Exercise # 2.

3
Question # 1 1 3  1
 
R 0 5 6 
Reduce each of the following matrices
to the indicated form. 
 
0 0  8
1 3  1
(i) 2 1 4   Echelon form  1
  1 3
3 4  5   R2
R 0 1
6  5
Solution:  5  R 3
 
0 0 1  8
 1 3  1
2 1 4
 
3 4  5 Which is Echelon form

By Row operation (ii)

 1 3 1  2 3 1 9
   
R 2  (2R1 ) 1 1   Reduced Echelon form
R  2  2 1  6 4  2 

 2 3 
 R  (3R1 )  
  3
 3  3 4  9 5  3  3 1 3 2 

Solution:
1 3 1
 
2 1 9
R 0 5 6 
 3
1 1  3
 
2

 
0 5 2  3 1 3 2

1 1 2 3 
 
1 3 1  R  2 3 1 9  R 1  R 2
  
  
R 0 5 6  R 2  R 3  3 1 3 2 

 
0 5  5 2  6 
  1 1 2 3  1 0 1 0 
   
R 2  (  2R1 )
R  2  2 3  2 1  4 9  6  R 0 1 1 3 

 R  (3R1 ) 
  3  
 3  3 1 3 36 2  9  0 0 1 1

1 1 2 3 1  0 0  0 1  1 0  1
   
R1  R 3
R 0 5 5 15  R 0  0 1  0  1  1 3  1
  R  R3
    2
0 4 3 11   0 0 1 1 

1 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 
   
R 0 1 1 3  2
 R 0 1 0 2 

R
 5 
   
0 4 3 11  0 0 1 1

1 1  1 2  1 3  3 Required reduced Echelon form.

 

R 0 1 1 3  R1  R 2
` (iii)

   2 3 1 
0 4 3 11   
1 1 2  Reduced Echelon form
1 0 1 0   
   
1 1 2 
R 0 1 1 3 

 
0 4 3 11
Solution:
1 0 1 0 
  2  3 1 
 1 1 2
R 0 1 1 3  R 3  ( 4R 2 )  
 1  1 2
 
0 4  4 3  4 11  12 
1 1 2 
 
R  2 3 1  R 1  R 2


 
1 1 2 
  1 1 2  1  0 1  1 2  1
   
R 2  (2R1 )
R  2  2 3  2 1  4 
 
R 0 1 1  R1  R 2
 R  R1 
  3  
 1  1 1  1 2  2   0 0 4 

1 1 2  1 0 3 
   
R 0 5 3 R 0 1 1
 
   
0 3 1 0 0 4 

1 1 2  1 0 3
   
R 0 5  6 3  2  R 2  (  2R 3 )

R 0 1 1 
R3
  4
   
0 3 1  0 0 1

1 1 2   1 0 0 
   
R 2  R3
R 0 1 1

R 0  0 1  0 1  1

  R  (  3R 3 )
    1
0 3 1  0 0 1 

1 1 2  1 0 0 
   
R 0 1 1  R 3  3R 2 R 0 1 0 
 
   
0 3  3 1  3 0 0 1 

1 1 2 Required reduced Echelon form

 
R 0 1 1 
(iv)

  1 0 2 
0 0 4   
 2 1 1   Echelon form
 
 
 3 0 3 
Solution:

1 0  2 
2 1 1 
 
3 0 3 

 1 0 2 
 
R 2  (2R1 )
R  2  2 1  0 1  4 

 R  (3R1 )
  3
 3  3 0  0 3  6 

1 0 2 
 
R 0 1 5 

 
0 2 9 

1 0 2 
0 1 5  R 3  ( 2R 2 )
 
0 2  2 9  10

1 0  2
0 1 5
 
0 0  1

1 0  2
0 1 5
R3
  1
0 0 1 

Required Echelon form

Question # 2

Find the inverse of the following matrices by using elementary Row or Column
operation.

