RATIOS 1 F

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES
Toilsome Tutorials [ YSMC ] Study Package
TOILSOME TUTORIALS [ YSMC ]

PHYSICS & MATHEMATICS Classes by YATENDRA SHARMA Sir
DEFINITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

In a right angled triangle ABC, CAB = A and BCA = 90° = /2. AC is the base, BC the altitude
and AB is the hypotenuse. We refer to the base as the adjacent side and to the altitude as the
opposite side. There are six trigonometric ratios, also called trigonometric functions or circular
functions. With reference to angle A, the six ratios are:
Obviously, . The reciprocals of sine, cosine and tangent are called the cosecant,
secant and cotangent of A respectively. We write these as cosec A, sec A, cot A respectively.
Since the hypotenuse is the greatest side in a right angle triangle, sin A and cos A can never be
greater than unity and cosec A and sec A can never be less than unity. Hence sin A 1,cos
A 1,cosec A 1, sec A1, while tan A and cot A may have any numerical value lying
between –  to +.
Notes:
 Above mentioned method relating trigonometric functions to angles and sides of a
triangle is called geometric definition of trigonometric functions. One can define these
functions in analytical ways without any reference to geometry, which is beyond the
scope of this material. You just have to understand that the argument of these functions
can also be a real number, not necessarily the angles only. You may refer to the chapter
‘Functions’ in Phase-II of RSM for detailed study of behaviour of these functions and
their graphs.
 All the six trigonometric functions have got a very important property in common that is
periodicity.
 Remember that the trigonometrical ratios are real numbers and remain same so long as
the angles are real.
Basic Formulae:
 sin2A + cos2A = 1
Yatendra Sharma`s PHYSICS / MATHEMATICS Classes for XI, XII, NEET, IIT-JEE
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TOILSOME TUTORIALS-TRI 2
 sin2A = 1 – cos2A or cos2A = 1 – sin2A

 1 + tan2A = sec2A  sec2A – tan2A = 1
 cot2A + 1 = cosec2A
 cosec2A – cot2A = 1
 Fundamental inequalities: For 0 < A < , 0 < cosA < < .
 It is possible to express a trigonometrical ratio in terms of any one of the other ratios:
e.g.
i.e. all trigonometrical functions have been expressed in terms of cot. This is left as an
exercise for you to derive these results. Just as a hint for you, express the denominator
of fraction that defines cot as unity (i.e. base as unity) and form a right-angled triangle
to express the sides and proceed.
Illustration 1. Express tan in terms of cos.
Solution: By definition
where OB is
taken as unity and OA = x

Hence in AOB, OA = x,
OB = 1,
By definition,
= .
Illustration 2. If sin + sin2 = 1, then prove that cos12 + 3 cos10 + 3 cos8 + cos6 – 1 = 0.
Solution: Given that sin = 1 – sin2 = cos2

L.H.S = cos6(cos2 + 1)3 – 1
= sin3(1 + sin)3 – 1
= (sin + sin2)3 – 1 = 0.
Illustration 3. Prove that (tan + cot)2 = sec2  + cosec2  = sec2  cosec2 .
Solution: (tan + cot)2 = tan2  + cot2  + 2

= sec2  – 1 + cosec2  – 1 + 2 = sec2  + cosec2 
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3 TOILSOME TUTORIALS-TRI
= = sec2  cosec2 .
Exercise 1:
i) If sin x + cos x = m and sec x + cosec x = n prove that n(m 2  1) = 2m.
ii) If and x sin  y cos  = 0, prove that .
iii) Show that .
iv) If a sec  + b tan  = d and b sec  + a tan  = c, prove that a2 + c2 = b2 + d2.

v) If a cos3 + 3a cos sin2 = x and a sin3 + 3a cos2 sin = y,
prove that (x + y)2/3 + (x – y)2/3 = 2a2/3 .
Trigonometric Ratios of any Angle:
Consider the system of rectangular co-ordinate axes dividing the plane into four quadrants. A line
OP makes angle  with the positive x-axis. The angle  is said to be positive if measured in
counter clockwise direction from the positive x-axis and is negative if measured in clockwise
direction. The positive values of the trigonometric ratios in the various quadrants are shown, the
signs of the other ratios may be derived. Note that xoy = /2, xox' =  , xoy' = 3/2.
PiQi is positive if above the x-axis, negative if below the x-axis, OP i is always taken as positive.
OQi is positive if along positive x-axis, negative if in the opposite direction.
, , (where i = 1, 2, 3, 4 )
Thus depending on signs of OQ i and PiQi the various trigonometrical ratios will have different
signs.
TABLE - I
 equals sin cos tan cot sec cosec
– – sin cos –tan – cot sec –cosec 
90° –  cos sin cot tan cosec sec
90° +  cos – sin –cot – tan –cosec sec
180°–  sin – cos – tan – cot – sec cosec
180°+  – sin – cos tan cot – sec –cosec
360°–  – sin cos – tan – cot sec –cosec
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360°+  sin cos tan cot sec cosec
Notes:
 Angle  and 90°–  are complementary angles,  and 180°–  are supplementary angles.
 sin(n + (–1)n) = sin, n.
 cos(2n ± ) = cos, n.
 tan(n + ) = tan, n.
i.e. sine of general angle of the form n + (–1)n will have same sign as that of sine of
angle  and so on. The same is true for the respective reciprocal functions also.
Illustration 4. Find the general value of  satisfying both and .
Solution: Let us first find out  lying between 0 and 360°.

