Overview On Research Approaches
Overview On Research Approaches
Overview On Research Approaches
Research Approaches
What is Research? (Definition)
01 02 03
the systematic a process of systematic a systematic or
investigation inquiry that entails intensive inquiry
into and study collection of data; of a subject to
of materials and documentation of critical discover new
sources to information; and analysis knowledge,
establish facts and interpretation of information,
and reach new that data/information, theories, and
conclusions following suitable understanding
methodologies set by
-Oxford Language specific professional -BSU Research and
Dictionary fields and academic Extension Manual of
disciplines Operation
– Hampshire.edu
Type of Research according to …
Application Purpose
01 Basic/
Fundamental EXPLANATORY
Research
02 Applied
Research DESCRIPTIVE
Research
03 Developmental
Research EXPLORATORY
Research
Action
04 Research
Type of Research: According to Application
02
particular objective where it and tissue engineering.
can be exploited to meet
specific issues on the ● Saturation, contrasts, etc. for best lighting in
overall well-being of humans. hyper-spectral imaging
03 an original investigation
undertaken to acquire new
● Determination and identification for alternative
nano-structured materials and coating
knowledge directed primarily
towards a specific aim,
application, or objective
04
Type of Research: According to Application
01 Developmental Research
systematic work, drawing
Example:
on existing knowledge
gained from research ● Development and Innovation of Emerging
02 and/or practical
experience that is
Technologies
01 Action Research
research aimed at
Example:
solving urgent problems
● Implementing information systems with project
02 problem-oriented or
problem-solving research
teams using ethnographic
04
Type of Research
According to Purpose
to explore new problem
Example:
areas and lays the
foundation for more
conclusive research ● Study of informed engineering design
behaviors associated with scientific
identify the boundaries of explanations
which the problems/
opportunities/ situations ● Student Perceptions of Engineering
are likely to reside Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory
Study
to identify the salient
EXPLORATORY factors or variables that
Research might be found there and be
● Domain Knowledge, Search Behaviour,
of relevance to the and Search Effectiveness of
research Engineering and Science Students
Type of Research:
According to Purpose
describing the behavior Example:
of a sample population on
current issues ● Learning Styles Preferences of
Engineering Students
main purposes are
DESCRIPTIVE describing, ● Engineering Crisis and Project
explaining, and Management: Impact of COVID-19 on
Research validating the findings Engineering Projects
encapsulated on the
factors or variables ● The Effectiveness of the Industrial Field
relevant to the research.
Trip in Introduction to Engineering
Type of Research:
According to Purpose
Analytical Studies Example:
EXPLANATORY
Research Mainly, to identify ● Identification of effective safety risk
causal links mitigating factors for well control drilling
between the factors operation.
or variables
● Comparison of the different aluminum
experiment is the alloy systems for structural applications
most popular form
Type of Research Methods/ Designs
QUANTITATIVE
MIXED-METHODS
QUALITATIVE
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
METHODS
Data: Numerical Mixture/ Data: Texts/transcipts,
Interphase of Photos, etc.
Data Collection: quantitative
Survey: Structured/ and Data Collection:
Close-ended qualitative Interview, Focus Group
questions; Discussion (FGD),
methods
Observations
Experiment (Unstructured/ open-ended
At any in the questions)
level of data,
Analysis: Statistics analysis, and Analysis:
(deductive; interpretation
hypothesis-testing) warm-and-cold/ Thematic
analysis (Inductive,
hypothesis-generating)
Type of Research Methods
QUALITATIVE
Example:
Meanings or symbols Japanese OMIYAGI: Symbol of Respect to
of people’s whoever will receive the gift
Filipino Balik-Bayan: Symbol of the
interaction Giver’s thoughtfulness
Hermeneutics A condition or a product was acted upon
or produced that makes it possible to
interpret its meaning.
Examples:
Songs: what are the intentions of the
song writer, and what are the
understanding of the listener?
Type of Research Methods
QUALITATIVE
DESIGNS DESCRIPTIONS
GOAL: Narratology What are the meanings/ revelations
about a person/ people through their
story or narratives?
