NAME: OBILOR CHIZURUM JUSTIN

DEPT: CIVIL ENGINEERING

REG NO: 20221318413

COURSE CODE: CSC 201

DATE: 15TH JULY, 2024

COMPUTING AS A PROFESSION

Computing as a profession has evolved significantly since the early days of

computing. It has grown from a small field to a broad and diverse profession that
encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including software development, data
science, cybersecurity, and much more.

The history of computing as a profession can be traced back to the early 1940s,
when the first general-purpose computers were developed. These early computers
were massive machines that filled entire rooms and were used primarily for
scientific calculations. As computers became smaller and more powerful, they
began to be used for a wider range of applications, including business and finance.
In the 1950s and 1960s, computing was still a relatively new field, and there were
few formal education programs available for those who wanted to pursue a career
in computing. Many early computer professionals were self-taught or learned
through on-the-job training. However, as the field grew, the need for formal
education and training programs became increasingly apparent.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the first computer science degree programs were
established, and computing began to be recognized as a distinct profession. During
this time, computing was primarily focused on hardware and software development,
with fewer emphasis on other areas such as data science and cybersecurity.

As computing continued to evolve, so too did the profession. In the 1990s and
2000s, the rise of the internet and e-commerce led to a growing demand for
professionals with expertise in web development and digital marketing. Additionally,
the increasing use of computers in healthcare, finance, and other industries created
a need for professionals with specialized knowledge in these areas.

Today, computing is a broad and diverse profession that encompasses a wide range
of disciplines, including software development, data science, cybersecurity, artificial
intelligence, and more. Computing professionals work in a wide range of industries,
from technology and telecommunications to healthcare and finance.

To become a computing professional, one typically needs a bachelor's degree in

computer science or a related field. However, many computing professionals don't
stop at that , they tend to pursue advanced degrees, such as master's or Ph.D.s, to
specialize in a particular area of computing.

Computing professionals are in high demand, and the field is expected to continue
growing in the coming years. Whether you're interested in software development,
data science, cybersecurity, or another area of computing, there are many exciting
opportunities available to those who pursue a career in this dynamic and rewarding
field.
 .TYPES OF ORGANISATION AFFECTED BY THE COMPUTER

The advent of computers has revolutionized the way organizations operate across
various sectors. The impact of computer technology can be seen in a wide range of
industries, from small businesses to large corporations and even government
institutions. Here are some types of organizations that have been significantly
affected by computers:

1. Businesses: Computers have transformed how businesses function on multiple

levels. They enable efficient data management, streamlined communication
through email and video conferencing, automated processes such as inventory
control or payroll systems, enhanced customer relationship management (CRM),
online marketing strategies like e-commerce platforms and digital advertising
campaigns.

2. Education Institutions: Schools, colleges, universities now heavily rely on

computers for administrative tasks like student records management system
(SRMS), grading software applications; teaching aids including multimedia
presentations; distance learning programs via virtual classrooms or Massive Open
Online Courses (MOOCs); research tools facilitating access to vast databases and
libraries worldwide.

3. Healthcare Organizations: In healthcare settings such as hospitals or clinics,

computerization plays a crucial role in patient record-keeping with electronic health
records (EHR) replacing paper-based files leading to improved accuracy and
accessibility while ensuring privacy regulations compliance; medical imaging
technologies aiding diagnosis through CT scans/MRIs/X-rays analysis performed
digitally rather than manually interpreting films.

4.Government Agencies: Governments utilize computing power extensively for

citizen services delivery - issuing passports/driving licenses electronically reducing
paperwork delays; tax administration using online filing systems simplifying
procedures both for taxpayers & authorities alike ; law enforcement agencies
employing advanced forensic techniques aided by powerful computational
algorithms analyzing crime scene evidence swiftly enhancing investigation
efficiency

5.Non-profit Organizations/NGOs : Non-profits leverage computer technology

primarily towards fundraising efforts utilizing social media outreach ,online donation
portals making it easier for supporters globally contribute funds instantly .
Additionally they employ project planning softwares,collaboration tools enabling
effective coordination among team members spread geographically apart .