(i)

 4  2 5
 

A2 1 0
 
 1 2 3

 4 2 5 1 0 0
 
R  2 1 0 0 1 0 

 
 1 2 3 0 0 1 

 1 2 3 0 1 0
 
R  2 1 0 1 0 0  R 1  R 3

 
 4 2 5 0 0 1 

 1 2 3 0 0 1 
 
R 2  2R 1
R  2  2 1  4 0  6 0  0 1  0 0  2 
 R 3  4R 1
 
 4  4 2  8 5  7 1  0 0  0 0  4 

 1 2 3 0 0 1
 
R  0 1 11 0 1 2 

 
 0 6 17 1 0 4 
 1 2 3 0 1 
0
 
R 0 5  6 6  17 0  1 1  0 2  4  R2  R3

 
0 6 17 1 0 4 

1 2 3 0 1
0
 
R 0 1 11 1 1 2  R2  R3

 
0 6 17 1 0 4 

1 2 3 0 1
0
 
R 0 1 11 1 1 2  R3  6R2

 
0 0 49 5 6 8

1 2 3 0 0 1 
 
  R3
R 0 1 11 1 1 2
   49
 5 6 8
0 0 1 49 49 49 

 15 18 25 
1 2 0 49 49 49 
 
R 0 1 11 1 1 2  R1  3R3
 
 5 6 8 
0 0 1 
 49 49 49 

 15 18 25 
1 2 0 49 49 49 
 6 17 10 
R 0 1 0 R1  11R3
 49 49 49 
 5 6 8 
0 0 1 
 49 49 49 
  3 16 5 
1 0 0 49 49 49 
 6 17 10 
R 0 1 0 R1  2R2
 49 49 49 
 5 6 8
0 0 1 
 49 49 49 

 3 16 5 
 49 49 49 
 6 17 10 
Hence A 1  
 49 49 49 
 5 6 8
 
 49 49 49 

(ii)

 3  1 6
 
A   1 3 4
 
 1 5 1

 3 1 6 1 0 0
 
 1 3 4 0 1 0 

 
 1 5 1 0 0 1 

 1 3 4 0 1 0
 
R  3 1 6 1 0 0  R1  R 2

 
 1 5 1 0 0 1 

 1 3 4 0 10 
 
R 2  (3R1 )
R  3  3 1  9 6  12 1  0 0  3 0  0 
 R 3  R1
 
 1  1 5  3 1  4 0  0 0  1 1  0 
 1 3 4 0 1 0
 
R 0 10 6 1 3 0 

 
0 8 5 0 1 1 

1 3 4 0 1 0 
 
R 0 10  8 6  5 1  0 3  1 0  1 R 2  R3

 
0 8 5 0 1 1 

1 3 4 0 1 0
 
R 0 2 1 1 2 1 

 
0 8 5 0 1 1 

 1 3 4 0 1 0 
 
R  0 2 1 1 2 1  R3  4 R2

 
0  0 8  8 5  4 0  4 1  8 1  4 

1 3 4 0 10
 
R 0 2 1 1 2 1  R3  (8 R1 )

 
0 0 1 4 7 5 

1  0 3  0 4  4 0  16 1  28 0  20 
  R2  R3
R 0  0 2  0 1  1 1 4 2  7 1  5 

  R1  (4 R3 )
 0 0 1 4 7 5 
 1 3 0 16 29 20 
 
R 0 2 0 5 9 6 

 
0 0 1 4 7 5 

1 3 0 16 29 20 
 
2 9
R 0
5 6  R2
0
 2 2 2 2  2
 
0 0 1 4 7 5 

1 3 0 16 29 20 
 
R 0 1 0 3 
5 9

 2 2
 
0 0 1 4 7 5 

 15 18 
1  0 3  3 0  0  16 
2
29 
2
20  9 
 5 9 
R 0 1 0  3  R1  (3R2 )
 2 2 
 
 0 0 1 4 7 5 
 

 17 31 
1 0 0 11
2 2
 5 9 
R 0 1 0  3 
 2 2 
 
0 0 1 4 7 5 
 

 17 31 
 2 11
2
 
1  5 9
Hence A  3 
 2 2 
 
 4 7 5 
 
(iii)

