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Overview On Research Approaches

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Overview on

Research Approaches
What is Research? (Definition)
01 02 03
the systematic a process of systematic a systematic or
investigation inquiry that entails intensive inquiry
into and study collection of data; of a subject to
of materials and documentation of critical discover new
sources to information; and analysis knowledge,
establish facts and interpretation of information,
and reach new that data/information, theories, and
conclusions following suitable understanding
methodologies set by
-Oxford Language specific professional -BSU Research and
Dictionary fields and academic Extension Manual of
disciplines Operation

– Hampshire.edu
Type of Research according to …
Application Purpose
01 Basic/
Fundamental EXPLANATORY
Research
02 Applied
Research DESCRIPTIVE
Research
03 Developmental
Research EXPLORATORY
Research
Action
04 Research
Type of Research: According to Application

01 Basic/ Fundamental Research


primarily to enhance or Example:
acquire new knowledge of the
underlying foundation of
02 phenomena and observable
facts, without any particular
● Exploring thermal processing of
materials
application or use in view.
● Improving enzymes for biomass
conversion
03 covers the fundamental aspects
of research without another
conscious goal other than to ● In vitro platforms for tissue engineering
unravel the secrets of nature
and expand the pool of
04 knowledge.
Type of Research: According to Application

01 Applied Research Example:


may also utilize the findings
of basic researches to a ● Use of a Chitosan as biomaterial in drug delivery

02
particular objective where it and tissue engineering.
can be exploited to meet
specific issues on the ● Saturation, contrasts, etc. for best lighting in
overall well-being of humans. hyper-spectral imaging

03 an original investigation
undertaken to acquire new
● Determination and identification for alternative
nano-structured materials and coating
knowledge directed primarily
towards a specific aim,
application, or objective
04
Type of Research: According to Application

01 Developmental Research
systematic work, drawing
Example:
on existing knowledge
gained from research ● Development and Innovation of Emerging
02 and/or practical
experience that is
Technologies

directed to producing new


materials, products, or

03 devices; installing new


processes, systems, and
services; and improving
substantially those that
are generated and
04 commercialized
Type of Research: According to Application

01 Action Research
research aimed at
Example:
solving urgent problems
● Implementing information systems with project
02 problem-oriented or
problem-solving research
teams using ethnographic

to understand the exact


nature of the problem

03 and to find out relevant


solutions

04
Type of Research
According to Purpose
to explore new problem
Example:
areas and lays the
foundation for more
conclusive research ● Study of informed engineering design
behaviors associated with scientific
identify the boundaries of explanations
which the problems/
opportunities/ situations ● Student Perceptions of Engineering
are likely to reside Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory
Study
to identify the salient
EXPLORATORY factors or variables that
Research might be found there and be
● Domain Knowledge, Search Behaviour,
of relevance to the and Search Effectiveness of
research Engineering and Science Students
Type of Research:
According to Purpose
describing the behavior Example:
of a sample population on
current issues ● Learning Styles Preferences of
Engineering Students
main purposes are
DESCRIPTIVE describing, ● Engineering Crisis and Project
explaining, and Management: Impact of COVID-19 on
Research validating the findings Engineering Projects
encapsulated on the
factors or variables ● The Effectiveness of the Industrial Field
relevant to the research.
Trip in Introduction to Engineering
Type of Research:
According to Purpose
Analytical Studies Example:
EXPLANATORY
Research Mainly, to identify ● Identification of effective safety risk
causal links mitigating factors for well control drilling
between the factors operation.
or variables
● Comparison of the different aluminum
experiment is the alloy systems for structural applications
most popular form
Type of Research Methods/ Designs

QUANTITATIVE

MIXED-METHODS

QUALITATIVE
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
METHODS
Data: Numerical Mixture/ Data: Texts/transcipts,
Interphase of Photos, etc.
Data Collection: quantitative
Survey: Structured/ and Data Collection:
Close-ended qualitative Interview, Focus Group
questions; Discussion (FGD),
methods
Observations
Experiment (Unstructured/ open-ended
At any in the questions)
level of data,
Analysis: Statistics analysis, and Analysis:
(deductive; interpretation
hypothesis-testing) warm-and-cold/ Thematic
analysis (Inductive,
hypothesis-generating)
Type of Research Methods
QUALITATIVE

