LOAD CALCULATION EXAMPLE:

A single-family detached house with floor plan shown in Figure 1 is located in Atlanta, GA, USA.
Construction characteristics are documented in Table 17. Using the RLF method, find the block
(whole-house) design cooling and heating loads. A furnace/air- conditioner forced-air system is
planned with a well-sealed and well-insulated (R-8 wrap) attic duct system.
Solution

Design
Conditions. Table 18 summarizes design conditions. Typical indoor conditions are assumed.
 Table 2 Typical Fenestration Characteristics

Operable fixed

Vinyl/Aluminum

Vinyl/Aluminum
Aluminum with

Fiberglass/Vinyl
Aluminum with

Fiberglass/Vinyl

Thermal Break
Thermal Break

Clad Wood

Clad Wood
Reinforced

Reinforced

Wood/Vinyl

Insulated
Insulated
Wood/Vinyl
Aluminum

Aluminum
Glazing Type Layers IDb Propertyc,d center of Glazing
Clear 1 1a U 5.91 7.24 6.12 5.14 5.05 4.61 6.42 6.07 5.55 5.55 5.35
SHGC 0.86 0.75 0.75 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.78 0.78 0.75 0.75 0.75
2 5a U 2.73 4.62 3.42 3.00 2.87 5.83 3.61 3.22 2.86 2.84 2.72
SHGC 0.76 0.67 0.67 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.69 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.67
3 29a U 1.76 3.80 2.60 2.25 2.19 1.91 2.76 2.39 2.05 2.01 1.93
SHGC 0.68 0.60 0.60 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.60
Low-e, low-solar 2 25a U 1.70 3.83 2.68 2.33 2.21 1.89 2.75 2.36 2.03 2.01 1.90
SHGC 0.41 0.37 0.37 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.36
3 40c U 1.02 3.22 2.07 1.76 1.71 1.45 2.13 1.76 1.44 1.40 1.33
SHGC 0.27 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24
Low-e, high-solar 2 17c U 1.99 4.05 2.89 2.52 2.39 2.07 2.99 2.60 2.26 2.24 2.13
SHGC 0.70 0.62 0.62 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.64 0.64 0.61 0.61 0.61
3 32c U 1.42 3.54 2.36 2.02 1.97 1.70 2.47 2.10 1.77 1.73 1.66
SHGC 0.62 0.55 0.55 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.54
Heat-absorbing 1 1c U 5.91 7.24 6.12 5.14 5.05 4.61 6.42 6.07 5.55 5.55 5.35
SHGC 0.73 0.64 0.64 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.66 0.66 0.64 0.64 0.64
2 5c U 2.73 4.62 3.42 3.00 2.87 2.53 3.61 3.22 2.86 2.84 2.72
SHGC 0.62 0.55 0.55 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.54 0.54
3 29c U 1.76 3.80 2.60 2.25 2.19 1.91 2.76 2.39 2.05 2.01 1.93
SHGC 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30
Reflective 1 1l U 5.91 7.24 6.12 5.14 5.05 4.61 6.42 6.07 5.55 5.55 5.35
SHGC 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.27
2 5p U 2.73 4.62 3.42 3.00 2.87 2.53 3.61 3.22 2.86 2.84 2.72
SHGC 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26
3 29c U 1.76 3.80 2.60 2.25 2.19 1.91 2.76 2.39 2.05 2.01 1.93
SHGC 0.34 0.31 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Table 3 Unit Leakage Area

Construction Description Aul , cm2 / m2

Tight Construction supervised by air-sealing 0.7

specialist
Good Carefully sealed construction by 1.4
knowledgeable builder
Average
Typical current production housing 2.8
Leaky
Typical pre-1970 houses 5.6
Very leaky
Old houses in original condition 10.4
 Table 5 Typical IDF Values, L/ (s · cm)
Heating Design Temperature, °C Heating Design Temperature, °C

H (m) -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 30 35 40

2.5 0.10 0.095 0.086 0.077 0.069 0.060 0.031 0.035 0.040

0.11 0.10 0.093 0.083 0.072 0.061 0.032 0.038 0.043

3
4 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.093 0.079 0.065 0.034 0.042 0.049

5 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.086 0.069 0.036 0.046 0.055

6 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.093 0.072 0.039 0.050 0.061

