LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

(MUSCULAR SYSTEM)

HUMPHREY MWELWA
BSc Nrs (UNZA), CMH(UoW), RN(LUCON), EN(CSN)

9/26/2023 1
▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ The muscular system is concerned
with the muscles with regard to
charcteristics, types, group
functions and principal skeletal
muscles that help the body to
move.
▪ Therefore, muscular system is
responsible for the human
movement of the body as the
muscles are attached to the bones
of the skeletal system.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM (Myology)
 The scientific study of muscles and
all their related functions is called
Myology
 This is the system consisting of many
muscles, which enable movement of the
whole body or part of the body.
 Muscles are structures of power with
movement. They are composed of
numerous elongated skeletal muscle
cells called muscle fibres.
 Each muscle fibre contains a nucleus.
 Bundle of fibres lie side by side and are
bound together by a thin membrane of
a connective tissue called
endomysium.
 Each muscle fibre is surrounded by a
shine sheath called sarcolemma.
 Bundles (fasciculi) are enclosed in
perimycium while the muscle is
enclosed in epimycium.
 Muscles have the power of contraction.
Each muscle becomes thicker and
shorter when it contracts.
 Tendons or sinew are rope-like
sheet of muscle tissues which
attach (secures) muscles to bone
and are capable of withstanding
tension.
 Tendons are similar to ligaments as
both are made of collagen.
 Ligaments connect one bone to
another while tendons connect
muscle to bone.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCULAR
TISSUES
 Power of Contractibility
 Ability to shorten and thicken produces
movements of parts of the body.
Muscles function by alternative phases
of contraction and relaxation e.g;
 a) smooth/voluntary muscle contract
after a stimuli reach them from the
nervous system, as the main nerves
have their ends in the muscles.
 Voluntary muscles are firmly attached
at each end to different bones. The
fixed point of muscle attachment is
called origin while the moveable point
of muscle attachment is called the
insertion.
 During contraction, muscle insertion
site is pulled towards its origin.
 When the muscle fibres contract they
follow the rule of “all or none law”.
That is, the whole muscle fibre
contracts completely or not at all.
 b) Cardiac muscles have an intrinsic
ability to initiate contraction but they
can also be stimulated by the nerves.
 On the other hand, muscle relaxes when
nerve stimulation stops. This happens
when calcium is pumped back into its
intracellular storage areas, which breaks
the cross-bridges between the actin and
myosin filaments.
 This results in lengthening the
sarcomeres&returning the muscles into
its original length.
 Irritability/muscle tone – Muscle
irritability means muscle’s ability to
respond to stimuli while tone is a
sustained, partial muscle contraction
that allows posture to be maintained
without fatiguing the muscles
involved.
 muscles have the ability to remain
partially contracted even when it
appears to be at rest in readiness for
immediate reaction.
 Voluntary muscles are associated
with muscle tone as they are
responsible for maintenance of
posture in sitting and standing
positions.

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 Elasticity – Ability to stretch. Muscle
tissue is elastic and can be stretched
by weight. When the weight is
removed, the muscle returns to its
normal state, e.g; muscles of
symphysis pubis which are expressed
and stretched during delivery of the
baby.
 Other muscles that stretch include
genital muscles for both
male&females.
 Fatigue
 This is when a muscle gradually
becomes depressed and ceases to
respond to stimuli because it is
stimulated to contract at very frequent
intervals (during excessive exercises)
 This is because when muscle contracts,
they use energy-Adenosine tri-
phosphate (ATP) which is derived from
glucose, stored in the muscle as
glycogen and partly from blood carried
around.
 When all these glucose is used up,
the muscle will have no source of
energy, hence it becomes fatigued
leading to release of lactic acid.
Excessive lactic acid leads to muscle
pain and weakness. That is why you
hear people complaining of muscle
pain and weakness all because of too
much lactic acid accumulated in it.
 Muscle recovery
 After exercises, muscle needs a
period of time to recover, to replenish
its ATP and glycogen stores and to
repair any damaged fibres.
Depending on the degree of exertion,
the oxygen debt remains (an
extended period of increased oxygen
demand) as the body converts lactic
acid to pyruvic acid and replaces its
energy stores.

