SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

SRIPERUMBUDUR TK - 602 117
REGULATION – 2018
M.E. POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES
Choice Based Credit System
I-IV Semesters CURRICULUM
SEMESTER I

COURSE CONTACT Fixed/

S.NO. COURSE TITLE CATEGORY L T P C Prerequisites
CODE PERIODS Movable
THEORY
Applied Mathematics
1. MA18181 for Engineers NONE
FC 5 3 1 0 4 F
Power Semiconductor
2. PD18101 Devices PC 4 3 0 3 NONE F
0
Analysis of Electrical
3. PD18102 Machines PC 4 3 0 0 3 NONE F
Analysis and Design
4. PD18103 of Power Converters PC 4 3 0 3 NONE F
0
5. Professional Elective I PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
PRACTICAL
Power Electronics
6. PD18111 Circuits Lab PC 4 0 0 4 2 NONE F

Electrical Machines
7. PD18112 Lab PC 4 0 0 4 2 NONE F

TOTAL 29 15 1 8 20 - -
SEMESTER II

COURSE CONTACT Fixed/

S.NO. COURSE TITLE CATEGORY L T P C Prerequisites
CODE PERIODS Movable
THEORY
Analysis and Design
1. PD18201 of Inverters
PC 4 3 0 0 3 NONE F

2. PD18202 Solid State Drives PC 4 3 0 0 3 NONE F

3. PD18203 Power Quality PC 4 3 0 0 3 NONE F
Introduction to
PC 2 2 0 0 2
Research
4. MC18081 Methodology and
NONE F
IPR
5. Professional Elective II M
PE 4 3 0 0 3
6. Professional Elective III PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
PRACTICAL
Electrical Drives
7. PD18211 PC 4 0 0 4 2 NONE F
Laboratory
Microcontroller
8. PD18212 PC 4 0 0 4 2 NONE F
Lab
Mini Project
9. PD18213 EEC 4 0 0 4 2 NONE F

TOTAL 34 17 0 12 23 - -
 SEMESTER III

COURSE CONTACT Fixed/

S.NO. COURSE TITLE CATEGORY L T P C Prerequisites
CODE PERIODS Movable
THEORY
1. Professional Elective IV PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
2. Professional Elective V PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
3. Professional Elective VI PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
PRACTICAL
Project Work
4. PD18311 Phase I
EEC 12 0 0 12 6 F

TOTAL 24 9 0 12 15 - -

SEMESTER IV

COURSE CONTACT Fixed/

S.NO. COURSE TITLE CATEGORY L T P C Prerequisites
CODE PERIODS Movable
PRACTICAL
1. PD18411 Project Work Phase II EEC 24 0 0 24 12 F
TOTAL 24 0 0 24 12 - -

Total Credits: 70
 PROFESSIONAL ELECTIVES (PE)

COURSE CONTACT Fixed/

S.NO. COURSE TITLE CATEGORY L T P C Prerequisites
CODE PERIODS Movable
Soft Computing PE 4
1. PD18001 3 0 0 3 NONE M
Techniques
Electromagnetic Field PE 4 M
2. PD18002 Computation and 3 0 0 3 NONE
Modelling
Control System Design PE 4 M
3. PD18003 NONE
for Power Electronics 3 0 0 3
Analog and Digital PE 4 3 0 0 3 System M
4. PD18004 Controllers Theory
Flexible AC PE 4 3 0 0 3 Analysis M
5. PD18005 Transmission and Design
Systems of Inverters
Modern Rectifiers and PE 4 3 0 0 3 Analysis M
Resonant Converters and Design
6. PD18006
of Power
Converters
Electromagnetic PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
7. PD18007 Interference and NONE
Compatibility
MEMS for power Electronics PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
8. PD18008 NONE
Distributed Generation PE 4 3 0 0 3 Analysis M
and Micro grid and Design
of Power
9. PD18009 Converters,
Analysis
and Design
of Inverters
High Voltage Direct PE 4 3 0 0 3 Analysis M
Current Transmission and Design
of Power
Converters,
10. PD18010
Analysis
and Design
of Inverters

Solar and Energy PE 4 3 0 0 3 M

11 PD18011 NONE
Storage Systems
Wind Energy Conversion PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
12 PD18012 NONE
Systems
Energy Management PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
13 PD18013 and Auditing NONE
Electric Vehicles and Power PE 4 3 0 0 3 Analysis M
Management and Design
14 PD18014 of Power
Converters,
Analysis
 and Design
of Inverters,
Special
Electrical
Machines

Non Linear Dynamics PE 4 3 0 0 3 M

15 PD18015 for Power Electronics NONE
Circuits
16 PD18016 Smart Grid PE 4 3 0 0 3 NONE M
Power Electronics for PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
17 PD18017 Renewable Energy NONE
Systems
Robotics and Control PE 4 3 0 0 3 System M
18 PD18018
Theory
Non Linear Control PE 4 3 0 0 3 System M
19 PD18019
Theory
PD18020 Special Electrical PE 4 3 0 0 3 M
20 Machines NONE

PD18021 System Theory PE 4 3 0 0 3 M

21 NONE

OPEN ELECTIVES - Nil

 Summary
Name of the Programme

Credits per Semester Total

Subject Area I II III IV

Humanities and Social Sciences (HS), including Management

Foundation Course(FC) 4 - - - 04

Professional Subjects-Core (PC) 13 15 - - 28

Engineering Sciences (ES) - - - - -

Professional Subjects – Electives (PE) 3 6 9 - 18

Open Subjects - Electives (OE), from other technical and/or

- - - - -
emerging subject areas

Project Work, Seminar and/or Internship in Industry or

- 2 6 12 20
Elsewhere (EEC)

Total Credits 20 23 15 12 70
MA18181 APPLIED MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS LTPC
(Common to PED, Communication systems and Applied Electronics) 31 0 4

OBJECTIVES:
 To develop the ability to use the concepts of Linear algebra and Special functions for solving
problems related to Networks.
 To formulate and construct a mathematical model for a linear programming problem in real life
situation.
 To expose the students to solve ordinary differential equations by various techniques.

UNIT I LINEAR ALGEBRA 12

Vector spaces – norms – Inner Products – Eigen values using QR transformations – QR factorization -
generalized eigenvectors – Canonical forms – singular value decomposition and applications - pseudo inverse
– least square approximations --Toeplitz matrices and some applications.

UNIT II LINEAR PROGRAMMING 12

Formulation – Graphical solution – Simplex method – Two phase method - Transportation and Assignment
Models

UNIT III ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 12

RungeKutta Methods for system of IVPs, numerical stability, Adams-Bashforth multistep method, solution of
stiff ODEs, shooting method, BVP: Finite difference method, orthogonal collocation method, orthogonal
collocation with finite element method, Galerkin finite element method.

UNIT IV TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIABLES 12

Joint distributions – Marginal and Conditional distributions – Functions of two dimensional random variables
– Regression Curve – Correlation.

UNIT V QUEUEING MODELS 12

Poisson Process – Markovian queues – Single and Multi-server Models – Little’s formula -Machine
Interference Model – Steady State analysis – Self Service queue.

TOTAL: 45+15: 60 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 To Achieve an understanding of the basic concepts of algebraic equations and method of solving
them.
 To familiarize the students with special functions and solve problems associated with Engineering
applications.

REFERENCES:

1. Richard Bronson, Gabriel B.Costa, “Linear Algebra”, Academic Press, Second Edition, 2007.
2. Richard Johnson, Miller & Freund, “Probability and Statistics for Engineers”, 7th Edition, Prentice – Hall
of India, Private Ltd., New Delhi (2007).
3. Taha H.A., “Operations Research: An introduction”, Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi, Ninth Edition,
2012.
4. Donald Gross and Carl M. Harris, “Fundamentals of Queueing Theory”, 2nd edition, John Wiley and
Sons, New York (1985).
5. Moon, T.K., Sterling, W.C., Mathematical methods and algorithms for signal processing, Pearson
Education, 2000.
PD18101 POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES LTPC
300 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To improve power semiconductor device structures for adjustable speed motor control applications.
 To understand the static and dynamic characteristics of current controlled power semiconductor
devices
 To understand the static and dynamic characteristics of voltage controlled power semiconductor
devices
 To enable the students for the selection of devices for different power electronics applications
 To understand the control and firing circuit for different devices.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Power switching devices overview – Attributes of an ideal switch, application requirements, circuit symbols;
Power handling capability – (SOA); Device selection strategy – On-state and switching losses – EMI due to
switching - Power diodes - Types, forward and reverse characteristics, switching characteristics – rating.

UNIT II CURRENT CONTROLLED DEVICES 9

BJT’s – Construction, static characteristics, switching characteristics; Negative temperature coefficient and
second breakdown; - Thyristors – Physical and electrical principle underlying operating mode, Two transistor
analogy – concept of latching; Gate and switching characteristics; converter grade and inverter grade and
other types; series and parallel operation; comparison of BJT and Thyristor – steady state and dynamic models
of BJT &Thyristor- Basics of GTO, MCT, FCT, RCT

UNIT III VOLTAGE CONTROLLED DEVICES 9

Power MOSFETs and IGBTs – Principle of voltage controlled devices, construction, types, static and
switching characteristics, steady state and dynamic models of MOSFET and IGBTs - and IGCT. New
semiconductor materials for devices – Intelligent power modules- Integrated gate commutated thyristor
(IGCT) - Comparison of all power devices.

UNIT IV FIRING AND PROTECTING CIRCUITS 9

Necessity of isolation, pulse transformer, optocoupler – Gate drives circuit: SCR, MOSFET, IGBTs and base
driving for power BJT. - Over voltage, over current and gate protections; Design of snubbers.

UNIT V THERMAL PROTECTION 9

Heat transfer – conduction, convection and radiation; Cooling – liquid cooling, vapor – phase cooling;
Guidance for hear sink selection – Thermal resistance and impedance –Electrical analogy of thermal
components, heat sink types and design – Mounting types- switching loss calculation for power device.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Determine the suitable power semiconductor device for the application.
 Design of semiconductor device and its parameters.
 Design of protection circuits and control circuits
 Determine the reliability of the power electronic system.

REFERENCES
1. B.W Williams ‘Power Electronics Circuit Devices and Applications’..
2. Rashid M.H., " Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications ", Prentice Hall India, Third Edition,
New Delhi, 2004
3. MD Singh and K.B Khanchandani, “Power Electronics”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.
4. Mohan, Undeland and Robins, “Power Electronics – Concepts, applications and Design, John Wiley and
Sons, Singapore, 2000.
5. Joseph Vithayathil, Power Electronics: Principles and Applications, Delhi, Tata McGraw- Hill, 2010.
PD18102 ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES LTPC
3003
OBJECTIVES:
 To know knowledge about the fundamentals of magnetic circuits, energy, force and torque of multi-
excited systems.
 To analyze the steady state and dynamic state operation of DC machine through mathematical
modeling and simulation in digital computer.
 To provide the knowledge of theory of transformation of three phase variables to two phase variables.
 To analyze the steady state and dynamic state operation of three-phase induction machines using
transformation theory based mathematical modeling and digital computer simulation.
 To analyze the steady state and dynamic state operation of three-phase synchronous machines using
transformation theory based mathematical modeling and digital computer simulation.

UNIT I PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY CONVERSION 9

Magnetic circuits, permanent magnet, stored magnetic energy, co-energy - force and torque in singly and
doubly excited systems – machine windings and air gap mmf - winding inductances and voltage equations.