7 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.075 0.041 0.051 0.068

8 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.079 0.043 0.058 0.074

Table 6 Typical Duct Loss/Gain Factors

Supply/Return Leakage 11%/11% 5%/5% 11%/11% 5%/5%

Location Insulation (m2 ·K)/W R-0 R-0.7 R-1.4 R-0 R-0.7 R-1.4 R-0 R-0.7 R-1.4 R-0 R-0.7 R-1.4

Attic C 1.26 0.71 0.63 0.68 0.33 0.27 1.02 0.66 0.60 0.53 0.29 0.25
H/F 0.49 0.29 0.25 0.34 0.16 0.13 0.41 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.14 0.12
H/HP 0.56 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.19 0.16 0.49 0.35 0.33 0.28 0.17 0.15
Basement C 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.04
H/F 0.28 0.18 0.16 0.19 0.10 0.08 0.24 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.09 0.08
H/HP 0.23 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.09 0.08 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.12 0.08 0.07
Crawlspace C 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.05
H/F 0.49 0.29 0.25 0.34 0.16 0.13 0.41 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.14 0.12
H/HP 0.56 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.19 0.16 0.49 0.35 0.33 0.28 0.17 0.15
 Table 7 Opaque Surface Cooling Factor Coefficients
Surface type OFt OFb, K OFr
Ceiling or wall adjacent to vented attic 0.62 14.3roof – 4.5 –0.19

Ceiling/roof assembly 1 38.3roof – 7.0 –0.36

Wall (wood frame) or door with solar

1 8.2 –0.36
exposure
Wall (wood frame) or door (shaded) 1 0 –0.36
Floor over ambient 1 0 –0.06
Floor over crawlspace 0.33 0 –0.28
Slab floor (see Slab Floor section)

Table 8 Roof Solar Absorptance roof

Color
Material
White Light Medium Dark
Asphalt shingles 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.92
Tile 0.30 0.40 0.80 0.80
Metal 0.35 0.50 0.70 0.90
Elastomeric coating 0.30
 Table 10 Peak Irradiance, W/m2

latitude

Exposure 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60°

North ED 106 98 98 104 117 138 167 203 106

Ed 97 85 74 65 56 48 41 34 97
Et 203 183 172 169 174 187 208 237 203
Northeast/Northwest ED 442 442 444 447 451 457 465 474 442
Ed 149 139 131 124 117 111 106 100 149
Et 590 582 575 571 568 568 570 574 590
East/West ED 524 548 570 590 608 624 638 651 524
Ed 178 171 164 159 154 149 145 141 178
Et 702 719 734 748 761 773 783 792 702

Southeast/Southwest ED 299 355 407 455 499 540 577 610 299

Ed 193 187 182 178 174 170 167 164 193

Et 492 542 589 632 673 710 744 775 492

South ED 21 114 203 286 365 439 506 574 21

Ed 197 192 188 185 182 180 177 175 197

E 218 306 391 471 547 619 686 749 218

Horizontal ED 788 790 782 765 739 705 661 608 788
Ed 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170
E 958 960 952 935 909 875 831 778 958

Table 11 Exterior Attachment Transmission

Attachment Tx

None 1.0

Exterior insect screen 0.64 (see Chapter 15, Table 13G)

Manufacturer shading coefficient (SC) value,

Shade screen typically 0.4 to 0.6
 Table 12 Shade Line Factors (SLFs)
Latitude

Exposure 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° 50° 55° 60°

North 2.8 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8

1.4 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.8

Northeast/Northwest

East/West 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8

Southeast/Southwest 2.1 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1

South 20.0 14.0 6.9 4.7 3.3 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.4

Table 13 Fenestration Solar Load Factors FFs

Exposure Single Family Detached Multifamily

North 0.44 0.27
Northeast 0.21 0.43
East 0.31 0.56
Southeast 0.37 0.54
South 0.47 0.53
Southwest 0.58 0.61
West 0.56 0.65
Northwest 0.46 0.57
Horizontal 0.58 0.73
 Table 14 Interior Attenuation Coefficients (IACcl)

Drapes Roller Shades

Blinds
Glazing Open-
Glazing Type (ID*) Closed-Weave Opaque
Layers Weave Translucent
Light
Light Dark Light Dark White Medium White

