Introduction to Programming

with Python

By Tariku A
Introduction to Programming with Python

• code or source code: The sequence of instructions in a

program.
• syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that
can be used in a particular programming language.
• output: The messages printed to the user by a
program.
• console: The text box onto which output is printed.
• Some source code editors pop up the console as an
external window, and others contain their own
console window.
 Compiling and interpreting
• Many languages require you to compile
(translate) your program into a form that the
machine understands.
 Cont……
• Python is instead directly interpreted into
machine instructions.
 The Python Interpreter
• • Python is an interpreted • >>> 3 + 7
• language • 10
• • The interpreter provides • >>> 3 < 15
• an interactive environment
• True
• to play with the language
• >>> 'print me'
• • Results of expressions
are • 'print me'
• printed on the screen • >>> print 'print me'
• print me
• >>>
 Expressions
• expression: A data value or set of operations
to compute a value.
• Examples: 1 + 4 * 3 = 42
• Arithmetic operators we will use: + - * /
addition, subtraction/negation, multiplication,
division
• % modulus, a.k.a. remainder
• ** exponentiation
 Cont…..
• precedence: Order in which operations are
computed.
• * / % ** have a higher precedence than + -
• 1 + 3 * 4 is 13
• Parentheses can be used to force a certain
order of evaluation.
• (1 + 3) * 4 is 16
 Math commands
• Python has useful commands (or called
functions) for performing calculations.
Math's Commands
 Cont…..
• To use many of these commands, you must
write the following at the top of your Python
program:
• from math import *
 Cont…..
• int(x) converts x to • >>> 1.23232
• 1.2323200000000001
• an integer • >>> print 1.23232
• float(x) converts x • 1.23232
• >>> 1.3E7
• to a floating point
• 13000000.0
• The interpreter • >>> int(2.0)
• shows • 2
• >>> float(2)
• a lot of digits • 2.0
 Variables
• variable: A named piece of memory that can
store a value.
Usage:
• Compute an expression's result,
• store that result into a variable,
• and use that variable later in the program.
 Cont….
• assignment statement: Stores a value into a variable.
• Syntax:
• name = value
• Examples: x = 5
• gpa = 3.14
• x5 gpa 3.14
• A variable that has been given a value can be used in
expressions.
• x + 4 is 9
 Example
• >>> x = 7
• >>> x
• 7
• >>> x+7
• 14
• >>> x = 'hello'
• >>> x
• 'hello'
• >>>
 print
• print : Produces text output on the console.
• Syntax:
• print "Message"
• print Expression
• Prints the given text message or expression value on
the console, and
• moves the cursor down to the next line.
• print Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN
• Prints several messages and/or expressions on the same
line.
 Examples:
• print "Hello, world!"
• age = 45
• print "You have", 65 - age, "years until
retirement"
• Output:
Hello, world!
You have 20 years until retirement
 Example: print Statement
• Elements separated by • >>> print 'hello'
• commas print with a • hello
space between them • >>> print 'hello', 'there'
• A comma at the end of • hello there
the statement (print
‘hello’,)
• will not print a newline
character
 Input
• input : Reads a number from user input.
• You can assign (store) the result of input into a variable.
Example:
• age = input("How old are you? ")
• print "Your age is", age
• print "You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement“
• Output:
• How old are you? 53
• Your age is 53
• You have 12 years until retirement
 The for loop
• for loop: Repeats a set of statements over a group of
values.
• Syntax:
• for variable Name in group Of Values:
• statements
• We indent the statements to be repeated with tabs or
spaces.
• variable Name gives a name to each value, so you can refer
to it in the statements.
• group Of Values can be a range of integers, specified with
the range function.
 Cont…..
• Example:
• for x in range(1, 6):
• print x, "squared is", x * x
Output:
• 1 squared is 1
• 2 squared is 4
• 3 squared is 9
• 4 squared is 16
• 5 squared is 25
 Range
• The range function specifies a range of
integers:
• range(start, stop) - the integers between start
(inclusive) and stop (exclusive)
• It can also accept a third value specifying the
change between values.
• range(start, stop, step) - the integers between
start (inclusive) and stop (exclusive) by step
 Example
• Example:
• for x in range(5, 0, -1):
• print x
• print "Blastoff!"
Output:
5
4
3
2
1
Blastoff!
 If
• if statement: Executes a group
of statements only if a certain
• condition is true. Otherwise,
the statements are skipped.
• Syntax:
• if condition:
• Statements
Example:
• gpa = 3.4
• if gpa > 2.0:
• print "Your application is
accepted."
 If/else
• if/else statement: Executes one block
of statements if a certain
• condition is True, and a second block
of statements if it is False.
• Syntax:
• if condition:
statements
else:
statements
Example:
gpa = 1.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Welcome to Mars University!"
else:
print "Your application is denied."
 Cont……
• Multiple conditions can be chained
with elif ("else if"):
• else :
• if condition: • y=x
statements
• elif condition: • print ‘y = ‘,
statements • print math.sin(y)
• else:
statements • >>> import
• Example
ifstatement
• import math
• x = 30 • y = 0.999911860107
• if x <= 15 :
• y = x + 15
• >>>
• elif x <= 30 :
• y = x + 30
 while
• while loop: Executes a
group of statements as
long as a condition is
True.
• good for indefinite loops
(repeat an unknown
number of times)
• Syntax:
• while condition:
statements
 Cont…..
• Example:
• number = 1
• while number < 200:
• print number, number = number * 2
Output:
• 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
 While Loops
• x=1 • >>> import whileloop
• 1
• while x < 10 : • 2
• print x • 3
• 4
• x=x+1 • 5
• In whileloop.py • 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• >>>
• In whileloop.py
• In interpreter
 Logic
• Many logical expressions use relational
operators:
 Cont…
• Logical expressions can be combined with
logical operators:
More Data /Everything is an object
• Everything means • >>> x = 7
• everything, including • >>> x
functions and classes • 7
(more • >>> x = 'hello'
• on this later!) • >>> x
• Data type is a property • 'hello'
of the object and not of
• >>>
the variable
 Numbers: Integers
• Integer – the equivalent • >>> 132224
of a C long • 132224
• Long Integer – an • >>> 132323 **
unbounded integer • 2
value.
• 17509376329L
• >>>
 Numbers: Floating Point
• int(x) converts x to an • >>> 1.23232
integer • 1.2323200000000001
• float(x) converts x to a • >>> print 1.23232
floating point • 1.23232
• The interpreter shows a • >>> 1.3E7
lot of digits • 13000000.0
• >>> int(2.0)
• 2
• >>> float(2)
• 2.0
 Numbers: Complex
• Built into Python Same • >>> x = 3 + 2j
operations are • >>> y = -1j
• supported as integer • >>> x + y
and float • (3+1j)
• >>> x * y
• (2-3j)
 String Literals
• + is overloaded to do • >>> x = 'hello'
concatenation • >>> x = x + ' there'
• >>> x
• 'hello there'
 Substrings and Methods
• >>> s = '012345' • len(String) – returns the
• >>> s[3] • number of characters in
• '3' • the String
• >>> s[1:4] • str(Object) – returns a
• '123' • String representation of the
• >>> s[2:] Object
• '2345' • >>> len(x)
• >>> s[:4] • 6
• '0123' • >>>
• >>> s[-2] • str(10.3)
• '4' • '10.3'
 Chapter - Two
• Methods Of Data Fitting