UNIT II DC MACHINES 9
Elementary DC machine and analysis of steady state operation - Voltage and torque equations – dynamic
characteristics of permanent magnet and shunt d.c. motors – Time domain block diagrams - solution of
dynamic characteristic by Laplace transformation – digital computer simulation of permanent magnet and
shunt D.C. machines.

UNIT III REFERENCE FRAME THEORY 9

Historical background – phase transformation and commutator transformation – transformation of variables
from stationary to arbitrary reference frame - variables observed from several frames of reference.

UNIT IV INDUCTION MACHINES 9

Three phase induction machine, equivalent circuit and analysis of steady state operation – free acceleration
characteristics – voltage and torque equations in machine variables and arbitrary reference frame variables –
analysis of dynamic performance for load torque variations – digital computer simulation.

UNIT V SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 9

Three phase synchronous machine and analysis of steady state operation - voltage and torque equations in
machine variables and rotor reference frame variables (Park’s equations) – analysis of dynamic performance
for load torque variations – Generalized theory of rotating electrical machine and Krons primitive machine.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Ability to understand the various electrical parameters in mathematical form.
 Ability to understand the different types of reference frame theories and transformation relationships.
 Ability to find the electrical machine equivalent circuit parameters and modeling of electrical
machines.

REFERENCES
1. Paul C.Krause, Oleg Wasyzczuk, Scott S, Sudhoff, “Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems”,
John Wiley, Second Edition, 2010..
2. P S Bimbhra, “Generalized Theory of Electrical Machines”, Khanna Publishers, 2008
3. A.E, Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr, and Stephan D, Umanx, “ Electric Machinery”,Tata McGraw Hill,
5th Edition, 1992
4. R. Krishnan, Electric Motor & Drives: Modeling, Analysis and Control, New Delhi, Prentice Hall of India,
2001
PD18103 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF POWER CONVERTERS LTPC
300 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To determine the operation and characteristics of controlled rectifiers.
 To apply switching techniques and basic topologies of DC-DC switching regulators.
 To introduce the design of power converter components.
 To provide an in depth knowledge about resonant converters.
 To comprehend the concepts of AC-AC power converters and their applications.

UNIT I SINGLE PHASE & THREE PHASE CONVERTERS 9

Principle of phase controlled converter operation – single-phase full converter and semiconverter (RL,RLE
load)- single phase dual converter – Three phase operation full converter and semi-converter (R,RL,RLE
load) – reactive power – power factor improvement techniques –PWM rectifiers.

UNIT II DC-DC CONVERTERS 9

Limitations of linear power supplies, switched mode power conversion, Non-isolated DCDC converters:
operation and analysis of Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Cuk& SEPIC – under continuous and discontinuous
operation – Isolated converters: basic operation of Flyback, Forward and Push-pull topologies.

UNIT III DESIGN OF POWER CONVERTER COMPONENTS 9

Introduction to magnetic materials- hard and soft magnetic materials –types of cores, copper windings –
Design of transformer –Inductor design equations –Examples of inductor design for buck/flyback converter-
selection of output filter capacitors – selection of ratings for devices – input filter design.

UNIT IV RESONANT DC-DC CONVERTERS 9

Switching loss, hard switching, and basic principles of soft switching- classification of resonant converters-
load resonant converters – series and parallel – resonant switch converters – operation and analysis of ZVS,
ZCS converters comparison of ZCS/ZVS Introduction to ZVT/ZCT PWM converters.

UNIT V AC-AC CONVERTERS 9

Principle of on-off and phase angle control – single phase ac voltage controller – analysis with R & RL load –
Three phase ac voltage controller – principle of operation of cycloconverter – single phase and three phase
cycloconverters – Introduction to matrix converters.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Analyze various single phase and three phase power converters
 Select and design dc-dc converter topologies for a broad range of power conversion applications.
 Develop improved power converters for any stringent application requirements.
 Design ac-ac converters for variable frequency applications

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Ned Mohan,T.MUndeland and W.P Robbin, “Power Electronics: converters, Application and design” John
Wiley and sons .Wiley India edition, 2006.
2. Rashid M.H., “Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications ", Prentice Hall India, Third Edition,
New Delhi, 2004.
3. P.C. Sen, “Modern Power Electronics”, Wheeler Publishing Co, First Edition, New Delhi, 1998.
4. P.S.Bimbra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publishers, Eleventh Edition, 2003
5. SimonAng, Alejandro Oliva, “Power-Switching Converters, Second Edition, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2010
6. V. Ramanarayanan, “Course material on Switched mode power conversion”, 2007
7. Alex Van den Bossche and VencislavCekovValchev, “Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics”,
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2005
8. W. G. Hurley and W. H.Wolfle, “Transformers and Inductors for Power Electronics Theory, Design and
Applications”, 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
9 .Marian.K. Kazimierczuk and DariuszCzarkowski, “Resonant Power Converters”, John Wiley & Sons
limited, 2011

PD18111 POWER ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS LABORATORY LTPC

00 4 2

OBJECTIVES:
 To provide an insight on the switching behaviours of power electronic switches.
 To make the students familiar with the digital tools used in the generation of gate pulses for the power
electronic switches.
 To provide the requisite knowledge necessary to appreciate the dynamical equations involved in the
analysis of different PED configurations.
 To analyze, design and simulate different power converters studied in the core courses on power
converters and dynamics of electrical machines.
 To make the students acquire knowledge on mathematical modelling of power electronic circuits and
implementing the same using simulation tools.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Study of switching characteristics of Power electronic switches i.) SCR ii.) MOSFET.
2. Single phase AC to DC Half and Fully Controlled Converter with Firing Circuit.
3. Three Phase AC to DC Half controlled Converter.
4. Three Phase AC to DC Fully Controlled Converter.
5. Study of Driver circuits and generation of PWM signals for 3Ф Inverter.
6. Generation of sine-PWM pulses for a 1Ф Voltage Source Inverter.
7. Simulation of basic power electronic circuits using MATLAB –Simulink.
a.D.C Source fed R Load & RL Load.
b.D.C Source fed DC motor Load.
8. Simulation of SCR based 1Ф full converter with different types of load using MATLAB –Simulink.
9. Simulation of SCR based 3Ф full converter with different types of load using MATLAB –Simulink.
10. Simulation of BUCK converterusing MATLAB – Simulink.
11. Simulation of BOOST converter using MATLAB – Simulink.
12. Simulation of 1phase Voltage Source Inverter with R & RL Load using MATLAB- Simulink.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Comprehensive understanding on the switching behaviour of Power Electronic Switches.
 Comprehensive understanding on mathematical modelling of Power Electronic System and ability to
implement the same using simulation tools.
 Able to apply power electronic circuits for different loads.

REFERENCES
1. Ned Mohan T. M.Undelandand W.P Robbin, “Power Electronics: converters, Application and
design ”John Wiley and sons. Wiley India edition,2006.
2. Rashid M.H.,“Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications", Prentice Hal India, New
Delhi, 1995.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:
1. Device characteristics (for SCR, MOSFET with built in / discrete power supply and meters) – 1 each
2. Single phase SCR based half controlled converter and fully controlled converter along
with built-in firing circuit/module and meter – 1 each
3. IGBT based single phase PWM inverter module/Discrete Component –1
 4. IGBT based Driver circuit for 3Φ Inverter –1
5. MOSFET based Driver circuit for 3Φ Inverter -1
6. DSPIC 4011 Microcontroller kit - 1
7. Digital Storage Oscilloscope –5
8. Isolation Transformer – 3
9. Single phase Auto transformer –3
10. Components (Inductance, Capacitance ) 3 set for each
11. Multimeter – 5
12. LCR meter – 3
13. Rheostats of various ranges
14. Work tables – 10
15. Desktop PC with MATLAB software - 5
16. Component data sheets to be provided.

PD18112 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY LTPC

0 0 4 2

OBJECTIVES:
 To provide insight knowledge on behavior and efficiency characteristics of DC and AC motors.
 To make students familiar with the speed characteristics of DC shunt motors.
 To provide insight knowledge on calculating the behaviour of induction motor and DC shunt motor
by conducting predetermination test.
 To provide requisite knowledge on the experiments on synchronous motor.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Load test on dc shunt motor to draw speed – torque and horse power – efficiency characteristics.
2. Field Test on dc series machines.
3. Speed control of dc shunt motor by armature and field control.
4. Swinburne's Test on dc motor.
5. Retardation test on dc shunt motor.
6. Regenerative test on dc shunt machines.
7. Load test on three phase induction motor.
8. No load and Blocked rotor test on three phase induction motor to draw (i) equivalent circuit and (ii) circle
diagram. Determination of performance parameters at different load conditions from (i) and (ii).
9. Load test on induction generator.
10. Load test on single phase induction motor to draw output versus torque, current, power and efficiency
characteristics.
11. Conduct suitable tests to draw the equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor and determine
performance parameters.
12. Conduct an experiment to draw V and inverted curves of synchronous motor at no load and load
conditions.

OUTCOMES:
 Comprehensive understanding on the behaviour and efficiency of AC and DC motors.
 Comprehensive understanding on predetermining efficiency of induction and DC shunt motor.
 Ability to get familiarized with speed curves of DC shunt motor.
 Understand the v and inverted v curves by conducting suitable experiments on synchronous motor.

REFERENCES
1. R. Krishnan, Electric Motor Drives: Modeling, Analysis, and Control, Prentice Hall, 2001.
2. “A. E. Fritzgerald, C. Kingsley and S. Umans”, “Electric Machinary”, McGraw Hill Companies, 6th
edition, 2003.
3. “Abhijith Chakrabarthi & Subitha Debnath”, “Electrical Machines”, Mc Graw Hill, 2015.
LIST OF EQUIPMENT :

1. DC Shunt Motor Coupled With DC Compound Generator – 1 no

2. DC Shunt Motor Coupled With DC Compound Generator – 1 no
3. DC Shunt Motor with loading Arrangement – 3 nos
4. DC Series Motor with loading Arrangement – 1 no.
5. Three phase induction motor – 2 no.
6. Single phase induction motor – 1 no.
7. Synchronous motor – 1 no.
8. Tachometer -Digital/Analog – 8 nos
9. Single Phase Auto Transformer –5 nos
10. Three Phase Auto Transformer – 1 No.
11. SPST switch – 3 nos
12. Wattmeter :2nos
13. Computer with Labview / Matlab software for simulation: 4 nos
14. Ammeters : 5 nos
15. Voltmeters : 10 nos
16. Rheostats : 15 nos

PD18201 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INVERTERS LTPC

30 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To provide the electrical circuit concepts behind the different working modes of inverters so as to
enable deep understanding of their operation.
 To equip with required skills to derive the criteria for the design of inverters for UPS, drives etc.,
 To analyse and comprehend the various operating modes of different configuration of inverters.
 To design different single phase and three phase inverters.
 To impart knowledge on multilevel inverters and modulation techniques.

UNIT I SINGLE PHASE INVERTERS 10

Principle of operation of half and full bridge inverters – Performance parameters – Voltage control of single
phase inverters using various PWM techniques – various harmonic elimination techniques.

UNIT II THREE PHASE VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTERS 9

180˚ and 120˚ degree conduction mode inverters with star and delta connected loads – voltage control of three
phase inverters: single, multi pulse, sinusoidal, space vector modulation techniques – Application to drive
system.

UNIT III CURRENT SOURCE INVERTERS 9

Operation of six-step thyristor inverter – inverter operation modes – load – commutated inverters – Auto
sequential current source inverter (ASCI) – current pulsations – comparison of current source inverter and
voltage source inverters – PWM techniques for current source inverters.