Since   = 210° or 330°
and   = 30° or 210°
Hence  = 210° or is the value of  satisfying both the equations.
The general value of ,nI
Illustration 5. Are the set of angles  and  given by and
same where n, m I.
Solution: Let m = 2k i.e. m is even where k  .
Now ….(1)
If m = 2k + 1 i.e. m is odd, then
= ….(2)
From (1) and (2) follows that  can be expressed as
= . Which is same as .
Exercise 2:
i) Find the value of tan1 tan2tan3 ….. tan89.
ii) Find the value of .
iii) Show that .

iv) If 4n =  show that tan  tan 2 tan 3 …… tan (2n  1) = 1.
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Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:
An angle made up of the algebraic sum of two or more angles is called a compound angle. Some
of the formulae and results regarding compound angles are:
 sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
 sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
 cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
 cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
 sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A.

 cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A.
Illustration 6. Find the value of

(i) tan 105 (ii) tan 75 – cot 75.
Solution: (i) tan1050 = tan (600+ 450) =
= = = – (2+ ).
(ii) tan 750 = tan (450 + 300) =
 tan 750 –cot 750 = – .
Illustration 7. If 2 sin x cosy sin z=sin(x+z) siny, then prove that cot x, cot y and cot z are in
A.P.
Solution: We are given that

2 sin x cos y sin z = sin (x + z) sin y
 2 sin x cos y sin z = sin x cos z sin y + cos x sin z sin y
 2 cot y = cot x + cot z
 cot x, cot y, cot z are in A.P.
Illustration 8. If A + B = 450, show that (cot A – 1)(cot B – 1) = 2.
Solution: We are given that A + B = 450
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 cot (A + B) = cot 450 = =1
 cot A cot B – cot A – cot B = 1

 cot A(cot B – 1) + 1 – cot B = 2
 (cot A – 1)(cot B – 1) = 2.
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Exercise 3:
i) Prove that .
ii) Prove that .
iii) If are in A.P and are also in A.P then show
that y = 2x.
iv) Prove that in a triangle ABC, = 0.
v) Eliminate  if tan( – ) = a and tan( + ) = b.
Maximum and Minimum value of a cos + b sin:
Let a = r cos, b = r sin

so that a2 + b2 = r2
 r=
Also a cos + b sin = r(cos cos + sin sin) = r cos( – )
Now the maximum value of cos( – ) is 1 and its minimum value is – 1.
Hence – r  r cos( – )  r
–  a cos + b sin 
Hence the maximum value =
and minimum value is – .
Illustration 9. Find a and b such that for all x, a  3 cos x + 5 sin  b.
Solution: 3 cosx + 5 sin = 3 cosx + 5 sinx cos – 5 cosx sin
a=– and b = .
Exercise 4:
i) Prove that 5 cos  + 3 cos + 3 lies between – 4 and 10.
ii) Show that for real , a sin2 + b sin cos + c cos2 lies between
and .
iii) Find the minimum value of cos 2 + cos  for all real values of .
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Trigonometric Ratios of Multiples of an Angle:
 sin2A = 2sinA cosA =
 cos2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2A = 2cos2A – 1 =
 tan2A =
 sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A = 4sin(60° – A) sinA sin(60° + A)

 cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA = 4cos(60° – A) cosA cos(60° + A)
Illustration 10. Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.
Solution: L.H.S. =
= = .
Illustration 11. Find the values of

(i) sin 18°, (ii) cos 9 – sin 9 (iii) tan 15°.
Solution: (i) sin18°

Let  = 18° then 2 = 36° = 90° – 54° = 90° – 3
 2 = 90° – 3  sin2 = sin(90 – 3)
 2 sin cos = cos3
 2 sin cos = 4cos3 – 3cos
 2sin cos = cos (4cos2 – 3) = cos (1 – 4sin2)
Hence, 2 sin = 1– 4sin2 (as cos  0)
 4sin  + 2sin – 1 = 0
2
 sin =
But as sin > 0 we have sin =
i.e. sin18° =
(ii) (cos9 – sin9)2 = 1 – sin18 =
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cos9 – sin9 = .
(iii) tan15°
Let  = 15°  2 = 30°  tan2 = tan30
 tan2 + 23 tan – 1 = 0
 tan =
Since tan > 0, ignore negative value

 tan = 2 – 3 i.e. tan15° = 2 – 3
Can you think of the alternative way ?
Illustration 12. Prove that tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8cot8A = cotA.
Solution: L.H.S. = tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8
Exercise 5:
i) If cosec A + sec A = cosec B + sec B, prove that tan A tan B tan = 1.
ii) If tan = then find the value of acos2 + bsin2.
iii) Prove that 3(sinx – cosx)4 + 6(sinx + cosx)2 + 4(sin6x + cos6x) is independent of x.
iv) Prove that .
v) If cot2q = cot(q-a) cot(q-b), show that cot2q = .
Sum of sines/cosines in terms of Products:
 (here notice (B – A) ! )
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 tanA + tanB =
Conversely:
 2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin (A – B)
 2cosAsinB = sin(A + B) – sin (A – B)
 2cosAcosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)
 2sinAsinB = cos(A – B) – cos (A + B)
Illustration 13. If ,  and  are in A. P. , show that cot  = .
Solution: Since ,  and  are in A.P.,

 2 =  +   cot = cot
= = .
Illustration 14. Show that sin 12°. sin48°.sin54° = 1/8 .
Solution: L.H.S. =
Alternative Method
Let  = 12°
L.H.S. =
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Illustration 15. Prove that sin + sin + sin = 0.
Solution: L.H.S. = sin + sin
= sin + sin
= sin –
= sin – sin = 0 = R.H.S.
Exercise 6:
i) If m tan( – 30) = n tan( + 120), prove that cos 2 = .
ii) If then prove that tanA.tanB. tanC. tanD = – 1.
iii) If tanA – tanB = x and cotA – cotB = y, prove that cot(A – B) = .
iv) Show that cosec 10 + cosec 50 – cosec 70 = 6.