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Types of muscular
tissues&location
The body contains three types of muscle
tissue:
(a) skeletal, striated, or voluntary muscle
(b) smooth, involuntary, visceral or non
striated muscle.
(c) cardiac muscle.
 Composition of the muscle.
 water – 75%
 protein – 20%
 Mineral salts, glycogen and fat-5%.
Tuesday, September 17
26, 2023
(a) skeletal, striated, or
voluntary muscle
 These are attached to the skeleton in
order to move it. They contribute
approximately 40% of total body
weight. They are under the control of
the will and contractions are initiated
by nerve impulses called neurogenic.
 When nerves are cut off or diseased
the muscle supplied become paralysed
and waste rapidly.
Skeletal muscle tissues
 These muscles help to move the
bones of the skeleton at respective
joint and maintain posture of the
limbs and a body as a whole.
 They are connected to each muscle
and to other soft tissue by the
areolar (fascia) tissue, which can
either be superficial or deep fascia.
 1) Superficial fascia-connects the
dermis of the skin with the underlying
deep fascia. It contains stored fats
especially in women. The fat insulates
the body against the loss of heat.
 2) Deep fascia-is a membranous
layer of organs in the body e.g; fascia
supporting the kidneys
 N.B The connective tissue covering
the skull is called aponeurosis
fascia
Characteristics of
skeletal/voluntary muscles

 Myofibrils-these are thread-like

contents of sarcolemma that lie
parallel to one another. They play a
fundamental role in muscle
concentration.
 Myosin-this is a thick contained in
the myofibrils (filaments).
 Actin-thin protein contained in the
myofibrils.
b) Smooth/involuntary muscles
 These are least specialised. They
contain filaments of actin and myosin
in myofibrils that extend the length of
the fibre. Smooth muscle may also be
described as non-striated or
involuntary. It is not under conscious
control. The two types of smooth
muscles are:
i) Multiunit smooth muscles
ii) Visceral smooth muscles
Smooth muscle
i) Multiunit smooth muscles
These have muscle fibres that are
separate, not organised into
sheets. They are found in the iris
of the eye, the walls of the blood
vessels
This muscle tissue contract only
on response to stimulation by
motor nerve impulses or certain
hormones
 Smooth (visceral) muscles
These are composed of sheets of
muscle fibre in close contracts with
one another. It is found in the walls
of hollow organs e.g; stomach,
intestines, urinary bladder and the
uterus, parts of the respiratory tract
 Fibres of these muscles can
stimulate each other. That is once
one fibre is stimulated the impulses
move over its surface to excite the
adjacent muscle fibre.
 Visceral smooth muscles also displays
repeated contractions(rhythmicity)
which is due to self exciting, delivering
spontaneous impulses into surrounding
muscle fibres.
 These two features which are
transmission of impulses from cell to
cell and rhythmicity are responsible for
wave-like motion called peristalsis in
the organs where these muscles are
found.
 These features also help force the
contents of organs along the length of
the organs e.g; oesophagus
Cardiac muscles
 These are more specialised muscles.
They are special muscles exclusively
found in the heart.
 Its muscle fibres are similar to those
of skeletal muscles as they are
striated. However, they are many
structural and functional:
 Structural wise
1) cardiac muscles are much shorter
than that of skeletal ones
Cardiac muscle tissue
2) cardiac muscle fibres contain single
nucleus and are branched while
skeletal are not.
3) Its cells come in very close
relationship with each other at
specialise junctions called the
intercalated discs.
Functional wise
i) Skeletal muscle cells contract only
when a nerve action potential
releases acetylcholine at the motor
end plate.
 On the other hand the rhythmic
contraction of the heart are
initiated by spontaneous
generation of action potential of
specialised pace maker cells.
These action potentials are conducted at
all heart cells by specialised
conducting tissues and by direct
spread of acting potential from cell to
cell.
Muscle contraction
 Muscle contraction operates by
alternative mechanism viz
contraction and relaxation
 When muscle fibres contract, they
become thicker and shorter. Skeletal
muscle fibres are stimulated by
motor nerve impulses originated
from the brain and spinal cord while
the non-striated and cardiac
muscles have the intrinsic impulses
within.
 In addition, contraction can be
stimulated by autonomic nerves
and hormones.
 In order for a muscle to contract,
they require adequate supply of blood
nutrients like calcium.

