REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL RESEACRH 2

Research method is classified into two main types: quantitative and qualitative

Quantitative Research
- Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to
investigate observable phenomena.
- a scientific method in designing and collecting numerical data.
- it is imperative that the data obtained must be numerical and quantifiable, hence its name
quantitative research.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

1. Large Sample Size - To obtain more meaningful statistical result, the data must come
from a large sample size.

2. Objectivity - Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately, objectively, and are
unaffected by the researcher’s intuition and personal guesses.

3. Concise Visual Presentation - Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts,
and tables possible and with better conveyance and interpretation.

4. Faster Data Analysis - The use of a statistical tools gives way for a less time-consuming data
analysis.

5. Generalized Data - Data taken from a sample can be applied to the population if sampling is done
accordingly, i.e., sufficient size and random samples were taken.

6. Fast and Easy Data Collection - Depending on the type of data needed, collection can be quick and
easy. Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments that allow
the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently. For instance,
a single survey form can be administered simultaneously to collect various
measurable characteristics like age, gender, socio-economic status, etc.

7. Reliable Data - Data is taken and analyzed objectively from a sample as a representative of the
population, making it more credible and reliable for policymaking and decision
making.

8. High Replicability - The Quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings enhancing its
validity, free from false or immature conclusions.

Kinds of Quantitative Research

Descriptive design
- used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature.
- There is no experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not start with a
hypothesis.
- The goal of descriptive research is only to describe the person or object of the study
- ex: the determination of the different kinds of physical activities and how often high
school students do it during the quarantine period.

The correlational design

- identifies the relationship between variables.
- Data is collected by observation since it does not consider the cause and effect.
- ex: the relationship between the amount of physical activity done and student
academic achievement.

Ex post facto design

- is used to investigate a possible relationship between previous events and present
conditions.
 - “Ex post facto” which means after the fact, looks at the possible causes of an
already occurring phenomenon.
- there is no experimental manipulation in this design.
- ex: How does the parent’s academic achievement affect the children obesity?

A quasi-experimental design
- used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of variables
- quasi-experimental has lesser validity due to the absence of random selection and
assignment of subjects.
- the independent variable is identified but not manipulated.
- The researcher does not modify pre-existing groups of subjects.
- The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared to the group unexposed
to treatment (control)
- ex: the effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety protocol in
ECQ declared areas.

Experimental design
- like quasi- experimental is used to establish the cause-and-effect relationship of two
or more variables.
- This design provides a more conclusive result because it uses random assignment of
subjects and experimental manipulations.
- ex: , a comparison of the effects of various blended learning to the reading
comprehension of elementary pupils.

Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies.

TYPES OF VARIABLES

Independent Variable
- a singular characteristic that the other variables in your experiment cannot change
- Age is an example of an independent variable
- Where someone lives, what she eats or how much she exercises are not going to
change her age
- referred to as the “cause” of a particular effect

Dependent Variable
- the type of variable that is being measured in quantitative research, most
particularly in experimental research
- a dependent variable relies on and can change by other components or variables
- Independent variables can influence dependent variables, but dependent variables
cannot influence independent variables.
- used to represent the “outcome” or “effect” that researcher measure in the study
EXAMPLE:
How does sleep the night before an exam affect scores in student?
The “amount of time sleep” (independent variable) is the cause.
The “test scores” (dependent variable) is the effect.

Intervening Variables
- sometimes called a mediator variable
- a theorical variable the researcher uses to explain a cause or connection between
other study variables.
- deal with associations instead of observations

Moderating Variable
 - moderating or moderator variable
- changes the relationship between dependent and independent variables
- strengthening or weakening the intervening variable’s effect

Control Variables
- control or controlling variables
- characteristics that are constant and do not change during the study
- a researcher or a scientist aims to understand the effect that an independent variable
has on a dependent variable.
- control variables help ensure that the experiment results are fair, unskewed, and not
caused by your experimental manipulation.

Extraneous Variables
- factors that affect the dependent variable but that the researcher did not originally
consider when designing the experiment.
- these unwanted variables can unintentionally change a study’s results or how a
researcher interprets those results

Confounding Variables
- a third variable in a study that influences both the independent and dependent
variable
- can invalidate your experiment results by making them biased or suggesting a
relationship between variables exist when it does not

Composite Variables
- is two or more variables combined to make a more complex variable
- Overall health is an example of a composite variable if a researcher uses other
variables

Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables, are the type of variables used in quantitative
research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category are discrete and
continuous variables.

A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values between
fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and
frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a
negative. Example: height, temperature.

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT, NAMELY:

Intervals
- are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values are
equal and meaningful, but the numbers are arbitrary.
- Continuous, similar to ordinal but lacks the “ true or absolute zero point”
- equal distance
- ex: 1.25, 1.50, 1.75 interval is .25
- ma negative
- no true zero

Ratio
- type of data is similar to interval
- ma zero
- can be summarized as interval type of data
- ex: height, weight, age, and distance.
Nominal level
- no particular order
- they are in category but not in order
- ex: gender, hair color

Ordinal level
- in order
- categorical but not in order
- ex: size of t shirt, year level, winners

Continous data
- numeric data, naka number
- interval level, ratio level
- ex. Temperature, height, data

Categorical data
- non numeric data, naka letter
- nominal, ordinal
- ex: gender, hair color, year level

QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE DATA

Qualitative Data
Overview:
• Deals with descriptions.
• Data can be observed but not measured.
• Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.
• Qualitative → Quality

Quantitative Data
Overview:
• Deals with numbers.
• Data which can be measured.
• Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost,
members, ages, etc.
• Quantitative → Quantity