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Python offers a variety of built-in data structures and data types to organize and manipulate
data efficiently. Here's a breakdown of the most common ones with examples:
Data Structures &
Data Types: Data Types
Integers (int): Represents whole numbers, positive or negative, without decimals.

x = 10

Floating-point numbers (float): Represents numbers with decimals.

y = 3.14

Strings (str): Represents a sequence of characters.

name = "Alice"

Booleans (bool): Represents logical values True or False.

is_valid = True

Data Structures:

Lists: Ordered, mutable collection of elements.

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]

fruits.append("grape") # Add element
print(fruits[0]) # Access element

Tuples: Ordered, immutable collection of elements.

coordinates = (10, 20)

print(coordinates[1]) # Access element

Sets: Unordered collection of unique elements.

numbers = {1, 2, 3, 2} # Duplicates removed

numbers.add(4) # Add element
print(numbers)

Dictionaries: Unordered collection of key-value pairs.

person = {"name": "Bob", "age": 30}

person["city"] = "New York" # Add key-value pair
print(person["name"]) # Access value

Other Data Structures:

Arrays (using NumPy): Efficient for numerical computations.

Linked lists: Linear data structure where elements are linked together.

Stacks and Queues: Implement specific data access patterns (LIFO and FIFO, respectively).

Trees and Graphs: Represent hierarchical and network relationships.

Choosing the right data structure and type is crucial for efficient programming. It depends on
the specific requirements of your application.
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Single String : print("Hello world2!")

Multiple String : print("Hello,", "John!", "How are you?")

Numeric String : print(1, "plus", 2, "equals", 1+2)

User Input String : name=

input("Give me your name: ")

print("Hello,", name)

Indentation :

Repetition is possible with the for loop

for i in range(3):

print("Hello")

print("Bye!")

Variables and data types

We saw already earlier that assigning a value to a variable is very simple:

a=1

print(a)

Note : Python automatically detected that the type of a must be int (an integer).

a="some text"

type(a)

Program Implementation :

In Python, the single equals (=) and double equals (==) serve different purposes:
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= (Assignment operator):

This operator assigns a value to a variable. For example, x = 5 assigns the value 5 to the
variable x.

== (Equality operator):

This operator compares two values and checks if they are equal. It returns True if the values
are equal, and False otherwise. For example, x == 5 checks if the value of x is equal to 5.

Example :

x = 10 # Assign the value 10 to x

if x == 10: # Check if the value of x is equal to 10

print("x is equal to 10")

else:

print("x is not equal to 10")

* = is used for assigning values, while == is used for comparing values *

strings using the + operator

a="first"

b="second"

print(a+b)

print(" ".join([a, b, b, a]))

Sometimes printing by concatenation from pieces :

print(str(1) + " plus " + str(3) + " is equal to " + str(4)) # slightly better

print(1, "plus", 3, "is equal to", 4)

Multiple ways of strings interpolation :

- Python format strings print("%i plus %i is equal to %i" % (1, 3, 4))

- format method print("{} plus {} is equal to {}".format(1, 3, 4))

- f-string print(f"{1} plus {3} is equal to {4}")

LOOPS :
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i=1

while i*i < 1000:

print("Square of", i, "is", i*i)

i=i+1

print("Finished printing all the squares below 1000.")

s=0

for i in [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]:

s=s+i

print("The sum is", s)

IF - ELSE STATEMENT :

x=input("Give an integer: ")

x=int(x)

if x >= 0:

a=x

else:

a=-x

print("The absolute value of %i is %i" % (x, a))

SPLITS :

days="Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday".split()

weathers="rainy rainy sunny cloudy rainy sunny sunny".split()

temperatures=[10,12,12,9,9,11,11]

for day, weather, temperature in zip(days,weathers,temperatures):

print(f"On {day} it was {weather} and the temperature was {temperature} degrees celsius.")
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OPERATIONS STRING :

1. Creating Strings

You can create strings using either single quotes (`'`) or double quotes (`"`).

str1 = 'Hello, World!'

str2 = "Python is fun!"