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Physiology of muscle contraction
 In order for a muscle to contract, they
require adequate supply of blood
nutrients like calcium. The contraction is
caused by normal neuromuscular
transmission. At the neuromuscular
transmitter, the muscle fibre is stimulate,
altered or instructed to contract through
the neuromuscular transmission.
 This occurs after a message or impulses
from the brain or spinal cord pass the
motor neurone to its endplate called
neuromuscular junction.
 This is the connection between the
neurone and the muscle fibres. The
action potential travels along the
motor neurone to the neuromuscular
junction where the nerve ending
vesicles secretes and releases
acetylcholine (neurotransmitter).
 In the presence of calcium, the
neurotransmitter makes the muscle
membrane permeable, opening sodium
channels.
 These actions make the impulses
pass through the muscle membranes
to ensure that contraction takes
place. The movements of sodium ions
into the cell depolarises the muscle
cell (-ve electrical conditions inside
the membrane that attracts the
positively charged sodium ions).

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 The action potential stimulation
process goes deep in the muscle
causing the attraction of the thick
(myosin) and thin (actin) filaments to
slide each other, overlap and tighten
up firmly.
 This attraction causes the contraction
of that particular muscle under
stimulation.
 At almost the same time, potasium
channels open allowing potassium
(+ve ions) to diffuse outside. The
process makes the inside of the cell
negatively charged. The membranes
become repolarised. The action makes
the actin and myosin filaments stop
being attracted by overlapping and
sliding over each other.
 They become loose and the muscle
relaxes. It remains in this state until
another stimulation occurs.
Acetylcholine is decomposed by an
enzyme called acetylcholineterase.
This helps the muscle to relax in
readiness for another impulse to be
sent.

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Common types of muscle contraction
 Tonic contraction-this is continuous
partial contraction.
 Isotonic contraction-there is
pressure or tension within a muscle,
though muscle remains the same, the
length changes which becomes shorter
producing movements.
 Isometric contraction- the muscle
length remains the same but muscle
tension increases. Contraction tightens
a muscle but they do not produce
movement.
 Twitch contraction-also called
muscle fasciculation-this is a simple
quick spasmodic contraction of the
muscle. This can be due to low
magnesium levels, muscle fatigue or
medication.
 Tetanic contraction-this is a more
sustained contraction than a twitch,
produced by a series of stimuli
bombarding muscles e.g tetanus
infections
 Trepp contraction-this is an
increasingly short strong twitch
contraction occurring in response to
constant stimuli repeated at the rate
of 1-2 seconds e.g during labour.
 Fibrillation -spotaneous contration
of individual muscle fibres producing
rapid&uncordinated activities within a
muscle e.g myocardium.

