entities to train and implement
the role of new experts.
To this end, among the activities carried out during the project, two surveys have been
conducted for professionals in the building sector, with the intention of identifying, in the
different countries of the European Union:
• The professional profile and training currently received by professionals who perform
diagnosis works, through the Expert Profile in Building diagnosis questionnaire,
available at https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeKVB-KTe5OWR0ySMS
D1vWrRJIvXFBu0tlCtoWdRe4TMSBQJw/viewform
• Building inspection systems and mechanisms, through the Building Inspection
Report Pre-diagnosis questionnaire, available at https://docs.google.com/forms/
d/e/1FAIpQLSfCfsk0uanPX-7ah60iVq8FKcvuEC6dX1EsBsjaKLkQzhCLqg/
viewform
97
8.1 Questionnaire: EXPERT PROFILE IN
BUILDING DIAGNOSIS
The Expert Profile in Building diagnosis questionnaire consisted of 9 questions with multiple
guided answers, one open-ended question, and 4 identification questions, two of them of
special interest: the institution of the respondent and his country.
The time needed to answer the survey was less than 10 minutes, understanding that it was
aimed at professionals especially interested in the topic of the questionnaire and suitably
motivated by the Project partners.
For this questionnaire 171 responses from 13 countries have been registered: 8 belonging to the
European Union (Spain, Italy, Poland, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany and the United
Kingdom) and 5 external (Colombia, Canada, Iraq, Turkey and Belarus). As expected, the
majority of responses come from the countries participating in the project: 43 Italy, 54 Poland
and 52 Spain.
The management and analysis of the answers has been done:

• based on the option offered by Google’s own forms management program;
• by means of a manual emptying, since it was verified that a more complete and nuanced
information was obtained from the human interpretation instead of the automatic one.
All the questions, answers and results could be found in the following pages:
100%
IN ORDER TO BECOME A BUILDING DIAGNOSIS EXPERT, WHICH OF THE 90%
80%
70%
FOLLOWING DEGREES DO YOU THINK ARE REQUIRED IN YOUR COUNTRY? 60%
50%
40%
100% 30%
20%
90% 10%
80% 0%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Spain
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Italy
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Poland
98
ARE REHABILITATION AND BUILDING DIAGNOSIS PART OF DON'T
THESE STUDIES? KNOW
NO
DON'T
KNOW
Spain YES
NO
DON'T
YES KNOW
YES
NO
Italy
DON'T
KNOW
YES
NO
Poland
COULD YOU INDICATE HOW MUCH TIME (%APROX.) IS 40%

DEDICATED TO REHABILITATION AND DIAGNOSIS? 30%
40%
30%
20% 10%
Spain
40%
20% 10%
30%
10%
Italy 20%
30% 40%
20%
Poland 10%
99
WHICH OF THE ITEMS BELOW ARE INCLUDED IN THESE STUDIES?
Rehabilitation and retrofit techniques
Interventión Criteria
Rehabilitation and retrofit techniques Final Report
Interventión Criteria Hygiene, health and enviromental quality

Habitability
Final Report Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage, …
Hygiene, health and enviromental quality Accessibility
Protection against noise
Habitability
Safety in use
Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage, … Safety in cas of fire
Accessibility Dampness Moisture & Humidity

Energy efficiency of the existing buildings
Protection against noise Structural Evaluation of existing buildings
Safety in use Sampling & Representativeness
Tools & Auxiliary Techniques
Safety in cas of fire
Diagnosis Methodology
Dampness Moisture & Humidity Building Information Modelling
Energy efficiency of the existing buildings Graphic Survey of Existing Buildings

Legal & Regulatory Framework
Structural Evaluation of existing buildings Traditional Construction Techniques
Sampling & Representativeness Historical Building Construction
Tools & Auxiliary Techniques 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
Diagnosis Methodology Spain

Building Information Modelling
Graphic Survey of Existing Buildings
Legal & Regulatory Framework Rehabilitation and retrofit techniques
Traditional Construction Techniques Final Report
Historical Building Construction Hygiene, health and enviromental quality
Habitability
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage, …
Accessibility
Safety in use
Dampness Moisture & Humidity
Structural Evaluation of existing buildings
Sampling & Representativeness
Traditional Construction Techniques
Historical Building Construction
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
Italy

