Practice Lesson 1

• Inorganic Nomenclature

Federico Carosio

Department of Applied Science and Technology

Tel.: +39 0131 229303

E-mail: federico.carosio@polito.it
• Inorganic Nomenclature
Nomenclature = writing the formulas and names of
chemicals.
– Classic nomenclature («-ous –ic» nomenclature):
the oldest one, different oxidation numbers of the
same element are associated to prefixes and/or
suffixes

– Stock system: the oxidation states of some or all of

the elements in a compound are indicated in
parentheses by Roman numerals

– IUPAC nomenclature: Compositional nomenclature,

gives the precise composition of a compound using
prefixes (di-, tri-, tetra- etc). Substitutive or additive
nomenclature is also used.
Periodic table

The periodic table is

divided into columns
(groups) and rows
(periods).

The elements are

arranged in order of
atomic number.

The chemical
properties of the
elements belonging
to a group are similar,
whereas those of the
elements of a period
change progressively.
Groups
 Diatomic molecules

These seven elements occur naturally as molecules containing two atoms.

 Ions

When atoms lose or gain electrons (e-), they become ions.

Cations are positive and are formed by elements on the left
side of the chart.
Anions are negative and are formed by elements on the right
side of the chart
 Naming cations
• Same name as parent atom
• Add “ion” after name
• Na+ is sodium ion
• Ca2+ is calcium ion
• Al3+ is aluminum ion

Cations with multiple charges:

Some metals do not always lose the same number of e- when they
ionize more than one cation:
• Elements in the middle of the chart (eg: TM)
• Also includes tin and lead (+2 and +4 cations)
 Naming cations with multiple charges
Classical Nomenclature: Stock System: the
The lower-charged ion gets the cation's number is written
–ous suffix, and in Roman numerals
The higher – charged ion gets the
–ic suffix

• Fe2+ is Ferrous ion • Iron (II) ion is Fe2+

• Fe3+ is Ferric ion • Iron (III) ion is Fe3+
• Pb2+ is Plumbous ion • Lead (II) ion is Pb2+
• Pb4+ is Plumbic ion • Lead (IV) ion is Pb4+
• Sn2+ is Stannous ion • Tin (II) ion is Sn2+
• Sn4+ is Stannic ion • Tin (IV) ion is Sn4+
Elem. Name Latin Name Ion Charge & Name
Cu copper cuprum Cu+ = cuprous, Cu+2 = cupric
Fe iron ferrum Fe+2 = ferrous, Fe+3 = ferric
Pb lead plumbum Pb+2 = plumbous, Pb+4 = plumbic
Sn tin stannum Sn+2 = stannous, Sn+4 = stannic
Au gold aurum Au+ = aurous, Au+3 = auric
Hg mercury --- Hg+ = mercurous, Hg+2 = mercuric
Pt platinum --- Pt+2 = platinous, Pt+4 = platinic
Co cobalt --- Co+2 = cobaltous, Co+3 = cobaltic
Cr chromium Cr+2=chromous, Cr+3=chromic
Naming anions

Stem of the parent atom with

suffix “ide”

•N3- is Nitride
•O2- is Oxide
•Cl- is Chloride
 Oxidation number
Oxidation number (O.N.) is the charge given to an atom in a totally
ionic structure.
• Simple ions have O.N. equal to the charge they carry: e.g. Cl-, Ca2+
• In compounds, O.N. is the charge each element would assume if
electrons were on the more electronegative atom in a bond.
 Rules for Assigning
Oxidation States
1. free elements have an oxidation state = 0
◦ Na = 0 and Cl2 = 0 in 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)
2. monatomic ions have an oxidation state equal to their charge
◦ Na+ = +1 and Cl- = -1 in NaCl
3. (a) the sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in a compound
is 0
◦ Na = +1 and Cl = -1 in NaCl, (+1) + (-1) = 0
(b) the sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in a
polyatomic ion equals the charge on the ion
◦ N = +5 and O = -2 in NO3–, (+5) + 3(-2) = -1
4. (a) Group I metals have an oxidation state of +1 in all their
compounds
 Na = +1 in NaCl
5. (b) Group II metals have an oxidation state of +2 in all their
compounds
 Mg = +2 in MgCl2

6. The oxidation number of oxygen in a compound is -2, except in

peroxides (-1), superoxides (-1/2) and when combined with
fluorine (+2)