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PRINCIPAL SKELETAL MUSCLES
 A number of small muscles that lie
beneath the skin of the face and scalp
enable us to communicate feelings
through facial expression. Many of
these muscles located around the eyes
and mouth are responsible for such
expressions as surprise, sadness,
anger, fear, disguise and pain. As a
group the muscles of facial expression
join the bones of the skull to
connective tissue in various regions f
the overlying skin.
Muscles of the face
❑ There are many muscles involved in
changing facial expression and with
movement of the lower jaw during
chewing and speaking. Main of these
muscles are in pairs as below:
 a) occipitofrontalis
 b) levator palpabrae
 c) buccinator
 d) orbicularis oris
 e) platysma
MUSCLES OF THE FACE
Tuesday, September 48
26, 2023
1) Occipitafrontalis (unpaired)
 This consists of one, posterior
muscular pad which lies over occipital
bone and continues on the anterior
part to cover the frontal bone.
 It is has also a flat
tendon(aponeurosis) that stretches
over the dome of the skull and joins
the two muscular parts.
 Function-to raise the eyebrows

Tuesday, September 49
26, 2023
2) Orbicularis occuli
 Surrounds the eye, eyelids and the
are immediately around the orbital
cavity.
 Action-it closes the eyes. When
strongly contracted, it screws up the
eyes.
3) Levator palpebrae superious
 It extends from the posterior part of
the orbital cavity to upper eyelids.
 Action-raises eyelids (open eye)
Tuesday, September 50
26, 2023
4) Buccinator (trumpeter’s muscle)
 These are flat cheek muscles and
form the lateral walls of the mouth.
They draw the cheeks in towards the
teeth in chewing and in forcible
expulsion of air from the mouth.
These muscles are also called the
trumpeter’s muscles because they
are used when blowing the trumpet.
 Function- compresses the cheek
inward especially during mastication
(chewing) and outward in forcible
expulsion of air from the mouth.
Tuesday, September 51
26, 2023
5) Orbicularis oris (unpaired)
whistling muscle
 These are circular muscles which
surrounds the mouth and blends with
the muscle of the cheek.
 Function-closes and protrudes lips
and if strongly contracted it shapes
the mouth for whistling.
6) Platysma
 These are broad muscles situated on
the anterior oblique of the neck and
insert in the mandible
 Action- to draw outer part of lower
lip.
Tuesday, September 52
26, 2023
6) Zygomatic muscle
 Covers over zygomatic bone
 Function-raises corner of the
mouth.

Tuesday, September 53
26, 2023
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
 Masseter
 It is a broad muscles extending from
the zygomatic arch angle of the jaw.
Function- closes jaw by drawing
mandible up to the maxilla creating
pressures on foods
 Temporalis
 Shaped like a fan covering the
squamous part of the temporal bone
and passes behind zygomatic bone.
 Function- assisting in closing the
mouth during chewing.
Tuesday, September 55
26, 2023
3) Pterygoid (internal) muscle
 These extend from the sphenoid bone
to mandible (pterygoid plate) to the
ramus of the mandible.
 Function- to close the mouth and
pulls the lower jaw forward assisting
in mastication.
4) Pterygoid (external) muscle
 This one originates from the greater
wing of the sphenoid bone and
inserts at the condyle of the mandible
(pterygoid plate) to the condyle of
the mandible.
Tuesday, September 58
26, 2023
MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
 These include the following:
Genioglossus
 Originates from the superior surface of
the mandible and inserts into the hyoid
bone.
 Action-to thrust the tongue forward
and depressing it forward for chewing.
Styloglossus
 Originates from styloid process of the
temporal bone and inserts under the
tongue
 Action-it draws the tongue upwards and
backwards.
Hypoglossus
 Originates from the greater side of the
hyoid bone and inserts at the side of the
tongue.
Action-it draws the hyoid bone superiorly
and interiorly.
Geniohyoid
 Originates from the inferior spine of the
mandible&inserts at the interior surface
of the hyoid bone.
Action-to move the hyoid bone interiorly.
MUSCLES OF THE NECK
1) Sternocleidomastoid muscle
 This arises from the manubrium of
the sternum and the sternum and
clavicle and extends upwards to the
mastoid process of the temporal
bones.
 Function- to move head from side
to side. It also draws the head
towards the shoulder and it pulls
head towards chest or raises
sternum. It also flexes the neck to
the front.
Tuesday, September 63
26, 2023
2) Trapezius muscle
 It covers the shoulder and upper
part of the back of the neck.
 Function- It rotates scapula, raises
arm and scapula and pulls scapula
medially