v) If sec(f + a)+ sec(f - a) = 2 secf, prove that cosf = cos .
Trigonometric Ratios of Submultiple of an Angle:
or sin + cos =
or sin – cos =
 tan =
The ambiguities of signs are removed by locating the quadrant in which lies or you can follow
the following figure
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 | a cosA + b sinA | 
Also cosA  sinA = .
Notes:
 Any formula that gives the value of sin in terms of sinA shall also give the value of
sine of .
 Any formula that gives the value of cos in terms of cosA shall also give the value of
cos of .
 Any formula that gives the value of tan in terms of tanA shall also give the value of tan
of .
Illustration 16. Find the values of sin67 and cos67 .
Solution: sin67 + cos67 = =
= …. (1)
sin67 – cos67
= ( because 45  67  135 )
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= …. (2)
From (1) and (2) sin67 = and
cos67 =
Illustration 17. Within what limits must lie if .
Solution: In this case, we must have
therefore angle lies between .
Illustration 18. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, show that cot 2 A + cot2 B + cot2 C  1.
Solution: In a triangle ABC

A + B + C =  and =1
 cot2 A + cot2 B + cot2 C – 1 = [(cot A – cot B)2 + (cot B – cot C)2
+ (cot C – cot
A) ]  0
2
Exercise 7:
i) Find the value of cos22 .
ii) If tan , prove that cos = .
iii) Prove that tan 7 = .
IDENTITIES
A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles involved. A
given identity may be established by reducing either side to the other one, or reducing each side
to the same expression, or any convenient modification of these.
For any angles A,B,C:
 sin (A + B +C) = sinA cosB cosC + cosA sinB cosC + cosA cosB sinC – sinA sinB sinC
 cos (A + B +C) = cosA cosB cosC – cosA sinB sinC – sinA cosB sinC – sinA sinB cosC
 ;
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If A, B, C are angles of a triangle (or A + B + C = ):
 sinA cosB cosC + cosA sinB cosC + cosA cosB sinC = sinA sinB sinC
 cosA sinB sinC + sinA cosB sinC + sinA sinB cosC = 1 + cosA cosB cosC
 tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
 cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC

 cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = – 1 – 4cosA cosB cosC
 cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 – 2 cosA cosB cosC
Illustration 19. If A + B + C = 1800, then prove that

sin + sin + sin = 1 + 4 sin sin sin .
Solution: We have to prove

sin + sin + sin = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
RHS = 1 + 2
= 1 – 2 sin2 + 2 sin cos
= cos + sin + sin = sin + sin + sin = LHS.
Algebraic Identities ( based on trigonometrical identities ) :
Illustration 20. If x + y + z = xyz, then prove that
Solution: x + y + z = xyz
Put x = tan A, y = tan B, z = tan C
 tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C  A + B + C = n, n  I
 3A + 3B = 3n – 3C
 tan 3A + tan 3B + tan 3C = tan 3A tan 3B tan 3C
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 .
Trigonometric Series:
 If we have a cosine series in its product form where the angles are in G.P. with common
ratio 2 then multiply both numerator and denominator by 2 sin(least angle).
Illustration 21. Simplify the product cosA cos2A cos22A …. cos2n–1A.
Solution: cosA cos2A cos22A …. cos2n-1A

=  (sin2Acos2A)cos22A …. cos2n–1A
= …. cos2n–1A
= …. cos2n–1A
continue like this, finally we have = .
Note:
 where  denotes products.
 If we have a cosine series or a sine series in its sum form where the angles are in A.P.
then multiply both numerator and denominator with 2sin .
Illustration 22. Prove that the value of is equal to – .
Solution: =
= .
Exercise 8:
i) Show that n terms = 0.
i) If 0 < , ,  < , prove that sin  + sin  + sin  > sin ( +  + ).
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ii) Prove that sin 60 sin 420 sin 660 sin 780 = .
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ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES
Exercise 2:
i) 1 ii) –5
Exercise 3:
v) b – a = tan2 (1 + ab)
Exercise 4:
iii) –
Exercise 5:
ii) a
Exercise 7:
i)
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POINTS TO PONDER
1. cos or sin = is possible for real t only if t = 0.
2. sin2 or cos2 = is possible for real x and y only if x = y  0.
3. sec2 or cosec2 = is valid for real x and y if x = y  0.
4. sin15° = cos75° =
5. cos15° = sin75° =
6. tan15° = cot75° =
7.
8.
9.
10.
Standard results
11. tan + cot = 2cosec2
12. cot  tan = 2cot2
13. Maximum value of a sinx + b cosx is and its corresponding minimum value is 
i.e., .
14. The equation asinx + bcosx = c has real solutions if and only if
or c2  (a2 + b2).
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15. sin(n + (1)n) = sin  n  I.

16. cos(2n  ) = cos  n  I.
17. tan(n + ) = tan  n  I.
18. sin(A + B) sin(A  B) = sin2A  sin2B = cos2B  cos2A.
19. cos(A + B) cos(A  B) = cos2A  sin2B = cos2B  sin2A.
20.
or .
21.
22. where  denotes continued multiplications.
23. If we have cosine or sine series in its sum form where the angles are in A.P., then
multiply both Nr and Dr with .
24. If we have a cosine series in its product form where the angles are in G.P. with common
on ratio 2, then multiply both Nr and Dr by 2sin(least angle).
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SOLVED PROBLEMS (SUBJECTIVE)
Prob 1. If 2 cosA = x + , 2 cosB = y + . Show that 2cos(A – B) = .
Sol. 2 cosA = x + .
Since 4sin2A = 4 – 4 cos2A = 4 – =
Þ 4 sin2A = i2 Þ 2 sinA = i
Similarly 2 cosB = y + Þ 2 sinB = i
Now 2 cos(A – B)= 2(cosA cosB + sinA sinB)
= 2.
= = .
Prob 2. Solve for n the equation , where n is an
integer.
Sol. The given equation is
Either or
Case I: ,kI
i.e. n + 1 = 8k Þ n = 8k – 1, kÎI
Case II: ,kI
2n2 + 3n – 1= 8k, kÎI.
Let n1 and n2 be two integral values of n such that
…(1)
and . …(2)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
(n1 – n2) [2(n1 + n2) + 3] = 8(k1 – k2).
Since 2(n1 + n3) + 3 is odd, n1 – n2 must be a multiple of 8
i.e. n1 – n2 = 8p or n1 = 8p + n2.
For k2 = 1, (2) gives n2 = -3. Hence n = 8p – 3.
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Hence from case I and II, the solution is n = 8p – 1or n = 8p – 3 for p Î I.

