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    5 Amino Acids

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    mundaedwardo18

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    5 Amino Acids

    Uploaded by

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views38 pages

    5 Amino Acids

    Uploaded by

    mundaedwardo18

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    AMINO ACIDS

    AMINO ACID
    • Building blocks of proteins
    • Called as zwitterions
    • Irregular
    • Consists of amino group and
    carboxyl group, alpha carbon
    and a side chain
    PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
    • Soluble in water
    • High melting point with ionic properties
    • Chiral except glycine
    PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
    • Bulky R group exposed on protein’s surface
    - define how structure should be made
    - define what particular reactions should occur
    - α-amino acids
    PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
    • D and L optical isomers
    - all amino acids in human proteins are of the L-configuration
    D – dextrorotatory (clockwise)
    L – levorotatory (counterclockwise)
    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    ALKYL

    Glycine (Gly, G) Alanine (Ala, A) Valine (Val, V)


    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    ALKYL

    Isoleucine (Ile, I) Leucine (Leu, L) Proline (Pro, P)


    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    SULFUR CONTAINING

    Cysteine (Cys, C) Methionine (Met, M)


    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    ALCOHOLS

    Serine (Ser, S) Threonine (Thr, T)


    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    BASES

    Histadine (His, H) Lysine (Lys, K) Arginine (Arg, R)


    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    ACIDS

    Aspartic acid (Asp, D) Glutamic acid (Glu, E)


    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    AROMATIC

    Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) Phenylalanine (Phe, F) Tryptophan (Trp, W)


    STRUCTURE OF STANDARD AMINO ACIDS
    AMIDES

    Asparagine (Asn, N) Glutamine (Gln, Q)


    Essential vs. Non-essential
    • Humans can synthesized 11 of the amino acids while the
    other 9 must be provided by dietary intake
    • Essential amino acids refers to the 9 amino acids that our
    body cannot synthesized on its own
    • Non-essential amino acids are those that our body can
    synthesize
    Essential vs. Non-essential
    • Essential amino acid must be obtained from the body
    • Found in milk and eggs
    • Not all found in grains and vegetables
    Essential vs. Non-essential
    • Essential amino acids:
    - Histidine (His) - Phenylalanine (Phe)
    - Isoleucine (Ile) - Threonine (Thr)
    - Leucine (Leu) - Tryptophan (Trp)
    - Lysine (Lys) - Valine (Val)
    - Methionine (Met)
    Essential vs. Non-essential
    Food Source Amino acid Missing
    Eggs, milk, meat, fish poultry None
    Wheat, rice, oats Lysine
    Corn Lysine, Tryptophan
    Beans Methionine, Tryptophan
    Peas Methionine
    Almonds, walnuts Lysine, Tryptophan
    Soy Low in methionine
    Essential vs. Non-essential
    • Non-essential amino acids usually synthesize from glucose
    except tyrosine, which is synthesized from phenylalanine
    • Transanimation
    Essential vs. Non-essential
    • Non-essential amino acids:
    - Arginine - Tyrosine
    - Glutamine - Cysteine
    - Glycine - Serine
    - Alanine - Aspartic acid
    - Asparagine - Glutamic acid
    - Proline
    Essential Amino acids
    Branched-chain amino acid includes valine, isoleucine and
    leucine.
    - usually used to help make energy for the body
    - stimulate the building of protein in muscle and possibly
    reduce muscle breakdown
    - can be found in food like whey, milk, soy proteins, corn,
    meat and etc., can also be taken in supplements
    Essential Amino acids
    Studies suggest that BCAAs may:
    - boost appetite
    - ease symptoms of tardive dyskinesia
    - ease symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy due to
    cirrhosis
    - protect from getting liver cancer if you have cirrhosis
    - treat certain brain disorder
    - improve mental function in people with
    phenylketonuria
    - lower elevated blood sugar
    Essential Amino acids
    METHIONINE
    - detoxify harmful substances in the body
    - birth defects
    - found in meat, fish, and dairy products
    - too much methionine can cause brain damage and
    death
    - can increase blood levels of homocysteine
    Essential Amino acids
    THREONINE
    - helps to maintain proper protein balance in the body
    - important for the formation of collagen, elastin, and
    tooth enamels
    - dietary threonine promotes sleep and facilitates sleep
    onset
    Essential Amino acids
    HISTIDINE
    - growth, repair of damaged tissues and making blood
    cells
    - protect nerve cells
    - use to make histamine
    - may help treat eczema
    Essential Amino acids
    LYSINE
    - plays an essential role in the production of carnitine
    - may help reduce anxiety, prevent cold sores, improve
    calcium absorption, and promote wound healing
    - cancer
    - eye health
    - diabetes
    - blood pressure
    Essential Amino acids
    PHENYLALANINE
    - involved in the production of neurotransmitters
    norepinephrine and dopamine
    - also helps in production of the pigment melanin
    - used in some artificial sweeteners
    - decreased appetite
    - claimed to boost pain tolerance in premenstrual
    syndrome and migraine headaches
    Essential Amino acids
    TRYPTOPHAN
    - body uses tryptophan to help make melatonin and
    serotonin
    - also needed for normal growth of infants
    Non-essential Amino acids
    ALANINE
    - strengthen the immune system
    - helps body to use sugars
    - source of energy for muscles and central nervous
    system
    - used to breakdown tryptophan and vitamin B-6
    Non-essential Amino acids
    ARGININE
    - For some instances, arginine is a conditionally essential
    amino acid, especially in such conditions as trauma, burn
    injury, small bowel resection and renal failure
    - L-arginine administration improves cardiovascular,
    pulmonary, immune, and digestive functions
    - protect against early stages or cancerogenesis
    Non-essential Amino acids
    ASPARAGINE
    - important in the metabolism of toxic ammonia in the
    body through the action of asparagine synthase
    - asparagine and glutamine are said to facilitate the
    uptake of essential amino acids for protein synthesis
    Non-essential Amino acids
    ASPARTIC ACID
    - helps every cell in the body work
    - plays a big role in hormone production and release
    - normal nervous system function
    Non-essential Amino acids
    CYSTEINE
    - found in beta-keratin
    - important in making collagen
    - important for some metabolic function
    - order-promoting
    Non-essential Amino acids
    GLUTAMIC ACID
    - helps nerve cells in the brain send and receive
    information from other cells
    - may be involved in learning and memory
    - in skin, glutamic acid helps to keep the skin’s pH intact
    Non-essential Amino acids
    GLUTAMINE
    - body can make enough glutamine but during extreme
    stress, our body might need more glutamine
    - Important for removing excess ammonia
    - helps immune system function and may be needed for
    normal brain function and digestion
    Non-essential Amino acids
    PROLINE
    - plays important roles in protein synthesis and structure,
    metabolism (particularly the synthesis of arginine,
    polyamines, and glutamate via pyrroline-5-carboxylate),
    and nutrition, as well as wound healing, antioxidative
    reactions, and immune responses.
    Non-essential Amino acids
    SERINE
    - plays a vital role in protein synthesis, cell proliferation,
    development, and sphingolipid formation in the central
    nervous system
    Non-essential Amino acids
    TYROSINE
    - our body makes tyrosine from another amino acid
    called phenylalanine
    - an essential component for the production of several
    important brain chemicals called neurotransmitters,
    including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
    Amino Acid
    In summary…
    • amino acids are the building blocks of protein
    • we need the 20 amino acids for our body to function
    properly
    • essential and non-essential

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