Clear (1a) 0.64 0.71 0.45 0.64 0.34 0.44 0.74 0.66
1
Heat absorbing (1c) 0.68 0.72 0.50 0.67 0.40 0.49 0.76 0.69

Clear (5a) 0.72 0.81 0.57 0.76 0.48 0.55 0.82 0.74
Low-e high-solar
0.76 0.86 0.64 0.82 0.57 0.62 0.86 0.79
(17c)
2
Low-e low-solar
0.79 0.88 0.68 0.85 0.60 0.66 0.88 0.82
(25a)
Heat absorbing (5c) 0.73 0.82 0.59 0.77 0.51 0.58 0.83 0.76

Table 18 Example House Design Conditions

Item Heating Cooling Notes
Latitude — — 33.64°N
Elevation — — 315 m
Indoor temperature 20°C 24°C
Indoor relative humidity N/A 50% No humidification
Outdoor temperature –3.5°C 33°C Cooling: 1% value
Heating: 99%
Daily range N/A 9.3°K
Outdoor wet bulb N/A 23.2°C MCWB* at 1%
Wind speed 6.7 m/s 3.4 m/s Default assumption
Design t 23.5 K 9K
Moisture difference 0.0050 kg/kg Psychrometric chart
*MCWB = mean coincident wet bulb.
 Table 17 Example House Characteristics
Component Description Factors
Roof/ceiling Flat wood frame ceiling (insulated with R-5.3 fiberglass) beneath U = 0.18 W/(m2 ·K)
vented attic with medium asphalt shingle roof
Exterior walls Wood frame, exterior wood sheathing, interior gypsum board, R- 
roof = 0.85
2.3 fiberglass insulation
U =0.51 W/(m2 ·K)
Doors Wood, solid core U = 2.3 W/(m2 ·K)

Floor Slab on grade with heavy carpet over rubber pad; R-0.9 edge Rcvr = 0.21 (m2·K)/W
insulation to 1 m below grade
Fp = 85 W/(m2·K)

Windows Low-e/low-solar in wood frames. Half fixed, half operable with Fixed: U = 2.01 W/( m2·K); SHGC =
insect screens (except living room picture window, which is 0.36
fixed). 0.6 m eave overhang on east and west with eave edge at Operable: U = 2.21 W/( m2·K) SHGC =
same height as top of glazing for all windows. Allow for typical 0.31
closed-weave light drape interior shading, half closed. Tx = 0.64
IACcl = 0.68
Aul = 1.4 cm2/m2
Construction Good

Table 19 Example House Component

Quantities
Component Quantity Notes
Ceiling 195.3 m2 Overall area less garage area
Doors 3.8 m2 2 (each 0.9 by 2.1 m)
Windows 13.9 m2
Walls, exposed exterior 126.2 m2 gross, Wall height = 2.4 m
108.5 m2 net

Walls, garage 35.0 m2

Floor area 195.3 m2
Floor perimeter 67.2 m Include perimeter adjacent to garage
Total exposed 356.5 m2 Wall gross area (including garage
surface wall) plus ceiling area
Volume 468.7 m2
Solution:
Infiltration and Ventilation Load:
From Table 3, Aul for this house is 1.4 cm/m of exposed surface area. Applying
Equation (1)
𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑢𝑙 (1)
𝐴𝐿 = 𝐴𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑢𝑙 = 356.5 × 1.4 = 499 cm2
Using Table 5, estimate heating and cooling IDF to be 0.073 and 0.035 (L·s)/cm2,
respectively
Apply Equation (2) to find the infiltration leakage rates and Equation (3) to
convert the rate to air changes per hour:
𝑄𝑖 = 𝐴𝐿 IDF (2)
3.6𝑄𝑖
ACH = (3)
𝑉

𝑄𝑖,ℎ = 499 × 0.073 = 36 L/s (0.28ach)