UNIT IV MULTILEVEL & BOOST INVERTERS 9

Multilevel concept – diode clamped – flying capacitor – cascade type multilevel inverters - Comparison of
multilevel inverters - application of multilevel inverters – Introduction to Multicarrier PWM techniques for
MLI– Single phase &Three phase Impedance source inverters.

UNIT V RESONANT INVERTERS 8

Series and parallel resonant inverters - voltage control of resonant inverters – Class E resonant inverter –
resonant DC – link inverters – power line disturbances – power conditioners – UPS: offline UPS ,online
UPS.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Expertise in the working modes and operation of inverters
 Design single phase and three phase inverters
 Equip skills to formulate and design the inverters for generic loads and machine loads
 Acquire knowledge on multilevel inverters and modulation techniques

REFERENCES:

1. Rashid M.H., “Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications ", Prentice Hall India, Third
Edition, New Delhi, 2004.
2. Jai P.Agrawal, “Power Electronics Systems”, Pearson Education, Second Edition,2002
3. Bimal K.Bose “Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives”, Pearson Education, Second Edition,
2003.
4. Ned Mohan,T. MUndeland and W.P Robbin, “Power Electronics: converters,Application and design”
John Wiley and sons.Wiley India edition, 2006
5. Philip T. krein, “Elements of Power Electronics” Oxford University Press -1998
6. P.C. Sen, “Modern Power Electronics”, Wheeler Publishing Co, First Edition, New Delhi, 1998
P.S.Bimbra, “Power Electronics”, Khanna Publishers, Eleventh Edition, 2003

PD18202 SOLID STATE DRIVES LTPC

3 00 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To study and analyze the operation of the converter / chopper fed DC drives, both qualitatively
 and quantitatively.
 To familiarize the students on the operation of VSI and CSI fed induction motor drives.
 To understand the field oriented control of induction machines.
 To impart knowledge on the control of synchronous motor drives

UNIT I RECTIFIER CONTROL OF DC DRIVES 9

Principle of phase control – Fundamental relations; Analysis of series and separately excited DC motor with
single-phase and three-phase converters – waveforms, performance parameters, performance characteristics-
Continuous and discontinuous armature current operations; Current ripple and its effect on performance;
Operation with freewheeling diode; Implementation of braking schemes

UNIT II CHOPPER CONTROL OF DC DRIVES 9

Introduction to time ratio control and frequency modulation; Class A, B, C, D and E chopper controlled DC
motor – performance analysis, multi-quadrant control – Chopper based implementation of braking schemes;
Multi-phase chopper; Related problems.

UNIT III CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES- STATOR SIDE AND ROTOR SIDE 9

AC voltage controller circuit – six step inverter voltage control-closed loop variable frequency PWM inverter
with dynamic braking-CSI fed variable frequency drives – comparison Static rotor resistance control -
injection of voltage in the rotor circuit – static scherbius drives - power factor considerations – modified
Kramer drives

UNIT IV FIELD ORIENTED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES 9

Field oriented control of induction machines – Theory – DC drive analogy – Direct and Indirect methods –
Flux vector estimation - Direct torque control of Induction Machines – Torque expression with stator and
rotor fluxes, DTC control strategy.

UNIT V SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES 9

Wound field cylindrical rotor motor – Equivalent circuits – performance equations for operation from a
voltage source – starting and braking - V curves - Self control-margin angle control-torque control-power
factor control-Brushless excitation systems
TOTAL:45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Formulate, design and analyze power supplies for generic loads and machine loads.
 Acquire knowledge on the operation of VSI and CSI fed induction motor drives.
 Expertise in the field oriented control of Induction motor drives.
 Will be able to formulate the control schemes for synchronous motor drives.

REFERENCES:
1 P.C Sen “Thyristor DC Drives”, John wiely and sons, New York, 1981
2 Gopal K Dubey, “Power Semiconductor controlled Drives”, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersy, 1989
3 Gopal K.Dubey, “Fundamentals of Electrical Drives”, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, Second
Edition ,2009
4 Bimal K Bose, “Modern Power Electronics and AC Drives”, Pearson Education Asia 2002.
5 R.Krishnan, “Electric Motor Drives – Modeling, Analysis and Control” Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2010.
6 VedamSubramanyam, “Electric Drives – Concepts and Applications”, Tata McGraw-Hill publishing
company Ltd., New Delhi, 2002
7 W.Leonhard, “Control of Electrical Drives”, Narosa Publishing House, 1992
8 Murphy J.M.D and Turnbull, “Thyristor Control of AC Motors”, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1988.

PD18203 POWER QUALITY LTPC

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the various power quality issues.
 To understand the harmonic producing loads and its effects
 To understand the modelling of networks and components under non-sinusoidal conditions.
 To understand the passive and active compensation techniques for power quality improvement
 To understand the various custom power devices
 To understand the importance of grounding and wiring

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Power quality-voltage quality-overview of power quality phenomena- classification of power quality issues-
power quality measures and standards-THD-TIF-DIN-C-message weights-flicker factor-transient phenomena-
occurrence of power quality problems-power acceptability curves-IEEE guides, standards and recommended
practices.

UNIT II HARMONICS 9
Harmonics-individual and total harmonic distortion - RMS value of a harmonic waveform-Triplen harmonics-
Inter harmonics - important harmonic introducing devices-SMPS-Three phase power converters- arcing
devices- saturable devices-harmonic distortion of fluorescent lamps-effect of power system harmonics on
power system equipment and loads- Standards on harmonics.

UNIT III MODELING OF NETWORKS AND COMPONENTS UNDER NON- SINUSOIDAL

CONDITIONS 9
Transmission and distribution systems – resonance-shunt capacitors-transformers-inrush currents-electric
machines-ground systems- loads that cause power quality problems – battery chargers-arc furnaces-pulse
modulated devices-adjustable speed drives.

UNIT IV POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT 9

Passive compensation –Design of Passive Filter- Active Harmonic Filtering- generating reference currents
using instantaneous PQ theory – Instantaneous symmetrical components theory -uninterruptable power
sources- constant voltage transformers - series active power filtering techniques for harmonic cancellation and
isolation.

UNIT V CUSTOM POWER DEVICES 9

Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM)- Dynamic Voltage Restorers (DVR) for sag, swell and
flicker problems- Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)- -reasons for grounding - typical grounding and
wiring problems -solutions to grounding and wiring problems.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Acquire knowledge about the power quality problems
 Enhance the knowledge about harmonics, harmonic introducing devices and effect of harmonics on
system equipment and loads
 Develop analytical skills for modeling and analysis of harmonics in networks and components
 Acquire knowledge about passive and active filtering techniques for power quality improvement.
 Enhance the knowledge about the custom power devices
 Acquire knowledge in grounding and wiring.
REFERENCES:

1. G.T.Heydt, “Electric Power Quality”, Stars in a Circle Publications, 1994(2nd edition)

2. R.C. Dugan, Mark.F. Mc Granaghan, Surya Santoso and H. WayneBeaty, “Electrical Power System
Quality”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2004.
3. Arindam Ghosh “Power Quality Enhancement Using Custom Power Devices”, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 2002.
4. C. Sankran, “Power quality”, CRC Press, 2002.

MC18081 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND IPR LTPC

2 0 0 2
OBJECTIVES:
 To impart knowledge on formulation of research problem, research methodology, ethics involved in
doing research and importance of IPR protection.

UNIT I RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6

Meaning of research problem, Sources of research problem, Criteria Characteristics of a good research
problem, Errors in selecting a research problem, Scope and objectives of research problem. Approaches of
investigation of solutions for research problem, data collection, analysis, Plagiarism, Research ethics

UNIT II RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 6

Importance and scientific methodology in recording results, importance of negative results, different ways of
recording, industrial requirement, artifacts versus true results, types of analysis (analytical, objective,
subjective), outcome as new idea, hypothesis, concept, theory, model etc.

UNIT III TECHNICAL WRITING 6

Effective technical writing, how to write a manuscript/ responses to reviewers comments, preparation of
research article/ research report, Writing a Research Proposal - presentation and assessment by a review
committee

UNIT IV INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 6

Nature of Intellectual Property: Patents, Designs, Trade Mark and Copyright. Process of Patenting and
Development: technological research, innovation, patenting & development. Procedure for grants of patents,
Patenting under PCT.
UNIT V PATENT RIGTS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN IPR 6
Scope of Patent Rights. Licensing and transfer of technology. Patent information and databases. Geographical
Indications. New Developments in IPR: Administration of Patent System.

TOTAL: 30 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Understand that today’s world is controlled by Computer, Information Technology, but tomorrow
world will be ruled by ideas, concept, and creativity.
 Understand research problem formulation & Analyze research related information and Follow
research ethics
 Correlate the results of any research article with other published results. Write a review article in the
field of engineering.
 Appreciate the importance of IPR and protect their intellectual property. Understand that IPR
protection provides an incentive to inventors for further research work and investment in R & D,
which leads to creation of new and better products, and in turn brings about, economic growth and
social benefits

REFERENCES:
1. Ranjit Kumar, Research Methodology- A step by step guide for beginners, Pearson Education, Australia,
2005.
2. Ann M. Korner, Guide to Publishing a Scientific paper, Bioscript Press 2004.
3. T. Ramappa, “Intellectual Property Rights Under WTO”, S. Chand, 2008
4. Kothari, C. R. Research Methodology - Methods and Techniques, New Age International publishers,
New Delhi, 2004.
5. Stuart Melville and Wayne Goddard, “Research methodology: an introduction for science & engineering
students’, Juta& Company, 1996.
6. Robert P. Merges, Peter S. Menell and Mark A. Lemley, “Intellectual Property in New Technological
Age”, Aspen Publishers, 2016.
7. Halbert, “Resisting Intellectual Property”, Taylor & Francis Ltd ,2007
8. Mayall , “Industrial Design”, McGraw Hill, 1992.
9. Niebel , “Product Design”, McGraw Hill, 1974.
10. Asimov , “Introduction to Design”, Prentice Hall, 1962.

PD18211 ELECTRICAL DRIVES LABORATORY LTPC

0042
OBJECTIVES:
 To design and analyze various DC and AC drives.
 To generate the firing pulses for converters and inverters using digital processors
 Design of controllers for linear and nonlinear systems
 Implementation of closed loop system using hardware simulation

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Study of Thyristor controlled D.C Drive.

2. Study of Chopper Fed DC Motor.
3. Study of A.C single phase motor speed control using TRIAC.
4. PWM inverter fed three phase induction motor control using PSPICE/MATLAB/PSIM software.
5. VSI/CSI fed induction motor drive analysis using MATLAB/PSPICE/PSIM software.
6. Study of V/f control operation of three phase induction motor.
7. Study of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive fed by PWM inverter using software.
8. Regenerative/ Dynamic breaking operation for DC motor study using software.
9. Regenerative/ Dynamic breaking operation for AC motor study using software.
10. PC/PLC based AC/DC motor control operation.
11.Study of power quality analyzer
12. Design of UPS

OUTCOMES:
 Ability to simulate different types of machines, converters in a system.
 Analyze the performance of various electric drive systems.

