APPRECIATIONS OF COMPUTING IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

INTRODUCTION

Computers have become an essential part of modern human life. Since the invention of computer they
have evolved in terms of increased computing power and decreased size. Owing to the widespread use of
computers in every sphere, Life in today’s world would be unimaginable without computers. They have
made human lives better and happier. There are many computer uses in different fields of work.
Engineers, architects, jewelers, and filmmakers all use computers to design things. Teachers, writers, and
most office workers use computers for research, word processing and emailing. Small businesses can use
computers as a point of sale and for general record keeping.

At the end of the lessons the students can:

Convert Binary to other number system

Convert Octal to other number system
Convert Decimal to other number system
Convert Hexadecimal to other number system
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide binary numbers

MOTIVATION
Play a video clip of two person communicating using different language to introduce the lesson.

INCULCATE CONCEPTS
Computers are used in so many fields in our daily life. From Engineers to Doctors, Students, Teachers, and
Government Organization they all use computers to perform specific tasks, for entertainment or just to
finish office work. Computers have made our life easier. With greater precision and accuracy and less time
taking computers can do a lot in short time while that task can take a lot of time while doing manually.
Computers have taken industries and businesses to a whole new level. They are used at Home for work and
entertainment purposes, at Office, in hospitals, in government organizations. Here we are going to discuss
some of the uses of computers in various fields.

The various applications of computers in today's arena: 

1. Business 
2. Education 
3. Marketing 
4. Banking 
5. Insurance 
6. Communication 
7. Health Care 
8. Military 
9. Engineering Design 
10. Home

› Business 
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an
 integrated part in all business organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for: Payroll calculations, Sales analysis, Budgeting, Financial
forecasting, Managing employees database and Maintenance of stocks etc. 

› Education 
Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can significantly enhance performance in
learning. Even distance learning is made productive and effective through internet and video-based
classes. Researchers have massive usage of these computers in their work from the starting to till the end
of their scholarly work. 

Computer Aided Learning (CAL)

Computer aided learning is the process of using information technology to help teaching and enhance the
learning process. The use of computer can reduce the time that is spent on preparing teaching material. It
can also reduce the administrative load of teaching and research. The use of multimedia projector and
PowerPoint presentations has improved the quality of teaching. It has also helped the learning process.
Distance Learning
Distance learning is a new learning methodology. Computer plays the key role in this kind of learning.
Many institutes are providing distance learning programs. The student does not need to come to the
institute. The institute provides the reading material and the student attends virtual classroom. In virtual
classroom, the teacher delivers lecture at his own workplace. The student can attend the lecture at home by
connecting to a network. The student can also ask questions to the teacher.
Online Examination
The trend of online examination is becoming popular. Different examination like GRE, GMAT and SAT
are conducted online all over the world. The questions are marked by computer. It minimizes the chance
of mistakes. It also enables to announce the result in time.
Online Training Resources
 Lynda.com    (For different Software training and Web development and CMS tutorials)
 CBT Nuggets (For certification in Networking Technologies by CISCO & Microsoft)
 Nettuts +      (For web technologies and web programming languages)
 Byte-Notes    (And of course Byte-Notes.com for intrudctory level programming tutorials and
lecture notes)

› Marketing 
In marketing, uses of computer are:
Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy,
and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerized catalogues that
provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers. 
Marketing
An organization can use computers for marketing their products. Marketing applications provide
information about the products to customers. Computer is also used to manage distribution system,
advertising and selling activities. It can also be used in deciding pricing strategies. Companies can know
more about their customers and their needs and requirements etc.
Stock Exchange
Stock Exchange is the most important place for businessmen. Many stock exchanges use computers to
conduct bids. The stockbrokers perform all trading activities electronically. They connect with the
computer where brokers match the buyers with sellers. It reduces cost as no paper or special building is
required to conduct these activities.

› Banking 
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide the facilities of:
Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest
charges, shares, and trustee records.
ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. 

› Insurance 
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The insurance
companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.

› Communication 
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood
clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main areas in this category are:
Chatting, E-mail, Usenet, FTP, Video-conferencing and Telnet. 

› Health Care 
Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports. Computation in the
field of medicine allows us tooffer varied miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t
possible without computers. 

Hospital Management System

Specialized hospital management softwares are used to automate the day to day procedures and operations
at hospitals. These tasks may be Online appointments, payroll admittance and discharge records etc.
Patient History
Hospital management systems can store data about patients. Computers are used to store data about
patients, their diseases & symptoms, the medicines that are prescribed.
Patients Monitoring
Monitoring systems are installed in medical wards and Intensive care units to monitoring patients
continously. These systems can monitor pulse, blood pressure and body temperature and can alert medical
staff about any serious situations.
Life Support Systems
Specialised devices are used to help impaired patients like hearing aids.
Diagnosis Purpose
A variety of softwares are used to investigate symptoms and prescribed medication accordingly.
Sophisticated systems are used for tests like CT Scan, ECG, and other medical tests.

› Military 
Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in the deference
system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through computers. Computer builds the links
between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite. Construction of weapons and controlling their
function is not possible without the aid of computers. The list of the criminals and the records of the cops
are maintained regularly in the system. 

› Engineering Design 
As per the title, computers aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers, books and many
others. The construction layouts are designed beautifully on system using different tools and software.

