Ebooks File Yellow Rose 2nd Edition Yoshiya Nobuko All Chapters
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Yellow Rose
by Yoshiya Nobuko
Translated with an Introduction by Sarah Frederick
www.expandeditions.com
Originally published as “Kibara” (黄薔薇) in the magazine Girls’ Pictorial
(Shōjo gahō) from April to September, 1923
Second Edition
Table of Contents
Translator’s Introduction
Suggested Readings
“Yellow Rose”
I. Queer Bond Between Two Blossoms
II. A Flower Petal for a Bookmark
III. Sappho’s Pledge
IV. A Tearful Farewell at the Port
Notes
She had a whole array of arguments why it was not a good idea for
parents to decide whom their children married. But now, standing
before these particular parents, none of those arguments seemed the
least bit convincing. Nor did it help that she was all too conscious
of the fact that Reiko’s refusal to marry was based on nothing other
than her own excessive love for the girl. What paltry support that
was for one who was trying to make a shield of their love and
boldly show it to the world! So it is that the sadness of those who
love their own sex and therefore cannot live their lives in the form
of a conventional marriage is redoubled by the chagrin of parents—
for whom marriage represents the sole pinnacle of womanly
achievement—and the opprobrium and scorn of everyone else.
Miss Katsuragi lost track of any way to uphold her own position—
and so she made her decision.
This scene is quite difficult for the translator as it expresses a moment when
Katsuragi’s logical, philosophical nature and resolve fail her—she does not
know what argument to use, what social structure into which to place her
relationship, as it is not possible, “being of the same sex,” for it to exist “in
the form of a conventional marriage” (sejō no kekkon no kata).11 While from
a contemporary or American perspective one might think that the mother
would mind the thickness of her daughter’s friendship with her high school
teacher, this is utterly uncontroversial and the mother values that “worship”
herself. Rather than anything to do with their sexuality or desires, it is the
family structure and expectations of marriage that put the mother in a bind
(and the mother’s own request is tellingly quite fragmented as well). The
same confusion Katsuragi displays in this paragraph pervades the whole
story. She continually seeks an architecture of and space for thought that
might fit her feelings and desires, something that might offer more than
“paltry support” of their endeavor.
Yoshiya’s Two Virgins in an Attic (Yaneura no nishojo) of a couple of
years earlier uses more explicitly architectural imagery for the girl who
becomes an adult and must move her theory of love into social spaces:
As her girlhood days went by, Akiko held her breath upon reading
St. Clara’s autobiography and stories of St. Francis, and
constructed out of them a deep, deep world of adoration. When she
tried to pass from those girlhood days into the realm of adult
womanhood, that beautiful illusion was, if not broken,
disappearing. And not only was it fading away, but there was no
sign of something being built to replace it. Like a demolition with
no construction project to follow, her spirit was a cavity holding
nothing but tears of anxious gloom.12
Along with trains, what connects the characters in the story is writing:
fragments of poems, letters, and telegrams, like the girls’ magazine
publication venue of the stories themselves, built connections among the
readers, wherever they might be located spatially.
Many of these connections are multilingual and international. Not
surprisingly, most of the limited scholarship on Flower Stories mentions the
direct and indirect references to Sappho in this story, including a fragment as
translated by Ueda Bin in the collection Kaichōon and, via the words of
essayist and aesthetician Takayama Chogyū, the story of the life of this
woman from Lesbos and her love of another woman. The references to
Chogyū, whose writings about Sappho she quotes, are also a subtle part of
Katsuragi’s links to Meiji-era homosocial cultures of two decades earlier and
what might be a proto-“Boys Love” mode.13
Katsuragi uses this memorized Chogyū narrative to communicate by
providing a structure or precedent for her feelings and desires. We see her
strategizing to formulate her desires and her ideas through extensive reading
—of Meiji-era Japanese intellectuals, Yeats, and other European poetry—and
to teach those to her new friend in a way she is hesitant to do in the classroom
itself (where her lesson-style seems to consist mostly of dictation, and she is
uncomfortable with her own teaching). This was not a unique strategy and we
find that lyrical poetry and fiction, and more specifically the translated poems
found in Ueda Bin’s collection, were especially popular among shōjo readers
at this time. Already in the 1910s, we can see the magazines that women
writers of the day circulated among themselves in Tokyo thronged with
names of recognizable cultural figures. Among these were writers like Yeats,
along with Oscar Wilde, Walt Whitman, and Leo Tolstoy, as well as public
figures like Swedish feminist Ellen Key, the socialist anarchist thinker Emma
Goldman, and the English socialist writer and advocate of free eros Edward
Carpenter, to name only a few.14 The original illustrations for “Yellow Rose”
by Fukiya Kōji allude to similar images from Aubrey Beardsley’s
illustrations for Oscar Wilde’s Salomé.15 Yoshiya herself invoked figures like
Edward Carpenter to think about schoolgirl relationships, using what we
might now call queer sexology to combat anxieties on the part of women
educators.
In any case, it seems that for Katsuragi Misao, it is initially the thought of
losing access to these rich intertexts that strikes fear in her heart as she sets
off on the train, as though in exile from the cultural center of Tokyo. Her
decision to study abroad in Boston (home of the “Boston marriage,” referring
to a relationship between two women who have set up house together) can be
read as an attempt to re-immerse herself in this culture, even though her
pursuit ends tragically.16
So Katsuragi never finds a framework, but it is clear that the story itself
does question the existing frames: “parents choosing marriage partners,” the
uncle’s profiteering view of “study abroad,” teaching as a catch-all career for
educated women, and even the immigration center that employs Katsuragi
but cannot mend her emotional suffering. The moments of coincidence such
as those created by the train and chance meetings, their doubled shadows as
they stand on the beach, and the near miss in Colorado all provide their own
sense of melodramatic structure that allow the reader to feel the utopian
possibility of a space for these two girls love, even when there is no space
other than in the depths of their own hearts.