𝑄𝑖,𝑐 = 499 × 0.035 = 17 L/s (0.13ach)
Calculate the ventilation outdoor air requirement with Equation (4) using
Acf = 195.3 m2 and Nbr = 3
𝑄𝑣 = 0.15𝐴𝑐𝑓 + 3.5(𝑁𝑏𝑟 + 1) (4)
𝑄𝑣 = 0.15 ∗ 195.3 + 3.5(3 + 1) = 43 𝐿/𝑠
For design purposes, assume that this requirement is met by a mechanical system
with balanced supply and exhaust flow rates (Qunbal = 0).
Find the combined infiltration/ventilation flow rates by summing the balanced
ventilation flow with net infiltration flow derived with Equation (5):
𝑄𝑣𝑖 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑄unbal , 𝑄𝑖 + 0.5𝑄unbal ) (5)
𝑄𝑣𝑖,ℎ = 43 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥(0,36 + 0.5 × 0) = 79L/s
𝑄𝑣𝑖,𝑐 = 43 + 𝑚𝑎𝑥(0,17 + 0.5 × 0) = 60L/s
At Atlanta’s elevation of 313 m, elevation adjustment of heat factors results in a
small (4%) reduction in air heat transfer; thus, adjustment is unnecessary,
resulting in Cs = 1.23 W/(L·s·K). Use Equation (6) with Qbal,hr = 0 and Qbal,oth = 0 to
calculate the sensible infiltration/ventilation loads:
𝑞𝑣𝑖,𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠 [𝑄𝑣𝑖 + (1 − 𝜀𝑠 )𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑙,ℎ𝑟 + 𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑙,𝑜𝑡ℎ ]Δ𝑡 (6)
𝑞𝑣𝑖,𝑠,ℎ = 1.23 × 79 × 23 = 2235W
𝑞𝑣𝑖,𝑠,𝑐 = 1.23 × 60 × 9.1 = 672W
Internal Gain load:
Apply Equation (7) to find the sensible cooling load from internal gain:
𝑞𝑖𝑔,𝑠 = 136 + 2.2𝐴𝑐𝑓 + 22𝑁𝑜𝑐 (7)
𝑞𝑖𝑔,𝑠 = 136 + 2.2 × 195.3 + 22(3 + 1) = 654W
Opaque Surface Factors.
Heating and cooling factors are derived for each component condition. Table 20
shows the resulting factors and their sources.

Window Factors.
Deriving cooling factors for windows requires identifying all unique glazing
configurations in the house. Equation (8) input items indicate that the variations
for this case are exposure, window height (with overhang shading), and frame
type (which determines U-factor, SHGC, and the presence of insect screen). CF
derivation for all configurations is summarized in Table 21.
CF𝑓𝑒𝑛 = 𝑈(Δ𝑡 − 0.46DR) + PXI × SHGC × IAC × FF𝑠 (8)
For example, CF for operable 1 m high windows facing west (the second row in Table 21)
is derived as follows:
• U-factor and SHGC are found in Table 2.
• Each operable window is equipped with an insect screen. From Table 11, Tx = 0.64 for
this arrangement.
• Overhang shading is evaluated with Equation (9). For west exposure and latitude 34°,
Table 12 shows SLF = 1.1. Overhang depth (Doh) is 0.6 m and the window-overhang
distance (Xoh) is 0 m. With window height h of 0.9 m, Fs = 0.73 (73% shaded).
SLF×𝐷𝑜ℎ −𝑋𝑜ℎ
𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑑 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 [1, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (0, )] (9)
ℎ
• PXI depends on peak irradiance and shading. Approximating site latitude as 35°N,
Table 10 shows ED = 570 and Ed = 164 W/m2 for west exposure. Equation (10) combines
these values with Tx and Fs to find
PXI = 𝑇𝑥 [𝐸𝑑 + (1 − 𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑑 )𝐸𝐷 ] (10)
𝑃𝑋𝐼 = 0.64[164 + (1 – 0.73)570] = 203 𝑊/𝑚2 .
• All windows are assumed to have some sort of interior shading in the half-
closed position. Use Equation (11) with Fcl = 0.5 and IACcl = 0.68 (per Table 17) to
derive
IAC = 1 + 𝐹𝑐𝑙 (IAC𝑐𝑙 − 1) (11)
IAC =0.84
• FFs is taken from Table 13 for west exposure.
• Finally, inserting the preceding values into Equation (8) gives
CF = 2.21(9.1 – 0.46 × 9.3) + 203 × 0.31 × 0.84 × 0.56 = 40.3 W/𝑚2
CFslab = 1.9 − 1.4ℎ𝑠𝑟𝑓 (12) CF𝑜𝑝𝑞 = 𝑈(OF𝑡 Δ𝑡 + OF𝑏 + OF𝑟 DR) (13)
 Table 20 House Opaque Surface Factors
U, W/ (m2 ·K) or Heating Cooling
Component Fp, W/(m·K) HF Reference OFt OF OFr CF Reference
b
Ceiling 0.18 4.14 Equation (34) 0.62 7.66 –0.19 2.08 Table 7 Equation (13)
Wall 0.51 11.73 1 8.20 –0.36 7.09
Garage wall 0.51 11.73 1 0.00 –0.36 2.93
Door 2.3 52.90 1 8.20 –0.36 32.0
9
Floor perimeter 0.85 19.55 Chapter 18, Equation
(42)
Floor area 1.9 –1.4/(0.21 + 0.12) = 4.24 –2.34 Equation (12)