Prob 3. Show that in an acute angled triangle ABC, ³ 9.
Sol. We have to prove that ³9

Þ (tan A tan B – 1) + (tan B tan C – 1) + (tan C tan A – 1) ³ 6
Þ ³6
Þ ³ 6. This is true.
Prob 4. Prove that .
Sol. Let =k
or, =k2
or,
= k2
or,
or,
or,
or,
or, \k=±
Now sin
= 2sin >0
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\ sin .
Prob 5. Prove that in an acute angled triangle ABC, cos A cos B cos C £ .
Sol. Let 8 cos A cos B cos C = y

Þ 4[cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)] cos C = y
Þ –4cos2 C + 4 cos C . cos (A – B) = y
Þ 4 cos2 C + 4 cos C cos (A – B) + y = 0
Þ cos C =
Since cos C is real

\ y £ cos2 (A – B)
Þy£1
Þ cos A cos B cos C £ .
Alternative
We know that cos A + cos B + cos C £
G.M ³ H.M
(sec A sec B sec C)1/3 ³
³8
cos A cos B cos C £ .
Prob 6. If a + b + g = p and tan .
Prove that 1 + cos a + cosb + cos g = 0 .
Sol. Let A =
tanA tanB tanC = 1

or or
or,
or 2 sin
or sin
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=0 . . .(1)
A–B–C= =
Similarly B – A –C = and C – A – B =
and C + A + B =
\ Equation (1) reduces to,
sin
=0
or sin =0
or cosa + cos b + cosg + 1 = 0.
Prob 7. If ABC is a triangle and are in H.P., then find the minimum
value of
Sol. are in H.P.
Þ are in A.P.
 ……(1)
and ……(2)
from (1) and (2)
 Þ ³
Hence minimum value of .
Prob 8. Let A, B, C be three angles such that A = and tanB tanC = p. Find all possible
values of p such that A, B, C are the angles of a triangle.
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
Sol. A+B+C=pÞB+C= Þ 0 < B, C <
Also tanB tanC = p
Þ Þ
Þ Þ = cos(B – C) . . . (1)
Since B or C can vary from 0 to ,
– £B–C< Þ – < cos(B – C) £ 1.
Equation (1) will now lead to
Þ0<1+
Þ Þ p < 0 or p > 1 . . . (2)
Also Þ ³0
Þ p < 1 or p ³ . . . (3)
Combining (2) and (3), we get p < 0 or p ³ .
Prob 9. Prove that x2 - x cos(A + B) + 1 is a factor of

2x4 + 4x3sinA sinB - x2(cos2A + cos2B) + 4xcosA cosB - 2 and also find the
other factor.
Sol. Let 2x4 + 4x3 sinA sinB – x2 (cos2A + cos2B) + 4xcosA cosB – 2
= [x2 – xcos (A+B) + 1] [ax2 + bx + c]
= ax4 + (b – acos (A+B)) x3 + (a – bcos (A+B) + c) x2 + (b – c cos (A+B)) x + c
By comparing co-efficients,
a = 2, c = -2 and
b – acos (A+B) = 4sinA sinB …(1)
a – b cos (A+B) + c = -cos 2A - cos2B …(2)
b – c cos (A+B) = 4cosA cosB …(3)
solving, we get same value of b
b = 2cos (A – B), hence the assumption is correct and by solving for the other factor
ax2 + bx + c = 2x2 + 2cos (A – B) x – 2 = 2(x2 + cos(A- B)x – 1).
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
Prob 10. Prove that the roots of the equation 8x 3 – 4x2 – 4x +1 = 0 are cos , cos , cos
and hence show that sec + sec + sec = 4 and deduce the equation
whose roots are tan2 , tan2 , tan2 .
Sol. Let q = where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Then 4q = (2n +1)p –3q Þ cos4q = – cos3q

Þ 2 cos22q – 1 = – (4 cos3q – 3cosq)
Þ 2(2 cos2q – 1)2 –1 = – 4 cos3q + 3cosq
Þ 2(2x2 – 1)2 – 1 = – 4x3 + 3x ( where x = cosq)
Þ 8x + 4x – 8x – 3x + 1= 0 Þ (x + 1) (8x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 1) = 0
4 3 2
The roots of this equation are

cos , cos , cos , cos , cos , cos , cos
also cos = cos ;
cos = cos = cos ; cos = cos = cos
Therefore roots of 8x3 – 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 …. (1)

are cos , cos , cos
put x = in (1) ( i.e. y = secq ) then sec , sec , sec are the roots of the
equations Þ y3 – 4y2 – 4y + 8 = 0.
Þ sec + sec + sec =4
Again putting in (1) (i.e. y = sec2 q)
Þ 8 – 4y1/2 – 4y + y3/2 = 0 Þ y1/2(y – 4) = 4(y –2)

Þ y (y – 4)2 = 16(y –2)2
Þ y3 – 24y2 + 80y – 64 = 0 …. (2)
and the roots of (2) are sec2 , sec2 , sec2
Now putting y = 1 + z, ( i.e z = tan2q )

we have (1 + z)3 – 24(1 + z)2 + 80 (1 + z) – 64 = 0
Þ z3 – 21z2 + 35z – 7 = 0
whose roots are tan2 , tan2 , tan2 .
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
SOLVED PROBLEMS (OBJECTIVE)
Prob 1. If ABC is a triangle such that angle A is obtuse, then

(A) tan B tan C > 1 (B) tan B tan C < 1
(C) tan B tan C = 1 (D) none of these
Sol. tan A = – tan (B + C) Þ tan A =
Since A is obtuse
\ tan B tan C – 1 < 0 Þ tan B tan C < 1.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.
Prob 2. The minimum value of cos(cosx) is

(A) 0 (B) –cos1
(C) cos1 (D) –1
Sol. cosx varies from –1 to 1 for all real x.

