UNIVERSITY OF DELTA, AGBOR.

GROUP F TERM PAPER WORK ON BCH 314 (TOXICOLOGY)

NAMES DEPARTMENT MATRIC NO
UGWEM MERCY MIRACLE MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103126
ISIOMA IJEOMA MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103084
EBUH FAVOUR AISOSA MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103067
EKURUKU BENEDICTA MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103072
NKWO GLORY OKWUKWE MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103090
ABUJEI CHINEDU MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103044
GODDEY REUBEN MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103079
OBI BEATRICE MICROBIOLOGY SCS2103095
AZUBUIKE NDUKA PETER BIOCHEMISTRY SCS2102623
OLISEYENUM CHIOMA JOY BIOCHEMISTRY SCS2102672
AKPEKE GOD'SGIFT BIOCHEMISTRY SCS2102615
EWERE
MOSES OJO BIOCHEMISTRY SCS2102667
DJOMA COMFORT BIOCHEMISTRY SCS2102694
JONATHAN ORUARO BIOCHEMISTRY SCS2102653

ON THE TOPIC:

DISCUSS EXHAUSTIVELY ON TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BERYLLIUM AND ZINC
UNDER THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS:
• CHARACTERISTICS •USES •SOURCES/ROOT OF EXPOSURE
• TOXICITY •EFFECT OF TOXICITY (ADVERSE) ON HUMANS
•TREATMENT OR AMELIORATION.

PRESENTED
TO
MR OVOVWE DIAKPAROMRE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
1.0 DEFINITION OF TRACE ELEMENT
1.1 TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY
1.2 SOURCES OF TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY
1.3 HEALTH EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY
1.4 PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY
CHAPTER 2
2.0 BERYLLIUM AS A TRACE ELEMENT
2.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BERYLLIUM
2.2 USES OF BERYLLIUM
2.3 SOURCES/ROOT OF EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM
2.4 TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM (BERYLLIOSIS)
2.5 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BERYLLIUM TOXICITY ON HUMANS
2.6 TREATMENT OR AMELIORATION OF BERYLLIUM TOXICITY
CHAPTER 3
3.0 ZINC AS A TRACE ELEMENT
3.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZINC
3.2 USES OF ZINC
3.3 SOURCES/ROOT OF EXPOSURE TO ZINC
3.4 TOXICITY OF ZINC (ZINCALISM)
3.5 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ZINC TOXICITY ON HUMANS
3.6 TREATMENT OR AMELIORATION OF ZINC TOXICITY ON HUMANS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
 ABSTRACT
The role of trace elements in humans has increased
during the last 20years. It seems they play a significant
role in maintaining the healthy state of an organism.
These minerals are present in small levels, but their role
is vital. Although they account for only 0.02% of the total
body weight it has highlighted that they play a significant
roles, either as active centers of enzymes or trace
bioactive substances. Their excess or deficiency may
influence the homeostasis and potentially can lead to
several chronic diseases. Including cancer. It is already
known that certain elements in their free or combined
state can be primary causative agent, or risk factor for
human cancer. Nevertheless it is important to underline
the characteristics, uses , toxicity, adverse effects on
humans and treatment or amelioration of beryllium and
zinc in this case study. How Their concentration may play
an important role in developing berylliosis and Zincalism .
 INTRODUCTION
Trace elements are essential for the proper functioning of
various biochemical processes in the human body.
However, when these elements are present in excessive
amounts, they can become toxic and harmful to human
health. Beryllium and zinc are two trace elements that
can exhibit toxicity at high concentrations.
Beryllium is a naturally occurring element that is used in
various industrial applications, such as in electronics and
aerospace industries. Chronic exposure to beryllium can
lead to berylliosis, a lung disease that can cause
inflammation and scarring of the lungs. Beryllium toxicity
can also affect other organs, such as the skin, eyes, and
liver. Workers in industries where beryllium is commonly
used are at a higher risk of developing beryllium toxicity.
Zinc is another essential trace element that can be toxic
at high levels. While zinc deficiency can lead to various
health problems, excessive intake of zinc through
supplements or contaminated food can result in zinc
toxicity. Symptoms of zinc toxicity can include nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, and headaches. Long-term exposure
to high levels of zinc can also lead to copper deficiency,
as zinc can interfere with the absorption of copper in the
body.
 CHAPTER 1