Tuesday, September 65
26, 2023
 MUSCLES OF THE BACK
 These include six pairs of large
muscles as follows;
1. Trapezius
2. Teres major
3. Psoas
4. Quadratus lumborum
5. Sacrospinalis
6. Latissimus

Tuesday, September 67
26, 2023
MUSCLES OF LATERAL BACK
Tuesday, September 69
26, 2023
Trapezium muscle (2)
 It covers the shoulder and upper
part of the back of the neck.
 Function- It rotates scapula, raises
arm and scapula and pulls scapula
medially
 Teres major (2)
 They meet at the vertebral column.
They originate from the inferior
angle of the scapula and inserted in
the humerus just below the shoulder
joint.
 Function –it draws the humerus
backwards and towards the body.
Tuesday, September 70
26, 2023
 Psoas (2)
 These arise from the transverse
processes and bodies of the lumbar
vertebrae and passes across the flat
part of the ilium behind the inguinal
ligament and inserted into the lesser
trochanter of the femur.
 Function- they cause flexion at the
hip joint.

Tuesday, September 71
26, 2023
 Quadratus Lumborum (2)
 It originates from the posterior part
of the crest of the ilium and passes
upward parallel and close to the
vertebral column and inserted into
the 12th ribs.
 Function- If both contract, it
causes the extension of the
vertebral column (bending
backward) and if one contracts it
causes lateral flexion of the lumbar
region.
Tuesday, September 72
26, 2023
 Sacrospinalis (2)
 This is a name given to a group of
muscles lying between spine and
transverse process of the vertebrae.
 Function—produces backward
flexion and extension of the
vertebral column.

Tuesday, September 73
26, 2023
 Latissimus dorsi (2)
 It covers the lumbar region to the
shoulder. It originates from the
lumbar vertebrae and lower thoracic
vertebrae and inserts the groove of
the humerus.
 Function- adduction of the
shoulder. It also draws the arms
backwards and downwards and also
it rotates humerus inwardly.

Tuesday, September 74
26, 2023
MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
 These include:
 Trapezius
 Levator scapalae
 Rhomboideus major
 Rhomboideus minor
 Pectorolis major
 Bulb clavis
 Serratus anterior
 Infraspinalis
 Terres major
9/26/2023 77
Trapezius muscle
 It covers the shoulder and upper part
of the back of the neck.
 Function- It rotates scapula, raises
arm and scapula and pulls scapula
medially
Levator scapulae
 This is found in the posterior part and
covers the neck obliguely. It originates
from the five cervical vertebrae and
inserts in the broader aspects of the
scapula.
 Action-raises the scapula
Rhomboideus major
 Situated at the posterior obligue of the
chest, originating from the spines of the
first (4) four of thoracic vertebrae and
inserts in the broader aspect of the
scapula.
 Action-to move the scapula backwards
and upwards.
Rhomboideus minor
 This is found between the levator
scapulae and the rhomboideus major. It
originates from the seven 7th cervical
vertebrae and all the thoracic vertebra.
Insertion is not well defined.
 Action-to move the scapula
backwards and upwards.
Pectorolis major
 These are large fan shaped muscles
found in the anterior aspect of the
thorax. It originates from the anterior
clavicle, sternum, the postal costal
cartilage 2nd ,3rd, 4th and 5th ribs. It
inserts in the head of the humerus.
 Action-flex, abduct and rotate the
arm.
 Bulb clavis
 Found under the length of the clavicle.
Originates from the first (1st ) pair of the
ribs and their costal cartilage. Insertion is
at the anterior surface of the clavicle.
Action-to draw the shoulder forward and
downwards.
Serratus anterior
 Situated in the anterior lateral side of the
chest originating from the superior border
of the 1st of the 8 pairs of the ribs. It
inserts in the vertebrae bodies and
interior angle of the scapula.
Action- rotates the scapula
Infraspinalis
 Found over the lower posterior part of
the scapula originating from the spines
of the posterior aspect of the scapula.
It inserts at the greater tubercle of the
humerus.
Action-rotates the scapula outwards.
Terres major
As above
Action-extends the humerus and draws
it downwards. It also adducts and
rotates the arm.
MUSCLES OF THE ARM
These include the following:
1) Pectoralis major
2) Deltoid
3) Coracobrachialis
4) Brachialis
5)Extensor carpi radius longus
6) Triceps
7) Extensor carpi ulnaris
8) Flexor digitorum
9) Flexor carpi radius
10) Biceps
11) Extensor digitorum
12) Supinators
13) Pronator teres
14)Flexor carpi ulnalis

