Introduction to Programming

with Python

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 Programming basics
 code or source code: The sequence of instructions in a program.

 syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that can be

used in a particular programming language.

 output: The messages printed to the user by a program.

 console: The text box onto which output is printed.

 Some source code editors pop up the console as an external window,
and others contain their own console window.

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 Compiling and interpreting
 Many languages require you to compile (translate) your program
into a form that the machine understands.
compile execute
source code byte code output
Hello.java Hello.class

 Python is instead directly interpreted into machine instructions.

interpret
source code output
Hello.py

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 Math commands
 Python has useful commands for performing calculations.
Command name Description Constant Description
abs(value) absolute value e 2.7182818...
ceil(value) rounds up pi 3.1415926...
cos(value) cosine, in radians
floor(value) rounds down
log(value) logarithm, base e
log10(value) logarithm, base 10
max(value1, value2) larger of two values
min(value1, value2) smaller of two values
round(value) nearest whole number
sin(value) sine, in radians
sqrt(value) square root

 To use many of these commands, you must write the following at

the top of your Python program:
from math import *
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 print
 print : Produces text output on the console.

 Syntax:
print "Message"
print Expression
 Prints the given text message or expression value on the console, and
moves the cursor down to the next line.
print Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN
 Prints several messages and/or expressions on the same line.

 Examples:
print "Hello, world!"
age = 45
print "You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement"
Output:
Hello, world!
You have 20 years until retirement
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 input
 input : Reads a number from user input.
 You can assign (store) the result of input into a variable.
 Example:
age = input("How old are you? ")
print "Your age is", age
print "You have", 65 - age, "years until retirement"
Output:
How old are you? 53
Your age is 53
You have 12 years until retirement

 Exercise: Write a Python program that prompts the user for

his/her amount of money, then reports how many Nintendo Wiis
the person can afford, and how much more money he/she will
need to afford an additional Wii.

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 Repetition (loops)
and Selection (if/else)

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 The for loop
 for loop: Repeats a set of statements over a group of values.
 Syntax:
for variableName in groupOfValues:
statements
 We indent the statements to be repeated with tabs or spaces.
 variableName gives a name to each value, so you can refer to it in the statements.
 groupOfValues can be a range of integers, specified with the range function.

 Example:
for x in range(1, 6):
print x, "squared is", x * x

Output:
1 squared is 1
2 squared is 4
3 squared is 9
4 squared is 16
5 squared is 25

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 range
 The range function specifies a range of integers:
 range(start, stop) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive)

 It can also accept a third value specifying the change between values.
 range(start, stop, step) - the integers between start (inclusive)
and stop (exclusive) by step

 Example:
for x in range(5, 0, -1):
print x
print "Blastoff!"

Output:
5
4
3
2
1
Blastoff!

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 Cumulative loops
 Some loops incrementally compute a value that is initialized outside
the loop. This is sometimes called a cumulative sum.
sum = 0
for i in range(1, 11):
sum = sum + (i * i)
print "sum of first 10 squares is", sum

Output:
sum of first 10 squares is 385

 Exercise: Write a Python program that computes the factorial of an

integer.

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 if
 if statement: Executes a group of statements only if a certain
condition is true. Otherwise, the statements are skipped.
 Syntax:
if condition:
statements

 Example:
gpa = 3.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Your application is accepted."

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 if/else
 if/else statement: Executes one block of statements if a certain
condition is True, and a second block of statements if it is False.
 Syntax:
if condition:
statements
else:
statements

 Example:
gpa = 1.4
if gpa > 2.0:
print "Welcome to Mars University!"
else:
print "Your application is denied."

 Multiple conditions can be chained with elif ("else if"):

if condition:
statements
elif condition:
statements
else:
statements
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 while
 while loop: Executes a group of statements as long as a condition is True.
 good for indefinite loops (repeat an unknown number of times)

 Syntax:
while condition:
statements

 Example:
number = 1
while number < 200:
print number,
number = number * 2

 Output:
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

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 Logic
 Many logical expressions use relational operators:
Operator Meaning Example Result
== equals 1 + 1 == 2 True
!= does not equal 3.2 != 2.5 True
< less than 10 < 5 False
> greater than 10 > 5 True
<= less than or equal to 126 <= 100 False
>= greater than or equal to 5.0 >= 5.0 True

 Logical expressions can be combined with logical operators:

Operator Example Result
and 9 != 6 and 2 < 3 True
or 2 == 3 or -1 < 5 True
not not 7 > 0 False

 Exercise: Write code to display and count the factors of a number.

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Text Processing

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 Strings
 string: A sequence of text characters in a program.
 Strings start and end with quotation mark " or apostrophe ' characters.
 Examples:
"hello"
"This is a string"
"This, too, is a string. It can be very long!"

 A string may not span across multiple lines or contain a " character.
"This is not
a legal String."
"This is not a "legal" String either."

 A string can represent characters by preceding them with a backslash.

 \t tab character
 \n new line character
 \" quotation mark character
 \\ backslash character

 Example: "Hello\tthere\nHow are you?"

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 Indexes
 Characters in a string are numbered with indexes starting at 0:
 Example:
name = "P. Diddy"

index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
character P . D i d d y

 Accessing an individual character of a string:

variableName [ index ]

 Example:
print name, "starts with", name[0]

Output:
P. Diddy starts with P

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 Text processing
 text processing: Examining, editing, formatting text.
 often uses loops that examine the characters of a string one by one

 A for loop can examine each character in a string in sequence.

 Example:
for c in "booyah":
print c
Output:
b
o
o
y
a
h

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 Strings and numbers
 ord(text) - converts a string into a number.
 Example: ord("a") is 97, ord("b") is 98, ...

 Characters map to numbers using standardized mappings such as

ASCII and Unicode.

 chr(number) - converts a number into a string.

 Example: chr(99) is "c"

 Exercise: Write a program that performs a rotation cypher.

 e.g. "Attack" when rotated by 1 becomes "buubdl"

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