1.0 WHAT IS TRACE ELEMENT?

A trace element is a chemical element of a minute
quantity, a trace amount, especially used in referring to a
micronutrient, but is also used to refer to minor elements
in the composition of a rock, or other chemical substance.
In nutrition, trace elements are classified into two groups:
essential trace elements, and non-essential trace
elements. Essential trace elements are needed for many
physiological and biochemical processes in both plants
and animals. Not only do trace elements play a role in
biological processes but they also serve as catalysts to
engage in redox – oxidation and reduction mechanisms.
Trace elements of some heavy metals have a biological
role as essential micronutrients.

1.1 TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY

Trace element toxicity refers to the harmful effects that
can occur when there is an excessive accumulation of
trace elements in the body. Trace elements are essential
minerals required by the body in small amounts for
various physiological processes. However, when these
elements exceed the safe limits, they can become toxic
and lead to adverse health effects. (Scudlark et al. 1994).
There are several trace elements that can cause toxicity
when present in excessive amounts, including arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, and chromium, among others.
These elements can enter the body through various
sources such as contaminated food and water,
environmental pollution, occupational exposure, and
certain medications.
The toxicity of trace elements can vary depending on
factors such as the dose, duration of exposure, individual
susceptibility, and the chemical form in which they are
present. Some of the common health effects associated
with trace element toxicity include:
1. Arsenic toxicity: Long-term exposure to high levels
of arsenic can lead to skin lesions, cardiovascular
diseases, respiratory problems, and an increased
risk of cancer.
2. Cadmium toxicity: Cadmium accumulation in the
body can cause kidney damage, lung disease, and
an increased risk of developing cancer, particularly
lung cancer.
3. Lead toxicity: Lead exposure can lead to
neurological disorders, developmental delays in
children, impaired cognitive function, and kidney
damage.
4. Mercury toxicity: Mercury can affect the nervous
system, resulting in neurological disorders,
cognitive impairment, and developmental delays in
 children. It can also cause kidney damage and
impact reproductive health.
5. Chromium toxicity: Hexavalent chromium, a highly
toxic form of chromium, can cause lung cancer,
respiratory problems, skin irritation, and liver
damage.
The effects of trace element toxicity can range from
acute symptoms to long-term health consequences.
Some individuals may be more susceptible to the
toxic effects depending on factors such as age,
underlying health conditions, and genetic
predisposition.

1.2. SOURCES OF TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY:

2. Contaminated Water: Well water, polluted rivers,
and lakes can contain high levels of trace
elements.
3. Food: Consuming food grown in contaminated soil
or fish from polluted waters can lead to toxicity.
4. Occupational Exposure: Workers in industries
involving mining, smelting, and manufacturing
may be exposed to toxic trace elements.
5. Environmental Pollution: Industrial waste, vehicle
emissions, and waste disposal can contaminate
soil and water.

1.3. HEALTH EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENT

TOXICITY:
2. Neurological Damage: Cognitive impairment,
memory loss, and neurological disorders.
3. Kidney Damage: Chronic kidney disease, kidney
failure, and urinary tract problems.
4. Cancer: Increased risk of lung, skin, and kidney
cancer.
5. Developmental Delays: Learning disabilities,
growth retardation, and birth defects.
6. Organ Damage: Damage to the liver, lungs, and
cardiovascular system.