 1 2  3
 
 0 2 0 
 
 
  2  2 2 

 1 2 3 1 0 
0
 
R  0 2 0 0 1 0  R3  2 R1

 
 2  2 2  4 26 0  2 0  0 1  0 

 1 2 3 1 0 0
 
R  0 2 0 0 1 0 

 
 0 2 4 2 0 1 

 1 0 2  2 3  0 1 0 0  1 0  0
  R1  R2
R  0 2 0 0 1 0 

  R3  R2
 0  0 22 04 2  0 0  1 1  0 

 1 0 3 1 1 0
 
R  0 2 0 0 1 0 

 
 0 0 4 2 1 1 

 1 0 3 1 1 0
  R2
 2 
0  2
1
R 0 0 0
 2 2   R3
 4 2 1 1  4
 0 0
4 4 4 4 
  1 0 3 1 1 0
 
 1 
R 0 1 0 0 0
 2 
 1 1 1
 0 0 1
2 4 4 

 3 3 3
 1 0 3  3 1 1 0 
2 4 4
 1 
R 0 1 0 0 0  R1  3R3
 2 
 1 1 1 
 0 0 1 
 2 4 4 

 1 1 3 
 1 0 0
2 4 4
 1 
R 0 1 0 0 0
 2 
 1 1 1 
 0 0 1 
 2 4 4

 1 1 3 
 2 4 4 
 1 
1 
Hence A  0 0
 2 
 1 1 1
   
 2 4 4

(iv)

1 2  1
0  1 3 
 
1 0 2 

1 2 1 1 0 0
 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0 

 
1 0 2 0 0 1 
 1 2 1 1 0 0
 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0  R3  R1

 
0 2 3 1 0 1 

1 2 1 1 0 0
 
R 0 1 3 0 1 0  2
R
 1
 
0 2 3 1 0 1 

1 0 5 1 0 2
 
R1  (2 R2 )
R 0 1 3 0 1 0 
 R  2 R2
  3
0 0 3 1 2 1 

1 0 5 1 0 
2
 
 R
R 0 1 3 0 1 0  2
  3
 1 2 1
0 0 1  
3 3 3

 2 4 5
1 0 0  
3 3 3
  R  ( 5 R )
R 0 1 0 1 
1 3
1 1
  R2  3R3
 1 2 1
0 0 1 
 3 3 3

 2 4 5
3 
3 3
 
1 
Hence A  1 1 1 
 
 1 2 1 
 
 3 3 3
Question # 3

Find the rank of each of the following matrix

 1 0  2
 
 2 2 1
 
 
 
(i)   1 2 3 

Solution

 1 0  2
 
Let A   2 2 1 

 
  1 2 3 

 1 0 2 
  R2  (2 R1 )
R 0 2 5

  
  R3  R1
 0 2 1 

 1 0  2
 
R 0 2 5  R3  R2

  
 
 0 0  4

 1 0 2 
  R2
R 0 1
5 2
  2  R3
 
 0 0 1 4

It is echelon form and here we have three non-zero rows, so

Rank of 𝐴 = 3
(ii)

 3 1  4
 
0 2 1 
 
 
 1  1  2

Solution:

 3 1  4
 

Let A   0 2 1 
 
 1  1  2

Using row operation

 1 1 2 
 
R 0 2 1  R1  R3

  
 
 3 1 4

 1 1 2 
 
R 0 2 1  R1  (3R3 )

  
 
 0 4 2 

 1 1 2 
 
R 0 2 1  R3  (2 R2 )

  
 
 0 0 0 

It is echelon form and here we have two non-zero rows, so

Rank of 𝐴 = 2
Question # 4

Find the rank of matrix

2 3 4 5
 
3 4 5 6
 
(i)   4  4 matrix
4 5 6 7
 
 
 9 10 11 12 

Solution:

2 3 4 5
 
3 4 5 6
 
Let A =  
4 5 6 7
 
 
 9 10 11 12 

2 3 4 5
 
1 1 1 1 R R
  2 1
R 

1 1 1 1  R3  R2
 
 
 9 10 11 12 
 1 1 1 1 
 
2 3 4 5
 
R  R1  R2

1 1 1 1
 
 
 9 10 11 12 

1 1 1 1
  R2  (2 R1 )
0 1 2 3 

R  R3  R1

0 0 0 0
  R  (9 R )
  4 1
0 1 2 3

1 1 1 1
  R2  (2 R1 )
0 1 2 3 

R  R3  R1

0 0 0 0
  R  (9 R )
  4 1
0 1 2 3

1 1 1 1
 
0 1 2 3 

R  R4  R2

0 0 0 0
 
 
0 0 0 0

It is echelon form and here we have two non-zero rows, so

Rank of A = 2
 𝐄𝐱𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝟐. 𝟒
Question # 1 4 3 1
Solve the following system of equation by
A  2 1 4
matrix in version method.

