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    Chapter 2

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    Chapter 2

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    Chapter 2[1]

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    Chapter 2

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    of 28

    Atoms, Molecules and Ions

    Chapter 2
    Atomic number, Mass number and Isotopes
    Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
    Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
    = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
    numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

    Mass Number A
    ZX
    Element Symbol
    Atomic Number

    1 2 3
    1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
    235 238
    92 U 92 U
    2.3
    The Isotopes of Hydrogen

    2.3
    Do You Understand Isotopes?

    14
    How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?

    6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

    11
    How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?

    6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

    2.3
    2.4

    Noble Gas
    Halogen
    Group
    Period
    Alkali Earth Metal
    Alkali Metal
    A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
    definite arrangement held together by chemical forces

    H2 H2O NH3 CH4

    A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms


    H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

    A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms


    O3, H2O, NH3, CH4

    2.5
    An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
    positive or negative charge.
    cation – ion with a positive charge
    If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
    it becomes a cation.

    11 protons 11 protons
    Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons

    anion – ion with a negative charge


    If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
    it becomes an anion.
    17 protons 17 protons
    Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
    2.5
    A monatomic ion contains only one atom
    Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

    A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom


    OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-

    2.5
    Do You Understand Ions?

    27 3+
    How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

    13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons

    78 2-
    How many protons and electrons are in 34 Se ?

    34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

    2.5
    2.5
    2.6
    A molecular formula shows the exact number of
    atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
    substance

    An empirical formula shows the simplest


    whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

    molecular empirical
    H2O H2O
    C6H12O6 CH2O

    O3 O
    N2H4 NH2
    2.6
    ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
    and an anions
    • the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
    • the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
    formula unit must equal zero
    The ionic compound NaCl

    2.6
    Formula of Ionic Compounds
    2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6

    Al2O3
    Al3+ O2-

    1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2

    CaBr2
    Ca2+ Br-

    1 x +2 = +2 1 x -2 = -2

    Na2CO3
    Na+ CO32-
    2.6
    2.7
    2.7
    Chemical Nomenclature
    • Ionic Compounds
    – often a metal + nonmetal
    – anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name

    BaCl2 barium chloride


    K2O potassium oxide
    Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

    KNO3 potassium nitrate

    2.7
    • Transition metal ionic compounds
    – indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals

    FeCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

    FeCl3 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

    Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

    2.7
    • Molecular compounds
    • nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
    • common names
    • H2O, NH3, CH4, C60
    • element further left in periodic table
    is 1st
    • element closest to bottom of group is
    1st
    • if more than one compound can be
    formed from the same elements, use
    prefixes to indicate number of each
    kind of atom
    • last element ends in ide

    2.7
    Molecular Compounds

    HI hydrogen iodide

    NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

    SO2 sulfur dioxide

    N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

    NO2 nitrogen dioxide TOXIC!

    N2O dinitrogen monoxide Laughing Gas

    2.7
    2.7
    An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
    hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
    HCl
    •Pure substance, hydrogen chloride
    •Dissolved in water (H+ Cl-), hydrochloric acid

    An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,


    oxygen, and another element.

    HNO3 nitric acid


    H2CO3 carbonic acid
    H2SO4 sulfuric acid
    HNO3 2.7
    2.7
    2.7
    2.7
    A base can be defined as a substance that yields
    hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

    NaOH sodium hydroxide


    KOH potassium hydroxide
    Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide

    2.7
    Hydrates are compounds that have a specific
    number of water molecules attached to them.
    BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate

    LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate

    MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

    Sr(NO3)2 •4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

    CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4

    2.7
    2.7

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