R Programming

 R programming language is an implementation of the S programming language.

 It also combines with lexical scoping semantics inspired by Scheme. Moreover,
the project was conceived in 1992, with an initial version released in 1995 and a
stable beta version in 2000.

R Programming Language

What is R Programming Language?

 R programming is a leading tool for machine learning, statistics, and data
analysis, allowing for the easy creation of objects, functions, and
packages.
 Designed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of
Auckland and developed by the R Development Core Team.
 R Language is platform-independent and open-source, making it
accessible for use across all operating systems without licensing costs.
 Beyond its capabilities as a statistical package, R integrates with other
languages like C and C++, facilitating interaction with various data
sources and statistical tools.
  With a growing community of users and high demand in the Data Science
job market, R is one of the most sought-after programming languages
today.

Why Use R Language?

The R Language is a powerful tool widely used for data analysis, statistical
computing, and machine learning. Here are several reasons why professionals
across various fields prefer R:
1. Comprehensive Statistical Analysis:
R language is specifically designed for statistical analysis and provides a vast
array of statistical techniques and tests, making it ideal for data-driven research.
2. Extensive Packages and Libraries:
The R Language boasts a rich ecosystem of packages and libraries that extend
its capabilities, allowing users to perform advanced data manipulation,
visualization, and machine learning tasks with ease.
3. Strong Data Visualization Capabilities:
R language excels in data visualization, offering powerful tools like ggplot2 and
plotly, which enable the creation of detailed and aesthetically pleasing graphs
and plots.
4. Open Source and Free:
As an open-source language, R is free to use, which makes it accessible to
everyone, from individual researchers to large organizations, without the need
for costly licenses.
5. Platform Independence:
The R Language is platform-independent, meaning it can run on various
operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, providing flexibility
in development environments.
6. Integration with Other Languages:
R can easily integrate with other programming languages such as C, C++,
Python, and Java, allowing for seamless interaction with different data sources
and statistical packages.
7. Growing Community and Support:
R language has a large and active community of users and developers who
contribute to its continuous improvement and provide extensive support through
forums, mailing lists, and online resources.
8. High Demand in Data Science:
R is one of the most requested programming languages in the Data Science job
market, making it a valuable skill for professionals looking to advance their
careers in this field.

Features of R Programming Language

The R Language is renowned for its extensive features that make it a powerful
tool for data analysis, statistical computing, and visualization. Here are some of
the key features of R:
1. Comprehensive Statistical Analysis:
R language provides a wide array of statistical techniques, including linear and
nonlinear modelling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis,
classification, and clustering.
2. Advanced Data Visualization:
With packages like ggplot2, plotly, and lattice, R excels at creating complex and
aesthetically pleasing data visualizations, including plots, graphs, and charts.
3. Extensive Packages and Libraries:
The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) hosts thousands of packages
that extend R’s capabilities in areas such as machine learning, data
manipulation, bioinformatics, and more.
4. Open Source and Free:
R is free to download and use, making it accessible to everyone. Its open-source
nature encourages community contributions and continuous improvement.
5. Platform Independence:
R is platform-independent, running on various operating systems, including
Windows, macOS, and Linux, which ensures flexibility and ease of use across
different environments.
6. Integration with Other Languages:
R language can integrate with other programming languages such as C, C++,
Python, Java, and SQL, allowing for seamless interaction with various data
sources and computational processes.
7. Powerful Data Handling and Storage:
R efficiently handles and stores data, supporting various data types and
structures, including vectors, matrices, data frames, and lists.
8. Robust Community and Support:
R has a vibrant and active community that provides extensive support through
forums, mailing lists, and online resources, contributing to its rich ecosystem of
packages and documentation.
9. Interactive Development Environment (IDE):
RStudio, the most popular IDE for R, offers a user-friendly interface with
features like syntax highlighting, code completion, and integrated tools for
plotting, history, and debugging.
10. Reproducible Research:
R supports reproducible research practices with tools like R Markdown and
Knitr, enabling users to create dynamic reports, presentations, and documents
that combine code, text, and visualizations.

Advantages of R language
 R is the most comprehensive statistical analysis package. As new technology
and concepts often appear first in R.
 As R programming language is an open source. Thus, you can run R
anywhere and at any time.
 R programming language is suitable for GNU/Linux and Windows operating
systems.
 R programming is cross-platform and runs on any operating system.
 In R, everyone is welcome to provide new packages, bug fixes, and code
enhancements.

Disadvantages of R language
 In the R programming language, the standard of some packages is less than
perfect.
 Although, R commands give little pressure on memory management. So R
programming language may consume all available memory.
 In R basically, nobody to complain if something doesn’t work.
 R programming language is much slower than other programming languages
such as Python and MATLAB.

Applications of R language
 We use R for Data Science. It gives us a broad variety of libraries related to
statistics. It also provides the environment for statistical computing and
design.
 R is used by many quantitative analysts as its programming tool. Thus, it
helps in data importing and cleaning.
 R is the most prevalent language. So many data analysts and research
programmers use it. Hence, it is used as a fundamental tool for finance.
 Tech giants like Google, Facebook, Bing, Twitter, Accenture, Wipro, and
many more using R

 R supports both procedural programming and object-oriented

programming. Procedural programming includes the procedure, records,
modules, and procedure calls. While object-oriented programming
language includes class, objects, and generic functions.
 R language is an interpreted language instead of a
compiled language. Therefore, it doesn’t need a compiler to
compile code into an executable program. This makes
running an R script much less time-consuming.

R vs Python
R Programming Language and Python are both used extensively for Data
Science. Both are very useful and open-source languages as well. For
data analysis, statistical computing, and machine learning Both languages
are strong tools with sizable communities and huge libraries for data
science jobs. A theoretical comparison between R and Python is provided
below:
Python Programming Language
 Python is a widely-used general-purpose, high-level programming
language. It was created by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and further
developed by the Python Software Foundation. It was designed
with an emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows
programmers to express their concepts in fewer lines of code