6.Manufacturing Industries : Computer-controlled automation is widely used

within manufacturing plants optimizing production lines resulting increased
productivity,reduced errors minimizing wastage.Computer-Aided
Design(CAD)/Computer Aided Manufacturing(CAM) facilitate designing complex
products efficiently before actual physical prototypes built saving time,money
resources involved otherwise trial-error methods employed earlier stages

7.Financial Institutions: Banks,brokerages insurance companies depend upon

robust IT infrastructure secure transactions,data storage risk assessment.Trading
floors equipped high-speed trading algorithms executing millions trades per second
based market trends analyzed real-time basis.Risk modeling simulations predicting
potential financial crises scenarios helping decision-makers devise contingency
plans safeguarding economies global scale.

These examples illustrate just a few ways different types of organizations have been
impacted by the introduction of computers into their operations.

COMPUTERS IN BANKING AND INSURANCE

Computers have revolutionized the banking and insurance industries, transforming

their operations in numerous ways. The integration of computer technology has led
to increased efficiency, improved customer service, enhanced security measures,
and expanded financial products and services.

In Banking:

1. Automation: Computers have automated many banking processes such as

account management, transaction processing (ATMs), loan approvals/rejections
based on credit scoring algorithms leading faster turnaround times for customers
while reducing human errors associated manual data entry tasks.

2. Online Banking: Internet-based platforms allow customers to access their

accounts 24/7 from anywhere with an internet connection enabling fund
transfers,payment bill utilities,mobile check deposits without visiting physical
branches saving time convenience

3. Risk Management: Banks utilize sophisticated software systems analyzing vast

amounts of data identifying potential risks frauds early stages mitigating losses
through predictive analytics models detecting anomalies patterns transactions
4.Customer Relationship Management(CRM): CRM softwares help banks
understand client preferences,buying behaviors tailor personalized product offerings
marketing campaigns accordingly fostering long-term relationships loyalty among
clients increasing retention rates profitability overall

In Insurance:

1.Underwriting & Claims Processing : Insurers employ advanced underwriting

softwares assessing risk profiles applicants quickly accurately determining
premiums coverage levels.Claims handling streamlined using digital documentation
tools facilitating quicker settlements reduced paperwork delays improving customer
satisfaction significantly

2.Actuarial Analysis : Actuaries rely heavily upon computers perform complex

statistical modeling simulations predicting future trends pricing policies effectively
ensuring solvency stability companies amidst uncertain economic scenarios
changing regulatory environments globally .

3.Fraud Detection Prevention : Fraudulent activities identified promptly utilizing

machine learning algorithms scanning large datasets uncover irregularities claims
applications preventing unnecessary payouts safeguarding company's bottom line
reputation simultaneously

Both Industries:

Cybersecurity Measures - With sensitive personal financial information stored

digitally ,banks insurers invest heavily robust cybersecurity infrastructure protecting
against cyber attacks,data breaches identity theft .Encryption technologies secure
communication channels ensure privacy confidentiality maintained throughout
interactions between institutions clients maintaining trust integrity crucial business
relationship .

Overall,the incorporation of computers into banking and insurance sectors has

resulted in significant improvements across various aspects including operational
efficiency,customer experience,risk management compliance capabilities paving
way towards more resilient adaptive industry landscape embracing technological
advancements proactively staying competitive dynamic market conditions ahead.

COMPUTERS AND BANKING

Computers have had a profound impact on the banking industry, revolutionizing

how financial institutions operate and deliver services to customers. The integration
of computer technology in banking has led to increased efficiency, improved
customer service, enhanced security measures, and expanded financial products
and services.

1. Automation: Computers have automated many routine tasks within banks such
as account management, transaction processing (e.g., ATMs), loan approvals based
on credit scoring algorithms leading faster turnaround times for customers while
reducing human errors associated with manual data entry tasks.

2. Online Banking: Internet-based platforms allow customers to access their

accounts 24/7 from anywhere with an internet connection enabling fund
transfers,payment bill utilities,mobile check deposits without visiting physical
branches saving time convenience.