REFERENCES
1. Ned Mohan,T. M. Undelandand W.P Robbin, “Power Electronics: converters, Application and
design” John Wiley and sons. Wiley Indiaedition,2006.
2. Rashid M.H.,“Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and Applications", Prentice Hal India, New
Delhi, 1995.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT:
1. Power module for DC converter for separately excited DC machine 0.5HP Speed Sensor, display
meters, controller circuit, CRO/DSO-1
2. Power module for DC chopper for separately excited DC machine 0.5HP Speed Sensor, display
meters, controller circuit, CRO/DSO -1
3. IGBT inverter power module,3 phase induction motor0.5HP,V/f controller display meters CRO/DSO-
1
4. Stepper motor, PIC Micrcontroller, controller circuit , Interface circuit, CRO- 1
5. Power module, BLDC motor(0.5HP) Controller circuit, sensor circuit, display meter, CRO/DSO -1
6. SRM motor-0.5 HP, PIC DSP/TMS DSP Processor, speed sensor, Power module, Display meter,
DSO- 1
7. Synchronous generator –0.5HP, Power module(MOSFET/IGBT), Controller circuit, CRO/DSO,
Display meters- 1
8. Bread board, Transformer, Power switchs/module, PIC controller – each 1 set
9. Desktop PC with MATLAB Simulation software - 1
10. Single phase or three phase power quality analyzer -1
11. Digital Storage Oscilloscope –5
12. Isolation Transformer – 3
13. Single phase Auto transformer –3
14. Work tables – 10
15. Component data sheets to be provided
16.

PD18212 MICROCONTROLLER LAB L T P C

0 0 4 2

OBJECTIVES:
 To provide training on programming of microprocessors and microcontrollers and understand the
interface requirements.

EXPERIMENTS ON ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING

1. Write a program to multiplication and division using MUL and DIV instructions.
2. Write a program to transfer a block of data from internal memory to external memory.
3. Write a program to exchange two set of eight-byte data.
4. Write a program to find the sum of two numbers in decimal.
5. Write a program to convert decimal number to hexadecimal.
6. Write a program to add a number n, m number of times.
7. Write program to find the largest from a set of n numbers.
8. Write program for sorting the given set of numbers.

EXPERIMENTS ON 8051 INTERFACING

1. Write an assembly language program for generating a triangular wave.
2. Write a program to find the largest from a set of ten numbers and display it using LED.
3. Write a program to for displaying the decimal numbers in 7 Segment display.
4. Write a program to read the DIP switches for displaying the reading using 7 Segment display.
5. Write a program to rotate the given motor in clockwise direction.
6. Write a program to rotate the given motor in anticlockwise direction.
7. Write a program to generate a square wave.
8. Write a program to display a message in LCD display.

OUTCOMES:
 1.To understand and apply computing platform and software for engineering problems.
 2.Ability to understand and analyze, linear and digital electronic circuits.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.Krishna Kant, “Microprocessor and Microcontrollers”, Eastern Company Edition, Prentice Hall of
India,New Delhi , 2007.
2. R.S. Gaonkar, ‘Microprocessor Architecture Programming and Application’, with 8085, Wiley Eastern
Ltd. New Delhi, 2013.

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:

1.8085 Microprocessor Trainer with Power Supply
2.8051 Micro Controller Trainer Kit with power supply
3.8255 Interface board
4.8251 Interface board
5.8259 Interface board
6.8279 Keyboard / Display Interface board
7.ADC and DAC card

PD18001 SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES LTPC

3003

OBJECTIVES:
• To expose the concepts of feed forward neural networks.
• To provide adequate knowledge about feedback neural networks.
• To teach about the concept of fuzziness involved in various systems.
• To expose the ideas about genetic algorithm

UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 9

Introduction to intelligent systems- Soft computing techniques- Conventional Computing versus Swarm
Computing - Classification of meta-heuristic techniques - Properties of Swarm intelligent Systems -
Application domain - Discrete and continuous problems – Single objective and multi-objective problems -
Neuron- Nerve structure and synapse- Artificial Neuron and its model- activation functions- Neural network
architecture- single layer and multilayer feed forward networks- Mc Culloch Pitts neuron model- perceptron
model- Adaline and Madaline- multilayer perception model- back propagation learning methods- effect of
learning rule coefficient -back propagation algorithm- factors affecting back propagation training-
applications.

UNIT II ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY 9

Counter propagation network- architecture- functioning & characteristics of counter Propagation network-
Hopfield/ Recurrent network configuration - stability constraints associative memory and characteristics-
limitations and applications- Hopfield v/s Boltzman machine- Adaptive Resonance Theory- Architecture-
classifications- Implementation and training - Associative Memory.

UNIT III FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM 9

Introduction to crisp sets and fuzzy sets- basic fuzzy set operation and approximate reasoning.Introduction to
fuzzy logic modeling and control- Fuzzification inferencing and defuzzification-Fuzzy knowledge and rule
bases-Fuzzy modeling and control schemes for nonlinear systems. Self organizing fuzzy logic control- Fuzzy
logic control for nonlinear time delay system.

UNIT IV GENETIC ALGORITHM 9

Evolutionary programs – Genetic algorithms, genetic programming and evolutionary programming - Genetic
Algorithm versus Conventional Optimization Techniques – Genetic representations and selection
mechanisms; Genetic operators- different types of crossover and mutation operators - Optimization problems
using GA-discrete and continuous – Single objective and multi-objective problems - Procedures in
evolutionary programming.
UNIT V HYBRID CONTROL SCHEMES 9
Fuzzification and rule base using ANN–Neuro fuzzy systems-ANFIS – Fuzzy Neuron - Optimization of
membership function and rule base using Genetic Algorithm –Introduction to Support Vector Machine-
Evolutionary Programming-Particle Swarm Optimization – Case study – Familiarization of NN, FLC and
ANFIS Tool Box.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Able to know the basic ANN architectures, algorithms and their limitations.
 Able to know the different operations on the fuzzy sets.
 Develop ANN based models and control schemes for non-linearsystem.
 Expertise in the use of different ANN structures and online training algorithm.
 Use Fuzzy logic for modeling and control of non-linearsystems.
 Competent to use hybrid control schemes and P.S.O and support vector Regressive.

REFERENCES
1. Laurene V. Fausett, “Fundamentals of Neural Networks: Architectures, Algorithms And Applications”,
Pearson Education.
2. Timothy J. Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications” Wiley India, 2008.
3. Zimmermann H.J. "Fuzzy set theory and its Applications" Springer international edition, 2011.
4. David E.Goldberg, “Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning”, Pearson
Education, 2009.
5. W.T.Miller, R.S.Sutton and P.J.Webrose, “Neural Networks for Control” MIT Press”, 1996.
6. T. Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1995.
7. EthemAlpaydin, “Introduction to Machine Learning (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning
Series)”, MIT Press, 2004.
8. Corinna Cortes and V. Vapnik, " Support - Vector Networks, Machine Learning ” 1995.

PD18002 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD COMPUTATION AND MODELLING LTPC

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To refresh the fundamentals of Electromagnetic Field Theory.
  To provide foundation in formulation and computation of Electromagnetic Fields using analytical
and numerical methods.
 To impart in-depth knowledge on Finite Element Method in solving Electromagnetic field problems.
 To introduce the concept of mathematical modeling and design of electrical apparatus.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Review of basic field theory–Maxwell’sequations–ConstitutiverelationshipsandContinuityequations–
Laplace, Poisson and Helmholtz equation– principle of energy conversion–force/torque calculation.

UNIT II BASIC SOLUTION METHODS FOR FIELD EQUATIONS 9

Limitations of the conventional design procedure, need for the field analysis based design, problem
definition, boundary conditions, solution by analytical methods-direct integration method– variable
separable method–method of images, solution by numerical methods-Finite Difference Method.

UNIT III FORMULATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (FEM) 9

Variation Formulation–Energy minimization– Discretization –Shape functions–Stiffness matrix– and 1D
and 2D planar and axial symmetry problems.

UNIT IV COMPUTATION OF BASIC QUANTITIES USING FEM PACKAGES 9

Basic quantities–Energy stored in Electric Field–Capacitance–Magnetic Field–Linked Flux Inductance–
Force–Torque –Skin effect–Resistance.

UNIT V DESIGNAPPLICATIONS 9
Design of Insulators–Cylindrical magnetic actuators–Transformers –Rotating machines
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Understand the concepts of electromagnetic.
 Ability to formulate the FEM method and use of the package
 Apply the concepts in the design of rotating machines

REFERENCES
1. Matthew. N.O. Sadiku,“Elements of Electromagnetics”, Fourth Edition, Oxford University Press,
First Indian Edition 2007
2. K.J.Binns,P.J.Lawrenson, C.WT row bridge, “The analytical and numerical solution of Electric and
magnetic fields”, John Wiley &Sons, 1993.
3. NicolaBiyanchi,“Electrical Machine analysis using Finite Elements”, Taylor and Francis Group, CRC
Publishers, 2005.
4. NathanIda,Joao P.A.Bastos “Electromagnetics and calculation of fields” ,Springer Verlage,1992.
5. S.JSalon,“FiniteElementAnalysisofElectricalMachines”KluwerAcademicPublishers,London,1995,
distributed by TBH Publishers & Distributors, Chennai, India
6. Silvester and Ferrari, “Finite Elements for Electrical Engineers” Cambridge University press,1983.

PD18003 CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR POWER ELECTRONICS LT P C

30 0 3

OBJECTIVES:

 To exploreconceptualbridgesbetweenthefieldsofControlSystemsandPowerElectronics
 ToStudyControltheoriesandtechniquesrelevanttothedesignoffeedbackcontrollersinPowerElectronics

UNIT I MODELLING OF DC-TO-DC POWER CONVERTERS 9

Modelling of Buck Converter , Boost Converter ,Buck-Boost Converter, Cuk Converter ,Sepic Converter,
Zeta Converter, Quadratic Buck Converter ,Double Buck-Boost Converter, Boost- Boost Converter General
Mathematical Model for Power Electronics Devices
UNIT II SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER DESIGN 9
Variable Structure Systems. Single Switch Regulated Systems Sliding Surfaces, Accessibility of the Sliding
Surface Sliding Mode Control Implementation of Boost Converter ,Buck-Boost Converter, Cuk Converter
,Sepic Converter, Zeta Converter, Quadratic Buck Converter, Double Buck-Boost Converter, Boost-Boost
Converter

UNIT III APPROXIMATE LINEARIZATION CONTROLLER DESIGN 9

Linear Feedback Control, Pole Placement by Full State Feedback , Pole Placement Based on Observer Design
,Reduced Order Observers , Generalized Proportional Integral Controllers, Passivity Based Control , Sliding
Mode Control Implementation of Buck Converter , Boost Converter ,Buck-Boost Converter

UNIT IV NONLINEAR CONTROLLER DESIGN 9

Feedback Linearization Isidori’s Canonical Form ,Input-Output Feedback Linearization ,State Feedback
Linearization, Passivity Based Control , Full Order Observers , Reduced Order Observers

UNIT V PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF POWER CONVERTERS 9

Basic Concepts, Theory, and Methods, Application of Predictive Control in Power Electronics, AC-DC-AC
Converter System, Faults and Diagnosis Systems in Power Converters.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Understand an overview on modern linear and nonlinear control strategies for power electronics
devices
 Model modern power electronic converters for industrial applications
 Design appropriate controllers for modern power electronics devices

REFERENCES
1. Hebertt Sira-Ramírez PhD, Ramón Silva-Ortigoza, “Control Design Techniques in Power Electronics
Devices”, Springer 2012
2. Mahesh Patil, PankajRodey, “Control Systems for Power Electronics: A Practical Guide”, Springer India,
2015.
3. Blaabjerg José Rodríguez, “Advanced and Intelligent Control in Power Electronics and Drives” , Springer,
2014
4. Enrique Acha, Vassilios Agelidis, Olimpo Anaya, TJE Miller, “Power Electronic Control in Electrical
Systems”, Newnes, 2002
5. Marija D. Aranya Chakrabortty, Marija , “Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids”,
Springer, 2012.