Thus cos(cosx) varies from cos1 to cos0 Þ minimum value of cos(cosx) is cos1.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.
Prob 3. If sina, sinb and cosa are in G.P, then roots of the equation x 2 + 2x cot b+ 1 = 0 are
always.
(A) equal (B) real
(C) imaginary (D) greater than 1
Sol. sina, sinb, cosa are in G.P.

Þ sin2b = sina cosa Þ cos2b = 1 – sin2 ³ 0
Now, the discriminant of the given equation is
4cot2b – 4 = 4 cos2b × cosec2b ³ 0 Þ Roots are always real.
Prob 4. In a DABC, if cotA cotB cotC > 0, then the D is

(A) acute angled (B) right angled
(C) obtuse angled (D) does not exist
Sol. Since cotA cotB cotC > 0

cotA, cotB, cotC are positive Þ D is acute angled
Hence (A) is the correct answer.
Prob 5. If a and b are solutions of sin2x + asinx + b = 0 as well as that of

cos2x + ccosx + d = 0, then sin(a + b) is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
Sol. According to the given condition, sina+sinb = –a and cosa +cosb= -c.
Þ
Þ Þ
Hence (D) is the correct answer.
Prob 6. is equal to
(A) tan q (B) cos q

(C) cot q (D) none of these
Sol. LHS =
Prob 7. If 3sinq + 5cosq = 5, then the value of |5sinq – 3cosq| is equal to

(A) 5 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) none of these
Sol. (3sin q + 5cos q)2 + (5sin q – 3cos q)2 = 34

Þ 25 + (5sin q – 3cos q)2 = 34
|5sin q – 3cos q| = 3.
Prob 8. If in a DABC, ÐB = /3, then the maximum value of sinA sinC is

(A) 1/2 (B) 3/4
(C) 2/3 (D) None of these
Sol. A+c= C= –A
Now sin A sin C = sin A  sin
= =
= =
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
Prob 9. If tan = for some non-square natural number n, then sec2 is

(A) a rational number (B) an irrational number
(C) a positive number (D) none of these
Sol.
where n is a non-square natural number so 1 – n  0.

 sec2 is a rational number.
Prob 10. If 3 sinb = sin(2a+ b), then tan(a+ b) is equal to
(A) 2 tanb (B) 2 tana
(C) tana + tanb (D) none of these
Sol. Þ
Þ Þ tan(a + b) = 2 tana.

Prob 11. In an acute angled triangle ABC, secA(1 + sec A) secB(1 + sec B)(secC)(1 + sec C)
is
(A) ³ 216 (B)  216
(C) > 200 (D) none of these
Sol. We have to prove that sec A(1 + sec A) sec B(1 + sec B) (sec C)(1 + sec C) ³ 216
LHS =
= ³ 216.
Hence (A), (C) are the correct answers.
Prob 12. If tan q = -4/3, then sinq is

(A) 4/5 (B) –4/5
(C) 3/5 (D) none of these
Sol. The negative value of tan implies that  is lying either in the IInd or IVth quadrant
where sin takes positive and negative sign respectively.
Hence (A) and (B) are the correct answers.
Prob 13. If Tn = sinnq + cosnq, then holds for values of m satisfying
(A) (B)
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
(C) (D) m 
Sol. =m
Þ sin22q =
0£ £1
m Î [-1, 0].
Hence (C), (D) are the correct answers.
Prob 14. If 4 sinA + secA =0 then tanA equals to

(A) 4 + (B) – 2 +
(C) 2 + 4 (D) –2 –
Sol. 4sinA + secA = 0

Þ sin2A = -1/2
Þ tanA = – 2 ± .
Hence (B), (D) are the correct answers.
Prob 15. Value of the expression 2sinx – cos2x is

(A) greater than -3/2 (B) equal to – 3/2
(C) less than -3/2 (D) none of these
Sol. 2 sinx - cos2x = 2 (sin2x + sinx) - 1
=2
=2
Þ 2 sinx – cos2x ³ - 3/2

Hence (A), (B) are the correct answers.
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS (SUBJECTIVE)

Level - I
1. If cos(b – g) + cos(g – a) + cos(a – b) = – , then prove that
cos a + cos b + cos g = sin a + sin b + sin g = 0.
2. Prove that .
3. If A + B + C = 180°, prove tanA + tanB + tanC ³ 3Ö3, where A, B, C are acute angles.
4. If 2ncosq cos2q cos22q........cos2n-1q = 1, 0 < q < p/2, n ³ 1, find q.
5. In a triangle prove that

sin3 A + sin3 B + sin3 C = .
6. Prove that 1 + cotq £ cot for 0 < q < p. Find q when equality sign holds.
7. For all q in [0, p/2], show that cos(sin q) > sin (cos q).
8. If tan prove that sin y = sin x .
9. If , show that sin4a = a .
10. Let cosa = cosbcosf = cosgcosq and sina = 2 sin sin then prove that
tan2 = tan2 tan2 .
Fill in the Blanks (Q11 – Q15)
11. Let 0 < A, B < satisfying the equalities 3sin2A + 2sin2B = 1 and
3sin2A – 2sin2B = 0. Then A + 2B is equal to _____________.
12. If sinx + sin2x = 1, then value of cos12x + 3cos10x + 3cos8x + cos6x –1 is equal to _____.
13. is equal to _____________.
14. If sinx + siny ³ cosa cosx " x Î R, then siny + cosa is equal to ___________
15. The number of solutions that the equation sin(cos(sinx)) = cos(sin(cosx)) has in
is _________.
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
Level – II
1. If tanb = , prove that sin2b = .
2. If cos(A + B) sin(C + D)= cos(A – B)sin(C – D), prove that cotA cotB cotC= cotD.
3. Prove that tan x + 2 tan 2x + 22 tan 22x + ….. to n terms = cot x – 2n cot 2n x.
4. If sin q + cos q + tan q + cosec q + sec q + cot q = 7, then prove that sin 2q is a root of
the equation x2 – 44x + 36 = 0.
5. If , show that and hence or otherwise prove that either k > 3
or k < 1/3.
6. Prove the identity .
7. If tanq tanf = , prove that (a – bcos2q) (a – b cos2f) is independent of q and f.
8. If cosx = tany, cosy = tanz and cosz = tanx, prove that sinx = siny = sinz =2 sin18°
9. If m2 + m¢2 + 2mm¢ cosq =1, n2 + n¢2 + 2nn¢ cosq = 1

