ME 261 Introduction

M E 2 6 1 : N U M E R I C A L A N A LY S I S
PRIOM DAS
LECTURER
DE PA RT M E N T O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G , B U E T
LECTURE-1
INTRODUCTION
I N T RO D U C T I O N
In this course (ME 261)
• On hand practice of numerical problems using calculators.
• WITHOUT SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR, NO ONE NEED TO ATTEND THE LECTURE.
• Use of Mathematical package- MATLAB
• To be patient in solving problems. Lots of iterations, simple calculations etc.

Introduction and motivation
Course
Content Approximations and errors in numerical computations
Roots of equations (Polynomials and Transcendental)
(3.00 Credit
Hours) Solution of set of non-linear equation
Solution of set of linear algebraic equations
Curve fitting
Interpolation methods
Numerical differentiation
Numerical integration
Solution of differential equations
Solution of set of homogeneous equations
Course To introduce the student to basic numerical analysis
techniques which are used to solve science and
Learning engineering problems
Objectives
(CLO)
To help them gain familiarity with the methods and
the errors associated with them
To provide students with programming experience of

some of these techniques
SOME MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
Flapping wing Lift, FL
Drag, FD
Thrust, T
Weight, W
Flying of Birds Aerodynamic Forces In A Flight Vehicle

Analysis of Engineering problems involve-
• The development of a mathematical model (theoretical Model) to
represent all the important characteristics of the physical system.
• The derivation of the governing equations of the model by applying
physical laws such as Newton’s law of motion, conservation of mass,
conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.
• Solution of the governing equations (mathematical problem);
• Interpretation of the solution.
Depending on the system being used, the governing equations may be a set
of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations, a set of transcendental
equations, a set of ordinary or partial differential equations, or an
equation involving integrals or derivatives.
The seven Millennium Prize Problems are:

1. Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture
2. Hodge Conjecture
3. Navier-Stokes Existence and Smoothness
4. P versus NP Problem
5. Riemann Hypothesis
6. Yang-Mills Existence and Mass Gap
7. Poincaré Conjecture (already solved by Grigori Perelman in 2003)
Governing equations for aerodynamic problems are the Navier-Stokes
equations which consist of the following laws -
1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of Momentum
Solution of such system of equations is complicated and usual mathematical

methods are failed in most cases. Mostly, we have to look for some alternatives
and numerical methods (analysis) plays a great role in solving such
complicated equations.
Solution of governing equations may or may not be able to find in
analytical form.
• Analytical solutions denote exact solutions that can be used to study the
behavior of the system with varying properties. Unfortunately, very few
practical systems lead to analytical solutions, and analytical solutions are of
limited use.
• Numerical solutions are those that can not be expressed in the form of
complete mathematical expressions. For example, result of the following
integration has no closed form solution:
No analytic solution.
Can only be evaluated numerically.
Numerical solution (analysis) is a must.

Numerical analysis is the process by which

mathematical problems are formulated so that they
can be solved with arithmetic operations such as
addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (×),
division (÷), and comparison. Since these operations
are exactly those that computers can do, numerical
analysis and computers are intimately related.
Numerical analysis has a rich store of methods to find
the answer by purely arithmetical operations.
WHY NUMERICAL ANALYSIS?
1. Numerical analysis can solve problems where analytical solutions are not
available (using mathematical approach).
2. Numerical methods are capable of handling large systems of equations, different
degrees of nonlinearities which are common in engineering practice.
3. Numerical methods can handle any complicated physical geometries which are
often impossible to solve analytically.
4. The intelligent use of computer programs is often predicted on knowledge of basic
theory underlying the methods.
5. Many problems cannot be approached using commercially available computer
programs (using ANSYS, COMSOL, Star CCM, ADINA, FASTRAN etc.), so if your
expert in programming, you can design your own programs to solve problems.
Another difference between a numerical result

and the analytical answer is that the former is
always an approximation.
Analytical methods usually give the result in

terms of mathematical functions that can be
evaluated for a specific instance. This also has the
advantage that the behavior and properties of
the function are often apparent; this is not the
case for a numerical answer.
Parabolic velocity profile
V = V(r)
Vmax
Analytic form of solution Numerical solution
While the numerical result is an approximation, this can usually be as accurate

as needed. Different order of accuracy (1st order accurate, 2nd order accurate,
…. …. ) can be obtained through numerical techniques.
A P P ROX I M AT I O N S
In principle, Numerical Analysis mainly focuses on the ideas of:
• Stability
• Convergence
We will learn about these as we
• Accuracy
progress in this course
• Consistency
• Error Analysis
A P P ROX I M AT I O N S
• Approximations and Errors are an integral part of human life. They are
everywhere and unavoidable. This is more so in the life of a computational
scientist.
• Errors come in a variety of forms and sizes; some are avoidable, and some
are not. For example, data conversion and round off errors cannot be
avoided, but a human error can be eliminated. Although certain errors
cannot be eliminated completely, we must at least know the bounds of these
errors to make use of our final solution.
E X A C T N U M B E R S & A P P RO X I M A T E
NUMBERS
Exact numbers are those which can be expressed completely by using
finite quantities of numbers or symbols. Example-
• 1, 2, 261, 322, … …. … … …
• 1/2, 1/3, 3/4, 4/5 … …. … … …
• p , e , 2 .... .... .... .....
Approximate numbers are those which cannot be expressed completely by
finite quantities of numbers or symbols. Examples-
• 2  1.4142135 ……….
1
•  0.33333333 ………...
3
Exact Approximated
Approximation is required during the arithmetic operations. Example: CGPA

Calculation.
QUICK QUIZ
▪ Calculate your CGPA in last term
σ 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 × 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝐶𝐺𝑃𝐴 =
σ 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Whenever a number is employed in a computation, we must have assurance

that it can be used with confidence
• The significant digits of a number are those that can be used with confidence
• They correspond to the number of certain digits plus one estimated digit
• It is conventional to set the estimated digit at one-half of the smallest scale
division on the measurement device
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
• Thus, the speedometer reading would

consist of the three significant figures:
48.5.
• The odometer would yield a seven
significant figure reading of 87,324.45
• We have confidence in this result because
two or more reasonable individuals An automobile speedometer and
reading this gauge would come to the odometer illustrating the concept of a
significant figure
same conclusion
Textbook:
Numerical Methods for Engineers (latest
edition)
-Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P.
Canale
Reference Books
1. Numerical Analysis (7th Edition)
- Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires
2. Applied Numerical Analysis (6th or
Latest Edition)
- Curtis F. Gerald and Patrick O. Wheatly
T H A N K YO U

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M E 2 6 1 : N U M E R I C A L A N A LY S I S

• WITHOUT SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR, NO ONE NEED TO ATTEND THE LECTURE.

• Use of Mathematical package- MATLAB

• To be patient in solving problems. Lots of iterations, simple calculations etc.

To provide students with programming experience of

Flapping wing Lift, FL

Flying of Birds Aerodynamic Forces In A Flight Vehicle

The seven Millennium Prize Problems are:

Solution of such system of equations is complicated and usual mathematical

Numerical solution (analysis) is a must.

Numerical analysis is the process by which

Another difference between a numerical result

Analytical methods usually give the result in

Analytic form of solution Numerical solution

While the numerical result is an approximation, this can usually be as accurate

In principle, Numerical Analysis mainly focuses on the ideas of:

Approximation is required during the arithmetic operations. Example: CGPA

▪ Calculate your CGPA in last term

σ 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 × 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠

• Whenever a number is employed in a computation, we must have assurance

• Thus, the speedometer reading would

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