PD18004 ANALOG AND DIGITAL CONTROLLERS LTPC

3 003
OBJECTIVES
 To provide a overview of the control system and converter control methodologies
 To provide an insight to the analog controllers generally used in practice
 To introduce Embedded Processers for Digital Control
 To study on the driving techniques, isolation requirements, signal conditioning and protection
methods
 To provide a Case Study by implementing an analog and a digital controller on a
 converter

UNIT I CONTROL SYSTEM – OVERVIEW 9

Feedback and Feed-forward control, Right Half Plane Zero, Gain margin and Phase Margin, Stability,
Analysis and Transfer function of PI and PID controllers and its effects. Voltage mode control, Peak Current
mode Control, Average Current mode Control for Converters – Need, advantages and disadvantages.
UNIT II ANALOG CONTROLLERS 9
Major components of a controller – Op-Amp based PI and PID controller – Proportional, Integral and
Differential gains in terms of Resistance and Capacitance, Error Amplifiers, PWM generator using Ramp or
Triangular generator and comparator, and Driver, Voltage mode controller design using UC3524, Peak
Current mode controller design using UC3842, Average Current mode controller design using UC3854.

UNIT III DIGITAL CONTROLLERS 9

Micro Controllers and Digital Signal Controllers for Converter Control Application, Interface Modules for
Converter Control – A/D, Capture, Compare and PWM, Analog Comparators for instantaneous over current
detection, interrupts, Discrete PI and PID equations, Algorithm for PI and PID implementation, Example
Code for PWM generation.

UNIT IV SIGNAL CONDITIONING, DRIVER, ISOLATION AND PROTECTION 9

Voltage feedback sensing circuits, Hall effect sensors and Shunts for current feedback sensing, Low offset
Op-Amps for signal conditioning, Single and dual supply op-amps, Totem pole drivers, Need for isolated
drivers, Optically isolated drivers, low side drivers, high side drivers with bootstrap power supply, Vce sat
sensing, CT based Device current sensing and pulse blocking.
UNIT V CONTROLLER IMPLEMENTATION 9
Analog and Digital Controller Design for Buck Converter – Power circuit transfer function and bode plot, PI
controller bode plot, Combined bode plot with required Gain and Phase margins, Implementation of Analog
controller and Digital controller.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
.
REFERENCES
1. I.J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, “Control Systems Engineering”, New Age International Publishers
2. TI Application notes, Reference Manuals and Data Sheets.
3. Agilent Data Sheets
4. Microchip Application notes, Reference Manuals and Data Sheets.

PD18005 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS LTPC

3 003

OBJECTIVES:
 To emphasis the need for FACTS controllers.
 To learn the characteristics, applications and modelling of series and shunt FACTS controllers.
 To analyze the interaction of different FACTS controller and perform control coordination

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Review of basics of power transmission networks-control of power flow in AC transmission line Analysis of
uncompensated AC Transmission line- Passive reactive power compensation: Effect of series and shunt
compensation at the mid-point of the line on power transfer- Need for FACTS controllers- types of FACTS
controllers.

UNIT II STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR (SVC) 9

Configuration of SVC- voltage regulation by SVC- Modelling of SVC for load flow analysis Modelling of
SVC for stability studies-Design of SVC to regulate the mid-point voltage of a SMIB system- Applications:
transient stability enhancement and power oscillation damping of SMIB system with SVC connected at the
mid-point of the line.
UNIT III THYRISTOR AND GTO THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITORS
(TCSC and GCSC) 9
Concepts of Controlled Series Compensation – Operation of TCSC and GCSC- Analysis of TCSC-GCSC –
Modelling of TCSC and GCSC for load flow studies- modeling TCSC and GCSC for stability studied-
Applications of TCSC and GCSC.

UNIT IV VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER BASED FACTS CONTROLLERS 9

Static synchronous compensator(STATCOM)- Static synchronous series compensator(SSSC)-Operation of
STATCOM and SSSC-Power flow control with STATCOM and SSSC- Modelling of STATCOM and SSSC
for power flow and transient stability studies –operation of Unified and Interline power flow
controllers(UPFC and IPFC)- Modelling of UPFC and IPFC for load flow and transient stability studies-
Applications.

UNIT V CONTROLLERS AND THEIR COORDINATION 9

FACTS Controller interactions – SVC–SVC interaction - co-ordination of multiple controllers using linear
control techniques – Quantitative treatment of control coordination.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Ability to understand the operation of the compensator and its applications in power system.
 Ability to understand the various emerging Facts controllers.
 Ability to know about the genetic algorithm used in Facts controller coordination.

REFERENCES
1. A.T.John, “Flexible AC Transmission System”, Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE),
1999.
2. NarainG.Hingorani, Laszio. Gyugyl, “Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC
Transmission System”, Standard Publishers, Delhi 2001.
3. V. K.Sood, “HVDC and FACTS controllers- Applications of Static Converters in Power System” , 2004,
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
4. Mohan Mathur, R., Rajiv. K. Varma, “Thyristor – Based Facts Controllers for Electrical Transmission
Systems”, IEEE press and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5.K.R.Padiyar,” FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution”, New Age International(P) Ltd.,
Publishers New Delhi, Reprint 2008,

PD18006 MODERN RECTIFIERS AND RESONANT CONVERTERS LTPC

3003
OBJECTIVES:
 To gain knowledge about the harmonics standards and operation of rectifiers in CCM & DCM.
 To analyze and design power factor correction rectifiers for UPS applications.
 To know the operation of resonant converters for SMPS applications.
 To carry out dynamic analysis of DC- DC Converters.
 To introduce the source current shaping methods for rectifiers

UNIT I POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS & LINE COMMUTATED RECTIFIERS 9

Average power-RMS value of waveform– Effect of Power factor-. current and voltage harmonics – Effect of
source and load impedance - AC line current harmonic standardsIEC1000-IEEE 519-CCM and DCM
operation of single phase full wave rectifier- Behavior of full wave rectifier for large and small values of
capacitance - CCM and DCM operation of three phase full wave rectifier- 12 pulse converters - Harmonic
trap filters.
UNIT II PULSE WIDTH MODULATED RECTIFIERS 9
Properties of Ideal single phase rectifiers-Realization of nearly ideal rectifier-. Single-phase converter systems
incorporating ideal rectifiers - Losses and efficiency in CCM high quality rectifiers -single-phase PWM
rectifier -PWM concepts - device selection for rectifiers – IGBT based PWM rectifier, comparison with SCR
based converters with respect to harmonic content -applications of rectifiers.

UNIT III RESONANT CONVERTERS 9

Soft Switching - classification of resonant converters - Quasi resonant converters- basics of ZVS and ZCS-
half wave and full wave operation (qualitative treatment) - multi resonant converters - operation and analysis
of ZVS and ZCS multi resonant converter - zero voltage transition PWM converters -zero current transition
PWM converters

UNIT IV DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING CONVERTERS 9

Review of linear system analysis-State Space Averaging-Basic State Space Average Model-State Space
Averaged model for an ideal Buck Converter, ideal Boost Converter, ideal Buck Boost Converter and an ideal
Cuk Converter. Pulse Width modulation - Voltage Mode PWM Scheme - Current Mode PWM Scheme -
design of PI controller.

UNIT V SOURCE CURRENT SHAPING OF RECTIFIERS 9

Need for current shaping - power factor - functions of current shaper - input current shaping methods - passive
shaping methods -input inductor filter - resonant input filter – active methods - boost rectifier employing peak
current control - average current control – Hysteresis control- Nonlinear carrier control.
TOTAL 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Apply the concept of various types of rectifiers.
 Simulate and design the operation of resonant converter and its importance.
 Identify the importance of linear system, state space model, PI controller.
 Design the DC power supplies using advanced techniques.
 Understand the standards for supply current harmonics and its significance.

REFERENCES
1 Robert W. Erickson and Dragon Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of Power Electronics” ,Second Edition,
Springer science and Business media, 2001.
2 William Shepherd and Li zhang, “Power Converters Circuits”, Marceld Ekkerin,C, 2005.
3 Simon Ang and Alejandro Oliva, “Power Switching Converters”, Taylor & Francis Group,2010.
4 Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski, " Introduction To Modern Power Electronics", John Wiley &Sons, 2016.
5 Marian.K.Kazimierczuk and Dariusz Czarkowski, “Resonant Power Converters”, John Wiley& Sons
limited, 2011.
6 Keng C .Wu, “Switch Mode Power Converters – Design and Analysis” Elseveir academic press, 2006.
7 Abraham I.Pressman, Keith Billings and Taylor Morey, “ Switching Power Supply Design”McGraw-Hill
,2009
8 V.Ramanarayanan, “Course Material on Switched Mode Power Conversion” IISC, Banglore, 2007.
9 Christophe P. Basso, Switch-Mode Power Supplies, McGraw-Hill, 2014

PD18007 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE AND COMPATIBILITY LTPC

300 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To provide fundamental knowledge on electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic
compatibility.
 To study the important techniques to control EMI and EMC.
 To expose the knowledge on testing techniques as per Indian and international standards in EMI
measurement.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9

Definitions of EMI/EMC -Sources of EMI- Inter systems and Intra system- Conducted and radiated
interference- Characteristics - Designing for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)- EMC regulation typical
noise path- EMI predictions and modeling, Cross talk - Methods of eliminating interferences.

UNIT II GROUNDING AND CABLING 9

Cabling- types of cables, mechanism of EMI emission / coupling in cables –capacitive coupling inductive
coupling- shielding to prevent magnetic radiation- shield transfer impedance, Grounding – safety grounds –
signal grounds- single point and multipoint ground systems hybrid grounds- functional ground layout –
grounding of cable shields- -guard shields- isolation, neutralizing transformers, shield grounding at high
frequencies, digital grounding- Earth measurement Methods

UNIT III BALANCING, FILTERING AND SHIELDING 9

Power supply decoupling- decoupling filters-amplifier filtering –high frequency filtering- EMI filters
characteristics of LPF, HPF, BPF, BEF and power line filter design -Choice of capacitors, inductors,
transformers and resistors, EMC design components -shielding – near and far fields shielding effectiveness-
absorption and reflection loss- magnetic materials as a shield, shield discontinuities, slots and holes, seams
and joints, conductive gaskets-windows and coatings - grounding of shields

UNIT IV EMI IN ELEMENTS AND CIRCUITS 9

Electromagnetic emissions, noise from relays and switches, non-linearities in circuits, passive inter
modulation, transients in power supply lines, EMI from power electronic equipment, EMI as combination of
radiation and conduction
UNIT V ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE, STANDARDS AND TESTING TECHNIQUES 9
Static Generation- human body model- static discharges- ESD versus EMC, ESD protection in equipments-
standards – FCC requirements – EMI measurements – Open area test site measurements and precautions-
Radiated and conducted interference measurements, Control requirements and testing methods

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Recognize the sources of Conducted and radiated EMI in Power Electronic Converters and consumer
appliances and suggest remedial measures to mitigate the problems
 Assess the insertion loss and design EMI filters to reduce the loss
 Design EMI filters, common-mode chokes and RC-snubber circuits measures to keep the interference
within tolerable limits
REFERENCES
1. V.P. Kodali, “Engineering Electromagnetic Compatibility”, S. Chand, 1996
2. Henry W.Ott, “ Noise reduction techniques in electronic systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 1989
3. Bernhard Keiser, “Principles of Electro-magnetic Compatibility”, Artech House, Inc. (685 canton street,
Norwood, MA 020062 USA) 1987
4. Bridges, J.E Milleta J. and Ricketts.L.W., “EMP Radiation and Protective techniques”, John Wiley and
sons, USA 1976
5. William Duff G., & Donald White R. J, “Series on Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility”, Vol.
6. Weston David A., “Electromagnetic Compatibility, Principles and Applications”, 1991.