7. The oxidation number for hydrogen in a compound is +1, except

when hydrogen forms compounds named hydrides with metals (-
1)
Oxidation number
 +4 -1 +4 -1
TiCl4 Ti Cl 4 Ti Cl 4

-4
+1+3 -2 +1+3 -2
KNO2 K N O 2 K N O 2

-2
-1
-8
+2 +7 -2 +2 +7 -2
Ba(IO4)2 Ba (I O 4 ) 2 Ba (I O 4 ) 2

-6
+4 -1 +4 -1
GeF62- Ge F 6
2- Ge F 6
2-
Examples

Many elements may display

more than one O.N.
Practice
Calculate the Ox # of the underlined ion in each
formula

Formula anion charge cation Formula anion charge cation

charge charge

MnO2 Cu3P
MnO3 PbF4
Mn2O7 PCl5
V3N5 Mo2S5
Fe4C3 NiH3
Practice-Solution

Formula anion cation Formula anion cation

charge charge charge charge

MnO2 -2 +4 Cu3P -3 +1
MnO3 -2 +6 PbF4 -1 +4
Mn2O7 -2 +7 PCl5 -1 +5
V3N5 -3 +5 Mo2S5 -2 +5
Fe4C3 -4 +3 NiH3 -1 +3
 ELEMENTS

Amphoteric
Metals Nonmetals
elements

H2 O2 O2 H2
Both metals and nonmetals
form binary compounds
with oxigen using their Acid oxides
Metal Covalent
Basic oxides positive O.N. Anhydride
hydrides
hydrides
H2O H2O Hydracids

Hydroxides Acids

Salts
 Polyatomic compounds
Binary compounds
(mostly ternary)

Basic oxides +H2O Hydroxides

Peroxides
Metal hydrides
Covalent hydrides
Hydracids
Acid oxides (Anhydrides) +H2O Oxoacids
Salts Salts
 Binary ionic compounds formed from a metal and a
non-metal. - I

Basic oxides: A basic oxide is an oxide that shows basic properties and that
either. reacts with water to form a base; or. reacts with an acid to
form a salt and water. It is formed by reacting oxygen with metals.
Example Na2O

Metal Hydrides: . These compounds form between hydrogen and the most active
metals, especially with the alkali and alkaline-earth metals of group
one and two elements. In this group, the hydrogen acts as the
hydride ion ( H− ).
Example NaH

Salts: Compounds formed from metal ions and simple nonmetal ions
are called binary salts. LiCl is the formula of a typical binary
salt.
Binary ionic compounds formed from a metal and a
non-metal (Salts, Basic oxides, Metal Hydrides) - I

These compounds consist of a metal and a non-metal in an

atom ratio determined by their oxidation numbers. It is
customary to write the metal first and the non-metal second.
The general rule for naming these
compounds is:
1. Identify cation (metal) and anion (non-metal)
2. Cation named first followed by the name of anion
3. Cation takes its name from the metallic element
4. Simple anion (from one element) takes the root of the
element name followed by “-ide”
  CaBr2 calcium bromide
 Mg3N2 magnesium nitride
 Li2O lithium oxide
Binary ionic compounds formed from a metal and a
non-metal (Salts-Basic oxides-Metal Hydrides) - II
Binary ionic compounds containing a metal (most cases TM) that can form
two or more types of cations (i.e.,with more than one oxidation number like
Fe). The cation is changed as:
Classic nomenclature:
Cation uses the latin stem of the name with a IUPAC devised the Stock system:
suffix: Name of the metal followed by the O.N. :
 The lower charged ion gets the–ous suffix, +1 +2 +3 +4 +5

 The higher charged ion gets the–ic suffix (I) (II) (III) (IV) (V)

Ferrous chloride FeCl2 Iron(II) chloride

Ferric chloride FeCl3 Iron(III) chloride
Cuprous chloride CuCl Copper(I) chloride
Cupric chloride CuCl2 Copper(II) chloride
 Binary Covalent Compounds

Acid oxides: Acidic oxides, or acid anhydrides, are oxides that react with water
to form an acid, or with a base to form a salt. They are oxides of
either nonmetals or of metals in high oxidation states (this will be
detailed later)

Covalent Hydrides: A hydrogen atom and one or more non-metals. This occurs when
hydrogen covalently bonds to a more electropositive element by
sharing electron pairs