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9/26/2023 85
 Pectoralis major
 As described above
 Action-draws the arm towards and
forwards the body.
 Deltoid
 This is a triangular in shape and lies
directly over the shoulder joint. It
originates from the clavicle process
and the posterior border of the
scapula. It inserts in the lateral surface
of the humerus.
 Action- to raise the arm from side to
side
 Coracobrachialis
 It covers the anterior-lateral side of
the humerus. It originates from the
coracoids process of the scapula. It
inserts in the middle of the humerus.
 Action-flex and adduct the arm
 Brachialis
 This is found at the lower half of the
humerus. It originates from anterior
aspects of humerus and inserts in the
anterior surface of the ulna.
 Action- flex the forearm
Triceps
 This lies on the posterior and inferior
aspects of the humerus and inserts in the
anterior surfaces of the ulna.
 Extends the elbow joint. It is the
antagonistic of the brachialis
 Biceps
 It lies on the anterior aspect of the
humerus. It is given thie name because it
originates from the two tendons of the
muscles. Thus one tendon originates from
the lateral aspects of scapula while the
other one originates from the anterior
side of the humerus. It inserts in the
radius.
 Action- to flex (supinate) the hand.
Supinators
 These are found on the lateral aspect
of the arm. They originates from the
lateral humerus. It inserts in the
anterior aspect of the radius.
Action- supination of the hand
 Pronator teres
 Originates from the middle aspect of
the and the coacoid process of the ulna
bone. It inserts inthe medial surface of
the radius.
Action- pronation of the hand
Flexor carpi radialis
These are found over the radius and
insert in the second and the third
carpal bones
Action-Flexion of the land
Flexor carpi ulnalis
These are found over the ulna and under
the flexor carpi radialis bone. They
originate from the medial of the
humerus and dorsal border of the ulna.
It insert in the 5th metacarpal bones.
Action- flexion of the hand.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
 This is found along the lateral anterior
aspect of the radius. It originates from
the humerus and inserts in the 2nd
metacarpal bones.
 Action-it extends and abducts the hands.
Extensor carpi ulnaris
 This is found on the the anterior ulna and
originates from the digital humerus and
dorsal border of the ulna. It inserts in the
5th metacarpal bone.
 action-flexes the terminal phalanges of its
finger
Extensor digitorum
 Originates from the lateral epicondyle
of the humerus and inserts in the 2nd
and 3rd phalanges. It covers the ulna.
 Action- extends the phalanges&the
wrist joint
MUSCLES OF THE HAND
 Thenar (palm)
 This is found on the anterior of the
thumb. It originates from the
scaphoid&trapezium bone
 It inserts in the 1st phalange of the
thumb.
 Action-abduction of the thumb
 Hypothenar
 Originates from the epicondyle of the
humerus and inserts in the 1st phalange
of the little finger.
 Action-extends the little finger
 MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL
WALL
 These include the following
1. Rectus abdominis
2. External oblique
3. Internal oblique
4. Transverse abdominis
5. Quadratus lumborum
6. Psoas