3. Data Management: Banks rely heavily on computers for managing vast

amounts of customer data securely ensuring compliance regulatory requirements
safeguarding sensitive information against unauthorized access breaches.Data
analytics tools help analyze trends patterns behavior clients improving decision-
making processes product development strategies accordingly

4.Customer Relationship Management(CRM): CRM softwares help banks

understand client preferences,buying behaviors tailor personalized product offerings
marketing campaigns fostering long-term relationships loyalty among clients
increasing retention rates profitability overall

5.Risk Assessment & Fraud Detection : Advanced software systems enable real-
time risk monitoring detecting anomalies unusual activities transactions early
stages mitigating potential losses frauds .Machine learning algorithms predictive
modeling techniques used assess risks accurately efficiently minimizing exposure
uncertainties volatile market conditions changing economic landscapes globally .

6.Compliance Regulations:Banks must adhere stringent regulations governing

sector ensure transparency accountability operations.Combined reporting
mechanisms integrated IT infrastructure facilitate seamless auditing procedures
timely submission required documents authorities avoiding penalties non-
compliance maintaining reputation credibility institution stakeholders involved
ecosystem effectively

7.Financial Inclusion : Technology-driven innovations like mobile banking apps

digital wallets expanding reach unbanked underbanked populations remote areas
providing basic financial services previously inaccessible due geographical
constraints lack traditional brick-mortar establishments promoting inclusive growth
sustainable development societies large scale
 Overall,the adoption of computers in the banking sector has transformed traditional
practices into modern efficient workflows enhancing operational capabilities
delivering superior experiences consumers driving innovation competitiveness
across global landscape continuously evolving technological advancements shaping
future finance industry significantly ahead

COMPUTERS AND INSURANCE

Computers have significantly transformed the insurance industry, revolutionizing

how insurers operate and provide services to policyholders. The integration of
computer technology in insurance has led to increased efficiency, improved risk
assessment capabilities, enhanced customer service, streamlined claims
processing, and expanded product offerings.

1. Underwriting & Risk Assessment: Insurers rely on advanced software systems

for underwriting policies by assessing risk profiles quickly and accurately
determining premiums and coverage levels based on sophisticated algorithms
analyzing vast amounts of data predicting future trends pricing policies effectively
ensuring solvency stability companies amidst uncertain economic scenarios
changing regulatory environments globally .

2.Claims Processing : Claims handling is streamlined using digital documentation

tools facilitating quicker settlements reduced paperwork delays improving customer
satisfaction significantly .Automation through computers enables efficient
management tracking claim status reducing turnaround times enhancing overall
experience clients involved

3.Actuarial Analysis : Actuaries heavily depend upon computers perform complex

statistical modeling simulations predicting future trends pricing policies effectively
ensuring solvency stability companies amidst uncertain economic scenarios
changing regulatory environments globally

4.Fraud Detection Prevention : Fraudulent activities identified promptly utilizing

machine learning algorithms scanning large datasets uncover irregularities claims
applications preventing unnecessary payouts safeguarding company's bottom line
reputation simultaneously
5.Customer Relationship Management(CRM): CRM softwares help insurers
understand client preferences,buying behaviors tailor personalized product offerings
marketing campaigns accordingly fostering long-term relationships loyalty among
clients increasing retention rates profitability overall

6.Compliance Regulations: Insurance firms must adhere stringent regulations

governing sector ensure transparency accountability operations.Combined reporting
mechanisms integrated IT infrastructure facilitate seamless auditing procedures
timely submission required documents authorities avoiding penalties non-
compliance maintaining reputation credibility institution stakeholders involved
ecosystem effectively

7.Product Development & Innovation - Computers play pivotal role designing

developing innovative products catering evolving needs customers dynamically
shifting market conditions.Technological advancements like telematics devices
usage-based insurances ,blockchain smart contracts transforming traditional
business models creating new revenue streams opportunities within space
previously unexplored.

Sociological impacts of computers

The introduction and widespread adoption of computers have had profound

sociological impacts, reshaping various aspects of human society in both positive
and negative ways. Computers have revolutionized communication, education, work
environments, entertainment, social interactions, healthcare systems among
others.