1.4 PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TRACE

ELEMENT TOXICITY
Prevention and management of trace element
toxicity Involves Several Strategies, Including:
 Minimizing exposure to contaminated sources: This
includes avoiding consumption of contaminated
food and water, reducing occupational exposure,
and following appropriate safety measures.
 Regular monitoring and testing: Periodic testing of
trace element levels in the body can help detect
any accumulation and take necessary actions to
prevent toxicity.
 Nutritional balance: Adequate intake of essential
nutrients and a balanced diet can help minimize
the risk of trace element toxicity. For instance,
consuming foods rich in antioxidants can help
counteract the harmful effects of some toxic trace
elements.
  Proper Waste Disposal: Safe disposal of industrial
waste, batteries, and electronic
 Therapy: Medical treatment to remove trace
elements from the body.

CHAPTER 2

2.0 BERYLLIUM AS A TRACE ELEMENT

Beryllium is a chemical element; it has symbol Be and
atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, strong, lightweight
and brittle alkaline earth metal. It is a divalent element
that occurs naturally only in combination with other
elements to form minerals. Gemstones high in beryllium
include beryl (aquamarine, emerald, red beryl) and
chrysoberyl. It is a relatively rare element in the universe,
usually occurring as a product of the spallation of larger
atomic nuclei that have collided with cosmic rays. Within
the cores of stars, beryllium is depleted as it is fused into
heavier elements.
Beryllium constitutes about 0.0004 percent by mass of
Earth’s crust. The world’s annual beryllium production of
220 tons is usually manufactured by extraction from the
mineral beryl, a difficult process because beryllium bonds
strongly to oxygen.
2.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BERYLLIUM
1. appearance: beryllium is a brittle, steel-gray metal that
has a lustrous and metallic appearance.
2. density: beryllium is one of the lightest metals, with a
density of 1.85 grams per cubic centimeter. It is about
two-thirds the density of aluminum.

3. melting and boiling points: beryllium has a high

melting point of 1,287 degrees celsius (2,349 degrees
fahrenheit) and a boiling point of 2,471 degrees celsius
(4,480 degrees fahrenheit).
4. hardness: beryllium is one of the hardest metals
known, second only to diamond. It has a mohs hardness
of 5.5 to 6, making it resistant to scratching and wear.
5. low coefficient of expansion: beryllium has a very low
coefficient of thermal expansion, which means it expands
and contracts minimally with changes in temperature.
This property makes it useful in applications where
dimensional stability is crucial.
6. transparency to x-rays: beryllium is highly transparent
to x-rays, making it an essential material in x-ray imaging
and radiation detection devices.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BERYLLIUM
1. Reactivity: beryllium is a highly reactive metal. It
does not react with water at room temperature, but it
 reacts with many acids, alkalis, and non-metals, such
as oxygen and chlorine. It forms oxides, hydroxides,
and salts when exposed to various chemical
reactions.
2. Corrosion resistance: beryllium is resistant to
corrosion in dry air, as it forms a protective oxide
layer on its surface. However, it is susceptible to
corrosion in the presence of moisture or certain
acids.
3. Toxicity: beryllium and its compounds are highly
toxic. Inhalation or ingestion of beryllium particles
can lead to a respiratory condition called berylliosis,
which can cause lung damage and other serious
health effects. Due to its toxicity, proper safety
precautions must be followed when handling
beryllium.

2.2 USES OF BERYLLIUM

Beryllium has several important uses across various

industries. Here are some key applications of beryllium:

1. Aerospace and Defense Industry:

- Beryllium’s lightweight and high-strength properties

make it ideal for use in aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft
components. It helps reduce weight without
compromising structural integrity.

2. Electronics Industry:

- Beryllium is an excellent conductor of both electricity

and heat, making it valuable in the electronics industry. It
is used in connectors, switches, and other electronic
components that require efficient heat dissipation.

3. Nuclear Power Industry:

- Beryllium’s unique properties, such as high neutron

reflection and control capabilities, make it suitable for use
in the nuclear power industry. It is used as a moderator
and reflector in nuclear reactors.

4. X-ray Windows:

- Beryllium is transparent to X-rays, making it useful in

X-ray equipment and devices. It is used to create X-ray
windows that allow X-rays to pass through while
maintaining structural integrity.

