The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.

43/16) SD - 4
Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on
30.01.2020 and it has been decided to implement it from academic year 2020-21

PHYSICS
Standard XII

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2020
Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
Curriculum Research, Pune.
First Edition : © Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
2020 Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004.
Reprint : 2021 The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production
and Curriculum Research reserves all rights relating to
the book. No part of this book should be reproduced
without the written permission of the Director, Maharashtra
State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum
Research, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004.

Committee:
Illustration
Dr. Chandrashekhar V. Murumkar, Chairman Shri. Shubham Chavan
Dr. Dilip Sadashiv Joag, Convener Cover
Shri. Vinayak Shripad Katdare, Co- Convener Shri. Vivekanand S. Patil
Dr. Pushpa Khare, Member Typesetting
Dr. Rajendra Shankar Mahamuni, Member DTP Section, Textbook Bureau, Pune
Dr. Anjali Kshirsagar, Member
Co-ordination :
Dr. Rishi Baboo Sharma, Member
Shri. Rajiv Arun Patole
Shri. Ramesh Devidas Deshpande, Member Special Officer - Science Section
Shri. Rajiv Arun Patole, Member Secretary Physics

Paper
Study group:
70 GSM Creamwove
Dr. Umesh Anant Palnitkar
Print Order
Dr. Vandana Laxmanrao Jadhav Patil
Dr. Neelam Sunil Shinde Printer
Dr. Radhika Gautamkumar Deshmukh
Shri. Dinesh Madhusudan Joshi
Smt. Smitha Menon Production
Shri. Govind Diliprao Kulkarni Shri Sachchitanand Aphale
Chief Production Officer
Smt. Pratibha Pradeep Pandit
Shri Liladhar Atram
Shri. Prashant Panditrao Kolase
Production Officer
Dr. Archana Balasaheb Bodade
Dr. Jayashri Kalyanrao Chavan Publisher
Smt. Mugdha Milind Taksale Shri Vivek Uttam Gosavi
Dr. Prabhakar Nagnath Kshirsagar Controller
Shri. Ramchandra Sambhaji Shinde Maharashtra State Textbook
Bureau, Prabhadevi,
Shri. Brajesh Pandey
Mumbai - 400 025
 The Constitution of India

Preamble

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having

solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to
all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith
and worship;
EQUALITY of status and    of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of
the individual and the unity and integrity of the
Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this
twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY
ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES
THIS CONSTITUTION.
NATIONAL ANTHEM
 Preface
Dear Students,
With great pleasure we place this detailed text book on basic physics in the hands of
the young generation. This is not only a textbook of physics for XIIth standard, but contains
material that will be useful for the reader for self study.
This textbook aims to give the student a broad perspective to look into the physics
aspect in various phenomena they experience. The National Curriculum Framework (NCF)
was formulated in the year 2005, followed by the State Curriculum Framework (SCF) in
2010. Based on the given two frameworks, reconstruction of the curriculum and preparation
of a revised syllabus has been undertaken which will be introduced from the academic year
2020-21. The textbook incorporating the revised syllabus has been prepared and designed
by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research,
(Balbharati), Pune.
The objective of bringing out this book is to prepare students to observe and analyse
various physical phenomena is the world around them and prepare a solid foundation for
those who aspire for admission to professional courses through competitive examinations.
Most of the chapters in this book assume background knowledge of the subject covered by
the text book for XIth Standard, and care has been taken of mentioning this in the appropriate
sections of the book. The book is not in the form of handy notes but embodies a good
historical background and in depth discussion as well. A number of solved examples in
every chapter and exercises at the end of each one of them are included with a view that
students will acquire proficiency and also will get enlightened after solving the exercises.
Physics is a highly conceptual subject. Problem solving will enable students understand the
underlying concepts. For students who want more, boxes entitled ‘Do you know?’ have been
included at a number of places.
If you read the book carefully and solve the exercises in each chapter, you will
be well prepared to face the challenges of this competitive world and pave the way for a
successful career ahead.
The efforts taken to prepare the textbook will prove to be worthwhile if you read the
textbook and understand the subject. We hope it will be a wonderful learning experience for
you and an illuminating text material for teachers too.