Table 21 Example House Windows Factors

Height U, W/ (m2 ·K) HF Tx Fshd PXI SHGC IAC FFs CF
Exposure m Frame Table 2 Eq. (34) Table 11 Eq. (28) Eq. (27) Table 2 Eq. (29) Table 13 Eq. (25)
West 0.9 Fixed 2.01 46.2 1 0.73 318 0.36 0.84 0.56 63.5
0.9 Operable 2.21 50.8 0.64 0.73 203 0.31 0.84 0.56 40.3
1.8 Fixed 2.01 46.2 1 0.37 523 0.36 0.84 0.56 98.3
1.8 Operable 2.21 50.8 0.64 0.37 335 0.31 0.84 0.56 59.5
2.4 Fixed 2.01 46.2 1 0.28 574 0.36 0.84 0.56 107.0
South 1.2 Fixed 2.01 46.2 1 0.00 391 0.36 0.84 0.47 65.3
1.2 Operable 2.21 50.8 0.64 0.00 250 0.31 0.84 0.47 41.3
East 0.9 Fixed 2.01 46.2 1 0.73 318 0.36 0.84 0.31 39.5
0.9 Operable 2.21 50.8 0.64 0.73 203 0.31 0.84 0.31 27.1
1.2 Fixed 2.01 46.2 1 0.55 421 0.36 0.84 0.31 49.1
1.2 Operable 2.21 50.8 0.64 0.55 269 0.31 0.84 0.31 32.4

Table 22 Example House Envelope Loads

Quantity, m2 or m Heating Load, W Cooling Load, W
Component HF CF

Ceiling 4.14 2.08 195.3 809 405

Wall 11.73 7.12 108.5 1273 772
Garage wall 11.73 2.93 35 411 103
Door 52.9 32.09 3.8 201 122
Floor perimeter 19.6 --------- 67.2 1317 0
Floor area --------- –2.34 195.3 0 –457
W-Fixed-0.9 46.2 63.5 0.4 18 25
W-Operable-0.9 50.8 40.3 0.4 20 16
W-Fixed-1.8 46.2 98.3 1.1 51 108
W-Operable-1.8 50.8 59.5 1.1 56 65
W-Fixed-2.4 46.2 107.0 4.3 199 460
S-Fixed-1.2 46.2 65.3 0.7 32 46
S-Operable-1.2 50.8 41.3 0.7 36 29
E-Fixed-0.9 46.2 39.5 0.4 18 16
E-Operable-0.9 50.8 27.1 0.4 20 11
E-Fixed-1.2 46.2 49.1 2.2 102 108
E-Operable-1.2 50.8 32.4 2.2 112 71

Envelope totals 4674 1900

 Table 23 Example House Total Sensible Loads
Item Heating Load, W Cooling Load, W
Envelope 4674 1900
Infiltration/ventilation 2235 672
Internal gain --------- 654
Subtotal 6909 3225
Distribution loss 898 871
Total sensible load 7807 4096
Loads using HAP 6994 4884
Error percentage 10.41% 16.13%

Distribution Losses and Total Sensible Load.