5. Medical Applications:

- Beryllium finds applications in medical imaging and

diagnostic devices. It is used in X-ray equipment and
dental instruments due to its X-ray transparency and
biocompatibility.

6. Automotive Industry:

- Beryllium’s lightweight nature and high-strength

properties make it suitable for use in the automotive
industry. It is used in engine parts, such as valves and
pistons, as well as suspension systems, to improve fuel
efficiency and performance.

7. Other Uses:

- Beryllium has additional applications, such as in the

production of spark-resistant tools, magnets, and
specialty alloys for various industries.

2.3 SOURCES/ROOT OF EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM

Sources of exposure to beryllium can come from various

sources, including:

1. Occupational exposure: Workers in industries such as

aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing may be
exposed to beryllium through breathing in beryllium dust
or fumes during the production or handling of beryllium-
containing materials.
2. Environmental exposure: People living near beryllium
mining sites, smelters, or manufacturing facilities may be
exposed to beryllium through contaminated air, water, or
soil.

3. Military exposure: Military personnel, especially those

involved in aircraft maintenance and repair, may be
exposed to beryllium through the use of beryllium-
containing alloys in aircraft components.

4. Consumer products: Some consumer products, such as

golf clubs, bicycles, and dental appliances, may contain
beryllium and could potentially expose individuals to the
metal.

5. Recycling: Workers in the recycling industry may be

exposed to beryllium when processing electronic waste or
other materials containing beryllium.

6. Natural sources: Beryllium is naturally present in the

environment in small amounts, and exposure may occur
through consumption of food or water containing trace
levels of beryllium.

7.Accidental Spills or Releases: Accidental spills or

releases of beryllium-containing materials can occur
during transportation, storage, or handling. These
incidents can lead to immediate exposure if proper safety
measures are not in place.

2.4 TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM (BERYLLIOSIS)

Beryllium is a naturally occurring element that is widely

used in various industries due to its unique properties,
such as high strength, low density, and excellent thermal
conductivity. However, prolonged exposure to beryllium
and its compounds can be toxic and pose significant
health risks.

Beryllium toxicity primarily affects the respiratory system

and is commonly associated with two main forms of the
disease: acute beryllium disease (ABD) and chronic
beryllium disease (CBD).

 Acute Beryllium Disease (ABD):

ABD occurs shortly after a high-level exposure to
beryllium. Symptoms may include cough, chest pain,
difficulty breathing, fever, and fatigue. Severe cases
can lead to acute pneumonia or even death. ABD is
rare and usually occurs in occupational settings
where workers are exposed to high concentrations of
beryllium dust or fumes.
  Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD):
CBD is a delayed hypersensitivity immune response
that occurs in individuals who have been exposed to
lower levels of beryllium over an extended period. It
is the more common form of beryllium toxicity and
can develop months or years after exposure.
Symptoms of CBD include cough, shortness of
breath, fatigue, weight loss, and chest pain. The
disease can progress and cause irreversible lung
damage, leading to respiratory failure in severe
cases.