PD18008 MEMS FOR POWER ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS L T P C

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES
 To teach the students properties of materials, microstructure and fabrication methods.
 To teach the design and modeling of Electrostatic sensors and actuators.
 To teach the characterizing thermal sensors and actuators through design and modeling
 To teach the fundamentals of piezoelectric sensors and actuators through exposure to
 different MEMS and NEMS devices
 UNIT I MICRO-FABRICATION, MATERIALS AND ELECTRO-MECHANICAL CONCEPTS
9
Overview of micro fabrication – Silicon and other material based fabrication processes – Silicon plasma
etching for micromachining- Concepts: Conductivity of semiconductors-Crystal planes and orientation-
stress and strain-flexural beam bending analysis-torsional deflections-Intrinsic stress- resonant frequency
and quality factor.

UNIT II ELECTROSTATIC SENSORS AND ACTUATION 9

Principle, material, design and fabrication of parallel plate capacitors as electrostatic sensors and actuators –
Applications – Inter digitated Finger capacitor – Comb drive devices – Micro Grippers – Micro Motors.

UNIT III PIEZOELECTRICSENSINGANDACTUATION 9

Piezoelectric effect - cantilever piezo electric actuator model- properties of piezo electric materials-
Applications. Magnetic Actuators – Micro magnetic components – Case studies of MEMS in magnetic
actuators- Actuation using Shape Memory Alloys – Piezo resistive sensors

UNIT IV MICROMACHINING AND PASSIVE COMPONENTS 9

Anisotropic Wet etching – Dry and Deep Reactive ion Etching- Isotropic Wet Etching – Surface
micromachining- Passive components: Inductor, Capacitor and Switches

UNIT V DC-DC Converters in CMOS 9

Monolithic DC-DC Converters: CMOS technology and the Challenges - Monolithic Converter
Components: 3D Air core Inductor, Capacitor and Switches - Measuring DC-DC converters- Case Study
Monolithic integrated Buck and Boost Converters

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Understand basics of microfabrication, develop models and simulate electrostatic and electromagnetic
sensors and actuators
 Understand material properties important for MEMS system performance, analyze dynamics of re
sonant micromechanical structures
 The learning process delivers insight onto design of micro sensors, embedded sensors & actuators in
power aware systems like grid.
 Understand the design process and validation for MEMS devices and systems, and learn the state of
the art in optical micro systems
 Improved Employability and entrepreneurship capacity due to knowledge up gradation on recent
trends in embedded systems design.

REFERENCES:
1. Chang Liu, ‘Foundations of MEMS’, Pearson Education Inc., 2012.
2. Boston , “Micro machined Transducers Source book”,WCB McGraw Hill, 1998.
3. M.H.Bao “Micromechanical transducers :Pressure sensors, accelerometers and gyroscopes”,
Elsevier, Newyork, 2000.
4. P. RaiChoudry“ MEMS and MOEMS Technology and Applications”, PHI, 2012.
5. Stephen D. Senturia, “Micro system Design”, Springer International Edition, 2011
PD18009 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AND MICROGRID LTPC
3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES

 To illustrate the concept of distributed generation

 To analyze the impact of grid integration.
 To study concept of Micro grid and its configuration

UNITI INTRODUCTION 9
Conventional power generation: advantages and disadvantages, Energy crises, Non conventional
energy(NCE) resources: review of Solar PV, Wind Energy systems, Fuel Cells, micro-turbines, biomass,
and tidal sources.

UNIT II DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONS (DG) 9

Concept of distributed generations, topologies, selection of sources, regulatory standards/framework,
Standards for interconnecting Distributed resources to electric power systems: IEEE1547. DG installation
classes, security issues in DG implementations. Energy storage elements: Batteries, ultra-capacitors,
flywheels. Captive power plants

UNIT III IMPACTOFGRIDINTEGRATION 9

Requirement for grid interconnection, limits on operational parameters: voltage, frequency, THD, response
to grid abnormal operating conditions, islanding issues. Impact of grid integration with NCE sources on
existing power system :reliability, stability and power quality issues.

UNIT IV BASICS OFA MICROGRID 9

Concept and definition of micro grid, micro grid drivers and benefits, review of sources of micro grids,
typical structure and configuration of a micro grid, ACandDC micro grids, Power Electronics interfaces in
DC and AC micro grids.

UNITV CONTROLANDOPERATION OFMICROGRID 9

Modes of operation and control of microgrid: grid connected and islanded mode, Active and reactive
power control, protection issues, anti islanding schemes: passive, active and communication based
techniques ,microgrid communication infrastructure, Power quality issues in micro grids, regulatory
standards, Micro grid economics, Introduction to smart micro grids.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Understand the various schemes of conventional and non conventional power
generation.
 Acquire knowledge on the topologies and energy sources of distributed generation.
 Formulate the requirements for grid interconnection and its impact with NCE sources.
 Understand the fundamental concept to fMicrogrid.

REFERENCES
1 AmirnaserYezdani,andRezaIravani,“VoltageSourceConvertersinPowerSystems:Modeling,Cont
rolandApplications”, IEEEJohnWileyPublications,2010.
2 DorinNeacsu,“PowerSwitchingConverters:MediumandHighPower”,CRCPress,Taylor&Francis,
2006
3 Chetan SinghSolanki, “SolarPhoto-Voltaics”, PHIlearningPvt. Ltd., NewDelhi,2009
4 J.F.Manwell,J.G.Mc Gowan “Wind Energy Explained, theory design and
applications”, Wiley publication2010.
 5 D.D. Halland R. P. Grover,“Biomass Regenerable Energy”, JohnWiley, NewYork,1987.
6 John T widelland TonyWeir, “Renewable Energy Resources” Taylor and Francis
Publications, Second edition 2006.

PD18010 HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION LTPC

3003

OBJECTIVES:
To impart knowledge on operation, modelling and control of HVDC link.
To perform steady state analysis of AC/DC system.
To expose various HVDC simulators.

UNIT I DC POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY 9

Introduction - Comparison of AC and DC transmission – Application of DC transmission – Description of DC
transmission system - Planning for HVDC transmission – Modern trends in DC transmission – DC breakers –
Cables, VSC based HVDC.

UNIT II THYRISTOR BASED HVDC CONVERTERS AND HVDC SYSTEM CONTROL 9

Pulse number, choice of converter configuration – Simplified analysis of Graetz circuit - Converter bridge
characteristics – characteristics of a twelve pulse converter- detailed analysis of converters. General principles
of DC link control – Converter control characteristics – System control hierarchy - Firing angle control –
Current and extinction angle control – Generation of harmonics and filtering - power control – Higher level
controllers-Valve tests

UNIT III MULTITERMINAL DC SYSTEMS 9

Introduction – Potential applications of MTDC systems - Types of MTDC systems - Control and protection of
MTDC systems - Study of MTDC systems.

UNIT IV POWER FLOW ANALYSIS IN AC/DC SYSTEMS 9

Per unit system for DC Quantities - Modelling of DC links - Solution of DC load flow - Solution of AC-DC
power flow – Unified, Sequential and Substitution of power injection method.

UNIT V SIMULATION OF HVDC SYSTEMS 9

Introduction – DC LINK Modelling , Converter Modeling and State Space Analysis , Philosophy and tools –
HVDC system simulation, Online and OFFline simulators –– Dynamic interactions between DC and AC
systems.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

REFERENCES:
1. P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, McGraw-Hill, 1993
2. K.R.Padiyar, , “HVDC Power Transmission Systems”, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2002
3.J.Arrillaga, , “High Voltage Direct Current Transmission”, Peter Pregrinus, London, 1983
4. Erich Uhlmann, “ Power Transmission by Direct Current”, BS Publications, 2004.
5. V.K.Sood ,HVDC and FACTS controllers – Applications of Static Converters in Power System, APRIL
2004 , Kluwer Academic Publishers.
PD18011 SOLAR AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS LTPC
3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
To Study about solar modules and PV system design and their applications
To Deal with grid connected PV systems
To Discuss about different energy storage systems

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Characteristics of sunlight – semiconductors and P-N junctions –behavior of solar cells – cell properties – PV
cell interconnection

UNIT II STAND ALONE PV SYSTEM 9

Solar modules – storage systems – power conditioning and regulation - MPPT- protection – stand alone PV
systems design – sizing

UNIT III GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS 9

PV systems in buildings – design issues for central power stations – safety – Economic aspect – Efficiency
and performance - International PV programs.

UNIT IV ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 9

Impact of intermittent generation – Battery energy storage – solar thermal energy storage – pumped
hydroelectric energy storage.

UNIT V APPLICATIONS 9
Water pumping – battery chargers – solar car – direct-drive applications –Space – Telecommunications.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Develop more understanding on solar energy storage systems
 Develop basic knowledge on standalone PV system
 Understand the issues in grid connected PV systems
 Study about the modeling of different energy storage systems and their performances
 Attain more on different applications of solar energy.

REFERENCES
1. Solanki C.S., “Solar Photovoltaics: Fundamentals, Technologies And Applications”, PHI Learning Pvt.
Ltd.,2015.
2. Stuart R.Wenham, Martin A.Green, Muriel E. Watt and Richard Corkish, “Applied Photovoltaics”,2007,
3.Earthscan, UK. Eduardo Lorenzo G. Araujo, “Solar electricity engineering of photovoltaic systems”,
Progensa,1994.

4. Frank S. Barnes & Jonah G. Levine, “Large Energy storage Systems Handbook”, CRC Press, 2011.
5. McNeils, Frenkel, Desai, “Solar & Wind Energy Technologies”, Wiley Eastern, 1990 5 S.P. Sukhatme ,
“Solar Energy”, Tata McGraw Hill,1987.
PD18012 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the concepts of fixed speed and variable speed, wind energy conversion
 To learn the design and control principles of Wind turbine.
 To analyze the grid integration issues systems.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Components of WECS-WECS schemes-Power obtained from wind-simple momentum theory- Power
coefficient-Sabine’s theory-Aerodynamics of Wind turbine.

UNIT II WIND TURBINES 9

HAWT-VAWT-Power developed-Thrust-Efficiency-Rotor selection-Rotor design considerations- Tip speed
ratio-No. of Blades-Blade profile-Power Regulation-yaw control-Pitch angle control- stall control-Schemes
for maximum power extraction.

UNIT III FIXED SPEED SYSTEMS 9

Generating Systems- Constant speed constant frequency systems -Choice of Generators- Deciding factors-
Synchronous Generator-Squirrel Cage Induction Generator- Model of Wind Speed- Model wind turbine rotor
- Drive Train model- Generator model for Steady state and Transient stability analysis.

UNIT IV VARIABLE SPEED SYSTEMS 9

Need of variable speed systems-Power-wind speed characteristics-Variable speed constant frequency systems
synchronous generator- DFIG- PMSG -Variable speed generators modeling - Variable speed variable
frequency schemes.