GOAL: DESIGNS DESCRIPTIONS

In-depth Ethnography Close OBSERVATION of the culture

understanding of The researcher is not involved


Socio-cultural in anyway.
meanings/ belief
system of a Autoetnography Close PARTICIPATION on the
culture
community/ group of
people The researcher’s own experience
on such culture, event, system,
or way of life, and offers some
insights about it.
Type of Research Methods
QUALITATIVE
DESIGNS DESCRIPTIONS
GOAL: Phenomenology Collective description/ meanings
of the LIVED experiences of a
person or group of people on a
In-depth meaning, particular phenomenon
structure, or
Heuristic Inquiry Collective description/ meanings
essence of LIVED of the YOUR LIVED experiences
EXPERIENCES enriched with the experiences of
the others who experience the
same phenomenon

Ethnomethodology No particular phenomenon but a


descriptions/ meanings of a common
activities. Mostly, explaining how
someone behaves in socially
acceptable way. Example, a day in a
life of a principal.
Type of Research Methods
QUALITATIVE
DESIGNS DESCRIPTIONS
GOAL: Symbolic
Interactionism
A certain interaction among people
emerged a COMMON set of symbols.

Example:
Meanings or symbols Japanese OMIYAGI: Symbol of Respect to
of people’s whoever will receive the gift
Filipino Balik-Bayan: Symbol of the
interaction Giver’s thoughtfulness
Hermeneutics A condition or a product was acted upon
or produced that makes it possible to
interpret its meaning.

Examples:
Songs: what are the intentions of the
song writer, and what are the
understanding of the listener?
Type of Research Methods
QUALITATIVE
DESIGNS DESCRIPTIONS
GOAL: Narratology What are the meanings/ revelations
about a person/ people through their
story or narratives?
Understanding Ecological How would a person or people act or behave
human-environment Psychology in a particular environment?
relationship Example: How foreigners adopt to the
Igorot culture after a long stay in the
Cordillera?
Systems A system or processes that was theorized
Theory based on the observed interaction of human
with their environment

Chaos Theory In a chaotic or disorderly phenomena, an


order is theorized. A certain even may be
perceived as disorderly, but can still be
an orderly manner.
Type of Research Methods
QUALITATIVE
DESIGNS DESCRIPTIONS
GOAL: Grounded
theory
A theory/model/ framework that
emerged/contructed from the
comparison of observations/
Understanding the experiences.
social and
Orientational What would likely be the perspective
psychological that could manifest when a person or
processes people were in such phenomena/ event?
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-METHODS

commonly used when


Mixture of
quantitative and one form of data may not be
qualitative methods enough, initial results need
to be further explained,
At any in the level of
second method is needed to
data, analysis, and
enhance a primary method,
interpretation
and the research has
multiple phases
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-METHODS
CONVERGENT PARALLEL DESIGN (QUAL + QUAN)
Equal footing of QUAN and QUAL methods
no established relationship/
association of the objectives
Quantitative Qualitative
Data collection and Analysis

COMPARE AND RELATE


CHALLENGE:
Results cannot relate/
match/ corroborate
RESULTS & INTERPRETATION
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-METHODS
SEQUENTIAL EXPLANATORY DESIGN (QUAN + qual)
There are STAGES and QUAN is dominant and lead
Aims to EXPLAIN

FOLLOW RESULTS &


Quantitative Qualitative INTERPRETATION
UP TO
Data collection Data collection
and Analysis and Analysis

Point of
To explain the WHYs of
INTERPHASE
the statistical results
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-METHODS
SEQUENTIAL EXPLORATORY DESIGN (QUAL + quan)
There are STAGES and QUAL is dominant and lead
Aims to EXPLORE