and mn + m¢n¢ + (mn¢ + m¢n) cosq = 0. Prove that m2+ n2 = cosec2q .
10. Eliminate q from the equations .
11. Prove that in a triangle ABC, .
12. Prove that .
13. Find the value of .
14. If a = , then find the numerical value of tana tan2a + tan2a tan4a + tan4a tana
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
15. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then find the minimum value of

.
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS (OBJECTIVE)

Level - I
1. The value of is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) (D) none of these
2. is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 – 4 sin q

(C) –2 (D) 0
3. If in a triangle ABC tan , tan , tan are in A.P, then cos A, cos B, cos C are in
(A) H.P (B) A.P

(C) G.P (D) none of these
4. If sina sinb - cosa cosb + 1 = 0, then the value of cota tanb is

(A) –1 (B) 0
5. If a sin a + b sin b + c sin g = k, then minimum value of sin2 a + sin2 b + sin2 g is
(A) (B)
6. If asin2q+ bcos2q = m, b sin2j + a cos2j = n and a tan q = b tanj, then is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
7. If in a DABC, sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2, then the triangle is always

(A) isosceles triangle (B) right angled
(C) acute angled (D) obtuse angled
8. If tanx. tany = a and x+y = p/6, then tanx and tany satisfy the equation
(A) x2 - (1 - a)x + a = 0 (B) x2 - (1 - a)x + a =0
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
(C) x2 + (1 + a)x - a = 0 (D) x2 + (1 + a)x - a =0
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
9. The numerical value of tan80° tan60°.tan40°.tan20° is

(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 1
10. The number of solutions of the equation cos-1 (1 –x) + m cos-1 x = , where m > 0, n £
0, is
(A) 0 (B) 1
11.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
12
(A) 1 (B)
13. If , then is equal to
(A) p (B) q
(C) qp (D) none of these
14. If = 1, then is equal to
(A) 1 (B) –1
(C) 2 (D) –2
15. If , then x + y + z is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) –1 (D) none of these
16. If p < 2q < , then equals to
(A) –2cosq (B) –2sinq

(C) 2cosq (D) 2sinq
17. If cos (x – y) cos (z – t) = cos (x + y) cos (z + t), then tan x tan y + tan z tan t is equal to
(A) 1 (B) –1
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
(C) 2 (D) 0
18. is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) tan2q (D) cot2q/2
19. If sin = 3sin( + 2), then the value of tan ( + ) + 2tan is

(A) 3 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 0
20. If m.sin(a + b) = cos(a - b), then is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
21. Maximum value of the expression 2sinx + 4cosx + 3 is

(A) 2 +3 (B) 2 -3
(C) +3 (D) none of these
22. If sinx = cos2x, then cos2x (1 + cos2x) equals to

(A) 0 (B) 1
23. If x, , y are in A.P, then the value of tan x tan tan y is
(A) 1 (B) –1
24. If tan  tan  = , then the value of (a – b cos 2) (a – b cos 2) is
(A) (a2 – b2) tan  (B) (a2 – b2) tan 

(C) a2 – b2 (D) a2 + b2
25. If sina + sinb = a, cosa + cosb = b, then tan is equal to
(A) (B)
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
26. If cos2 q = and tan2 = tan2/3a, then cos2/3a + sin2/3a
(A) (B)
(C) (2a)2/3 (D) none of these
27. If (cosa – cosb)2 + (sina – sinb)2 = ksin2 , then k is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 3
28. If cosx = , then is equal to
(A) a cos (n+1)x (B) sin(n+1)x

(C) 0 (D) -1
29. If then S equals
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
30. is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) – (D) none of these
31. If cot + tan = x and sec - cos = y, then

(A) sin cos = 1/x (B) sin tan = y
(C) (x2y)2/3 - (xy2)2/3 = 1 (D) all the above
32. If sin(x – y) = cos(x + y) = 1/2, then the values of x and y lying between 0 0 and 1800 are
given by
(A) x = 450 , y = 450 (B) x = 450 , y = 1350
(C) x = 165 , y = 15
0 0
(D) x = 1650 , y = 1350
33. If (m + 2) sin + (2m-1) cos = 2m+1, then
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
(A) tan = 3/ 4 (B) tan = 4/5

(C) tan = (D) tan =
34. If 0 < a < then a(cosec a) is
(A) less than (B) greater than
(C) less than (D) greater than
35. If y = , then one of the value of y is
(A) –tan A (B) cot A

(C) tan(/4 + A) (D) all the above
36. If tan = , then tan( + ) is equal to
(A) (n - 1) tan (B) (n+1)tan

(B) tan (D) tan
37. If x = sec - tan and y = cosec + cot , then
(A) x = (B) x =
(C) y = (D) xy + x – y +1 =0
38. is
(A) (B)
39. If tan = n tan, then the maximum value of tan2( - ) is
(A) (B)
40. If (tan x – tan y)2, (tan y – tanz)2 and (tanz – tanx)2 are in A.P, then
(tan x – tan y), (tan y – tan z) and (tan z – tan x) are in
(A) A.P (B) G.P
(C) H.P (D) none of these
41. The value of logcot1° + logcot2° + logcot3° + .... + logcot89° is