Final Report
Hygiene, health and enviromental quality
Habitability
Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage, …
Accessibility
Safety in use
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
Poland
100
ARE THERE MASTER`S DEGREES OR POSTGRADUATE DON'T
KNOW
STUDIES RELATED TO THE PROFILE OF A BUILDING
DIAGNOSIS EXPERT?
DON'T NO
KNOW
YES
YES
Spain
DON'T
KNOW YES
NO
Italy
NO
DON'T YES
KNOW
Poland
NO
COULD YOU INDICATE APROXIMATELY HOW MANY 0,6

MASTER'S DEGREE OR POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ARE 0,5
THERE FULLY RELATED TO REHABILITATION AND 0,4
DIAGNOSIS IN YOUR COUNTRY? 0,3
0,2
0,6 0,1
0
0,5
Between 10 to 20
Between 5 to 10
>20
<5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1 Spain
0
Between 5 to 10
Between 10 to 20
<5
>20
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Between 5 to 10
Between 10 to 20
<5
>20
Italy
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Between 10 to 20
Between 5 to 10
>20
<5
Poland
101
WHICH OF THE ITEMS BELOW ARE INCLUDED IN THIS STUDIES?
Final Report
Final Report Habitability
Hygiene, health and enviromental quality Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage,…

Accessibility
Habitability
Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage,… Safety in use
Accessibility Safety in cas of fire
Protection against noise Dampness Moisture & Humidity

Safety in use
Safety in cas of fire Sampling & Representativeness
Dampness Moisture & Humidity Tools & Auxiliary Techniques

Structural Evaluation of existing buildings Graphic Survey of Existing Buildings
Sampling & Representativeness Legal & Regulatory Framework
Tools & Auxiliary Techniques Traditional Construction Techniques

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
Spain
Traditional Construction Techniques Rehabilitation and retrofit techniques
Final Report
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 Hygiene, health and enviromental quality
Habitability
Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage,…
Accessibility
Safety in use
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
Italy

Final Report
Habitability
Water, sanitation, downpipes, drainage,…
Accessibility
Safety in use
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9
Poland
102
IS THERE MANDATORY TO HAVE STUDIED A MASTER'S DON'T YES
DEGREE OR POSTGRADUATE COURSE INDICATED ABOVE KNOW
TO WORK AS BUILDING DIAGNOSIS EXPERT?
DON'T YES
KNOW
Spain
NO
YES
DON'T
KNOW
NO
Italy
NO
DON'T YES
KNOW
Poland
NO
From the analysis of the answers received, some outstanding conclusions are drawn:
In view of the results it is verified that, according to the respondents, the necessary university
training to be able to be prepared as expert in diagnosis, the professionals must be Architect,
Civil Engineer or Building Engineer. It also reflects the diversity of degrees in the different
countries, in the detailed analysis: while in Spain, the Building Engineer (Technical Architect)
along with the Architect, are the most indicated degrees, in Italy there is more diversity of
profiles, and in Poland the Architect is not considered as an adequate profile.
The Diagnosis of buildings training is taught in the different studies, in a very relevant way in
Spain (more than 75% of the respondents say it). The agenda included in the studies varies by
the countries.
In view of the results, it seems that in all countries, postgraduate courses are given in Diagnosis
of buildings, but they are very few. Only in Spain, some respondents indicate that more than
20 are taught. Knowing the reality of the country, surely have been considered the training that
is taught from professional associations.
In terms of contents that are taught, in the three countries, those related to traditional
construction and historic buildings coincide. As differences, while in Spain the most frequent
responses are structural evaluation, intervention techniques, energy efficiency and diagnosis
methodology, in Italy the BIM Modeling is relevant and in Poland safety of use or fire safety.
103
8.2 Questionnaire: BUILDING
INSPECTION REPORT. Pre-diagnosis
The Building Inspection Report. Pre-diagnosis questionnaire consisted of 18 questions with
multiple guided answers, one open-ended question, and 4 identification questions, two of
them of special interest: the institution of the respondent and his country.
In this case, the questionnaire was organized based on an initial question about the existence
or not, in the country of the respondent, some building inspection methodology for the
prediagnosis inspection. If the answer was positive, new questions appear in order to provide
specific and precise information about the existent inspection systems: If they are certificates
or accreditations; which agencies are responsible to manage them, etc. Unfortunatly, it seems
that in Italy the first question was not properly understood and we have very few information
on this issue.
The time needed to answer the survey was less than 15 minutes, understanding that it was
aimed at professionals especially interested in the topic of the questionnaire and suitably
motivated by the Project partners.
For this questionnaire 141 responses from 10 countries have been registered: 8 belonging to the
European Union (Spain, Italy, Poland, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany and the United
Kingdom) and two external (Colombia and Turkey). As expected, the majority of responses
come from the countries participating in the project: 39 Italy, 48 Poland and 39 Spain.
The management and analysis of the answers has been done:

• based on the option offered by Google’s own forms management program;
• by means of a manual emptying, since it was verified that a more complete and nuanced
information was obtained from the human interpretation instead of the automatic one.
All the questions, answers and results could be found in the following pages:
104
EXISTS IN YOUR COUNTRY BUILDING CONDITION INSPECTION DON'T KNOW
NO
METHODS (PRE-DIAGNOSIS) FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS?
DON'T KNOW
Spain
YES
YES
NO DON'T
KNOW
YES
NO
Italy
DON'T
KNOW
YES
NO
Poland
CAN YOU INDICATE WHEN THIS INSPECTION IS USUALLY DEVELOPED?

When the
bulding arrives When the
Others at 20/30/50 bulding arrives
at 20/30/50
years... Others years...
To buy, to sell
or to rent
Stablished by Each 10/20/30
To buy, to sell years...
the authorities or to rent Stablished by
the authorities
Each 10/20/30
years... Italy
When the bulding arrives at

Others 20/30/50 years...
Others To buy, to sell or to rent

Each
When the 10/20/30
Stablished by bulding arrives years...
the authorities at 20/30/50
years...
Each 10/20/30
years...
To buy, to sell Stablished by the authorities
or to rent
Spain Poland
105
USUALLY, WHEN IS IT RENEWED? No renewed
Each 1-5
years
No
renewed
Spain Each 10-20

years
Each 1-5
Each 10-20 Each 10-20
years years
years
Each 1-5 No
years renewed
Italy
No
renewed
Each 10-20
years
Poland
Each 1-5
years
WHICH PROFESSIONAL WORKERS ARE ALLOWED TO CARRY 50%

OUT THESE INSPECTIONS? 40%
30%
50%
20%
40%
10%
30% 0%
20%
10%
0%
Spain
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Italy
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Poland
106
SHOULD THESE PROFESSIONALS BE ACCREDITED BY DON'T
KNOW
SOME INSTITUTION?
NO
DON'T
KNOW
YES
NO Spain
DON'T
KNOW
YES
YES
NO
Italy
DON'T
KNOW
NO
YES
Poland
COULD YOU INDICATE HOW THIS

ACCREDITATION IS MADE?
Accredit related professional
experience Pass an Accredit related professional Pass an
Exam experience Exam
Carry out
a Course
Carry out a Accredit related studies

Italy
Course
Accredit related studies
Accredit related
professional experience Pass an Exam Accredit related professional
Carry out a Course experience Pass an
Exam
Carry out
Accredit related studies Accredit related studies a Course
Spain
Poland
107
>4 hours
HOW MUCH TIME (AVERAGE) IS NECESSARY TO
CARRY OUT THE INSPECTION OF A SIMPLE HOUSE? <2 hours
>4 hours
<2 hours
Spain 2-4 hours
<2 hours
>4 hours
2-4 hours
Italy
2-4 hours
>4 hours
<2 hours
Poland
2-4 hours
HOW MUCH (AVERAGE) DOES THE INSPECTION >500€

COST?
<200€
>500€
<200€
200-500€
Spain
<200€
200-500€
>500€
200-500€
Italy
>500€
<200€
200-500€
Poland
108
HOW MUCH TIME (AVERAGE) IS NECESSARY TO >16h
<4h
CARRY OUT THE INSPECTION OF AN APARTMENT
BUILDING (10 APARTMENTS)?
8-16h
<4h
>16h
Spain
4h-8h
<4h
4h-8h
8-16h >16h
4h-8h
Italy
8-16h
<4h
>16h
4h-8h
Poland
8-16h
HOW MUCH (AVERAGE) DOES THE INSPECTION