1. Communication: Computers have transformed the way people communicate

with each other through email,social media platforms,messaging apps enabling
instant global connectivity bridging geographical barriers fostering relationships
across diverse cultures backgrounds .However,this digital communication has also
raised concerns about privacy,data security cyberbullying online harassment
affecting mental well-being individuals communities large scale
2.Education & Learning : Educational institutions incorporate technology
classrooms using interactive whiteboards,e-learning modules educational software
enhancing student engagement learning outcomes effectively.However,digital
divide access internet resources remains challenge underserved populations
limiting opportunities equitable quality education for all

3.Work Environment: The workplace dynamics changed significantly due

computerization automation tasks leading increased productivity efficiency reduced
manual labor repetitive processes allowing employees focus creative problem-
solving critical thinking skills rather routine activities.Automation however raises
concerns job displacement re-skilling workforce adapt technological advancements
remain employable competitive market conditions ahead .

4.Social Interactions: Social networking sites like Facebook,Twitter Instagram

provide virtual spaces connect share experiences opinions ideas friends family
members globally promoting sense community belongingness simultaneously
raising issues addiction excessive screen time impacting real-life interpersonal
relationships face-to-face communications negatively sometimes isolating
individuals from physical world around them

5.Healthcare Systems : Healthcare industry benefited greatly integration

computers electronic health records (EHRs),telemedicine services remote patient
monitoring improving diagnosis treatment options accessibility medical care rural
areas.However,challenges arise data breaches cybersecurity threats compromising
sensitive personal information patients risking confidentiality trust doctor-patient
relationship crucial effective healthcare delivery overall

6.Entertainment Industry -Computers play pivotal role creating immersive

gaming experiences,virtual reality applications streaming services delivering
content consumers fingertips anytime anywhere changing traditional modes
entertainment consumption distribution patterns rapidly evolving landscape
constantly adapting consumer preferences demands accordingly

7.Cultural Impact- Digital technologies influence cultural norms values shaping

identities societies worldwide.Technology-mediated globalization facilitates
exchange ideas beliefs customs different regions fostering cross-cultural
understanding appreciation diversity while potentially eroding local traditions
languages practices homogenizing influences dominant Western ideologies
prevalent mainstream media channels

In conclusion,the sociological impacts of computers are multifaceted complex

influencing how we interact,live work navigate modern world balancing benefits
challenges posed by rapid technological advancements ensuring ethical responsible
use tools promote inclusive sustainable future generations come.

COMPUTER AS AN AUDIT TOOL

Computers have become indispensable audit tools, revolutionizing the field of
auditing and significantly enhancing its efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness. The
integration of computer technology in audits has transformed traditional manual
processes into automated systems that streamline data analysis, risk assessment,
fraud detection,and reporting.

1. Data Analysis: Computers enable auditors to analyze large volumes of financial

data quickly and accurately using specialized software applications such as
spreadsheet programs or dedicated audit analytics tools.Data can be imported
directly from various sources like accounting systems,databases spreadsheets
facilitating comprehensive examination patterns trends anomalies identifying
potential risks areas concern requiring further investigation

2.Risk Assessment: Computerized audit tools assist auditors in assessing business

risks by analyzing historical financial information comparing it industry benchmarks
best practices .These analytical techniques help identify high-risk transactions
accounts enabling targeted testing controls mitigating exposure uncertainties
volatile market conditions changing economic landscapes globally .

3.Fraud Detection : Audit software equipped with advanced algorithms helps

detect irregularities fraudulent activities within an organization's financial
records.These digital forensic capabilities allow for more efficient identification
suspicious transactions patterns reducing reliance solely on human intuition
increasing chances early intervention prevention losses reputational damage
associated unethical behaviors

4.Automation & Efficency: Auditing tasks that were once time-consuming are now
streamlined through automation.Computer-based procedures automate repetitive
tasks. r's valuable time focus higher-value-added activities strategic decision-
making process improvements overall quality assurance engagements performed
efficiently effectively timely manner

5.Documentation & Reporting : Computers facilitate electronic documentation

storage retrieval making easier maintain organized recordkeeping system.Auditor
workpapers generated electronically stored securely accessible authorized
personnel anytime anywhere.Enhanced report generation functionalities templates
available standardize format content reports improving communication
stakeholders involved engagement providing clear concise insights findings
recommendations management board members regulators external parties
required receive final deliverables

6.Internal Control Evaluation -Computer-assisted auditing techniques (CAATs)

provide means evaluate design operating effectiveness internal control mechanisms
place organizations.CAATs include tests transactional integrity segregation duties
access rights compliance regulatory requirements helping ensure robust
governance frameworks implemented maintained throughout entities

7.Continuous Monitoring- Real-time monitoring technologies embedded IT

infrastructure enables continuous tracking key performance
indicators(KPIs),financial metrics operational parameters allowing proactive
identification emerging issues deviations established thresholds promoting prompt
corrective actions taken necessary avoiding significant negative impacts bottom
line reputation institution concerned.