2. Accessing Characters

You can access individual characters in a string using indexing (indices start at 0).

text = "Python"

print(text[0]) # Output: P

print(text[5]) # Output: n

3. Slicing Strings

You can extract a portion of a string using slicing.

text = "Hello, World!"

print(text[0:5]) # Output: Hello

print(text[7:12]) # Output: World

4. String Length

Use `len()` to get the length of a string.

text = "Hello"

print(len(text)) # Output: 5

5. Concatenation

You can concatenate strings using the `+` operator.

str1 = "Hello"

str2 = "World"

result = str1 + " " + str2

print(result) # Output: Hello World

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6. Repetition

Use the `*` operator to repeat strings.

str1 = "Python! "

print(str1 * 3) # Output: Python! Python! Python!

7. Uppercase and Lowercase

Convert strings to uppercase or lowercase using `upper()` and `lower()` methods.

text = "Hello, World!"

print(text.upper()) # Output: HELLO, WORLD!

print(text.lower()) # Output: hello, world!

8. Strip Whitespace

Remove leading and trailing whitespace using `strip()`, `lstrip()`, and `rstrip()`.

text = " Python "

print(text.strip()) # Output: Python

print(text.lstrip()) # Output: Python

print(text.rstrip()) # Output: Python

9. Replacing Substrings

Use `replace()` to replace occurrences of a substring with another substring.

text = "Hello, World!"

new_text = text.replace("World", "Python")

print(new_text) # Output: Hello, Python!

10. Splitting Strings

Use `split()` to split a string into a list based on a delimiter.

text = "Python is fun"

words = text.split()

print(words) # Output: ['Python', 'is', 'fun']

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11. Split using a specific delimiter

text = "apple,orange,banana"

fruits = text.split(",")

print(fruits) # Output: ['apple', 'orange', 'banana']

12. Joining Strings

Use `join()` to concatenate a list of strings into a single string.

words = ['Python', 'is', 'fun']

sentence = ' '.join(words)

print(sentence) # Output: Python is fun

13. Checking String Content

Use methods like `isdigit()`, `isalpha()`, and `isspace()` to check the content of strings.

text = "123"

print(text.isdigit()) # Output: True

text = "abc"

print(text.isalpha()) # Output: True

text = " "

print(text.isspace()) # Output: True

14. Formatting Strings

Use formatted string literals (f-strings) or the `format()` method for formatting.

name = "Alice"

age = 30

# Using f-strings

print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")

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# Using format() method

print("My name is {} and I am {} years old.".format(name, age))

These are some of the fundamental string operations you'll use often in Python.

23 - 08 - 2024

* Code for Random password generator *

If statement and its related statements.

Code :

a = 200

b = 33

if b > a:

print("b is greater than a")

elif a == b:

print("a and b are equal")

else:

print("a is greater than b")

Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

Equals: a == b, Not Equals: a != b, Less than: a < b, Less than or equal to: a <= b,

Greater than: a > b, Greater than or equal to: a >= b

* An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.

* The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.
* The elif keyword in way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then try this
condition".

Two primitive loop commands: while loops, for loops

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With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true.
The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example we need to define an
indexing variable, i, which we set to 1.

i=1

while i < 6:

print(i)

i += 1

The break Statement: With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while
condition is true

i=1

while i < 6:

print(i)

if (i == 3):

break

i += 1

The Continue Statement: With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration,
and continue with the next

i=0

while i < 6:

i += 1

if i == 3:

continue

print(i)

The Else Statement: With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the
condition no longer is true

i=1

while i < 6:

print(i)

i += 1

else:

print("i is no longer less than 6")

FOR LOOPS
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A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a dictionary, a
set, or a string).

This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more like an
iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming languages.

With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list, tuple, set
etc.

The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.

Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of characters

Code :

for x in "grapes":

print(x)

The Break Statement : With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped
through all the items

Code :

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:

print(x)

if x == "cherry":

break

The Continue Statement :

With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and continue
with the next

Range Function : o loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use
the range() function,

The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number.

Code :

for x in range(20):

print(x)

for x in range(2, 6):

print(x)

Else in For Loop : The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed
when the loop is finished
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for x in range(6):

print(x)

else:

print("Finally finished!")

Nested Loop :

A nested loop is a loop inside a loop. The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each
iteration of the "outer loop"

adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in adj:

for y in fruits:

print(x, y)

DICTIONARY
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