2.5 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BERYLLIUM TOXICITY ON

HUMAN

Beryllium toxicity can have significant effects on human

health. When beryllium enters the body, it can cause a
range of adverse health effects, particularly in individuals
who are exposed to high levels or for prolonged periods.
Here are some of the main effects of beryllium toxicity on
humans:
1. Acute Beryllium Disease (ABD): Acute exposure to
high levels of beryllium can cause Acute Beryllium
Disease, also known as berylliosis. ABD is
characterized by inflammation of the lungs, leading
to symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, shortness
of breath, and fever. These symptoms typically
develop within a few hours to days after exposure.
However, ABD is relatively rare and is mainly seen in
occupational settings with acute, high-level
exposures.
2. Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD): Chronic exposure
to lower levels of beryllium over an extended period
can lead to Chronic Beryllium Disease. CBD is an
immune-mediated lung disorder that occurs in
susceptible individuals. It is characterized by the
formation of granulomas (abnormal tissue masses) in
the lungs, which can cause symptoms such as cough,
fatigue, shortness of breath, weight loss, and chest
pain. CBD can develop months or even years after
exposure to beryllium, and it can be a persistent and
debilitating condition.
3. Skin Sensitization: Some individuals may develop an
allergic skin reaction called beryllium sensitization
 when exposed to beryllium. This sensitivity can
manifest as redness, itching, and rash upon contact
with beryllium-containing materials. Once sensitized,
even low levels of beryllium exposure can trigger an
allergic reaction.
4. Carcinogenic Potential: Beryllium and its compounds
have been classified as carcinogenic to humans by
various health agencies. Prolonged exposure to
beryllium has been associated with an increased risk
of developing lung cancer. The exact mechanisms by
which beryllium causes cancer are not fully
understood, but it is believed to involve DNA damage
and alterations in cell signaling pathways.
5. Genetic effects: Beryllium has been shown to have
genotoxic effects, meaning it can damage DNA and
potentially increase the risk of genetic mutations and
birth defects in exposed individuals.
6. Other Effects: In addition to the respiratory and
allergic effects, beryllium toxicity can also affect
other systems in the body. It can impact the
cardiovascular system, leading to increased blood
pressure and heart disease. Beryllium exposure has
 also been associated with kidney damage and
impairment of liver function.

2.6 TREATMENT OR AMELIORATION OF BERYLLIUM

TOXICITY

The treatment and management of beryllium toxicity in

humans primarily focus on alleviating symptoms,
reducing exposure, and preventing further health
complications. Some strategies that can be used to treat
or ameliorate beryllium toxicity on humans:

1. Removal of the source of exposure: The most critical

step in treating beryllium toxicity is to identify and
eliminate the source of exposure. This may involve
implementing engineering controls, personal
protective equipment, and safe work practices in
occupational settings to reduce the risk of beryllium
exposure. Individuals should also be advised to avoid
consumer products containing beryllium and take
precautions when handling beryllium-containing
materials.
2. Medical monitoring: Regular medical monitoring and
screening for beryllium-related health effects are
essential for individuals who have been exposed to
beryllium. This may include pulmonary function tests,
chest X-rays, and other tests to assess lung function
and detect early signs of beryllium-related lung
diseases, such as chronic beryllium disease.
3. Symptomatic treatment: Depending on the
symptoms experienced, symptomatic treatment may
be provided to alleviate discomfort and improve
quality of life. This may include medications to
manage respiratory symptoms, such as
bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, or oxygen
therapy.
4. Immunomodulatory therapy: In cases of beryllium
sensitization or chronic beryllium disease,
immunomodulatory therapy may be considered to
help modulate the immune response and reduce
inflammation in the lungs. This can include
corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive
medications.
5. Pulmonary rehabilitation: For individuals with severe
lung damage from chronic beryllium disease,
 pulmonary rehabilitation programs may be beneficial
to improve breathing, physical function, and overall
quality of life.
6. Supportive care: Individuals with beryllium toxicity
may benefit from supportive care, such as nutritional
counseling, supplemental oxygen therapy, or
counseling and psychosocial support to cope with the
emotional and psychological impact of the condition.
7. Genetic counseling: Individuals who have been
exposed to beryllium and are concerned about the
potential genetic effects of the metal may benefit
from genetic counseling.
 CHAPTER 3

3.0 ZIINC AS A TRACE ELEMENT

Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and

atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room
temperature and has a shiny-greyish appearance when
oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12
(IIB) of the periodic table. In some respects, zinc is
chemically similar to magnesium: both elements exhibit
only one normal oxidation state (+2), and the Zn2+ and
Mg2+ ions are of similar size. Zinc is the 24th most
abundant element in Earth’s crust and has five stable
isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc
blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. Zinc is refined by froth
flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using
electricity (electro winning).
Zinc is an essential trace element for
humans,animals,plants and for microorganisms and is
necessary for prenatal and postnatal development. It is
the second most abundant trace metal in humans after
iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme
classes. Zinc is also an essential nutrient element for
coral growth as it is an important cofactor for many
enzymes.

