Acn Classtest-1 Final

2 MARKS
1) What is IP address?
• An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local
network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the
format of data sent via the internet or local network.
• An IP address is the identifier that enables your device to send or receive data packets
across the internet.
• TYPES – Dynamic Ip Address , Static Ip Address , Public , Private etc.
2) What is Mobile IP.

• Mobile IP is a communication protocol that allows users to move from one network to
another with the same IP address.
• Mobile IP helps keep internet connections stable and reliable, making it easier to stay
connected while on the move.
• Application – Video Streaming , Real Time Data Transfer , Online Gaming
3) Define the term VPN.

• A virtual private network, or VPN, is an encrypted connection over the Internet from a
device to a network.
• It allows you to connect your computer to a private network, creating an encrypted
connection that masks your IP address to securely share your data protecting your
identity online.
• Types – Remote Access VPN, Firewall Vpn , Site-to-Site VPN
4) Explain the concept of fragmentation in ipv4?

• In IPv4, fragmentation is a process used to handle data packets that are too large to fit
into the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of a network.
• IPv4 fragmentation results in a small increase in CPU and memory overhead to
fragment an IPv4 datagram.
5)What is IP-v6 protocol
• IPv6, or Internet Protocol version 6, is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol,
which is used to identify and locate devices on a network and route traffic between
them.
• It has a larger address space and can handle packets more efficiently.
• Key Features of IPv6 - Larger Address Space , Built-in Security , No Need for NAT.
6) State the four advantages of IPv6

1.Larger Address Space
2. Built-in Security
3. Faster Processing
4. Better Multicast Support
5. efficient routing
7) Define Loopback address.
• Definition: A loopback address is an IP address that routes traffic back to the originating
device without passing through a physical network.
• It’s used to verify that the device’s network stack is functioning correctly.
• Purpose and Use – Testing , Troubleshooting.
8) What is routing? Define it

• Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send data packets.
It determines how data travels from one device to another across interconnected
networks.
• Example of Routing -
Sending an Email : When you send an email, the data packets travel through various
routers and networks.
4 MARKS
2) What is ICMPv4? Enlist its Message types.
• ICMPv4 (Internet Control Message Protocol version 4) is a protocol used in IPv4

networks to send error messages and diagnostic information.
• ICMPv4 helps report problems like unreachable destinations or timeouts and allows
tools like ping to check if devices are reachable.
• ADVANTAGES
Error Reporting - Helps identify and report network problems.
Improved Network Management - Provides feedback on network performance

and routing.
Network Path Monitoring - Provides real-time information about network paths.
• DISADVANTAGES
Limited Data Capacity - ICMPv4 has a small payload size.
No Data Encryption - ICMPv4 messages are not encrypted
Impact on Privacy - Can expose network and device information.
• APPLICATION
Network Troubleshooting
Error Reporting
Network Performance Monitoring
Message types
Type 0: Echo Reply
Type 3: Destination Unreachable
Type 5: Redirect
Type 8: Echo Request
Type 12: Parameter Problem
Type 14: Timestamp Reply

3) Explain Mobile IP Architecture with suitable diagram.
• The Mobile IP architecture allows mobile devices to maintain a consistent IP address

while moving between different networks, ensuring seamless communication.
• capability is crucial for maintaining ongoing sessions and communications as devices
move, without requiring a change in IP address or session interruption.
• Key Components of Mobile IP Architecture
Mobile Node
Home Network
Foreign Network
Home Agent
• Mobile IP Operations
Registration
Binding Update
Packet Forwarding
Binding Acknowledgment
• DIAGRAM
5) Explain NAT with suitable diagram.
• Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process in which one or more local IP

address is translated into one or more Global IP address and vice versa in order
to provide Internet access to the local hosts.
• Types of NAT
Static NAT: Maps a single private IP address to a single public IP address.
Dynamic NAT: Maps a private IP address to a public IP address from a

pool of available public IP addresses.
• Network Address Translation (NAT) offers several significant advantages in

computer networking.
IP Address Conservation
Enhanced Security
Cost Efficiency
Traffic Management
• While Network Address Translation (NAT) offers several advantages, it also

comes with some disadvantages and limitations
Difficulty in Troubleshooting
Increased Network Latency
Application Layer Issues
Trouble with Dynamic Addressing

6) Compare IPv4 and IPv6 addressing?
7) Distinguish between Unicast, Multicast and broadcast.

8) Explain Intra domain and Inter domain routing?
Intradomain Routing
• Intradomain Routing is the routing protocol that operates only within a domain. In
other words, intradomain routing protocols are used to route packets within a specific
domain.
• The intradomain routing algorithms are used for routing within domains. It requires
information only about the routers in the current domain.
• intradomain routing, the protocols used are known as interior-gateway protocols as
they route traffic within a domain.
• Intradomain Routing is of two types: Distance Vector Routing and Link State Routing
Interdomain Routing
• Interdomain Routing is the protocol in which the routing algorithm works both within
and between domains.
• For interdomain routing, the protocols used are known as exterior-gateway protocols
as they route traffic outside as well as inside a domain.
• Interdomain routing is done using Path Vector Routing which uses the Border Gateway
Protocol .
• Interdomain Routing allows hosts inside one domain to exchange data with hosts in
another domain. This is done using Path Vector Routing.

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2 MARKS

2) What is Mobile IP.

3) Define the term VPN.

4) Explain the concept of fragmentation in ipv4?

6) State the four advantages of IPv6

8) What is routing? Define it

2) What is ICMPv4? Enlist its Message types.

• ICMPv4 (Internet Control Message Protocol version 4) is a protocol used in IPv4

Error Reporting - Helps identify and report network problems.

Improved Network Management - Provides feedback on network performance

Network Path Monitoring - Provides real-time information about network paths.

Limited Data Capacity - ICMPv4 has a small payload size.

No Data Encryption - ICMPv4 messages are not encrypted

Impact on Privacy - Can expose network and device information.

Network Performance Monitoring

Type 3: Destination Unreachable

Type 8: Echo Request

Type 12: Parameter Problem

Type 14: Timestamp Reply

• The Mobile IP architecture allows mobile devices to maintain a consistent IP address

• Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process in which one or more local IP

Static NAT: Maps a single private IP address to a single public IP address.

Dynamic NAT: Maps a private IP address to a public IP address from a

• Network Address Translation (NAT) offers several significant advantages in

• While Network Address Translation (NAT) offers several advantages, it also

Increased Network Latency

Application Layer Issues

Trouble with Dynamic Addressing

7) Distinguish between Unicast, Multicast and broadcast.

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