(A) 0 (B) 1
(C)1/2 (D) 3/4
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
42. If xi ³ 0 for 1 £ i £ n and x1 + x2 + x3 + …+ xn = p then the greatest value of the sum

sinx1 + sin x2 +…+ sin xn is
(A) n (B) p
(C) n sin (D) none of these
43. If ,   [0, ], then minimum value of sin is
(A) (B)
(C) . (D)
44. The general solution of the equation is
(A) ,mÎI (B) 2mp + ,mÎI
(C) ,mÎI (D) none of these
45. The maximum value of cosx(sinx + cosx) is

(A) 2 (B)
46. If x = r sin cos, y = r sin sin and z = r cos, then the value of x 2 + y2 + z2 is
independent of
(A) ,  (B) r, 
(C) r,  (D) r
47. Let f() = and  +  = , then the value of f() f() is
(A) 2 (B) –
48. If tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC, then

(A) A, B, C must be angles of a triangle
(B) the sum of any two of A, B, C is equal to the third
(C) A + B + C must be an integral multiple of 
(D) none of these
49. If sin = p, |p|  1, then the quadratic equation whose roots are and cot is
(A) px2 + 2x + p = 0 (B) px2 – x + p = 0
(C) px2 – 2x + p = 0 (D) none of these
50. The equation cos = x + , x  R, has a real solution for , then
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
(A) p = (B) p 
(C) p  (D) none of these
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
Level – II
1. If sinB is the geometric mean between sinA and cosA, then cos2B is equal to
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
2. In if z = tanmx + cotmx, then
(A) zmin will be independent of m (B) zmin will be function of m

(C) zmin has value of 2 (D) zmin occurs at
3. 1 + sinx + sin2x + …  = , if
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
4. Given a, b, c are non-zero. If asin  =   then
(A) ab + bc + ca = 1 (B) ab + bc + ca = 0
(C) (D)
5. If , then sec  tan is equal to
(A) 2x (B)
(C) 2x (D)
6. If , then can be equal to
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
7. Let n be a positive integer such that . Then
(A) 6  n  8 (B) 4  n  8
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
(C) 2  n < 8 (D) 2 < n < 6

8. If x = Xcos  Ysin, y = Xsin + Ycos and x2 + 4xy + y2 = AX2 + BY2 0    , then
(A) (B)
(C) A = B (D) B = 1
9. If yi = sin(3i – 2) sin(3i – 1), where ‘ i ’ is in degree for angles, then the value of y 1 y2 y3
…y60
(A) (B) is definitely an irrational number
(C) will be a rational number (D)
10. For n  N the value of is equal to
(A) (B) 0
(C) (D) 1
11. If , ,  are acute angle such that cos  = tan , cos  = tan  and cos  = tan , then
(A) sin  = sin  (B) sin  = sin 
(C) sin  = (D) none of these
12. If A = sinx cos3x and B = cosx sin3x, then
(A) A  B > 0  x  (B) A  B < 0  x 
(C) A + B > 0  x  (D) A + B < 0  x 
13. If , then which of the following is/are true

(A) umax = (a2 + b2) (B) umin = 0
(C) umax  umin = 2(a2 + b2) (D)
14. The quadratic equation whose roots are sec2 and cosec2 can be
(A) x2  2x + 2 = 0 (B) x2  5x + 5 = 0
(C) x2  7x + 7 = 0 (D) x2  9x + 9 = 0
15. Which of the following assertions about tan10° is/are true

(A) it is an irrational number (B) it is less than 2
(C) it is a rational number (D) it is greater than 2
16. If x = sin(  ) . sin(  ), y = sin(  ) . sin(  ) and z = sin(  ) . sin(  ), then
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
(A) x + y + z = 0 (B) x + y  z = 0
(C) y + z  x = 0 (D) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
17. If y = sinx sin(60° + x) . sin(60°  x), then x  R
(A) (B) ymax = 1
(C) 4y  1 (D) y + 1  0
18. If tanA + B = /3 and cosA + cosB = 1, then
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
19. If 7cos  24sinx = tcos(x + )  0 <  <  x  R is true, then
(A)  t = 25 (B)
(C)  |t| = 24 (D)
20. If k = (5cosx + 12sinx)1  x  R and k  R+

(A) (B)
(C) (D)
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COMPREHENSIONS
Comprehension I:
Read the following passages and answer the following questions (1  5)
If A, B, C are the angles of a given triangle ABC.
If cosA cosB cosC = and sinA sinB sinC = , then
1. The value of tanA + tanB + tanC is
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
2. The value of tanA tanB + tanB tanC + tanC tanA is

(A) 5 – 4 (B) 5 + 4
(C) 6 + (D) 6 –
3. The cubic equation whose roots are tanA, tanB, tanC is

(A) x3 – (3 + 2 )x2 + (5 + 4 )x – (3 + 2 )=0
(B) x – (3 – 2
3
)x + (5 + 4
2
)x + (3 + 2 )=0
(C) x + (3 + 2
3
)x + (5 + 4
2
)x + (3 + 2 )=0
(D) x3 – (3 + 2 )x2 + (5 + 4 )x + (3 + 2 )=0
4. The value of tanA, tanB and tanC are

(A) 1, , (B) 1, ,2
(C) 1, 2, (D) 1, ,2+
5. The angles of ABC are

(A) 450, 300, 1050 (B) 450, 600, 750
(C) 450, 450, 900 (D) none of these
Comprehension II:
Read the following passages and answer the following questions (6  10)
Sometimes we have quadratic equation having unknown variables/parameter, in terms of some

trigonometric functions.
Apparently it is seen while solving such type of equations we have to keep in consideration the
domain and range of the corresponding trigonometric functions while finding out the final roots.
For example:
f(x) = 4sin2x + 3cos2x + 3sinx  x 
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
find the minimum value of f(x)
As we know that sinx is increasing function in
Let f(x) = 4sin2x + 3  3sin2x + 3sinx

 f(x) = sin2x + 3sinx + 3
Now, let us take sin x = t
as t  [0, 1] as sin x > 0  0  sin x  1  x 
This reduces to t2 + 3t + 3.
As coefficient of t2 > 0
Hence this will be upward parabola such that minimum value of the function exists at
 .
In such a manner we can interrelate these two concepts keeping in mind the domain and
codomain of the respective trigonometric function.
6. If sec + cosec = p has four solutions between (0, 2), then