Overall,the use of computers as audit tools has greatly enhanced the

profession,enabling auditors to perform their responsibilities more
efficiently,reducing errors,increasing coverage depth analyses conducted.Improved
technological advancements continue shape future landscape transforming ways
professionals approach execute assignments embracing opportunities offered
continuously evolving digital era ahead.
 COMPUTER ATTACK AND CYBER TERRORISM

Computer attacks and cyber terrorism pose significant threats in the digital age,
targeting individuals, organizations, governments,and critical infrastructure
worldwide. These malicious activities exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems
networks to disrupt operations,stolen sensitive information or cause harm on a large
scale.

1.Types of Computer Attacks:

a) Malware: Malicious software like viruses,trojans,worms,ransomware designed

infiltrate compromise target devices steal data damage system functionality.

b) Phishing: Deceptive emails messages trick users revealing personal login

credentials financial details leading identity theft fraud schemes

c) Denial-of-Service (DoS): Overloading network traffic requests rendering services

unavailable legitimate users disrupting normal business operations

d) Man-in-the-Middle(MITM): Intercepting communication channels eavesdropping

altering transmitted data without knowledge parties involved compromising
confidentiality integrity exchanges

2.Cyber Terrorism: Cyber terrorists use technology launch coordinated attacks

against government agencies,critical infrastructures private sectors causing
widespread chaos panic aiming destabilize economies sow fear among
populations.Some objectives include stealing classified information conducting
espionage sabotage key facilities manipulating public opinion through
disinformation campaigns propaganda spreading confusion distrust authorities
institutions targeted

3.Impact & Consequences :

a)Loss Data Confidentiality : Breaches result unauthorized access confidential

proprietary intellectual property exposing entities legal liabilities reputational
damages loss competitive advantage market share trust stakeholders concerned .

b )Financial Losses - Cyberattacks lead direct indirect monetary losses due

ransom payments recovery costs regulatory fines lawsuits insurance claims incurred
aftermath incident affecting bottom line profitability sustainability long-term growth
prospects organization affected significantly .
4.Prevention Measures :

Organizations implement robust cybersecurity measures safeguard assets mitigate

risks posed potential threats investing firewalls antivirus softwares intrusion
detection/prevention systems regular security audits employee training awareness
programs recognizing warning signs phishing scams social engineering tactics
enhancing overall resilience preparedness face evolving landscape cybercrimes
effectively proactively ahead

5.International Cooperation Collaboration - Global cooperation essential

combatting cyber terrorism sharing threat intelligence best practices
countermeasures across borders promoting collective defense mechanisms
strengthen defenses deterrence strategies deterring would-be attackers engaging
cross-border investigations prosecutions ensuring perpetrators held accountable
justice served accordingly

6.Legal Frameworks Regulations : Governments enact laws regulations protect

citizens businesses cyberspace establishing frameworks address issues related
privacy,data protection electronic transactions enforcing penalties violators ensure
compliance standards set forth maintaining order stability online environment
conducive sustainable economic development societal progress harmonious
interactions participants ecosystem.

In conclusion,the rise computer attackcyberterrorism poses serious challenges

modern society necessitating concerted efforts from all stakeholders including
governments,private sector academia civil society collaborate innovate develop
effective solutions combating these emerging threats securing future generations
come safe secure interconnected world we live today tomorrow ahead
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society-depends-on.html

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computers-benefit-society-6-30949/

3. t http://www.studymode.com/subjects/benefits-of-

computer-oriented-society-page2.html

4. 1 http://www.albion.com/netiquette/corerules.html

5. 1 http://people.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/society/anonymity.html 3

6. ↑

http://www.csl.mtu.edu/cs6461/www/Reading/Davenport0

2.pdf

7.1 http://www.lib.vt. edu/instruct/evaluate/