(i) 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11 1 2 2

2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −1 1 −4 2 −4 2 1
𝐴 =4 +3 +1
2 −2 1 −2 1 2
1 ⋅ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1
= 4 −2 + 8 + 3 −4 + 4 + 1 4 − 1
Solution:
= 24 + 3
𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐱 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦
= 27
 4 3 1   x   1 
     Now we find all cofactors
 2 1 4   y    1
     1 −4
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 = +1 (−2 + 8) = 6
     2 −2
 1 2 2   z   1 
2 −4
𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 = −1 −4 + 4 = 0
1 −2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = A−1 𝐵 → (i)
2 1
𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 = +1 (4 − 1) = 3
1 2
Here
−3 1
𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 = −1(6 − 2) = −4
 4 3 1   x 11  2 −2
     
4 1
A   2 1  4 , X   y , B   1
    𝐴22 = (−1)2+2
1 −2
= +1(−8 − 1) = −9
     
 1 2  2  z   1  1 −2
𝐴23 = (−1)2+3 = −1 −3 + 8 = −5
4 −3
 4 3 1  −3 1
  𝐴31 = (−1)3+1 = +1(12 − 1) = 11
1 −4
A   2 1  4 4 1
  𝐴32 = (−1)3+2 = −1(−16 − 2) = 18
2 −4
 1 2  2
4 −3
𝐴33 = (−1)3+3 = +1(4 + 6) = 10
2 1
 t  66  4  11 
 A11 A12 A13  1 
   0  9  18 
27  
 Adj A   A21 A22 A23  33  11  10
 
 A32 A32 A31   81
 
1  
t x 27
 6 0 3  27  
   
54 
   4  9  11
   81 
 11 18 10   27 
 27 
 6  4 11  
   37 
 54 
  0  9 18

 
 27 
 
 3  11 10
 x   3
   
A1 
1
Adj A  y   1 
A    
   
 z  2
 6  4 11
 
1   ⇒ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2
 0  9 18
27  
  (ii)
 3  11 10
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
−1
Put value of 𝐴 & B in eq (i)
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3

2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
So eq (i) becomes

𝑋 = A−1 𝐵 Solution:

 6  4 11  11  1 1 1   x  1 
       
1  1 1  2   y    3 
  0  9 18  1     
27     
  
 3  11 10  1  2 1 1   z  2
 1 1
𝐴23 = (−1)2+3 = −1 1 − 2 = 1
2 1
1 1
𝐴31 = (−1)3+1 = +1 −2 − 1 = −3
1 −2
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑋 = A−1 𝐵 → (i)
1 1
𝐴32 = (−1)3+2 = −1 −2 − 1 = 3
1 −2
Here
1 1
𝐴33 = (−1)3+3 = +1 1 − 1 = 0
1 1 1   x 1 1 1
     
A   1 1  2 , X   y , B  3
      t
 2 1 1   z  2  A11 A12 A13 
 
1 1 1 Adj A   A21 A22 A23 
 
A  1 1 2  A32 A32 A31 

t
2 1 1  3  5  1
 
=1
1 −2
−1
1 −2
+1
1 1  Adj A   0  1 1 

1 1 2 1 2 1
 
=∣ 1 + 2 − 1 1 + 4 + 1 1 − 2   3 3 0 

=3−5−1  3 0  3
 
= −3
 Adj A    5  1 3 

Now we find all cofactors  
  1 1 0 
1 −2
𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 = +1 (1 + 2) = 3
1 1 1
A1  Adj A
1 −2 A
𝐴12 = (−1)1+2 = −1 1 + 4 = −5
2 1
 3 0  3
1 1
𝐴13 = (−1)1+3 = +1(1 − 2) = −1  
2 1
    5  1 3 
1
1 1 3
𝐴21 = (−1)2+1 = −1(1 − 1) = 0  
1 1   1 1 0 
1 1
𝐴22 = (−1)2+2 = +1(1 − 2) = −1 Put value of 𝐴−1 & B in eq (i)
2 1
𝑋 = A−1 𝐵

 3 0  3 1 Question # 2
  
    5  1 3  3
1 Solve the following system of
3 equations by the Gauss elimination
  
  1 1 0  2 and Gauss-Jordan method.