COST OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING (10
>1800€
APARTMENTS)?
<600€
>1800€ <600€
600-
Spain
1800€
<600€
600-1800€
600-1800€
Italy >1800€
>1800€
<600€
600-
Poland 1800€
109
WHICH TOOLS ARE USUALLY USED TO CARRY 1
0,9
OUT THE INSPECTION? 0,8
0,7
1 0,6
0,5
0,9
0,4
0,8 0,3
0,7 0,2
0,1 Spain
0,6 0
0,5 Visual Simple hand Worksheets Specific tools
inspection tools
0,4 Spain
0,3 1
0,2 0,9
0,8
0,1 0,7
0 0,6
Visual Simple hand Worksheets Specific tools 0,5
0,4
inspection tools 0,3 Italy
0,2
0,1
0
Visual Simple hand Worksheets Specific tools
inspection tools
Italy
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4 Poland
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Visual Simple hand Worksheets Specific tools
inspection tools
Poland
WHICH OF THE TOOLS BELOW ARE USED TO 1

0,9
DEVELOP THE REPORT? 0,8
0,7
1 0,6
0,9 0,5
0,4
0,8 0,3
0,7 0,2
0,1
0,6
0
0,5 Specific Forms Specific Software
Spain
0,4
1
0,3 0,9
0,2 0,8
0,7
0,1 0,6
0 0,5
Specific Forms Specific Software 0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Specific Forms Specific Software
Italy
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Specific Forms Specific Software
Poland
110
WHICH ARE THE PARTS OF THE BUILDING CHECKED BY THE INSPECTORS?
1
0,9
1 0,8
0,9 0,7
0,6
0,8 0,5
0,7 0,4
0,3
0,6 0,2
0,5 0,1
0,4 0
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Spain
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Italy
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Poland
WHICH ARE THE REQUIREMENTS CHECKED BY THE INSPECTORS?
1 1
0 ,9 0 ,9
0 ,8
0 ,8
0 ,7
0 ,7 0 ,6
0 ,6 0 ,5
0 ,4
0 ,5
0 ,3
0 ,4 0 ,2
0 ,3 0 ,1
0 ,2 0
Mechanical Safety in case Hygiene, Safety & Energy Protection Sustainable
0 ,1 Resistance & of fire health & accessibility economy & against noise use of
Stability enviroment in use heat natural
0
(Structure) retention resources
Mechanical Safety in case Hygiene, Safety & Energy Protection Sustainable Spain
Resistance & of fire health & accessibility economy & against noise use of
(Structure) retention resources 1
0 ,9
0 ,8
0 ,7
0 ,6
0 ,5
0 ,4
0 ,3
0 ,2
0 ,1
0
Italy
1
0 ,9
0 ,8
0 ,7
0 ,6
0 ,5
0 ,4
0 ,3
0 ,2
0 ,1
0
Poland
111
DO INSPECTIONS CONSIDERS THE PRESENCE OF: 0,8
0,8 0,7
0,6
0,7
0,5
0,6 0,4
0,5 0,3
0,2
0,4
0,1
0,3 0
Asbesthos Lead (Pb) Radon gas Termits Legionella
0,2
Spain
0,1
0
Asbesthos Lead (Pb) Radon gas Termits Legionella 0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Italy
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Poland
112
From the analysis of the answers obtained, some remarkable conclusions are drawn:
The responses collected from the different countries participating in the project show similar
results. It seems clear that in all of them there are inspection methods for existing buildings. In
Spain inspections are made periodically (every 10, 20, 30 years), while in Italy and Poland, the
inspection is established by the administration.
On the other hand, there is a disparity between countries in terms of university degrees, which
shows that the convention within the European Union is not yet consolidated. While in Spain
the professionals able to carry out inspections are mostly architects and technical architects
(building engineers), in Poland they are the engineers (civil or building) and in Italy the four
professions coexist almost equally. There are outstanding peculiarities with the Geometer in
Italy, and the Supervisor and the Technician with professional training in Poland.
If it seems clear that in the three countries, to inspect buildings it is necessary to be accredited
by an institution. The country that seems to have the most regulated sector is Poland, followed
by Spain. Regarding the accreditation system, responses by countries are diverse, again showing
small homogeneity among EU countries. While in Spain it seems that accreditation is strongly
regulated by accredited studies, in Italy and Poland professional experience is very important.
The system through an accrediting examination also stands out in Poland while in Italy it seems
relevant but in Spain it is almost residual.
The majority of respondents consider that to inspect a single-family dwelling it is enough with
2-4 hours. In Spain, the majority of inspections for a 10 apartments building are carried out in
one day (from 4 to 8 hours), in Italy most inspections last more than 16 hours (2 days).
In relation to the fees of these inspections, some differences appear between countries. In Spain,
the majority of professionals consider that a single-family home inspection costs between 200
and 500 €. In Italy, the majority of respondents consider more than € 300. The country where
this type of inspections are cheaper is Poland. For an inspection of a multi-family building,
Italy is the most expensive and Poland the cheapest.
In the three countries, visual inspections and simple tools are used to carry out inspections. It
seems that in Italy mostly specific software is used for inspections, while in Poland the forms
are prioritized.
In view of the results, it seems that in Italy the most prominent concern in structural issues,
while in Spain the envelope of the building is as important as the structure, and in Poland the
roofs demand more attention (probably related to the climatic rigor of winter).
The issues related to the facilities are almost negligible in Italy while in Poland they seem ti
be very important. Perhaps these results are related to the profiles of the universities involved
and, consequently, to the respondents. In view of the results, it should be interesting for future
work, to expand the surveyed population.
Regarding the requirements that the professionals analyse, the structure and mechanical
resistance is a prominent concern in the three countries. In Spain, we identify a major concern
113
in terms of accessibility and use, habitability and even energy efficiency. In Italy, there is a minor
concern in all these parameters and some concern (20% of respondents) in the requirements
for the use of materials and natural resources. In Poland, there is a notable concern regarding
safety against fire.
To the question about specific aspects considered during the inspections, we have had very
diverse answers: while in Spain the greatest concern is with termites and asbestos, in Italy it is
radon gas and in Poland asbestos and lead.
114
115