Table 23 summarizes the sensible load components. Distribution loss factors Fdl
are estimated (from Table 6) at 0.13 for heating and 0.27 for cooling.
Latent Load.
Use Equation (14) with Cl = 3010 W/(L·s), Qvi,c = 60 L/s, Qbal,oth = 0, and W =
0.0050 to calculate the infiltration/ ventilation latent load.
𝑞𝑣𝑖,𝑙 = 𝐶𝑙 (𝑄𝑣𝑖 + 𝑄𝑏𝑎𝑙,𝑜𝑡ℎ )Δ𝑊 (14)
𝑞𝑣𝑖,𝑙 = 903 𝑊
Use Equation (15) to find the latent load from internal gains = 111 W.
𝑞𝑖𝑔,𝑙 = 20 + 0.22𝐴𝑐𝑓 + 12𝑁𝑜𝑐 (15)
The total latent cooling load is 752 W
 SYMBOLS
𝐴 = area, m2 ; ground surface temperature amplitude, ∘ C
𝐴𝐿 = building effective leakage area (including flue) at 4 Pa, assuming
𝐶𝐷 = 1, cm2
𝐶𝑙 = air latent heat factor, 3010 W/(L ⋅ s) at sea level
𝐶𝑠 = air sensible heat factor, 23 W/(L ⋅ s ⋅ K) at sea level
𝐶𝑡 = air total heat factor, 1.2 W/(L ⋅ s)(kJ/kg) at sea level
CF = cooling load factor, W/m2
𝐷𝑜ℎ = depth of overhang (from plane of fenestration), m
DR = daily range of outdoor dry-bulb temperature, K
𝐸 = peak irradiance for exposure, W/m2
𝐹𝑑𝑙 = distribution loss factor
𝐹𝑝 = heat loss coefficient per unit length of perimeter, W/(m ⋅ K)
𝐹shd = shaded fraction
FF = coefficient for CF𝑓𝑒𝑛
𝐺 = internal gain coefficient
ℎ𝑠𝑟𝑓 = effective surface conductance, including resistance of slab
covering material such as carpet, 1/(𝑅𝑐𝑣𝑟 + 0.12)W/(m2 ⋅ K)
Δℎ = indoor/outdoor enthalpy difference, kJ/kg
𝐻 = height, m
HF = heating (load) factor, W/m2
𝐼 = infiltration coefficient
IAC = interior shading attenuation coefficient
IDF = infiltration driving force, L/(s ⋅ cm2 )
𝑘 = conductivity, W/(m ⋅ K)
LF = load factor, W/m2
OF = coefficient for CF𝑜𝑝𝑞
𝑝 = perimeter or exposed edge of floor, m
PXI = peak exterior irradiance, including shading modifications,
W/m2
𝑞 = heating or cooling load, W
𝑄 = air volumetric flow rate, L/S
𝑅 = insulation thermal resistance, (m2 ⋅ K)/W
SHGC = fenestration rated or estimated NFRC solar heat gain coefficient
SLF = shade line factor
𝑡 = temperature, ∘ C
𝑇𝑥 = solar transmission of exterior attachment
Δ𝑡 = design dry-bulb temperature difference (cooling or heating), K
𝑈 = construction U-factor, W/(m2 ⋅ K ) (for fenestration, NFRC rated
heating U-factor)
𝑤 = width, m
Δ𝑊 = indoor-outdoor humidity ratio difference, kg 𝑤 /kg 𝑑𝑎
𝑉 = building volume, m3
𝑋𝑜ℎ = vertical distance from top of fenestration to overhang, m
𝑧 = depth below grade, m
𝛼roof = roof solar absorptance
𝜀 = heat/energy recovery ventilation (HRV/ERV) effectiveness
Subscripts
𝑎𝑣𝑔 = average
𝑏 = base (as in OF𝑏 ), basement, b
bal = balanced
𝑏𝑓 = basement floor
𝑏𝑙 = building load
𝑏𝑤 = basement wall
𝑏𝑟 = bedrooms
ceil = ceiling
𝑐𝑓 = conditioned floor
𝑐𝑙 = closed
𝑐𝑣𝑟 = floor covering
𝑑 = diffuse, distribution
𝐷 = direct
𝑑𝑎 = dry air
𝑑𝑙 = distribution loss
𝑒𝑛𝑣 = envelope
es = exposed surface
exh = exhaust
fen = fenestration
floor = floor
𝑔𝑟 = ground
ℎ𝑟 = heat recovery
𝑖 = infiltration
in = indoor
𝑖𝑔 = internal gain
𝑙 = latent
𝑜 = outdoor
𝑜𝑐 = occupant
𝑜ℎ = overhang
𝑜𝑝𝑞 = opaque
oth = other
𝑝𝑓 = projected product
𝑟 = daily range (as in OF𝑟 )
𝑟ℎ𝑏 = calculated with RHB method
𝑠 = sensible or solar
shd = shaded
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = slab
𝑠𝑟𝑓 = surface
sup = supply
𝑡 = total or temperature (as in OF
𝑢𝑙 = unit leakage
unbal = unbalanced
𝑣 = ventilation
𝑣𝑖 = ventilation/infiltration
𝑤 = water
wall = wall
𝑥 = 𝑥th buffer space surface
Load calculation of administration building in Tukh Tanbisha