UNIT V GRID CONNECTED SYSTEMS 9

Wind interconnection requirements, low-voltage ride through (LVRT), ramp rate limitations, and supply of
ancillary services for frequency and voltage control, current practices and industry trends wind
interconnection impact on steady-state and dynamic performance of the power system including modeling
issue.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:

1. Understand the mathematical modeling and control of the Wind turbine.

2. Acquire knowledge on the basic concepts of Wind energy conversion system.
3. Develop more understanding on the design of Fixed speed system.
4. Able to learn about Grid integration issues and current practices of wind.
5. Study about the need of Variable speed system and its modeling interconnections with power system.

REFERENCE:

1. L.L.Freris “Wind Energy conversion Systems”, Prentice Hall, 1990

2. S.N.Bhadra, D.Kastha, S.Banerjee,”Wind Electrical Sytems”,Oxford University Press,2010.
3. Ion Boldea, “Variable speed generators”, Taylor & Francis group, 2006.
4. E.W.Golding “The generation of Electricity by wind power”, Redwood burn Ltd., Trowbridge,1976.
N. Jenkins,” Wind Energy Technology” John Wiley & Sons,1997 6. S.Heir “Grid Integration

PD18013 ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND AUDITING L T P C

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 o To understand the need for energy auditing.
o To understand of various loads involved based on power consumption for auditing.
o To Know about different audit instruments used in practice.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Need for energy management - energy basics- designing and starting an energy management program –
energy accounting -energy monitoring, targeting and reporting- energy audit process.

UNIT II ENERGY COST AND LOAD MANAGEMENT 9

Important concepts in an economic analysis - Economic models-Time value of money-Utility rate structures-
cost of electricity-Loss evaluation- Load management: Demand control techniques-Utility monitoring and
control system-HVAC and energy management-Economic justification.

UNIT III ENERGY MANAGEMENT FOR MOTORS, SYSTEMS, AND ELECTRICAL

EQUIPMENT 9

Systems and equipment- Electric motors-Transformers and reactors-Capacitors and synchronous machines.

UNIT IV METERING FOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT 9

Relationships between parameters-Units of measure-Typical cost factors- Utility meters - Timing of meter
disc for kilowatt measurement - Demand meters - Paralleling of current transformers - Instrument transformer
burdens-Multitasking solid-state meters - Metering location vs. requirements- Metering techniques and
practical examples.

UNIT V LIGHTING SYSTEMS & COGENERATION 9

Concept of lighting systems - The task and the working space -Light sources - Ballasts - Luminaries -
Lighting controls-Optimizing lighting energy - Power factor and effect of harmonics on power quality - Cost
analysis techniques-Lighting and energy standards Cogeneration: Forms of cogeneration - feasibility of
cogeneration- Electrical interconnection.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:

o Acquire the background required for engineers to meet the role of energy managers and to acquire the
skills and techniques required to implement energy management.
o learn about basic concepts of economic analysis and load management.
o understand the energy management on various electrical equipments.
o knowledge on the concepts of metering and factors influencing cost function.
o learn about the concept of lighting systems, light sources and various forms of cogeneration

REFERENCE:
1. Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner, and William J. Kennedy, “Guide to Energy Management”, Fifth
Edition, The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2006
2. Eastop T.D & Croft D.R, “Energy Efficiency for Engineers and Technologists”, Logman Scientific &
Technical, 1990.
3. Reay D.A, “Industrial Energy Conservation”, 1st edition, Pergamon Press, 1977.
4. “IEEE Recommended Practice for Energy Management in Industrial and Commercial Facilities”, IEEE,
1996
5. Amit K. Tyagi, “Handbook on Energy Audits and Management”, TERI, 2003.
PD18014 ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND POWER MANAGEMENT L T P C
3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
 To understand the concept of electrical vehicles and its operations.
 To understand the need for energy storage in hybrid vehicles.
 To provide knowledge about various possible energy storage technologies that can be used in electric
vehicles.

UNIT I ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND VEHICLE MECHANICS 9

Electric Vehicles (EV), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Engine ratings, Comparisons of EV with internal
combustion Engine vehicles, Fundamentals of vehicle mechanics.

UNIT II ARCHITECTURE OF EV’s AND POWER TRAIN COMPONENTS 9

Architecture of EV’s and HEV’s – Plug-n Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)- Power train components and
sizing, Gears, Clutches, Transmission and Brakes.

UNIT III CONTROL OF DC AND AC DRIVES 9

DC/DC chopper based four quadrant operations of DC drives – Inverter based V/f Operation (motoring and
braking) of induction motor drive system – Induction motor and permanent motor based vector control
operation – Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives.

UNIT IV BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM 9

Battery Basics, Different types, Battery Parameters, Battery modeling, Traction Batteries.

UNIT V ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 9

Fuel cell – Characteristics- Types – hydrogen Storage Systems and Fuel cell EV – Ultra capacitors.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Learners will understand the operation of Electric vehicles and various energy storage technologies
for electrical vehicles.

REFERENCE:
1. Iqbal Hussain, “Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, Second Edition” CRC Press, Taylor
& Francis Group, Second Edition (2011).
2. Ali Emadi, Mehrdad Ehsani, John M.Miller, “Vehicular Electric Power Systems”, Special Indian Edition,
Marcel dekker, Inc 2010.

PD18015 NON LINEAR DYNAMICS FOR POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LTPC

3 003
OBJECTIVES:
To understand the non linear behavior of power electronic converters.
 To understand the techniques for investigation on non linear behavior of power electronic converters
To analyze the non linear phenomena in DC to DC converters.
 To analyze the non linear phenomena in AC and DC Drives.
To introduce the control techniques for control of non linear behavior in power electronic systems.
UNIT I BASICS OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 9
Basics of Nonlinear Dynamics: System, state and state space model, Vector field- Modeling of Linear,
nonlinear and Linearized systems, Attractors , chaos, Poincare map, Dynamics of Discrete time system,
Lyapunov Exponent, Bifurcations, Bifurcations of smooth map, Bifurcations in piece wise smooth maps,
border crossing and border collision bifurcation..

UNIT II TECHNIQUES FOR INVESTIGATION OF NONLINEAR PHENOMENA 9

Techniques for experimental investigation, Techniques for numerical investigation, Computation of averages
under chaos, Computations of spectral peaks, Computation of the bifurcation and analyzing stability.

UNIT III NONLINEAR PHENOMENA IN DC-DC CONVERTERS 9

Border collision in the Current Mode controlled Boost Converter, Bifurcation and chaos in the Voltage
controlled Buck Converter with latch, Bifurcation and chaos in the Voltage controlled Buck Converter
without latch, Bifurcation and chaos in Cuk Converter. Nonlinear phenomenon in the inverter under tolerance
band control.

UNIT IV NONLINEAR PHENOMENA IN DRIVES 9

Nonlinear Phenomenon in Current controlled and voltage controlled DC Drives, Nonlinear Phenomenon in
PMSM Drives

UNIT V CONTROL OF CHAOS 9

Hysteresis control, Sliding mode and switching surface control, OGY Method, Pyragas method, Time Delay
control. Application of the techniques to the Power electronics circuit and drives.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Ability to determine the non-linear phenomena
 Analyze the behavior of non-linearity in DC-DC Converters
 Understand the concepts of chaos in power converters.

REFERENCES
1. George C. Vargheese, July 2001 Wiley – IEEE Press S Banerjee, Nonlinear Phenomena in Power
Electronics, IEEE Press 3.
2. Steven H Strogatz, Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos, Westview Press
3. C.K.TSE Complex Behaviour of Switching Power Converters, CRC Press, 2003.

PD18016 SMART GRID LTPC

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To Study about Smart Grid technologies, different smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure.
 To familiarize the power quality management issues in Smart Grid.
 To familiarize the high performance computing for Smart Grid applications

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID 9

Evolution of Electric Grid, Concept, Definitions and Need for Smart Grid, Smart grid drivers, functions,
opportunities, challenges and benefits, Difference between conventional & Smart Grid, National and
International Initiatives in Smart Grid.
UNIT II SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES 9
Technology Drivers, Smart energy resources, Smart substations, Substation Automation, Feeder Automation
,Transmission systems: EMS, FACTS and HVDC, Wide area monitoring, Protection and control, Distribution
systems: DMS, Volt/Var control, Fault Detection, Isolation and service restoration, Outage management,
High-Efficiency Distribution Transformers, Phase Shifting Transformers, Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(PHEV).

UNIT III SMART METERS AND ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE 9

Introduction to Smart Meters, Advanced Metering infrastructure (AMI) drivers and benefits, AMI protocols,
standards and initiatives, AMI needs in the smart grid, Phasor Measurement Unit(PMU), Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IED) & their application for monitoring & protection.

UNIT IV POWER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN SMART GRID 9

Power Quality & EMC in Smart Grid, Power Quality issues of Grid connected Renewable Energy Sources,
Power Quality Conditioners for Smart Grid, Web based Power Quality monitoring, Power Quality Audit.

UNIT V HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING FOR SMART GRID APPLICATIONS 9

Local Area Network (LAN), House Area Network (HAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), Broadband over
Power line (BPL), IP based Protocols, Basics of Web Service and CLOUD Computing to make Smart Grids
smarter, Cyber Security for Smart Grid.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Develop more understanding on the concepts of Smart Grid and its present developments.
 Study about different Smart Grid technologies.
 Acquire knowledge about different smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure.
 Knowledge on power quality management in Smart Grids
 Develop more understanding on LAN, WAN and Cloud Computing for Smart Grid applications.

REFERENCES

1 Stuart Borlase “Smart Grid :Infrastructure, Technology and Solutions”, CRC Press 2012.
2. Janaka Ekanayake, Nick Jenkins, KithsiriLiyanage, Jianzhong Wu, Akihiko Yokoyama, “Smart Grid:
Technology and Applications”, Wiley 2012.
3. Vehbi C. Güngör, DilanSahin, TaskinKocak, SalihErgüt, ConcettinaBuccella, Carlo Cecati, and
Gerhard P. Hancke, “Smart Grid Technologies: Communication 38 Technologies and Standards”
IEEE Transactions On Industrial Informatics, Vol. 7, No. 4, November 2011.
4. Xi Fang, SatyajayantMisra, GuoliangXue, and Dejun Yang “Smart Grid – The New and Improved
Power Grid: A Survey” , IEEE Transaction on Smart Grids, vol. 14, 2012.
PD18017 POWER ELECTRONICS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS L T PC

30 03

OBJECTIVES:

 To provide knowledge about the stand alone and grid connected renewable energy.
 To equip with required skills to derive the criteria for the design of power converters for systems.
renewable energy applications.
 To analyse and comprehend the various operating modes of wind electrical generators.
 To design different power converters namely AC to DC, DC to DC and AC to AC and solar energy
systems.
 To develop maximum power point tracking algorithms converters for renewable energy systems.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9

Environmental aspects of electric energy conversion: impacts of renewable energy generation on environment
(cost-GHG Emission) -Qualitative study of different renewable energy resources ocean, Biomass, Hydrogen
energy systems: operating principles and characteristics of: Solar PV, Fuel cells, wind electrical systems-
control strategy, operating area.

UNIT II ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY CONVERSION 9

Review of reference theory fundamentals-principle of operation and analysis: IG, PMSG, SCIG and DFIG.

UNIT III POWER ELECTRONICS FOR SOLAR 9

Block diagram of solar photo voltaic system: line commutated converters (inversion-mode) - Boost and buck-
boost converters-selection of inverter, battery sizing, array sizing- standalone PV systems - Grid tied and grid
interactive inverters- grid connection issues.

UNIT IV POWER ELECTRONICS FOR WIND 9

Three phase AC voltage controllers-AC-DC-AC converters: uncontrolled rectifiers, PWM cnverters, matrix
converters- Stand alone operation of fixed and variable speed wind energy conversion systems- Grid
connection Issues -Grid integrated PMSG and SCIG Based WECS.