Tuesday, September 96
26, 2023
Tuesday, September 97
26, 2023
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMEN
 Contraction of Abdominal muscles
decreases abdominal cavity and
increases abdominal pressure inside.
 This assists in forceful exhalation,
dafaecation, urinating, vomiting and
child birth.
 Abdomen is divided into two
(midline) by tendinous cord called
Linea Alba.
 Linea alba extends from xiphoid
process of the sternum to symphysis
pubis of pelvic bone.
Tuesday, September 99
26, 2023
Rectus Abdominis (2)
 It is the most superficial abdominal
muscle. It is broad and flat and inserts
in the lower ribs and xiphoid process of
the sternum.
 Function- it depresses the thoracic and
relaxes vertebral column. It also
compresses abdominal wall and
compresses abdominal contents.
External Oblique (2)
 Location—It extends from the lower
ribs downward and forward to be
inserted into the iliac crest and by an
aponeurosis into the linea alba.
 Function –Tenses abdomen and
compresses abdominal content.
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Internal Oblique
 Location -It lies deep to the
external oblique.
 Its fibers arise from the iliac crest
and by a broad band of fascia from
spinous processes of the lumbar
vertebrae., it then passes upward
towards the midline to be inserted
into the lower ribs and by an
aponeurosis into linea alba.
 Function - contracts the thoracic
and compresses the abd in forciful
respiration (laboured respiration)
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101
DEEP MUSCLES OF ABD (POSTERIOR)
Transversus Abdominis
 This is the deepest layers of muscles
of the abdominal wall.
 It arises from the iliac crest of the
lumbar vertebrae and passes across
the abdominal wall to be inserted
into the linea alba.
 Function –compresses the abd
organs, flexing the vertebral column
in the lumbar region and compress
the abd wall during laboured
respiration.
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 Psoas (2)
 These arise from the transverse
processes and bodies of the lumbar
vertebrae and passes across the flat
part of the ilium behind the inguinal
ligament and inserted into the lesser
trochanter of the femur.

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 MUSCLES OF PELVIC FLOOR (
pelvic Diaphragm)
 Consists of muscles that form and
support of the pelvic organs.
 It is pierced in midline in female with
3 openings and in male with 2
openings.
 The pelvic floor is made up of two (2)
muscles;Levator Ani (2) and
Coccygeus(2)

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MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR (F)
Levator Ani (2)
 This is found at the pelvic floor. It
comprises of two broad and flat
muscles. It is originated from the inner
surfaces of the bones of the pelvis.
They unite at the middle line to form a
sling which supports the organs of the
pelvic cavity.
 Action-it supports the pelvic floor and
slightly raises it