BUILDS RESULTS &


Qualitative Quantitative INTERPRETATION
TO
Data collection Data collection
and Analysis and Analysis
e.g. Themes and Confirm the themes and factors
factors identified Point of by measuring the level (e.g.
from interview satisfaction)
INTERPHASE
e.g. Questionnaire development
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-METHODS
Other Designs:

Embedded Design
Sequential Embedded Design
Multiphase Design

Case Study Design

Many other advance designs


Type of Research Methods
QUANTITATIVE
WEAK Cause and Effect SUBSTANTIAL/ HIGH Cause and Effect
Non-experimental Quasi-Experiment True Experiment
Seeks to establish a Seek to establish a
Descriptive Design Correlational Design
cause-effect cause-effect
Seeks to describe Seek the relationship relationship between relationship among a
the current status between variables two or more groups. groups in a research
of a variable or using statistical study.
phenomenon. analyses. All nuances are
controlled but groups all nuance variables
Does not begin with Variables were NOT were not assigned nor are controlled but
a hypothesis but necessarily a cause manipulated groups are manipulated
typically develops and effect (e.g. treatments)
one after the data relationship Case group: identified
is collected and and exposed to the The effects of the
initial data intervention. independent variable on
analysis was done Then compared with the dependent variables
(e.g. significant results from group that are analyzed for a
differences among are not exposed relationship.
groups) (control group)
Type of Research Methods
METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
according to Data Collection
Survey Observational Experiment
Common in Social Alternative to “true” causal relationship
Science Researches experiment when is measured
(mostly exploratory) controlling nuance
variables is difficult (mostly are explanatory)
Floating or (can be both
administering a exploratory or controlling of nuance/
structured or explanatory) extraneous variables, and
unstructured random assignment of the
questionnaire Observation of various intervention to the eligible
variables in a set of group of participants/
samples/ respondents respondents/ samples
Type of Research Methods
METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
according to TIME
Cross-sectional Longitudinal
Data was Data was collected/observed
collected/observed in OVER-TIME.
ONE-POINT in time
It is a series of data
Common in SURVEY collection from a same set of
RESEARCHES representative/ respondents/
samples

Common in OBSERVATION and


EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES (True
or Quasi)
Type of Research Methods
METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
according to Data Analysis
Descriptive Correlational Comparative
Describes the Testing the significant Compare the effect
characteristics of relationship/ (similarities and
the sample to the association of the differences) of various
population (mostly response (cause) to the styles, groups, treatments
are estimation of outcome (effect) in a particular variable
descriptive variables
statistics) Explanatory if the
Explanatory if response groups/treatments (response)
It does not answer and outcome has true has true cause-and-effect
“why” or “cause” of cause-and-effect relationship with the
such characteristics relationship. Otherwise, outcome variables.
exploratory Otherwise, exploratory
Type of Research Methods
METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
according to Data Analysis

Correlational Examine the potential cause


(causal) of the observed
differences (comparative) among
Causal- groups

Comparative Alternative to experiment when


nuance variables are difficult to
control (mostly, observational).
Comparative Quite similar with correlational,
but the relationship is mostly
causal (explanatory)
Type of Research Methods
METHODS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
according to “Use”
Descriptive Predictive Prescriptive
Describes the concern on forecasting Like predictive, it
characteristics of the (predicting) outcomes, identifies the success
sample to the population consequences, costs, performance or outcomes
(mostly are estimation or effects given an from indicators or
of descriptive input, cause, or risks factors
statistics)
Used when It actually recommends
It does not answer “why” relationships are solutions or new ideas
or “cause” of such causal
characteristics OFTEN the use of ACTION
OFTEN the use of RESEARCHES
OFTEN the use of EXPLANATORY RESEARCHES
EXPLORATORY RESEARCHES
Type of Research Methods
QUANTITATIVE
EXPLORATORY EXPLANATORY
(NOT TRUE Cause & Effect) (TRUE Cause & Effect)

NON-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL

SURVEY OBSERVATIONAL TRUE


Most are QUASI EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT
Cross-sectional • Case-Control Studies • CR Design
• Cohort Studies • RCB Design
Mostly are
longitudinal