3.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZINC

1. Appearance: Zinc is a lustrous metal with a bluish-

white color. It has a shiny surface when freshly exposed
to air but tarnishes to a dull gray color over time.

2. Density: Zinc has a relatively low density of about 7.14

grams per cubic centimeter, making it a relatively light
metal.

3.Melting and Boiling Points: The melting point of zinc is

419.53 degrees Celsius (787.15 degrees Fahrenheit), and
its boiling point is 907 degrees Celsius (1665 degrees
Fahrenheit
4. Malleability and Ductility: Zinc is a moderately soft
metal. It is malleable, meaning it can be easily hammered
into thin sheets without breaking. It is also ductile, which
means it can be drawn into thin wires.

5. Conductivity: Zinc is a good conductor of electricity and

heat. It has a relatively low electrical resistance and can
efficiently transmit electrical currents.

6. Crystal Structure: At room temperature, zinc has a

hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, which means
its atoms are arranged in a close-packed hexagonal
lattice.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ZINC

1. Reactivity: Zinc is a moderately reactive metal. It

reacts with oxygen in the air to form a thin layer of
zinc oxide, which protects the underlying metal from
further corrosion. However, when exposed to moist
air or certain corrosive environments, zinc can
corrode.
2. Corrosion Resistance: Zinc is known for its excellent
corrosion resistance. It is often used as a protective
coating for other metals through a process called
 galvanization. The zinc coating acts as a sacrificial
anode, corroding in place of the underlying metal.
3. Alloys: Zinc is commonly used in the production of
alloys. One of the most well-known zinc alloys is
brass, which is made by combining zinc with copper.
Zinc alloys are valued for their strength, durability,
and resistance to corrosion.
4. Solubility: Zinc is soluble in acids and alkalis. It
readily reacts with acids to form zinc salts and
hydrogen gas.
5. Oxidation States: Zinc primarily exists in the +2
oxidation state, where it loses two electrons to form a
positively charged ion (Zn2+). It can also exhibit
other oxidation states, such as +1 and +3, but they
are less common.
6. Biological Role: Zinc is an essential trace element for
living organisms. It plays a crucial role in various
biological processes, including enzyme function,
immune system function, and DNA synthesis.

3.2 USES OF ZINC

•The metal is used for manufacturing like creating roofing

materials or making zinc oxide.
•The metallic element is used for various purposes
ranging from sunscreens to solar cells to nuclear reactors.

•The metal helps in maintaining the balance of enzymes

in the human body.

•It is used as a white pigment for oil-based paints.

•Another important use of zinc oxide is as an additive to

the rubber used to make automobile tires.

•Zinc oxide can withstand high temperatures and it

prevents the tires from breaking apart when they get hot.

•Zinc is widely used in the die casting industry. At

present, zinc is the world’s fourth most widely consumed
metal after iron, aluminium and copper. It has strong anti-
corrosive properties and is well connected to other
metals. Accordingly, about half of the zinc produced is
used in galvanising zinc, which is the method of applying
thin layers of zinc to iron or steel to avoid rusting.

•The next leading use of zinc is as an alloy; the zinc is

mixed with copper (to form brass) and other metals to
form materials used in vehicles, electrical parts, and
household appliances. A third significant use of zinc is in
the production of zinc oxide (the most important zinc
chemical by volume of production), which is used as a
protective skin ointment in rubber manufacture.

•Zinc is essential to health, as well. It is a critical element

to proper human, animal, and plant growth and
development. The adult human body contains between 2
and 3 grams of zinc which is the amount required for the
proper functioning of the body’s enzymes and immune
system.