UNIT V HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS 9

Need for Hybrid Systems -Range and type of Hybrid systems-Case studies of Wind-PV- Maximum Power
Point Tracking (MPPT).
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:

1. Analyze the impacts of renewable energy generation on environment.

2. Apply the principle of operation of electrical machines for wind energy conversion and understand
the importance and qualitative analysis of solar and wind energy sources.
3. Design suitable power converters for solar PV and wind energy systems their performance
characteristics.

REFERENCES:

1 S.N.Bhadra, D. Kastha, & S. Banerjee “Wind Electrical Systems”, Oxford University Press, 2009.
2 Rashid .M. H “power electronics Hand book”, Academic press, 2001.
3 Rai. G.D, “Non conventional energy sources”, Khanna publishes, 1993.
4 Rai. G.D,” Solar energy utilization”, Khanna publishes, 1993.
5 Gray, L. Johnson, “Wind energy system”, prentice hall linc, 1995.
6 B.H.Khan, “Non-conventional Energy sources", Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Company.
7 P.S.Bimbhra,“Power Electronics”,Khanna Publishers, 3rd Edition,2003.
8 Fang Lin Luo Hong Ye, “Renewable Energy systems", Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

PD18018 ROBOTICS AND CONTROL L T P C

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:
1. To introduce robot terminologies and robotic sensors.
2. To educate direct and inverse kinematic relations.
3. To educate on formulation of manipulator Jacobians and introduce path planning techniques.
4. To educate on robot dynamics.
5. To introduce robot control techniques.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGIES 9

Definition-Classification-History- Robots components-Degrees of freedom-Robot joints- coordinates-
Reference frames-workspace-Robot languages-actuators-sensors-Position, velocity and acceleration sensors-
Torque sensors-tactile and touch sensors-proximity and range sensors- vision system-social issues.

UNIT II KINEMATICS 9
Mechanism-matrix representation-homogenous transformation-DH representation-Inverse kinematics
solution and programming-degeneracy and dexterity

UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL MOTION AND PATH PLANNING 9

Jacobian-differential motion of frames-Interpretation-calculation of Jacobian-Inverse Jacobian- Robot Path
planning

UNIT IV DYNAMIC MODELLING 9

Lagrangian mechanics- Two-DOF manipulator- Lagrange-Euler formulation – Newton- Euler formulation –
Inverse dynamics

UNIT V ROBOT CONTROL SYSTEM 9

Linear control schemes- joint actuators- decentralized PID control- computed torque control – force control-
hybrid position force control- Impedance/ Torque control.

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
1. Understand the components and basic terminology of Robotics.
2. Model the motion of Robots and analyze the workspace and trajectory panning of robots.
3. Develop application based Robots.
4. Formulate models for the control of mobile robots in various industrial applications.

REFERENCES
1. R.K. Mittal and I J Nagrath, “Robotics and Control”, Tata MacGraw Hill, Fourth edition.
2. Saeed B. Niku, ‘Introduction to Robotics '', Pearson Education, 2002.
3. Fu, Gonzalez and Lee Mcgrahill ,''Robotics ", international edition.
4. R.D. Klafter, TA Chmielewski and Michael Negin, "Robotic Engineering, An Integrated approach”,
 Prentice Hall of India, 2003.

PD18019 NON LINEAR CONTROL LTPC

3003

OBJECTIVES:
To impart knowledge on phase plane analysis of non-linear systems.
 To impart knowledge on Describing function based approach to non-linear systems.
To educate on stability analysis of systems using Lyapunov’s theory.
To educate on stability analysis of systems using Lyapunov’s theory.
To introduce the concept of sliding mode control.

UNIT I PHASE PLANE ANALYSIS 9

Concepts of phase plane analysis- Phase portraits- singular points- Symmetry in phase plane portraits-
Constructing Phase Portraits- Phase plane Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Systems- Existence of Limit
Cycles. simulation of phase portraits in Matlab.

UNIT II DESCRIBING FUNCTION 9

Describing Function Fundamentals-Definitions-Assumptions-Computing Describing Functions- Common
Nonlinearities and its Describing Functions-Nyquist Criterion and its Extension- Existence of Limit Cycles-
Stability of limit Cycles. simulation of limit cycles in Matlab.

UNIT III LYAPUNOV THEORY 9

Nonlinear Systems and Equilibrium Points-Concepts of Stability-Linearization and Local Stability-
Lyapunov’s Direct Method-Positive definite Functions and Lyapunov Functions-Equilibrium Point
Theorems-Invariant Set Theorems-LTI System Analysis based on Lyapunov’s Direct Method- Krasovski’s
Method-Variable Gradient Method-Physically – Control Design based on Lyapunov’s Direct Method.

UNIT IV FEEDBACK LINEARIZATION 9

Feedback Linearization and the Canonical Form-Mathematical Tools-Input-State Linearization of SISO
Systems- input-Output Linearization of SISO Systems-Generating a Linear Input-Output Relation-Normal
Forms-The Zero-Dynamics-Stabilization and Tracking-Inverse Dynamics and Non- Minimum-Phase
Systems-Feedback Linearization of MIMO Systems Zero-Dynamics and Control Design. Simulation of
tracking problems in Matlab.

UNIT V SLIDING MODE CONTROL 9

Sliding Surfaces- Continuous approximations of Switching Control laws- The Modeling/Performance Trade-
Offs- MIMO Systems. simulation of sliding mode controller in Matlab.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Understand the concepts of non-linear control system.
 Analyze the stability of the system
 Illustrate the sliding mode control and implementation in MATLAB.
REFERENCES
1. J A E Slotine and W Li, Applied Nonlinear control, PHI, 1991.
2. K. P. Mohandas, Modern Control Engineering, Sanguine, India, 2006
3. Hasan Khalil, “Nonlinear systems and control”, Prentice Hall.
4. S H Zak, “Systems and control”, Oxford University Press, 2003.
5. Torkel Glad and Lennart Ljung, “Control Theory – Multivariable and Nonlinear Methods”,Taylor&Francis,
2002.
6. G. J. Thaler, “Automatic control systems”, Jaico publishers, 2006.

PD18020 SPECIAL ELECTRICAL MACHINES LTPC

3 0 0 3

OBJECTIVES:

 To review the fundamental concepts of permanent magnets and the operation of permanent magnet
brushless DC motors.
 To introduce the concepts of permanent magnet brushless synchronous motors and
synchronous reluctance motors.
 To develop the control methods and operating principles of switched reluctance motors.
 To introduce the concepts of stepper motors and its applications.
 To understand the basic concepts of other special machines

UNIT I PERMANENT MAGNET BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS 9

Fundamentals of Permanent Magnets- Types- Principle of operation- Magnetic circuit analysis EMF and
Torque equations- Characteristics and control.

UNIT II PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHROUNOUS MOTORS 9

Principle of operation – EMF and Torque equations - Phasor diagram - Power controllers – Torque speed
characteristics – Digital controllers – Constructional features, operating principle and characteristics of
synchronous reluctance motor.

UNIT III SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS 9

Constructional features –Principle of operation- Torque prediction–Characteristics-Power controllers –
Control of SRM drive- Sensorless operation of SRM – Applications.

UNIT IV STEPPER MOTORS 9

Constructional features –Principle of operation –Types – Torque predictions – Linear and Nonlinear analysis
– Characteristics – Drive circuits – Closed loop control –Applications.

UNIT V OTHER SPECIAL MACHINES 9

Principle of operation and characteristics of Hysteresis motor – AC series motors – Linear motor –
Applications.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
 Understand the open loop and closed loop systems stepper motors.
 Understanding the classifications and characteristics of special machines
 Understanding of the control methods of special motors.
 Ability to select the suitable motor for a certain job under given conditions

REFERENCES
1. T.J.E. Miller, ‘Brushless magnet and Reluctance motor drives’, Claredon press, London, 1989.
2. R.Krishnan, ‘ Switched Reluctance motor drives’ , CRC press, 2001.
3. T.Kenjo, ‘ Stepping motors and their microprocessor controls’, Oxford University press, New Delhi, 2000
4. T.Kenjo and S.Nagamori, ‘Permanent magnet and Brushless DC motors’, Clarendon press, London, 1988
5. R.Krishnan, ‘ Electric motor drives’ , Prentice hall of India,2002.
6. D.P.Kothari and I.J.Nagrath, ‘ Electric machines’, Tata Mc Graw hill publishing company, New Delhi,
Third Edition, 2004.
7. Irving L.Kosow, “Electric Machinery and Transformers” Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2007.

PD18021 SYSTEM THEORY LT PC

3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVES:
 To educate on representing systems in state variable form
 To educate on solving linear and non-linear state equations
 To exploit the properties of linear systems such as controllability and observability
 To educate on stability analysis of systems using Lyapunov’s theory
 To educate on modal concepts and design of state and output feedback controllers and estimators.

UNIT I STATE VARIABLE REPRESENTATION 9

Introduction-Concept of State-State equations for Dynamic Systems - Time invariance and linearity- Non
uniqueness of state model- Physical Systems and State Assignment – free and forced responses- State
Diagrams.

UNIT II SOLUTION OF STATE EQUATIONS 9

Existence and uniqueness of solutions to Continuous-time state equations - Solution of Nonlinear and Linear
Time Varying State equations - State transition matrix and its properties – Evaluation of matrix exponential-
System modes- Role of Eigen values and Eigen vectors.

UNIT III STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEMS 9

Controllability and Observability definitions and Kalman rank conditions -Stabilizability and detectability-
Test for Continuous time Systems- Time varying and Time invariant case- Output Controllability-
Reducibility- System Realizations.

UNIT IV STATE FEEDBACK CONTROL AND STATE ESTIMATOR 9

Introduction-Controllable and Observable Companion Forms-SISO and MIMO Systems - The Effect of State
Feedback on Controllability and Observability-Pole Placement by State Feedback for both SISO and MIMO
Systems-Full Order and Reduced Order Observers.

UNIT V LYAPUNOV STABILTY ANALYSIS 9

Introduction-Equilibrium Points- BIBO Stability-Stability of LTI Systems- Stability in the sense of Lyapunov
- Equilibrium Stability of Nonlinear Continuous-Time Autonomous Systems-The Direct Method of Lyapunov
and the Linear Continuous-Time Autonomous Systems-Finding Lyapunov Functions for Nonlinear
Continuous-Time Autonomous Systems – Krasovskil’s and Variable-Gradiant Method.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
 Ability to represent the time-invariant systems in state variable forms
 Ability to provide solution of non linear and linear state equations
 Ability to analyze whether the system is stabilizable, controllable, observable and detectable.
 Ability to design state feedback controller and state observers
 Use the techniques to assess the stability of certain class of non-linear system.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. M. Gopal, “Modern Control System Theory”, New Age International, 2005.
2. K. Ogatta, “Modern Control Engineering”, PHI, 2002.
3. D. Roy Choudhury, “Modern Control Systems”, New Age International, 2005.
4.John J. D’Azzo, C. H. Houpis and S. N. Sheldon, “Linear Control System Analysis and Design with
MATLAB”, Taylor Francis, 2003.
5.C.T. Chen, “Linear Systems Theory and Design’’ Oxford University Press, 3rd Edition,1999.

REFERENCE BOOKS
6. Z. Bubnicki, ”Modern Control Theory”, Springer, 2005.
7. John S. Bay, “Fundamentals of Linear State Space Systems”, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
8. M. Vidyasagar, “Nonlinear Systems Analysis’, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.