Floor number C.C (KW) Participants

Ground 180 ‫يوسف عبدالستار يوسف‬

‫عل‬
‫مصطف سعيد ي‬
‫ي‬

First 170 ‫محمد رمضان‬

‫يوسف يارس اسماعيل‬

Second 240 ‫هان ابراهيم حماد‬

‫ي‬
‫عبدهللا نزيه مختار‬

Total 590
Summer air conditioning system for Atlanta’s building
(reference example)

Data:
𝑡𝑅 = 24∘ C , 𝑅𝐻 = 50% , 𝑡0 = 33∘ C 𝑑𝑃 , 𝑡0 = 23.2∘ C Wb

𝑄𝑆 = 4096 W , 𝑄𝐿 = 752 W
𝑡𝑆 = 14∘ C , ˙ 0 = 0.3𝑚
𝑚 ˙𝑎

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶
ℎ𝑅 = 47.8 kJ/kg
ℎ0 = 68.9 kJ/kg

𝑚˙ 0 = 0.3𝑚
˙𝑎 , 𝑚˙ 𝑅 = 0.7𝑚
˙𝑎
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿 = 4848w
𝑄𝑆
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = 0.84
𝑄𝑆 +𝑄𝐿

𝑚
˙ 0 ℎ0 + 𝑚
˙ 𝑅 ℎ𝑅 = 𝑚
˙ 𝑎 ℎ𝑚

0.3 ∗ 𝑚
˙ 𝑎 ∗ 68.9 + 0.7𝑚
˙ 𝑎 ∗ 47.8
=𝑚 ˙ 𝑎 ∗ ℎ𝑚

ℎ𝑚 = 54.13 kJ/kg

𝜔𝑚 = 10.3 g/𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎

ℎ𝑠 = 35 kJ/𝑘𝑔

˙ 𝑎 (ℎ𝑅 − ℎ𝑠 )
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑚

4.848 = 𝑚̇𝑎(47.8 − 35)

𝑚̇𝑎 = 0.38 kg/s

˙ 𝑎 (ℎ𝑚 − ℎ𝑠 ) = 7.27 k𝑊 = 2.1 𝑇𝑅

𝑅𝐶 = 𝑚
Actual refrigeration cycle

Data : 𝑇𝑒 = 10℃ , 𝑇𝑐 = 50℃ , R. C = 7.27 KW , ∆𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑐 = 0.3𝑏𝑎𝑟 , ∆𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑙 =

0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 , Ƞ𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 0.85 , ∆𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 5℃ .
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶

ℎ1 = 355 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔 , 𝑃1 = 4.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟

ℎ2 = ℎ2′ = 360 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑃2′ = 3.8 𝑏𝑎𝑟 , 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ,
𝑣2′ = 0.05𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑛 𝑛
𝑃2′ ∗ 𝑣2′ = 𝑃3′ ∗ 𝑣3′ 3.8 ∗ 0.051.11 =
𝑛
12.5 ∗ 𝑣3′ 𝑣3 = 0.017𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
ℎ3 = ℎ3′ = 410 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ4 = ℎ5 = 248 𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑅. 𝑐 = ṁ𝑅 ∗ (ℎ1 − ℎ5 )
7.27 = ṁ𝑅 ∗ (355 − 248)
ṁ𝑅 = 0.07 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃𝑑 𝑛
𝑊. 𝐷 = ṁ𝑅 𝑃𝑠 𝑣𝑠 [ ( ) −1]
𝑛−1 𝑃𝑠

0.11
1.11 12.5 1.11
= ∗ 0.07 ∗ 3.8 ∗ 100 ∗ 0.05 [( ) − 1 ] = 1681 𝑊
0.11 3.8

𝑊. 𝐷 1681
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 1977.5 𝑊
Ƞ𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 0.85
𝑅. 𝐶 7.27 ∗ 103
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃 = = = 3.8
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 1977.5
Summer air conditioning system for the university building