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BUILDING

Erasmus+ Program. Ref.: 2017-1-ES01-KA203-038254

Università degli Studi di Ferrara

Warsaw University of Technology. Civil Engineering Faculty

Association of European Experts in Buildings and Construction

Polish Association of Building Managers

BUILDING DIAGNOSIS EXPERT

Sandra Bestraten i Castells

Sandra Bestraten y Castells

Sandra Bestraten i Castells

4  enchmarking of formal and non - formal recognition of learning outcomes in the

5 Analysis of legislative contexts implementation in Spain, Italy, UK and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

6  nalysis of employment opportunities in relation to the selected professional competences

7 Updated webliography and bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Overview of the European Construction Market

(Euroconstruct November 2018)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

The European Commission’s Action Plan: Construction 20203

The plan has 5 objectives:

Technological Developments in Europe

Predictions for the Future

2.1 The building and construction

Evolution by subsectors in the Spanish market

4 Euroconstruct November 2018

2.2 The building and construction

Construction sector: contribution to GDP, Source ISTAT

Industry (including construction), value – Source, World Bank Data

Number of employed people by sector in 2017

5 European Construction Sector Observatory, Country profile - Italy June 2018

6 PROJECT N° 2016-1-IT01-KA202-005399 – CUP G36J16000810006 BIM4PLACEMENT, COMPARATIVE REPORT

2.4 The building and construction

Index numbers of construction and assembly production (constant prices) -

Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny

Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny

Renovation and modernization market

Chart based on data from

Chart based on data from izolacje.com.pl

Source: Główny Urząd Statystyczny

In the subsector of rehabilitation and restoration, professionals featuring specialized academic

Degree in Architecture Studies

Master’s degree in Advanced Studies in Architecture-Barcelona (MBArch)

Master’s degree in Sustainable Intervention in the Built Environment (MISMeC)

Barcelona School of Civil Engineering

Bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering

Bachelor’s degree in Public Works Engineering

Bachelor’s degree in Architectural Technology and Building Construction

Master’s degree in Advanced Building Construction MUCAE

3.2 University training in building

Moreover, it is important to distinguish between the diagnostics process of new buildings, as

Tertiary education: Engineering courses

Tertiary education: architectural courses and postgraduate

The Engineering of Building Processes and System - Curriculum Historic Buildings

Courses for professionals

Methods and tools

Italian construction sector: the strategies for updating

Furthermore, four competencies areas are identified:

Entry is usually through successful completion of Advanced level certificate of secondary

A typical course at the University of East London (www.uel.ac.uk)

It takes a distinctly ‘hands-on’ approach to architecture. The course emphasises learning

Architectural Technologist Courses

4 enchmarking of formal and non - formal recognition of learning outcomes in the

6 nalysis of employment opportunities in relation to the selected professional competences