Hydracis: They are compounds formed by hydrogen and a nonmetal, a

chalcogen (group 16) or halogen (group 17), in which the
hydrogen has an oxidation number +1. In these compounds
hydrogen is written to the left of the nonmetal.
Binary Covalent Compounds
The Prefix System for Binary Covalent Compounds
For binary compounds containing two non-metals, a Greek or Latin prefix is
attached to the name of an element to indicate the number of atoms of that
element in the compound.
1 -mono 2 -di 3 -tri 4 -tetra 5 -penta
6 -hexa 7 -hepta 8 -octa 9 -nona 10 -deca

Although this system is used almost exclusively for non-metal/non-metal

compounds, occasionally, it is used when a metal is present.

1. The element that occurs first in this series is written and named first, name
of the 2nd element retains the –ide ending.
2. Attach a prefix to the 2nd atom in the formula (always).
3. Attach a prefix to the 1st atom in the formula (only if there is more than one
of them).
 Number Prefix Formula Prefix System Name
1 mono CO carbon monoxide
2 di CO2 carbon dioxide
3 tri SO3 sulfur trixode
4 tetra CCl4 carbon tetrachloride
5 penta PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride
6 hexa SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
The Stock System for Binary Covalent Compounds
For binary compounds containing two non-metals follow the general rule:

1. The element that occurs first in this series is written and named first, name
of the 2nd element retains the –ide ending.
2. First Element O.N. is indicated in parentheses by Roman numerals. (+1= (I),
+2=(II), etc.)

Carbon (II) oxide CO Carbon (IV) oxide CO2

Binary Covalent Compounds – Acid oxides
Nonmetal + oxygen
• Classic nomenclature:
Stem of non-oxygen element + Suffix + anhydride
If two O.N.:
The lower value gets the–ous suffix,
The higher value gets the–ic suffix
N2O3 is named nitr-ous anhydride
N2O5 is named nitr-ic anhydride
Note: rarely used, the IUPAC naming is preferred as many non metals form
more than two acid oxides (e.g. Nitrogen, )
Note: Italian “-ous –ic” nomenclature uses additional prefixes (hypo- and per-)
for NM with 4 O.N. , these prefixes are commonly employed for oxoacid
nomenclature
Binary Covalent Compounds- Covalent Hydrides
Specific name for :
 Group V elements (N, P, As) when bonded to H using their
negative O.N. (-3)
NH3 Ammonia
PH3 Phosphine (IUPAC=phosphane)
AsH3 Arsine (IUPAC=arsane)
 Carbon, Silicon and Boron also form these compounds:
CH4 Methane
SiH4 Silane
BH3 Borane
 Binary Covalent Compounds
Compounds containing hydrogen and nonmetals:

Hydracids
In the gas phase: hydrogen + the root of the element name
followed by “-ide” HCl(g) hydrogen chloride
H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide
In water: Hydro-the root of the element name followed by “-
ic” acid
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric acid
 Peroxides and superoxides
 Peroxide: a reactive type of compound, called ‘peroxides’, has
important commercial and industrial applications. The most familiar
example is hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.
Oxygen with O.N. = -1, characterized by -O-O- bond
Common naming: Element + peroxide
Na2O2 Sodium peroxide

 Superoxide: s a compound that contains the superoxide

anion, which has the chemical formula O2−
Common naming: Element + superoxide

KO2 Potassium superoxide

Note: Also IUPAC uses peroxide for compounds with –O-O- bond
Flow chart for naming binary compounds

CO NaCl FeCl3 HCl HCl

Formula Prefix System Name Stock System Name
N2O
NO
NO2
N2O3
N2O4
N2O5
ICl
CS2
SO2
PCl3
P2O5
SCl6
MnO2
Formula Prefix System Name Stock System Name
N2O dinitrogen monoxide nitrogen(I) oxide
NO nitrogen monoxide nitrogen(II) oxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide nitrogen(IV) oxide
N2O3 dinitrogen trioxide nitrogen(III) oxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetr(a)oxide nitrogen(IV) oxide
N2O5 dinitrogen pent(a)oxide nitrogen(V) oxide
ICl iodine monochloride iodine(I) chloride
CS2 carbon disulfide carbon(IV) sulfide
SO2 sulfur dioxide sulfur(IV) oxide
PCl3 phosphorus trichloride phosphorus(III) chloride
P2O5 diphosphorus pent(a)oxide phosphorus(V) oxide
SCl6 sulfur hexachloride sulfur(VI) chloride
MnO2 manganese dioxide manganese(IV) oxide
Writing the Formulas of Binary Compounds
•Chemical formulas represent the smallest whole number ratio of atoms/ions in a
compound.
•The positive and negative charges (Ox #’s) must add up to zero; the charges balance.