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Coccygeus (2)
 This is triangular in shape and situated
behind the levator ani. It originates
from the medial surface of the ischium
and inserts in to the sacrum and
coccyx.
Action-to support the pelvic floor.
 These two muscles complete the
formation of the pelvic floor. They are
perforated in males by urethra and
anus and in females by vagina and
anus.
MUSCLES OF THE HIP
 There are basically three muscles of
the hip
 Psoas
 These arise from the transverse
processes and bodies of the lumbar
vertebrae and passes across the flat part
of the ilium behind the inguinal ligament
and inserted into the lesser trochanter of
the femur.
 Action- it flexes the thigh
 Gluteals
 These consist of gluteus maximus,
medius and minimus, which together
form the fleshy part of the buttock.
These are found on the posterior
surface of the ilium over the
sacrum&coccyx. Gluteal muscle
originate from the iliac crest, sacrum
and coccyx bones. It inserts in the
gluteal ridges of the femur.
 Action- extends the femur&rotates it
outwards.
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 Iliacus
 Found in front of the groin&originates
from front of the iliac bone. It inserts
in the lesser trochanter of the femur.
 Action-flexion, abduction&rotation of
the thigh.
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH
Quadriceps femoris
 These are composed of three (3)
vastulis muscles (vastus medialis,
vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius)
and one rectus femoris.
 They are found in front of the
thigh&originates from the femur,
ilium&tuberosity of the ischium. They
insert at the patella bone&ligament.
 Action-extension of the knee and
flexion of the thigh.
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB
Hamstrings
 These are (3) muscles of the back of
the thigh (biceps femoris,
semitendinosus &semimembranosus).
They originate from the ischial
tuberosity and posterior surface of the
femur. They insert in the head of the
fibula and on the lateral and medial
surfaces of tibia.
 Action-flexion of the knee and
extension of the thigh.
 Sartorius
 This is the longest muscle in the human
body,it is found crossing the front of the
thigh.
 It originates from the anterior-superior
iliac spine and passes obliquely across the
hip joint, thigh and knee joint to be
inserted into the medial surface of the
upper part of the tibia.
 Action-flexion, rotation and abduction of
the knee and thigh.
 Abductor group
 Found in the inner side of the thigh
originating from the pubis&ischium.
Inserts at posterior surface of the femur.
 Action- For adduction of the thigh.
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MUSCLES OF THE LEG
Gastrocnemius
 Found at the back of the leg originating
from the condyles of the femur and
inserts at the the calcaneus surface.
 Action-flexion of the foot
(plantar)&flexion of the leg at the knee
joint.
Soleus muscle
 Found at the inner anterior of the leg. It
originates from the tibia&fibula. It inserts
at the cacaneus bone-for flexion&raising
the heel.
Anterior tibialis
 This is found on the outer aspect of
the leg originating from the tibia. It
inserts in the cuneiform bone and 1st
metatarsal
 Action-dorsi flexion and inversion of
the foot
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION
 The muscles involved in normal
respiration are the:
 a)Diaphragm
 b)Internal intercostal
 c)External intercostal

 In forced respiration,respiratory
muscles may be helped by the muscles
of the chest and the neck.
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Diaphragm
 This is a dome-shaped made up of
radiating muscle fibres which originate
from the circumference of the thoracic
vertebrae. It inserts in the central
tendon fibre. It divides the thoracic
and abdominal cavities.
 Action-it is the principal (main)
muscle of respiration. It increases the
volume of the thoracic cavity during
inspiration by pulling the central
tendon downwards.
 It forms the floor of the thoracic cavity
and it forms the roof of the abd cavity.
Its point of origin is in the lower point of
the sternum.
Internal intercostal muscles
 They lie under the external intercostal
muscles
 Their fibres arise from the lower borders
of the ribs above and inserts in the upper
border of the ribs below.
 Action-it is antagonistic to the external
intercostal muscles. Draws ribs together
during respiration.
External intercostal muscles
 These occupy the space between the
ribs originating from lower borders of
the ribs.
 They inserts in the upper borders of
the ribs below.
 Action-to lift the ribs during
inspiration, thus raising the ribs
upwards and outwards. It increases
the thoracic cavity volume.
GROUP FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCLES
1.Flexor-they decrease the angle of the
joint between the anterior surface of
the bones except in the knee&toe
joint.
2. Extensors-they increase/extend or
retain part of the bone from flexion to
the normal anatomical position. They
increase the angle of the bone.
3. Abductors- they move the bone away
from from the midline
4. Depressors-they lower the part.
5. Adductors-they move the bone
towards the midline.
6. Rotators-they cause the part to pivot
upon its axises.
7. Levators-they raise the part.
8. Sphincters- they reduce the size of
the opening.
9. Tensors-they tense the part (making
it more rigid)
10.Supinator-they turn the hand palm
upwards.
 Pronators-they turn the palm of the
hand down wards.

 MERCI