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 4
 306  2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
 
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −3
    5  3  6
1
3
  Solution:
  1  3  0 
Matrix form
  3
   1 1 4   x  4 
1   2 2  1  y    2 
    2     
3  3  2 3   z   3
 
 2 

  3
  3 Augmented matrix
 
 2  1 1 4 4
   
3
  [A/B]   2 2 1 2 
 2
   
  3  3 2 3  3
   1 1 4 4 
 x  1 
     
R2  (2 R1 )
 y   2  R  2  2 2  2 1  8 2  8 
  3   R  (3R1 )
   2    3
 z     3  3 2  3 3  12  3  12 
 3

 1 1 4 4
2 2  
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = , 𝑧 = −
3 3 R  0 4 9  6 

 
 0 1 9  15
  1 1 4 4 𝑦 − 9 2 = −15
 
R  0 1 9  15 R2  R3 𝑦 = −15 + 18 = 3

  𝑦=3
 0 4 9  6 
From 𝑅1 , we have
 1 1 4 4 
  1. 𝑥 − 1 ⋅ 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 4
R  0 1 9  15  R 2  R 3 Put value of y, z we have

 
 0 4 9  6  𝑥−3+4 2 =4

 1 1 4 4  𝑥−3+8=4
 
 𝑥 = −1
R 0 1 9 15  R 3  ( 4R 2 )

  (b)
 0  0 4  4 9  36 6  60 
For Gauss-Jordon elimination method.
 1 1 4 4
Consider the Echelon form
 
R  0 1 9  15  1 1 4 4
  
 
 0 0 27 54   0 1 9  15 

 
 1 1 4 4  0 0 1 2 
 
R  0 1 9  15 3
R
 1  0 1  1 49 4  15
 27  
 
 0 0 1 2  R  0 1 9  15  R 1  R 2

 
It is Gauss Elimination form (Echelon form).  0 0 1 2 
From 𝑅3 , we have
1 0 5  11
0⋅𝑥+0⋅𝑦+1⋅𝑧 =2  
R  0 1 9  15
𝑧=2 
 
 0 0 1 2 
From 𝑅2 , we have

0 ⋅ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 9𝑧 = −15

Put value of z, we have

  1  0 0  0 5  5  11  10   2 4 1 0
   
R 2  9R 3
R  0  0 1  0 9  9  15  18  [A/B]   1 2 2
 2 
 R  5R 3
  1  
 0 0 1 2   5 8 3 2 

1 0 0  1  1 2 2 2
   
R  0 1 0 3  R  2 4 1 0  R1 ↔ R 2
 
   
 0 0 1  5 8 3 2 
2 

It is Gauss-Jordon elimination form (Reduced  1 2 2 2 

  R  (2R )
R  2  2 0  4 
Echelon form). 2 1
4  4 1  4
 R 3  5R1
Here we have the solution  
 5  5 8  10 3  10 2  10 
𝑥 = −1
 1 2 2 2
𝑦=3  
R  0 8 3 4 
𝑧=2 
 
(ii)  0 18 7 8 

2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0  1 2 2 2 
 
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2
R  0 1
3 1 R2
 
 8 2 8
−5𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −2  
 0 18 7 8 
Solution:
1 2 2 2 
Matrix form  
 3 1
 2 4  1  x   0  R 0 1   R 3  18R 2
      8 2
 1  2  2  y    2   27 
      0 18  18 7  8  9
     4 
  5  8 3   z   2

Augmented Matrix
  1 2 2 From 𝑅1 , we have
2
 
 3 1 1 ⋅ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 2
R 0 1  
 8 2 Put value of y , z, we have
 1 
 0 0  1 
4  𝑥 − 2 −2 − 2 4 = 2

 1 2 2 2 𝑥+4−8=2
 
𝑥−4=2
R  0 1
3 1
   4R 3
 8 2
  𝑥=6
 0 0 1 4 
(b)

For Gauss-Jordon elimination method.