Steps calcium chloride boron bromide hydrogen sulfide magnesium phosphide

1. Obtain ion symbols calcium: Ca+2 boron: B+3 hydrogen: H+ magnesium: Mg+2
& O.N. (charges) chloride: Cl- bromide: Br - sulfide: S-2 phosphide: P-3

2. Find the total Ca+2 = +2 B+3 = +3 H+1 +1 +1 = +2 Mg+2 +2 +2 +2 = +6

charge needed to Cl- -1 -1 = -2 Br - -1 -1 -1 = -3 S-2 = -2 P-3 -3 -3 = -6
balance + & - charges

3. Find the ratio of + 1 Ca+2 ion for 1 B+3 ion for 2 H+ ions for every 3 Mg+2 ions for every
and - ions every 2 Cl- ions every 3 Br - ions 1 S-2 ion 2 P-3 ions

4. Use subscripts to
CaCl2 BBr3 H2S Mg3P2
write the formulas

Nonmetals such as Cl, Br, H, S and P can have ⊕ or ⊖ O.N. An atom is assigned a ⊕ O.N. when it is
the less EN atom in a compound and a ⊖ Ox # when it is the more EN atom in a compound.
Writing the Formulas of Binary Compounds- Practice
A chemical formula shows the lowest whole
number ratio of ions such that the total name ions formula
positive and negative charges are equal. magnesium oxide
The ‘Inverse rule’ is an easy way to find this
ratio. potassium nitride
Consider zinc phosphide. barium fluoride
silicon iodide
Zn +2 P  Zn P
-3
3 2 beryllium carbide
calcium hydride
The number of Zn cations (3) equals the
lithium selenide
charge of the anion (-3), and the number of P
anions (2) equals the charge of the cation sodium phosphide
(+2). zinc phosphide
But remember to reduce this to the lowest
whole number ratio. aluminum sulfide
Consider beryllium carbide. boron oxide
Be+2 C-4  Be4C2 
Be2C
Writing the Formulas of Binary Compounds- Solution

name ions formula

magnesium oxide Mg+2 O-2 MgO
potassium nitride K+ N-3 K3N
barium fluoride Ba+2 F- BaF2
silicon iodide Si+4 I- SiI4

beryllium carbide Be+2 C-4 Be2C

calcium hydride Ca+2 H- CaH2

lithium selenide Li+ Se-2 Li2Se

sodium phosphide Na+ P-3 Na3P

zinc phosphide Zn+2 P-3 Zn3P2

aluminum sulfide Al+3 S-2 Al2S3
boron oxide B+3 O-2 B2O3
 Polyatomic compounds
Binary compounds
(mostly ternary)

Basic oxides +H2O Hydroxides

Peroxides
Metal hydrides
Covalent hydrides
Hydracids
Acid oxides (Anhydride) +H2O Oxoacids
Salts Salts
Polyatomic compounds - Hydroxides
Hydroxides are compounds which consist of a metal ion combined with the hydroxide
polyatomic ion (OH).
 Formula obtained by adding OH- to compensate for metal cation charge
To name an hydroxide: name the metal followed by the word hydroxide.

NaOH is named sodium hydroxide

Ba(OH)2 is named barium hydroxide

If the metal (most cases TM) can form two or more types of cations:

Classic nomenclature: Stock/IUPAC: name the metal (include

The lower-charged ion gets the–ous suffix, the oxidation number in parentheses)
The higher – charged ion gets the–ic suffix followed by the word hydroxide.

Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2 Iron (II) hydroxide

Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3 Iron (III) hydroxide
Polyatomic Compounds-TernaryAcids
Still start with H (not included in name, it is assumed), formula obtained by
the addition of one water molecule to acid oxide.
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3
• Classic nomenclature: Prefix + Stem of non-oxygen element +
Suffix + acid
If two O.N.: N only forms acids with O.N. +3, +5:
The lower value gets the–ous suffix, HNO2 is named nitr-ous acid
The higher value gets the–ic suffix HNO3 is named nitr-ic acid

If four O.N.: Cl (O.N.= +1, +3, +5,+7)

The lower O.N.  hypo- prefix and -ous suffix, HClO = hypo-chlor-ous acid
The intermediate lower O.N.  –ous suffix, HClO2 = chlor-ous acid
The intermediate higher O.N.  –ic suffix, HClO3 = chlor-ic acid
The higher O.N.  per- prefix and the–ic suffix, HClO4 = per-chlor-ic acid
 Nitrogen: acids only from N(III) and N(V)
 Carobon: only C(IV) acid
 Phosphorus, Boron, Arsenic, Silicon : their acid oxides can combine
with more than one water molecule thus forming different acids
characterized by prefixes:
 Even O.N. , one or two water molecules can be added yielding META-
and ORTHO- prefixes
 Odd O.N. one, two and three water molecules can be added yielding
META- PYRO- and ORTHO- prefixes

P2O5 + H2O  2HPO3 (meta-phosphor-ic acid)

P2O5 + 2 H2O  H4P2O7 (pyro-phosphor-ic acid)

P2O5 + 3 H2O  2H3PO4 (ortho-phosphor-ic acid)

When oxyacids react, they release hydrogen ions, H+, and leave behind
polyatomic anions:

HNO3  H+ + NO3-
H2SO4  2H+ + SO4-2
H3PO4  3H+ + PO4-3

Common polyatomic names:

ate anions Carbonate Nitrate Sulfate Phosphate Chlorate Bromate Iodate

per … ate ClO4- BrO4- IO4-
… ate CO3-2 NO3- SO4-2 PO4-3 ClO3- BrO3- IO3-
… ite NO2- SO3-2 * HPO3-2 ClO2- BrO2- IO2-
hypo … ite ** H2PO2- ClO- BrO- IO-

* H3PO3 only has 2 acidic H’s, so phosphite is HPO3-2 ** H3PO2 only has 1 acidic H, so
hypophosphite is H2PO2-
 Other Polyatomic Ions: A few other important polyatomic ions
are shown below.

-1
+1
+
HCN
CN-
hydrocyanic acid cyanide
-1
+1
+
H2O OH-
water hydroxide
+1
+1
+
NH3 NH4+
ammonia
ammonium
Salts of Oxygen Acids
A salt of an oxygen containing acid results from the reaction of the acid with
a metal hydroxide. They contain a metal and non metal part:

Metal part CaCO3 Non metal part

Formulas containing polyatomic ions are written the same as binary

compounds, with one difference …

Sodium chloride is NaCl Parentheses are not placed around monatomic

ions like Cl-, even when several are present in
Calcium chloride is CaCl2
the formula.

Parentheses are placed around

Aluminum sulfate is polyatomic ions like SO4 2-, only when
Al2(SO4)3 several are present in the formula.
Classic nomenclature: metal-suffix + prefix-nonmetal-suffix

Metal part CaCO3 Non metal part

Calcium Carbonate
Metal
If one O.N.  name the metal
If two O.N.  stem name (latin) of Metal + suffix (-ous or –ic according
to O.N.)
Non metal
Prefix Stem name of Non Metal + suffix  same rule as for acid
oxides but change -ous to -ite and -ic to –ate:

 The lower O.N.  hypo- prefix and -ite suffix, NaClO = Sodium hypo-chlor-ite
 The intermediate lower O.N.  –ite suffix, NaClO2 = Sodium chlor-ite
 The intermediate higher O.N.  –ate suffix, NaClO3 = Sodium chlor-ate
 The higher O.N.  per- prefix and the –ate suffix, NaClO4 = Sodium per-chlor-ate
 Stock: name the metal (include the oxidation number in
parentheses) followed by name of the non metal ion.

Metal part CaCO3 Non metal part

Calcium Carbonate
Metal
If one O.N.  name the metal
If two O.N.  O.N. is indicated in parentheses by Roman numerals.
(+1= (I), +2=(II), etc.)
Non metal
Follows the same rule as for classic nomenclature: (hypo- -ite, -ite, -
ate, per- -ate)

Fe2(SO4)3 CuCO3
Iron (III) Sulfate Copper (II) Carbonate
IUPAC nomenclature Polyatomic Compounds
In general can be named similarly using compositional nomenclature (as for binary
compounds), but often either substitutive or additive nomenclature is used. In the
latter case information is also provided about the way atoms are connected.