(Vivek Gosavi)
Pune Director
Date : 21 February, 2020 Maharashtra State Bureau of Texbook
Bhartiya Saur : 2 Phalguna, 1941 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune
 - For Teachers -
Dear Teachers, introduced in a graded manner to facilitate
We are happy to introduce the revised knowledge building.
textbook of Physics for XIIth standard. This P 'Error in measurements' is an important
book is a sincere attempt to follow the topic in physics. Please ask the students to
maxims of teaching as well as develop a use this in estimating errors in their
‘constructivist’ approach to enhance the measurements. This must become an
quality of learning. The demand for more integral part of laboratory practices.
activity based, experiential and innovative P Major concepts of physics have a scientific
learning opportunities is the need of the base. Encourage group work, learning
hour. The present curriculum has been through each other’s help, etc. Facilitate
restructured so as to bridge the credibility peer learning as much as possible by
gap that exists between what is taught and reorganizing the class structure frequently.
what students learn from direct experience P Do not use the boxes titled ‘Do you know?’
in the outside world. Guidelines provided or ‘Use your brain power’ for evaluation.
below will help to enrich the teaching- However, teachers must ensure that students
learning process and achieve the desired read this extra information and think about
learning outcomes. the questions posed.
P To begin with, get familiar with the P For evaluation, equal weightage should be
textbook yourself, and encourage the assigned to all the topics. Use different
students to read each chapter carefully. combinations of questions. Stereotype
P The present book has been prepared for questions should be avoided.
constructivist and activity-based teaching, P Use Q.R. Code given in the textbook. Keep
including problem solving exercises. checking the Q.R. Code for updated
P Use teaching aids as required for proper information. Certain important links, websites
understanding of the subject. have been given for references. Also a list
P Do not finish the chapter in short. However, of reference books is given. Teachers as well
in the view of insufficient lectures, standard as the students can use these references for
derivations may be left to the students for extra reading and in-depth understanding of
self study. Problem sloving must be given the subject.
due importance. Best wishes for a wonderful teaching
P Follow the order of the chapters strictly as experience!
listed in the contents because the units are
References:
1. Fundamentals of Physics - Halliday, Resnick, Walker; John Wiley (Sixth ed.).
2. Sears and Zeemansky's University Physics - Young and Freedman, Pearson Education (12th ed.)
3. Physics for Scientists and Engineers - Lawrence S. Lerner; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, UK.

Front Cover : Picture shows part of Indus 2, Synchrotron radiation source (electron accelerator) at
RRCAT, Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India, Indore. Indus offers several research
opportunities. The photoelectron spectroscopy beamline is also seen.
Picture credit : Director, RRCAT, Indore. The permission to reproduce these pictures by Director,
RRCAT, DAE, Govt. of India is gratefully acknowledged.
Back Cover : Transmission Electron Microscope is based on De Broglie's hypothesis. TEM picture
shows a carbon nanotube filled with water showing the miniscus formed due to surface tension. Other
picture shows crystallites of LaB6 and the electron diffraction pattern (spot pattern) of the crystallite.
Picture credit : Dr. Dilip Joag, Savitribai Phule Pune University. Pune
DISCLAIMER Note : All attempts have been made to contact copy right/s (©) but we have not heard from them. We will be
pleased to acknowledge the copy right holder (s) in our next edition if we learn from them.
 Competency Statements :
Standard XII
Area/
Competency Statements
Unit/
After studying the content in Textbook students would be able to....
Lesson
Ratational Motion and Mechanical

• Distinguish between centrifugal and centripetal forces.

• Visualize the concepts of moment of inertia of an object.
• Relate moment of inertia of a body with its angular momentum.
Properties of fluids

• Differentiate between translational and rotational motions of rolling objects.

• Relate the pressure of a fluid to the depth below its surface.
Unit I

• Explain the measurement of atmospheric pressure by using a barometer.

• Use Pascal's law to explain the working of a hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes.
• Relate the surface energy of a fluid with its surface tension.
• Distinguish between fluids which show capillary rise and fall.
• Identify processes in daily life where surface tension plays a major role.
• Explain the role of viscosity in everyday life.
• Differentiate between streamline flow and turbulent flow.
• Relate various gas laws to form ideal gas equation.
• Distinguish between ideal gas and a real gas.
• Visualise mean free path as a function of various parameters..
Kinetic theory and
Thermodynamics

• Obtain degrees of freedom of a diatomic molecule.