Home Budget
Computer can be used to manage Home Budget. You can easily calculate your expenses and income. You
can list all expenses in one column and income in another column. Then you can apply any calculation on
these columns to plan your home budget.  There are also specialize software that can manage your income
and expenses and generate some cool reports.
Computer Games
An important use of computers at home is playing games. Different types of games are available. These
games are a source of entertainment and recreation. Many games are available that are specially developed
to improve your mental capability and thinking power.
Working from Home
People can manage the office work at home. The owner of a company can check the work of the
employees from home. He can control his office while sitting at home.
Entertainment
People can find entertainment on the internet. They can watch movies, listen to songs, and watch videos
download different stuff. They can also watch live matches on the internet.
Information
People can find any type of information on the internet. Educational and informative websites are
available to download books, tutorials etc. to improve their knowledge and learn new things.
Chatting & Social Media
People can chat with friends and family on the internet using different software like Skype etc. One can
interact with friends over social media websites like Facebook, Twitter & Google Plus. They can also
share photos and videos with friends.

In this chapter, we will discuss the application of computers in various fields.

Business

A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which has made it
an integrated part in all business organizations.

Computer is used in business organizations for −

 Payroll calculations
 Budgeting
 Sales analysis
 Financial forecasting
 Managing employee database
 Maintenance of stocks, etc.
Banking

Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers.

Banks provide the following facilities −

 Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and
overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records.

 ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal
with banks.

Insurance

Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. Insurance companies,
finance houses, and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.

Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing −

 Procedure to continue with policies

 Starting date of the policies
  Next due installment of a policy
 Maturity date
 Interests due
 Survival benefits
 Bonus
Education

The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system.

 The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based
Education).

 CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

 Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.

 There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to educate the
students.

 It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this
basis.

Marketing
In marketing, uses of the computer are following −
  Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise
copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.

 Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through the use of computerized
catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled
by the customers.

Healthcare
Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in
hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different
diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines.

Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used.

 Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness.

 Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer.

 Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check the patient's signs for abnormality such as
in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.

 Pharma Information System − Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side
effects, etc.

 Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Engineering Design
Computers are widely used for engineering purpose.

One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of
images. Some of the fields are −
  Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain analysis for design of ships, buildings,
budgets, airplanes, etc.

 Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design, implementation, and improvement of

integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment.

 Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings,

determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

Military

Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs
computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are −

 Missile Control
 Military Communication
 Military Operation and Planning
 Smart Weapons
Communication
Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and
understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are
−

 E-mail
 Chatting
 Usenet
 FTP
 Telnet
 Video-conferencing
Government
Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are −

 Budgets
 Sales tax department
 Income tax department
 Computation of male/female ratio
 Computerization of voters lists
 Computerization of PAN card
  Weather forecasting

1. Computers Aid at Education:

Computers have its dominant use in the education field which can significantly enhance performance in
learning. Even distance learning is made productive and effective through internet and video-based
classes. Researchers have massive usage of these computers in their work from the starting to till the end
of their scholarly work.

2. Computers in our Health and Medicine:

Most of the medical information can now be digitized from the prescription to reports. Computation in the
field of medicine allows us tooffer varied miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t
possible without computers.

3. Aid of Computers at Financial Institutions:

We know well that computers are being used by the financial institutions like banks for different purposes.
The foremost important thing is to store information about different account holders in a database to be
available at any time. Keeping the records of the cash flow, giving the information regarding your
account,

4. Computers for our Pass time:

Computers are now the major entertainers and the primary pass time machines. We can use computers for
playing games, watching movies, listening to music, drawing pictures.

5. Computers are a part of our Transport System:

With internet on computers we can know the details of the buses or trains or the flight available to our
desired destination. The timings and even the updates on the delay can also be known through these
computers.We can book our tickets through online. Staff of the transport system will keep a track of the
passengers, trains or flight details, departure and arrival timings by using computers.

6. Inevitable use of Computers in Business and Corporate Stages:

Every single information shared can be recorded by using computer. Official deals and the issues were
made even through online. We use email system to exchange the information. It has wide uses in
marketing, stock exchanges and bank. Even the departmental stores can’t run effectively without
computer.

7. Wonders of Computer in E-Commerce:

Electronic mail is the revolutionary service offered by the computes. Video Conferencing is also another
major advantage. Electronic shopping through online shopping added favor to purchaser and merchants.
Electronic banking is now at your hand where every bank has online support for transaction of monetary
issues. You can easily transfer your money anywhere even from your home.
8. Computer at our Defense:

Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles and other equipment in the deference
system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only through computers. Computer builds the links
between the soldiers and commanders through the satellite. Construction of weapons and controlling their
function is not possible without the aid of computers. The list of the criminals and the records of the cops
are maintained regularly in the system.

9. Computer is today’s Designer:

As per the title, computers aid in designing buildings, magazines, prints, newspapers, books and many
others. The construction layouts are designed beautifully on system using different tools and software’s.

INTEGRATE LEARNING
To check how far you understand our lesson try to answer the activity below.
ENSURE OUTCOMES:
Instruction: Answer in 1 whole sheet of paper and don’t forget to show your solution.

INTENSIFY LEARNING
Assignment that will be done using Microsoft excel