Data:
𝑡𝑅 = 24∘ C , 𝑅𝐻 = 50% , 𝑡0 = 39∘ C 𝑑𝑃 , 𝑡0 = 24∘ C Wb

𝑄𝑆 = 590 KW , 𝑄𝐿 = 56 KW
𝑡𝑆 = 14∘ C , ˙ 0 = 0.5𝑚
𝑚 ˙𝑎

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶
ℎ𝑅 = 47.8 kJ/kg
ℎ0 = 72 kJ/kg

𝑚˙ 0 = 0.5𝑚
˙𝑎 , 𝑚˙ 𝑅 = 0.5𝑚
˙𝑎
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿 = 646 KW
𝑄𝑆
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = 0.91
𝑄𝑆 +𝑄𝐿

𝑚
˙ 0 ℎ0 + 𝑚
˙ 𝑅 ℎ𝑅 = 𝑚
˙ 𝑎 ℎ𝑚

0.5 ∗ 𝑚
˙ 𝑎 ∗ 72 + 0.5 ∗ 𝑚
˙ 𝑎 ∗ 47.8
=𝑚 ˙ 𝑎 ∗ ℎ𝑚

ℎ𝑚 = 59.9 kJ/kg

𝜔𝑚 = 10.8 g/𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎

ℎ𝑠 = 33.5 kJ/𝑘𝑔

˙ 𝑎 (ℎ𝑅 − ℎ𝑠 )
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑚

646 = 𝑚̇𝑎(47.8 − 35)

𝑚̇𝑎 = 50.47 kg/s

˙ 𝑎 (ℎ𝑚 − ℎ𝑠 ) = 1332.41 K𝑊 = 380.69 𝑇𝑅

𝑅𝐶 = 𝑚
Actual refrigeration cycle
Data :

𝑇𝑒 = −10℃ , 𝑇𝑐 = 50℃ , R. C = 1332.41 KW , 𝑇1 = −8 ℃ , 𝑇7 = 38℃

∆𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑙 = 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟, ∆𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑐 = 0.3𝑏𝑎𝑟, ∆𝑃𝑒 = 0.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟, ∆𝑃𝑐 = 0.4 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Ƞ𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 0.85 , ∆𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 5℃
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∶

ℎ1 = 352 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔 , 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 1.8 𝑏𝑎𝑟

ℎ2 = ℎ3 = 355 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑃3 = 1.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 , 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟 ,
𝑣3 = 0.1125 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑃4 = 12.9 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑃3 ∗ 𝑣3 𝑛 = 𝑃4 ∗ 𝑣4 𝑛
1.5 ∗ 0.11251.11 = 12.9 ∗ 𝑣4 𝑛
𝑣4 = 0.0162 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
ℎ4 = ℎ5 = 396 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ6 = 248 𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔 , ℎ7 = ℎ8 = 235 𝐾𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝑅. 𝑐 = ṁ𝑅 ∗ (ℎ1 − ℎ8 )
1332.41 = ṁ𝑅 ∗ (352 − 235)
ṁ𝑅 = 11.39 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃𝑑 𝑛
𝑊. 𝐷 = ṁ𝑅 𝑃𝑠 𝑣𝑠 [ ( 𝑃 ) −1]
𝑛−1 𝑠

0.11
1.11 12.9 1.11
= ∗ 11.39 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 100 ∗ 0.1125 ∗ [( ) − 1 ] = 460.99 𝐾𝑊
0.11 1.5

𝑊. 𝐷 460.99
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 542.34 𝐾𝑊
Ƞ𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ 0.85
𝑅. 𝐶 1332.41
𝐶. 𝑂. 𝑃 = = = 2.46
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 542.34
Appliances Volt Watts (AC) hr/day day/week Watts hrs
Light Lamps 12 19865 14 6 238380

Oven toaster 12 7200 4 6 37028

TV 12 1200 10 6 10285

computer 12 12000 12 6 123428

Coffee Maker 12 2400 3 6 6171.43

Refrigerator 12 3000 18 6 46285.7

Air 12 542340 6 6 2789177.143

conditioning

Printer 12 2000 5 6 8571.43

Air Fan 12 16000 10 6 137142.86

Total Watts = 63665 AC average daily load

=3396471.429