• Apply law of equipartition of energy to monatomic and diatomic molecules.
Unit II

• Compare emission of thermal radiation from a body with black body radiation.
• Apply Stefan’s law of radiation to hot bodies .
• Identify thermodynamic process in every day life.
• Relate mechanical work and thermodynamic work.
• Differentiate between different types of thermodynamic processes.
• Explain the working of heat engine, refrigerator and air conditioner.
• Identify periodic motion and simple harmonic motion.
• Obtain the laws of motion for simple pendulum.
Oscillations and waves

• Visualize damped oscillations.

• Apply wave theory to understand the phenomena of reflection, refraction, interference and
Unit III

diffraction.
• Visualize polarized and unpolarized light.
• Apply concepts of diffraction to calculate the resolving power.
• Distinguish between the stationary waves in pipes with open and closed ends.
• Verify laws of vibrating string using a sonometer.
• Explain the physics involved in musical instruments.
Electrostatics and electric current

• Use Gaus's law to obtain the electric field for a charge distribution.
• Relate potential energy to work done to establish a charge distribution.
• Determine the electrostatic potential for a given charge distribution.
• Distingusih between conductors and insulators.
• Visualize polarization of dielectrics.
Unit IV

• Categorize dielectrics based on molecular properties.

• Know the effect of dielectric material used between the plates of a capacitor on its capacitance.
• Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the current in different branches of a circuit.
• Find the value of an unknown resistance by using a meter bridge.
• Find the emf and internal resistance of a cell using potentiometer.
• Convert galvanometer into voltmeter and ammeter by using a suitable resistor.
 • Realize that Lorentz force law is the basis for defining unit of magnetic field.
• Visualize cyclotron motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field.
• Analyze and calculate magnetic force on a straight and arbitrarily shaped current carrying
wires and a closed wire circuit.
• Apply the Biot-Savart law to calculate the magnetic field produced by various distributions
of currents.
• Use Ampere’s law to get magnetic fields produced by a current distribution.
• Compare gravitational, magnetic and electrostatic potentials.
Magnetism

• Distinguish between paramagnitic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.

Unit V

• Relate the concept of flux to experiments of Faraday and Henry.

• Relate Lenz’s law to the conservation of energy.
• Visualize the concept of eddy currents.
• Determine the mutual inductance of a given pair of coils.
• Apply laws of induction to explain the working of a generator.
• Establish a relation between the power dissipated by an AC current in a resistor and the value
of the rms current.
• Visualize the concept of phases to represent AC current.
• Explain the passage of AC current through circuits having resistors, capacitors and inductors.
• Explain the concept of resonance in LCR circuits.
• Establish validity of particle nature of light from experimental results.
• Determine the necessary wavelength range of radiation to obtain photocurrent from given
metals.
• Visualize the dual nature of matter and dual nature of light.
• Apply the wave nature of electrons to illustrate how better resolution can be obtained with
an electron microscope.
Modern Physics

• Check the correctness of different atomic models by comparing results of various experiments.
• Identify the constituents of atomic nuclei.
Unit VI

• Differentiate between electromagnetic and atomic forces.

• Obtain the age of a radioactive sample from its activity.
• Judge the importance of nuclear power.
• Explain use of p-n junction diode as a rectifier.
• Find applications of special purpose diodes for every day use.
• Explain working of solar cell, LED and photodiode.
• Relate the p-n junction diode and special purpose diodes.
• Realize transistor as an important building block of electronic circuits, analyze situations in
which transistor can be used.

Sr. No Title Page No

1 Rotational Dynamics 1-25
2 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 26-55
3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 56-74
CONTENTS

4 Thermodynamics 75-108
5 Oscillations 109-130
6 Superposition of Waves 131-157
7 Wave Optics 158-185
8 Electrostatics 186-213
9 Current Electricity 214-229
10 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current 230-250
11 Magnetic Materials 251-264
12 Electromagnetic induction 265-287
13 AC Circuits 288-305
14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 306-323
15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 324-343
16 Semiconductor Devices 344-364