Descriptive or
Correlational Causal-Comparative Comparative
THANKS!!!
INITIAL STEPS IN
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
INITIAL STEPS/ CONSIDERATIONS

Development
of Research Validity and
Concept Reliability
(if Survey questionnaire)

Ethical
Consideration
INITIAL STEPS/ CONSIDERATIONS

Validity and
Development of Research Concept
Reliability
(if Survey questionnaire)

Ethical
Consideration
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STEPS
ITERATIVE PROCESS
(Simultaneously 1 3 5
done)
Research
Gaps/ Conceptual
Problems/
Research Framework
Objectives
Topic

Research
Literature Methodology/ Technical
Review Design Writing

2 4 6
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Topic (Identify and develop)
Note: Do preliminary
• Make sure it the topic survey f information
of YOUR INTEREST (sources, coverage,
• Establish the RELEVANCE/ data availability,
SIGNIFICANCE to the body etc.). If too much
of knowledge or to the information, NARROW it
society/community down.
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Literature Review

• First, TOPIC is
CLEAR
• Each LITERATURE/
SOURCES, take
notes.
(Literature
matrix)
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Literature Review
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Literature Review
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Gaps/ Problems/ Objectives

• Identify GAPS from the OBJECTIVES must be:


literatures reviewed.
• From the gaps, S-Specific
determine the possible M-Measurable
research problems,
A-Achievable
objectives
• Hypotheses can also be R-Relevant
constructed T-Time bound
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Methodology/ Design
From the research For instance,
objectives, consider the
a one-time collection of data
methods (HOWs) of: though survey to explore a
particular phenomenon with an
• Data Collection objectives that implies the use
• Data Treatment/Analysis of descriptive statistics and
correlation analysis
• Etc. (whatever is
required to answer the exploratory descriptive-
research problems/ correlational survey research
design.
objectives.
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Methodology/ Design

In this part,
Of course, identifying the
variables may still emerged
Identify ALL the variables
as part of the research
to be measured.
GAPS, problems, and/or
For each variables, HOW
objectives that emerged
will it be measured.
from literature review.
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Methodology/ Design
TAKE NOTE…..

Regardless of how noble the research idea,


it is highly relevant/ significant, all
will not be credited when the research
methodology/ design is questionable.

Take to plan for it. Consult with peers


and other experts.
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual Framework
This provides visualization on A MAP of what the
the INTER-RELATIONSHIP of the researcher intends to
theories, research gap study
identified from the literature
review, research objectives, It captures what the
variables, measures, data researcher see and how
collection methods, data they make sense of what
treatment analysis, and other they are exploring
pertinent information related
to the conduct of the study/
research
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual Framework (SURVEY)
IV – DV Paradigm IPO Model
(common for correlation and explanatory studies) (common for developmental studies)

Khan et al., 2021


https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255428.g001
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual Framework (SURVEY)

CONCEPT MAP

This is
common for
EXPLORATORY
studies)
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual Framework (EXPERIMENTS)
CR Design Lay-out SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN Lay-out

HOMOGENOUS ENVIRONMENT

A
B
C
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework Theoretical framework as


is not synonymous “an element of the
with theoretical conceptual framework that
framework. situates the relationships
explored in the study into
the context of developing
or testing formal theories”
(Crawford, 2020)
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Technical Writing
This should only NOTE:
be done when all
of the Sources must be cited properly using
“ingredients are a prescribed format (e.g. MLA, APA,
well-prepared… etc.)

You can use a Do not directly copy the statements


preferred format. written from the sources. Rather,
(e.g. BSU form paraphrase the idea and synthesize
and Style) it with the context of your study.
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
IMPORTANT!!!!!!