It is Gauss elimination form (Echelon form).
Consider the Echelon form
From 𝑅3 , we have
 1 2 2 2
0⋅𝑥+0⋅𝑦 + 𝑧 =4  
R  0 1
3 1
 
𝑧=4  8 2
 
From 𝑅2 , we have  0 0 1 4 

3 1  3 
0⋅𝑥+1⋅𝑦+ 𝑧 =−
8 2  1 2  2 2  4 2  1
 3 1 
Put value of y R 0 1  R1  2R2
 8 2
3 1  
𝑦+ 4 =− 0 0 1 4 
8 2  
3 1  5 
𝑦+ =− 1 0  1
2 2  4
 1 
1 3 R 0 1
3

𝑦=− −  8 2
2 2
 
−1 − 3 0 0 1 4
y=  
2
4
𝑦=−
2
𝑦 = −2
  5 5   1  2 0  x    4
 1 0   1 5      
4 4  3 
  R2    R3   3 1 0  y     5 
R 0 1
3 3

1 3
    8      
 8 8 2 2 5     
  R1  R3  2 0 1  z    1
0 0 1 4  4
 
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
1 0 0 6
 
R  0 1 0 2 
Here

   1  2 0  x   4
 0 0 1 4       
A   3 1 0 , X   y  & B    5
It is Gauss-Jordon elimination form (Reduced
     
Echelon form).  2 0 1  z    1
Here we have the solution
1 −2 0
𝑥=6
𝐴 = 3 1 0
𝑦 = −2 2 0 1
1 0 3 0
𝑧=4 =1 +2 +0
0 1 2 1
Question # 3 = 1 1−0 +2 3−0
Use Cramer’s Rule to solve the following =1+6
system of equations. 𝐴 =7
(i) −4 −2 0
Solution: 𝐴1 = −5 1 0
−1 0 1
𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −4 ⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 0 ⋅ 𝑧 = −4
1 0 −5 0
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = −5 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 0 ⋅ 𝑧 = −5 = −4 +2 +0
0 1 −1 1
2𝑥 + 𝑧 = −1 ⇒ 2𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1 = −4 1 − 0 + 2 −5 + 0
Matrix form = −4 + 10

=6
 1 −4 0 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
𝐴2 = 3 −5 0
2 −1 1 Matrix Form
−5 0 3 0
=1 +4 +0  1  1 2   x   10 
−1 1 2 1
    
= 1 −5 + 0 + 4 3 − 0  2 1  2  y     4
    
= −5 + 12     
 3 1 1   z   7 
=7
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
1 −2 −4
𝐴3 = 3 1 −5
2 0 −1 Here
1 −5 3 −5 3 1
=1 +2 −4  1 1 2   x  10 
0 −1 2 −1 2 0
     
= 1 −1 + 0 + 2 −3 + 10 − 4(0 − 2) A   2 1  2 , X   y  & B   4
   

= 1 −1 + 2 7 − 4 −2      
 3 1 1   z   7 
= −1 + 14 + 8

= 21 1 −1 2
𝐴 = 2 1 −2
So solution is 3 1 1

𝐴1 −14
𝑥= = = −2
𝐴 7 1 −2 2 −2 2 1
=1 +1 +2
1 1 3 1 3 1
𝐴2 7
𝑦= = =1
𝐴 7 = 1 1+2 +1 2+6 +2 2−3
𝐴3 21
𝑦= = =3 =3+8−2=9
𝐴 7
|𝐴| = 9
(ii)
10 −1 2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: 𝐴1 = −4 1 −2
7 1 1
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 10
1 −2 −4 −2 −4 1
= 10 +1 +2
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −4 1 1 7 1 7 1
= 10 1 + 2 + 1 −4 + 14 + 2(−4 − 7)

= 10 3 + 1 10 + 2(−11) Question # 4

= 30 + 10 − 22
Solve the following system of homogenous
= 18
equation.
1 10 2
𝐴2 = 2 −4 −2
3 7 1 (i)
−4 −2 2 −2 2 −4
=1 − 10 +2
7 1 3 1 3 7 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
= 1 −4 + 14 − 10 2 + 6 + 2(14 + 12)
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0
= 10 − 10 8 + 2(26)