Certain ions have traditional short names, which are commonly used and are still
acceptable (e.g., ammonium, NH4 + ; hydroxide, OH- etc.). Inorganic compounds in
general can be combinations of cations, anions and neutral entities. By convention, the
name of a compound is made up of the names of its component entities: cations before
anions and neutral components last.

Unfortunately, chemists rarely use the IUPAC system for the common compounds
but retain the older oxygen-acid nomenclature. The IUPAC system is reserved for
compounds less well known or of more complex structure

https://www.iupac.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Inorganic-Brief-Guide-V1-1.pdf

https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Red_Book_2005.pdf
Acid Salts
Monoprotic and Polyprotic Acids:
Acids like, HNO3, HNO2, HClO4, HClO3, HClO2, HClO, etc. have only one ionizable H+
ion per molecule; these are called monoprotic acids.
Acids like H2CO3, H2SO4, H2SO3 and H3PO4 can release more than one H+ ion per
molecule; they are called polyprotic acids because they can release more than one
H+ (proton).
When polyprotic acids lose some but not all of their ionizable H’s, important
polyatomic anions form:

H2CO3  H+ + HCO3- bicarbonate or monohydrogen carbonate

HCO3-  H+ + CO3-2 carbonate
H2SO4  H+ + HSO4- bisulfate or monohydrogen sulfate
HSO4-  H+ + SO4-2 sulfate
H2SO3  H+ + HSO3- bisulfite or monohydrogen sulfite
HSO3-  H+ + SO3-2 sulfite
H3PO4  H+ + H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate
H2PO4-  H+ + HPO4-2 monohydrogen phosphate
HPO4-2  H+ + PO4-3 phosphate
Acid Salts
An acid salt is a salt formed by partial or incomplete neutralisation of a polyprotic
acid (i.e. an incomplete replacement of acidic H+ by one or more metal cation).
The number of remaining H is included in the name

Some examples with phosphoric acid:

Formula Name ions
H3PO4 phosphoric acid H+ PO4-3
NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate Na+ H2PO4-
K2HPO4 potassium monohydrogen phosphate K+ HPO4-2
(NH4)2HPO4 ammonium monohydrogen phosphate NH4+ HPO4-2
NH4H2PO4 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate NH4+ H2PO4-

The number of H’s need not be stated, provided the number of other
cations is explicitly stated in the name.
Prefixes like ‘di’ or ‘tri’ should only be used when partially ionized polyprotic
acids are being named.
Acid Salts
For compounds of monovalent cations (Li+, Na+, K+, NH4+, etc.) we have
seen that there are several acceptable names …
e.g., K2HPO4 = dipotassium monohydrogen phosphate or potassium
monohydrogen phosphate
or dipotassium phosphate
However, when polyvalent cations, like Ca+2, Al+3, etc. are combined with
partially ionized acids, the convention is to state the number of H’s but not
the number of polyvalent metal cations, as follows …

Ca(H2PO4)2 calcium dihydrogen phosphate Ca+2 H2PO4-

CaHPO4 calcium monohydrogen phosphate Ca+2 HPO4-2

Practice, name the following compounds:

Al(H2PO4)3
Al2(HPO4)3
Fe2(HPO4)3
SnHPO4
Hydrated ionic compounds
• Ionic compounds can be HYDRATED, meaning that a specific number
of water molecules are associated to the formula (water molecules
within its solid structure)
• They are named by attaching the word hydrate with a Greek numerical
prefix
• The Greek prefix tells how many water molecules are associated to the
compound.
Hydrated ionic compounds

Mono=1
Di=2
Tri=3
Tetra=4
Penta=5
Hexa=6
Hepta=7
Octa=8
Nona=9
Deca=10
 What is amphoterism?

The ability to react as an acid or a base, is known as amphoterism.

In chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as

an acid and as a base. Many metals (such as copper, zinc, tin, lead, aluminium, and
beryllium) form amphoteric oxides or hydroxide.