3.3 SOURCES/ROOT OF EXPOSURE TO ZINC

Exposure to lithium can occur through various sources,

including:

1. Diet: One of the primary sources of zinc exposure is

through the diet. Zinc is naturally present in a wide
range of foods. Some of the best dietary sources of
zinc include meat (particularly red meat and poultry),
seafood (such as oysters, crab, and lobster), legumes
(like chickpeas, lentils, and beans), nuts and seeds
(such as pumpkin seeds and cashews), and whole
grains (like wheat and oats). Consuming a well-
balanced diet that includes these foods can
contribute to zinc intake.
2. Drinking Water: Zinc can also be present in drinking
water. The concentration of zinc in water can vary
depending on the source and treatment process. Zinc
may be naturally present in water sources or can
leach from pipes and plumbing materials. In areas
with high zinc levels in water, drinking water can be
a significant source of exposure.
3. Occupational Exposure: Certain occupations may
involve exposure to higher levels of zinc. Individuals
working in industries such as mining, welding, and
manufacturing may come into contact with zinc-
containing materials. Inhalation of zinc-containing
dust or fumes, as well as skin contact with zinc
compounds, can contribute to occupational exposure.
4. Zinc Supplements: Some individuals take zinc
supplements to meet their dietary needs or for
specific health reasons. These supplements come in
various forms, such as tablets, capsules, or lozenges.
Zinc supplements can contribute to overall zinc
exposure, especially if taken in high doses or for
extended periods. It is important to follow the
recommended dosage guidelines and consult with a
 healthcare professional before starting any
supplementation
5. Environmental Exposure: Zinc is naturally present in
the environment, and exposure can occur through
various means. For example, zinc can be released
into the air through industrial emissions, vehicle
exhaust, and combustion of fossil fuels. It can also be
present in soil and can enter the food chain through
plant uptake, leading to exposure through the
consumption of crops grown in zinc-contaminated
soil.
6. Consumer Products: Zinc can be found in various
consumer products, including cosmetics, sunscreens,
and certain over-the-counter medicines. These
products may contain zinc compounds that can be
absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes,
contributing to exposure.

3.4 TOXICITY OF ZINC (ZINCALISM)

Zinc toxicity is a medical condition rarely known as

(Zincalism), involving an overdose of zinc, or toxic
overexposure to, zinc. While Zinc is an essential mineral
that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions,
consuming too much zinc can have adverse effects on
health.

There are ways through which zinc toxicity can occur:

• Inhalation from occupational sources

Inhalation toxicity can vary in severity depending on the

specific compound involved and the duration of exposure.
For instance, smoke bombs containing zinc chloride can
result in chest pain, airway irritation, and even a clinical
presentation resembling acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS) with long-term pulmonary fibrosis as a
consequence. Conversely, Inhaling zinc oxide can lead to
a condition called “metal fume fever,” which usually
occurs due to occupational exposure. In such cases,
individuals exposed to fumes from welding, alloy
production, and metal soldering may experience flu-like
symptoms, cough, and shortness of breath, likely due to
zinc’s direct impact on the pulmonary epithelium.

• Overuse of dietary supplements

High levels of zinc intake can lead to various negative

consequences, including;Feelings of
nausea,Vomiting,Decreased appetite, Abdominal cramps,
Diarrhea, Headaches. Prolonged excessive consumption
of zinc can result in chronic effects such as:Reduced
copper levels,Changes in iron function

Compromised immune function.

• Use of denture cream

Denture adhesives, whether in pastes, powders, or

adhesive pads, are utilized to secure dentures in position.
These adhesives may sometimes include zinc to improve
their adhesive

3.5 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ZINC TOXICITY ON

HUMAN

Zinc is an essential mineral for human health and plays a

critical role in various bodily functions, including immune
function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. However,
consuming excessive amounts of zinc can lead to toxicity,
which can have a range of adverse effects on the body.
Some of the effects of zinc toxicity on humans:

1. Gastrointestinal issues: One of the common

symptoms of zinc toxicity is gastrointestinal upset,
including nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and
diarrhea. Excessive zinc intake can irritate the lining
 of the stomach and intestines, leading to these
symptoms.
2. Copper deficiency: Zinc competes with copper for
absorption in the body, and high levels of zinc can
interfere with copper absorption. This can result in
copper deficiency, which is essential for the
formation of red blood cells, nerve function, and
connective tissue health.
3. Impaired immune function: While zinc is important
for immune function, excess zinc can actually
suppress the immune system. High levels of zinc can
disrupt the balance of other essential minerals and
affect the functioning of immune cells, making the
body more susceptible to infections.
4. Neurological effects: Zinc toxicity can affect the
nervous system and lead to neurological symptoms
such as lethargy, weakness, dizziness, and
coordination problems. In severe cases, it can cause
nerve damage and impact cognitive function.
5. Kidney damage: Excessive zinc levels in the body can
put a strain on the kidneys, as they are responsible
for filtering out and excreting excess minerals.
 Prolonged zinc toxicity can lead to kidney damage
and impair kidney function.
6. Cardiovascular effects: High levels of zinc in the body
can disrupt the balance of other essential minerals,
such as copper and iron, which are crucial for
cardiovascular health. Zinc toxicity may contribute to
heart rhythm abnormalities and cardiovascular
complications.
7. Hormonal imbalances: Zinc plays a role in regulating
hormone levels in the body, and excessive zinc
intake can disrupt this balance. Zinc toxicity can lead
to hormonal imbalances, 3 affecting processes such
as growth, metabolism, and reproductive health.

3.6 TREATMENT OR AMELIORATION OF ZINC

TOXICITY

The treatment or amelioration of zinc toxicity in humans

depends on the severity of the toxicity and the specific
symptoms experienced. Some approaches that can be
taken:

1. Discontinuation of Zinc Intake: The first and most

important step in treating zinc toxicity is to stop
further intake of zinc. This includes discontinuing the
 use of zinc supplements or removing the source of
occupational exposure.
2. Supportive Care: For mild cases of zinc toxicity,
supportive care may be sufficient. This involves
managing symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress
or respiratory symptoms. Antiemetic medications
may be given to alleviate nausea and vomiting, while
bronchodilators or corticosteroids may be used to
relieve respiratory symptoms if inhaled zinc is
involved.
3. Copper Supplementation: Since zinc toxicity can lead
to copper deficiency, copper supplementation may
be necessary to restore copper levels in the body.
This can help alleviate symptoms associated with
copper deficiency, such as anemia or neurological
problems. Copper supplements should only be taken
under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
4. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: In cases where zinc
toxicity has caused significant gastrointestinal
symptoms, fluid and electrolyte balance may need to
be restored. This can be achieved through oral
rehydration solutions or, in severe cases, intravenous
fluids.
 5. Gastric lavage: In cases of acute zinc toxicity, gastric
lavage may be performed to remove any remaining
zinc from the stomach. This involves flushing the
stomach with a solution to help remove the zinc.
6. Chelation Therapy: In severe cases of zinc toxicity,
where organ damage or neurological symptoms are
present, chelation therapy may be considered.
Chelating agents are substances that bind to metals
in the body, helping to remove them. However,
chelation therapy for zinc toxicity is not commonly
used and should only be administered under the
guidance of a medical professional.

CONCLUSION

Trace elements play a critical role in various physiological

processes in the human body. However, excessive
exposure to certain trace elements, such as beryllium and
zinc, can lead to toxicity and adverse health effects.
Beryllium toxicity, often seen in occupational settings,
can result in serious lung diseases and damage to other
organs. Similarly, zinc toxicity, usually due to excessive
intake of supplements, can lead to gastrointestinal issues
and interfere with the absorption of other essential
minerals.

It is essential to be cautious of potential exposure to toxic

levels of trace elements and to monitor intake levels to
prevent adverse health effects. Proper occupational
safety measures and monitoring of environmental
exposure to trace elements like beryllium are crucial in
preventing toxicity. Additionally, being mindful of
recommended dosages and avoiding excessive intake of
zinc supplements can help protect against zinc toxicity.

Overall, maintaining a balance in trace element intake is

key to promoting overall health and well-being, while also
minimizing the risks of toxicity associated with elements
like beryllium and zinc. Awareness,

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