= 10 − 80 + 52 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 0
= −18
Solution:
1 −1 10
𝐴3 = 2 1 −4
3 1 7  1 1 1 
 
1 −4 2 −4 2 1
=1
1 7
+1
3 7
+ 10
3 4 Here A   1 2  1

 
= 1 7 + 4 + 1 14 + 12 + 10(2 − 3)  2 1 3 
= 11 + 26 − 10
We check
= 27
1 −1 1
So solution is
𝐴 = 1 2 −1
𝐴1 18 2 1 3
𝑥= = =2
𝐴 9 2 −1 1 −1 1 2
=1 +1 +1
𝐴2 −18 1 3 2 3 2 1
𝑦= = = −2
𝐴 9 = 1 6 + 1 + 1 3 + 2 + 1(1 − 4)
𝐴3 27
𝑦= = =3 = 1 7 + 5 + 1 −3
𝐴 9
=7+5−3
 𝐴 =9 So system has non-trivial solution.

Here 𝐴 ≠ 0 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0 → (i)

−2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 → (ii)
So the system of equations has only trivial −𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 0 → (iii)

solution. Solving eq (i), (ii)

Multiply eq (i) with 2 and adding it with eq (ii)

Hence required solution is
2 x1  2 x2  4 x3  0
𝑥1 = 0, 𝑥2 = 0, 𝑥3 = 0

(ii)  2 x1  x2  x3  0

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 =0
−2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 =0 3 x2  3 x3  0
−𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 =0
3𝑥2 = −3𝑥3
Solution:
𝑥2 = −𝑥3 → (𝐴)
 1 1 2
  Put value of 𝑥2 in eq (i)
Here A    2 1  1
𝑥1 − 𝑥3 + 2𝑥3 = 0
 
  1 5 4
𝑥1 + 𝑥3 = 0
1 1 2 𝑥1 = −𝑥3 → (𝐵)
𝐴 = −2 1 −1
−1 5 4 Put value of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 in eq (iii)

1 −1 −2 −1 −2 1 (iii) ⇒ 𝑥3 − 5𝑥3 + 4𝑥3 = 0

𝐴 =1 −1 +2
5 4 −1 4 −1 5
−5𝑥3 + 5𝑥3 = 0
𝐴 = 1 4 + 5 − 1 −8 + 1 + 2 −18 + 1
0 = 0 (True)
𝐴 = 9 + 9 − 18
Let 𝑥3 = 𝑡, then we have
𝐴 =0
𝐴 ⇒ 𝑥2 = −𝑡

𝐵 ⇒ 𝑥1 = −𝑡
 Which is non-trivial solution.  1 1 2 0
 
ALTERNATE METHOD  2 1 1 0 

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 =0  
 1 5 4 0 
−2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 =0
−𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 =0
 1 1 2 0
 
R 2  2 R1
R  2  2 1  2 1  4 0 
Solution:
 R  R1
 1 1 2   3
   1  1 5  1 4  2 0 
Here A    2 1  1

  1 1 2 0
  1 5 4  
R  0 3 3 0 
1 1 2 
 
𝐴 = −2 1 −1  0 6 6 0 
−1 5 4

1 −1 −2 −1 −2 1 1 1 2 0
𝐴 =1 −1 +2  
5 4 −1 4 −1 5
R  0 3 3 0  R3  (2 R2 )
𝐴 = 1 4 + 5 − 1 −8 + 1 + 2 −18 + 1 
 
 0 0 0 0 
𝐴 = 9 + 9 − 18

𝐴 =0 1 1 2 0
 
R  0 1 1 0  2
So system has non-trivial solution. R
 3
 
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0 → (i)  0 0 0 0 
−2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 → (ii)
−𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 0 → (iii)
From 𝑅2 , we have
Here the augmented matrix

0𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0

⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 → (𝐴)
 From 𝑅1 , we have 1 5 3 
 
Here A   5 1   

1. 𝑥1 + 1. 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0
 
 1 2  
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 0 → (𝐵)
It is given that the system has non-trivial
solution, so we put
Let 𝑥3 = 𝑡
A 0
(A) ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑡 = 0
1 5 3
5 1 −𝜆 = 0
⇒ 𝑥2 = −𝑡 1 2 𝜆