Transition Metals show acid (nonmetal)

or basic (metal) behavior as function of
O.N.
 30 Zn hydroxide Zinc sulphate
Metal
Zn ZnO+ H2O  Zn(OH)2  ZnSO4
+2
Zn hydroxide
written as acid
Nonmetal
ZnO+ H2O  H2ZnO2

Does not exits, but  Na2ZnO2

you can find salts Sodium Zincate

13 Al Hydroxide Aluminum Chloride

Al Metal
Al2O3+ H2O  Al(OH)3  AlCl3
+3
Meta aluminic acid
Al2O3+ H2O  2HAlO2
Sodium Meta alluminate
Nonmetal Does not exits, but
you can find salts  NaAlO2

Al2O3+3H2O  2H3AlO3
Ortho aluminic acid
24 Chromous oxide Chromous chloride
Cr +2
Metal
CrO  CrCl2
+2,+3,+6
Chromic oxide Chromic Sulfate
Metal
Cr2O3  Cr2(SO4)3

Nonmetal
Cr2O3+ H2O  2HCrO2 Chromous acid

Nonmetal
+6 CrO3 Chromium trioxide
Potassium chromate
CrO3+ H2O  H2CrO4 Chromic acid  K2CrO4

2CrO3+ H2O  H2Cr2O7 Dichromic acid  K2Cr2O7

Potassium dichromate
 25 Manganous sulfate
Metal
Mn +2 MnO Manganous oxide  MnSO4
+2,+3,+4,+6+7 Metal
+3 Mn2O3 Manganic oxide

Manganese dioxide Manganese oxide hydroxide

Metal
MnO2 + H2O MnO(OH)2  Mn(SO4)2
Manganese (IV) sulfate
Nonmetal
MnO2 + H2O H2MnO3
Manganous acid

Manganic acid Potassium manganate

Nonmetal
+6 MnO3+ H2O  H2MnO4  K2MnO4

Permanganic acdi Potassium permanganate

Nonmetal
+7 Mn2O7+ H2O  2HMnO4  KMnO4
Flow chart for naming polyatomic compounds
Exercises
Formula Stock System Name Ions
Fe(MnO4)3
Ag2CrO4
ZnCr2O7
Al2(CrO4)3
Na2Cr2O7
V2(Cr2O7)5
Mn2(SO4)7
Cr(PO4)2
Mo(MnO4)6
Cd(IO4)2
Co(BrO3)3
Ni(ClO2)2
Mg(BrO)2
Exercises-Solution
Formula Stock System Name Ions
Fe(MnO4)3 iron(III) permanganate Fe+3 MnO4-
Ag2CrO4 silver chromate Ag+ CrO4-2
ZnCr2O7 zinc dichromate Zn+2 Cr2O7-2
Al2(CrO4)3 aluminum chromate Al+3 CrO4-2
Na2Cr2O7 sodium dichromate Na+ Cr2O7-2
V2(Cr2O7)5 vanadium(V) dichromate V+5 Cr2O7-2
Mn2(SO4)7 manganese(VII) sulfate Mn+7 SO4-2
Cr(PO4)2 chromium(VI) phosphate Cr+6 PO4-3
Mo(MnO4)6 molybdenum(VI) permanganate Mo+6 MnO4-
Cd(IO4)2 cadmium periodate Cd+2 IO4-
Co(BrO3)3 cobalt(III) bromate Co+3 BrO3-
Ni(ClO2)2 nickel(II) chlorite Ni+2 ClO2-
Mg(BrO)2 magnesium hypobromite Mg+2 BrO-
Exercises
Formula Ous-Ic Name Stock System Name
PbCl2
PbCl4
SnBr2
SnBr4
Cu2O
CuO
FeO
Fe2O3
Au2S3
PtF2
Pt(NO3)4
Hg(ClO4)2
Hg2SO3
Exercises-Solution
Formula Ous-Ic Name Stock System Name
PbCl2 plumbous chloride lead(II) chloride
PbCl4 plumbic chloride lead(IV) chloride
SnBr2 stannous bromide tin(II) bromide
SnBr4 stannic bromide tin(IV) bromide
Cu2O cuprous oxide copper(I) oxide
CuO cupric oxide copper(II) oxide
FeO ferrous oxide iron(II) oxide
Fe2O3 ferric oxide iron(III) oxide
Au2S3 auric sulfide gold(III) sulfide
PtF2 platinous fluoride platinum(II) fluoride
Pt(NO3)4 platinic nitrate platinum(IV) nitrate
Hg(ClO4)2 mercuric perchlorate mercury(II) perchlorate
Hg2SO3 mercurous sulfite mercury(I) sulfite
Exercises
Answers
Exercises
Answers