It is futile to start doing


research when the research
concept or proposal is not
established and acceptably
polished.
INITIAL STEPS/ CONSIDERATIONS

Development
of Research Validity and
Concept Reliability
(if Survey questionnaire)

Ethical Consideration
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
CORE PRINCIPLES REQUIRES:

Human-involved

1. Obtain informed consent


2. Minimize risks of harm
3. Protect their anonymity and confidentiality
4. Avoid deceptive practices
5. The right to withdraw from participation
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
CORE PRINCIPLES REQUIRES:

Animal-involved

a. Reduction: minimizing the sample


consistent with achieving the desired
scientific objectives
b. Refinement: minimize pain, suffering, or
lasting harm to each individual animal
c. Replacement: use ‘lower’ organisms,
tissue culture, etc., instead of
conscious living vertebrates
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
INTERNATIONAL NATIONAL
GUIDELINES/POLICIES GUIDELINES/POLICIES

https://cioms.ch/wp- https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guiding_p https://ethics.healthresearch.ph/ind https://https://ethics.healthresearch.ph


content/uploads/2017/01/WEB-CIOMS- rinciples_2012.pdf ex.php/phoca- /index.php/phoca-
EthicalGuidelines.pdf downloads/category/4-neg downloads/category/29-animal-
welfare-act
DATA ETHICS (e.i Guiding Policy: Data Privacy Law)

Moral obligation to
collect, protect/ a) Ownership: Seek consent
security, and use b) Transparency: plan of use
personally c) Privacy: Anonymity
d) Intention: for common
identifiable
good or personal gain?
information such as e) Outcomes: Would the
name, address, result harm individual or
accounts, etc. people?
DATA ETHICS
UNETHICAL …..
Cherry picking which
results and findings to Practices that shows
report such as obsession and unreasonable
faith in statistical
• data dredging/ significance other than
fishing practical/ scientific
• Significant chasing
significance
• Significance questing
• Selective inference
• P-hacking
INITIAL STEPS/ CONSIDERATIONS

Validity and Reliability


(if Survey questionnaire)
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)

VALIDITY RELIABILITY
• it measures what is • measures a
intended to be particular construct
measured provides stable,
• “truthfulness” consistent, and
repeatable result
even when used in a
different cohort or
time.
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)

FACE VALIDITY
• subjective assessments of the
presentation and relevance
• Relevance of the content to the
target respondents
• Feasibility (e.g. short),
readability, consistency style
and formatting, and clarity of
the language used
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)

CONTENT VALIDITY
• degree of which items in the questionnaire
reflect the universal content which results
or information that can be gathered from it
can be generalizable
• A panel of experts to assess each item and
content validity ratio (CVR) will be
computed to assess the deletion or retention
items relative to acceptable threshold of
CVR
• This validity is when a researcher who is
developing the questionnaire lacks the
technical content knowledge and expertise
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY Two components:


• how well a construct of
concept, idea, or • Divergent/ Discriminant:
behaviour was translated test the degree of which
or transformed into a the constructs have no
functioning and operating relationship or should no
reality relationship at all.
• conducted if the research • Convergent: test the
was really intended to degree of which constructs
develop a standardized are theoretically should
test/ questionnaire. be related
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)

CRITERION/CONCRETE Three types:


VALIDITY • Predictive: the test accurately
• measures how well one predicts what it is supposed to
measure predicts an predict.
outcome for another • Concurrent: the results of a
measure particular measurement correspond
• it is useful for to those of a previously
predicting performance or established measurement for the
behavior in another same construct
situation • Postdictive: degree to which the
• to determine which items scores on a given test are
can be useful for related to the scores on another,
determining a possibility already established test or
criterion administered at a
previous point in time
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)

MUST for all


FACE VALIDITY developed
questionnaires

CONTENT VALIDITY REQUIRED ONLY is


the questionnaire
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY is being developed
for as a standard
test for a
CRITERION/CONCRETE particular
VALIDITY construct
RELIABILITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)
the extent of which Cronbach Alpha Coefficient
a questionnaire that most commonly used internal
measures a consistency measure
particular construct
provides stable, Hinton et al. (2004)
consistent, and excellent reliability (0.90 and above)
repeatable result high reliability (0.70-0.90)
even when used in a moderate reliability (0.50-0.70)
different cohort low reliability (0.50 and below)
(identical group of
respondents) or For an exploratory or pilot
time. study, the reliability should be
equal to or above 0.60 (Straub et
al., 2004).
Thanks!!

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