B ⇒ 𝑥1 + −𝑡 + 2𝑡 = 0 1 −𝜆 5 −𝜆 5 1
1 −5 +3 =0
2 𝜆 1 𝜆 1 2

𝑥1 = 𝑡
1 𝜆 + 2𝜆 − 5 5𝜆 + 𝜆 + 3 10 − 1 = 0

Question # 5
3𝜆 − 30𝜆 + 27 = 0
For what value 𝜆 the following
−27𝜆 + 27 = 0
system of homogenous equations

has a nontrivial solution. Solve the −27𝜆 = −27

system.
𝜆=1
𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 0
Now system becomes
5𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝜆𝑥3 = 0
𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 0 → (i)
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝜆𝑥3 = 0
5𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0 → (ii)
Solution:
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 → (iii)
Solving (i), (ii) 1
𝑥1 = 𝑥3 → 𝐵
3

Multiply eq (i) with 5 and subtracting

Put value of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 in eq (iii)
5𝑥1 + 25𝑥2 + 15𝑥3 = 0
1 2
𝑥3 + 2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥3 = 0
3 3
5 x1  25 x2  15 x3  0
5 x1  x2  x3  0 𝑥3 − 4𝑥3 + 𝑥3
   =0
3
24 x2  16 x3  0
4𝑥3 − 4𝑥3 = 0
24𝑥2 = −16𝑥3
0 = 0 (True)
2
𝑥2 = − 𝑥3 → 𝐴
3 Let 𝑥3 = 𝑡, then we have

Put value of 𝑥2 in eq (i) 2

𝐴 ⇒ 𝑥2 = − 𝑡
3
2
i ⇒ 𝑥1 + 5 − 𝑥3 + 3𝑥3 = 0 1
3 B ⇒ 𝑥1 = t
3

10 which is non-trivial solution.

𝑥1 − 𝑥3 + 3𝑥3 = 0
3 ALTERNATE METHOD

1 5 3 
10  
𝑥1 =
3 3
𝑥 − 3𝑥3 Here A   5 1   

 
 1 2  
10𝑥3 − 9𝑥3
=
3 It is given that the system has non-trivial
solution, so we put
𝑥3
𝑥1 = A 0
3
 1 5 3  1 5 3 0
5 1 −𝜆 = 0  
R2  ( 5 R1 )
1 2 𝜆 R  5  5 1  25 1  15 0 
  R  ( R1 )
  3
1 −𝜆 5 −𝜆 5 1  1  1 2  5 1 3 0 
1 −5 +3 =0
2 𝜆 1 𝜆 1 2

1 5 3 0
1 𝜆 + 2𝜆 − 5 5𝜆 + 𝜆 + 3 10 − 1 = 0  
R2  ( 5 R1 )
R  0 24 16 0
3𝜆 − 30𝜆 + 27 = 0   R  ( R1 )
  3
 0 3 2 0 
−27𝜆 + 27 = 0
1 5 3 0
−27𝜆 = −27  
R 0 1 0 
2 R2
  3  24
 
𝜆=1  0 3 2 0 

Now system becomes

1 5 3 0
 
R 0 0  R3  3R2
𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 0 2
1
  3
 
5𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 0  0 3  3 2  2 0 

𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0 1 5 3 0
 
R 0 1 0 
2
Now for solution   3
 
 0 0 0 0 
1 5 3 0
 
From 𝑅2 , we have
R  5 1 1 0 
 
 
 1 2 1 0  2
0𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 0
3
 2 which is non-trivial solution.
⇒ 𝑥2 = − 𝑥3 → (𝐴)
3

From 𝑅1 , we have

1𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 0

Put value of 𝑥2 , we have

2
𝑥1 + 5 − 𝑥3 + 3𝑥3 = 0
3

10
𝑥1 − 𝑥 + 3𝑥3 = 0
3 3

10
𝑥1 = 𝑥 − 3𝑥3
3 3

10𝑥3 − 9𝑥3
=
3

𝑥3
𝑥1 =
3

1
𝑥1 = 𝑥3 → 𝐵
3
Suppose 𝑥3 = 𝑡 then we have

1
𝑥1 = 𝑡
3

2
𝑥2 = − 𝑡
3