(A) p2  8 > 0 (B) p2 + 8 > 0
(C) p  8 < 0
2
(B) p2 + 8 < 0
7. If in above problem the equation sec + cosec = p has only two real solutions in (0, 2),
then
(A) p2  8 > 0 (B) p2  8 < 0
(C) p = 8
2
(D) none of these
8. The number of isosceles ABC(s) possible such that tanA + tanB + tanC = 100
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4
9. The triangles possible in above case are

(A) equal (B) similar
(C) non-similar (D) none of these
10. The range of values of ‘t’ for which 2 sin t = ,tÎ .
(A) (B)
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1. Match the List  I with List  II:

List  I List  II
(A) The value of sin2 5 + sin2 10 + … + sin2 90 is
(i) 7
      
(B) If 4cos = 3cos, then the value of cot   cot   3
 2   2  (ii)
2
is
(C) If A + B + C = , then greatest value of cosA + cosB +
cosC is (iii) 3
(D) The minimum value of 93.27cos2x.81sin2x (iv)
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS (SUBJECTIVE)
Level - I
4. = 11.
12. 0 13. 0
14. 1 15. 1
Level – II
10. m2 + m cos  – 2 = 0 13. 105
14. 7 15. 1
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS (OBJECTIVE)
Level - I
1. A 2. B 3. B
4. A 5. A 6. B
7. B 8. B 9. C
10. A 11. C 12. C
13. A 14. A 15. A
16. D 17. D 18. A
19. D 20. A 21. A
22. B 23. A 24. C
25. B 26. B 27. A
28. C 29. C 30. C
31. D 32. D 33. C
34. C 35. D 36. D
37. B 38. B 39. A
40. C 41. A 42. C
43. A 44. A 45. D
46. A 47. C 48. C
49. C 50. B
Level – II
1. A, C 2. A, C, D 3. A, C
4. B, C 5. A, D 6. B, C
7. A, B 8. B, C, D 9. C, D
10. B, C 11. A, B, C 12. A, C
13. B, C 14. B, C, D 15. A, B
16. A, D 17. A, C 18. A, B
19. A, B, D 20. A, B
ANSWERS TO COMPREHENSIONS
1. A 2. B 3. A
4. D 5. B 6. A
7. B 8. D 9. C
10. B
ANSWERS TO MATCH THE COLUMNS
1. (A) (iv) (B) (i) (C) (ii) (D) (iii)
Mob. 8958682469, 9897048469

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TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Toilsome Tutorials [ YSMC ] Study Package

TOILSOME TUTORIALS [ YSMC ]

DEFINITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 sin2A = 1 – cos2A or cos2A = 1 – sin2A

 Fundamental inequalities: For 0 < A < , 0 < cosA < < .

Illustration 1. Express tan in terms of cos.

taken as unity and OA = x

Solution: Given that sin = 1 – sin2 = cos2

Illustration 3. Prove that (tan + cot)2 = sec2  + cosec2  = sec2  cosec2 .

Solution: (tan + cot)2 = tan2  + cot2  + 2

iii) Show that .

iv) If a sec  + b tan  = d and b sec  + a tan  = c, prove that a2 + c2 = b2 + d2.

Trigonometric Ratios of any Angle:

360°+  sin cos tan cot sec cosec

Illustration 4. Find the general value of  satisfying both and .

Solution: Let us first find out  lying between 0 and 360°.

and   = 30° or 210°

Hence  = 210° or is the value of  satisfying both the equations.

The general value of ,nI

Illustration 5. Are the set of angles  and  given by and

Solution: Let m = 2k i.e. m is even where k  .

If m = 2k + 1 i.e. m is odd, then

From (1) and (2) follows that  can be expressed as

iii) Show that .

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

 sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A.

Illustration 6. Find the value of

Solution: (i) tan1050 = tan (600+ 450) =

(ii) tan 750 = tan (450 + 300) =

 tan 750 –cot 750 = – .

Solution: We are given that

Illustration 8. If A + B = 450, show that (cot A – 1)(cot B – 1) = 2.

Solution: We are given that A + B = 450

 cot (A + B) = cot 450 = =1

 cot A cot B – cot A – cot B = 1

ii) Prove that .

iii) If are in A.P and are also in A.P then show

Let a = r cos, b = r sin

Illustration 9. Find a and b such that for all x, a  3 cos x + 5 sin  b.

Solution: 3 cosx + 5 sin = 3 cosx + 5 sinx cos – 5 cosx sin

i) Prove that 5 cos  + 3 cos + 3 lies between – 4 and 10.

Trigonometric Ratios of Multiples of an Angle:

 sin2A = 2sinA cosA =

 cos2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2A = 2cos2A – 1 =

 sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A = 4sin(60° – A) sinA sin(60° + A)

Illustration 10. Prove that 3 cosec20° – sec20° = 4.

Illustration 11. Find the values of

Solution: (i) sin18°

But as sin > 0 we have sin =

(ii) (cos9 – sin9)2 = 1 – sin18 =

 tan2 + 23 tan – 1 = 0

Since tan > 0, ignore negative value

Illustration 12. Prove that tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8cot8A = cotA.

Solution: L.H.S. = tanA + 2tan2A + 4tan4A + 8

i) If cosec A + sec A = cosec B + sec B, prove that tan A tan B tan = 1.

ii) If tan = then find the value of acos2 + bsin2.

iv) Prove that .

v) If cot2q = cot(q-a) cot(q-b), show that cot2q = .