Understanding Ecological How would a person or people act or behave
human-environment Psychology in a particular environment?
relationship Example: How foreigners adopt to the
Igorot culture after a long stay in the
Cordillera?
Systems A system or processes that was theorized
Theory based on the observed interaction of human
with their environment
Point of
To explain the WHYs of
INTERPHASE
the statistical results
Type of Research Methods
MIXED-METHODS
SEQUENTIAL EXPLORATORY DESIGN (QUAL + quan)
There are STAGES and QUAL is dominant and lead
Aims to EXPLORE
Embedded Design
Sequential Embedded Design
Multiphase Design
NON-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
Descriptive or
Correlational Causal-Comparative Comparative
THANKS!!!
INITIAL STEPS IN
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
INITIAL STEPS/ CONSIDERATIONS
Development
of Research Validity and
Concept Reliability
(if Survey questionnaire)
Ethical
Consideration
INITIAL STEPS/ CONSIDERATIONS
Validity and
Development of Research Concept
Reliability
(if Survey questionnaire)
Ethical
Consideration
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STEPS
ITERATIVE PROCESS
(Simultaneously 1 3 5
done)
Research
Gaps/ Conceptual
Problems/
Research Framework
Objectives
Topic
Research
Literature Methodology/ Technical
Review Design Writing
2 4 6
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Topic (Identify and develop)
Note: Do preliminary
• Make sure it the topic survey f information
of YOUR INTEREST (sources, coverage,
• Establish the RELEVANCE/ data availability,
SIGNIFICANCE to the body etc.). If too much
of knowledge or to the information, NARROW it
society/community down.
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Literature Review
• First, TOPIC is
CLEAR
• Each LITERATURE/
SOURCES, take
notes.
(Literature
matrix)
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Literature Review
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Literature Review
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Gaps/ Problems/ Objectives
In this part,
Of course, identifying the
variables may still emerged
Identify ALL the variables
as part of the research
to be measured.
GAPS, problems, and/or
For each variables, HOW
objectives that emerged
will it be measured.
from literature review.
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Research Methodology/ Design
TAKE NOTE…..
CONCEPT MAP
This is
common for
EXPLORATORY
studies)
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual Framework (EXPERIMENTS)
CR Design Lay-out SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN Lay-out
HOMOGENOUS ENVIRONMENT
A
B
C
RESEARCH CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Conceptual Framework
Development
of Research Validity and
Concept Reliability
(if Survey questionnaire)
Ethical Consideration
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
CORE PRINCIPLES REQUIRES:
Human-involved
Animal-involved
Moral obligation to
collect, protect/ a) Ownership: Seek consent
security, and use b) Transparency: plan of use
personally c) Privacy: Anonymity
d) Intention: for common
identifiable
good or personal gain?
information such as e) Outcomes: Would the
name, address, result harm individual or
accounts, etc. people?
DATA ETHICS
UNETHICAL …..
Cherry picking which
results and findings to Practices that shows
report such as obsession and unreasonable
faith in statistical
• data dredging/ significance other than
fishing practical/ scientific
• Significant chasing
significance
• Significance questing
• Selective inference
• P-hacking
INITIAL STEPS/ CONSIDERATIONS
VALIDITY RELIABILITY
• it measures what is • measures a
intended to be particular construct
measured provides stable,
• “truthfulness” consistent, and
repeatable result
even when used in a
different cohort or
time.
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)
FACE VALIDITY
• subjective assessments of the
presentation and relevance
• Relevance of the content to the
target respondents
• Feasibility (e.g. short),
readability, consistency style
and formatting, and clarity of
the language used
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)
CONTENT VALIDITY
• degree of which items in the questionnaire
reflect the universal content which results
or information that can be gathered from it
can be generalizable
• A panel of experts to assess each item and
content validity ratio (CVR) will be
computed to assess the deletion or retention
items relative to acceptable threshold of
CVR
• This validity is when a researcher who is
developing the questionnaire lacks the
technical content knowledge and expertise
VALIDITY
(in the context of survey questionnaires)