Electricity & Magnetism (continued)

4. Kirchoffs Circuit Rules 3. Magnetic Moment a. Gauss's Law is based on the fact that isolated
a. Constraints on the Voltage A magnetic moment, denoted M, is produced magnetic poles (monopoles) do not exist
Them i. For any loop in the circuit the voltage must by a current loop
of the I. Faraday's Law — Electromagnetic Induction
be the same: Sv = SlR a. A current loop, with current I and area A,
T
a proo ii.The energy must be generates a magnetic moment of strength M: Faraday's Law: Passing a magnet through a current
conserved in a circuit loop M=IA loop induces a current in the loop
b. Constraints on the Current b. Torque on a loop: A loop placed in a magnetic
i. The current must balance at field will experience a torque, rotating the
every node or junction Constraints on loop: T = M • B Faraday's Law
Current
ii.For any junction: Zjl=0
iii.The total charge must be conserved in the
circuit; the amount of charge entering and
leaving any point in the circuit must be -0
equal -0

[.Magnetic Field: A moving electric charge or 1 . Faraday's Law of Induction

current generates a magnetic field, denoted The EMF induced in a circuit is directly
by the symbol B; the vector B is also called proportional to the time rate of change of the
the magnetic induction or the magnetic flux magnetic flux, cp , passing through the circuit:
Torque on a Loop , '" -dO
density I EMF = J> Eds AND EMF = — ™
l.T a. The SI unit for a magnetic field is the Tesla, T
ai b. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the Weber, Wb a. Special Case: Uniform field B over loop of
4. U (magnetic): Magnetic potential energy
area A; 0 is the angle formed by dA and B:
V!
1T = -Wb = N_ . rn = N_ . arises from the interaction of B and M:
2.T m2 C s A EMF = (BA cos 9)
U (magnetic) = - M • B dt
c< c. The COS unit is the Gauss, G: I T = 104 G
S.Lorentz Force: A charge interacts with both b. Motional EMF: Moving a conductor of
d. For a bar magnet, the field is generated from
the ferromagnetic properties of the metal E and B, the force is given by the following length 1 through a magnetic field B with a
forming the magnet expression: F = qE + q v - B speed v induces an EMF (B is perpendicular
i. The poles of the magnet are denoted North/ a. B and E contribute to the force to the bar and to v): EMF = - B 1 v
South; the field lines are shown in the figure b. The particle must be moving to interact with c. Lenz's Law: The direction of the induced
below the magnetic field current and EMF tends to maintain the
original flux through the circuit; Lenz's Law
H. Sources of Magnetic Fields is a consequence of energy conservation
Magnetic L:
1. Biot-Savart Law: Current generates a magnetic
z of Force
field J. Electromagnetic Waves

11 a. Given the current I and the conductor

segment of length dl, the induced magnetic
Electromagnetic Wave

1 field contribution, dB, is described by the

following: jg _ _B± I d l • r
4n r3
0 b. The total magnetic field for the conductor is
l.T given by: n = -^1 I d l ' r
e.For a current loop, the field is generated 4n r'
a. by the motion of the charged particles in the 2. The magnetic field strength varies as the inverse
current. square of the distance from the conducting 1. Electromagnetic waves are formed by transverse
element B and E fields
Lines of Force
3. Special Case - Infinitely long straight wire: a. The relative field strengths are defined by the
B(a) = ~j^~~& ', a is the distance from the wire; following equation: — = c
B
I is the current; B, is inversely proportional to a b. The speed of light, c, correlates the magnetic
constant, u.0, and electric constant, e0:
2.1 c= /
c. In a vacuum, an electromagnetic wave, with
wavelength, A, and frequency, f, travels at the
speed of light, c: c = f X
2. Magnetic Force: Fma on charge, q, d. X-rays have short wavelength, compared with
moving at velocity, v, in magnetic field B: radio waves
c. Biot-Savart Law e. Visible light is a very small part of the
Fmag = q v • B = qvB sin 9
3.H spectrum
a. 0 is the angle between
C vectors v and B K. Maxwell's Equations
C i. For v parallel to B; F = 0
(6 = 0, minimum force) 4. Ampere's Law: For a circular path around wire, Summarize the general behavior of electrical and
the total of the magnetic flux, B • dS, must be magnetic fields in free space
ai ii.For v perpendicular to
b B; F = q v B (6 = rc/2, consistent with the current, I: f B • dS = u.0I 1. Gauss's Law for Electrostatics:
maximum force) .A < f E - d A = 9-
c 5.Magnetic Flux, d>m J fco
iii. The "right hand rule" Right-Hand
defines the force Rule a. The magnetic flux, Om, associated with an 2. Gauss's Law for Magnetism:
direction area, dA, of an arbitrary surface is given by
IB-dA=0
b. Force on a conducting segment: For a current the following equation: 4>m = j B • dA; dA is
1 passing through a conductor of length 1 in vector perpendicular to the area dA 3. Ampere-Maxwell Law:
a magnetic field B, the force is given by: dd>
b. Special Case - Planar area A and uniform B
F = I1-B
i. For a general current path s: at angle I with dA: <t>m = B A cos 6
6. Gauss's Law: The net magnetic flux through any 4. Faraday's Law: f E: • dS - - dt
F = I J ds • B
ii.For a closed current loop: F = 0 closed surface is always zero: > B • dA = 0