JAVA

1.Define class & object with syntax ?

Answer :- Class:

A class is a template or blueprint that defines the data and behavior (methods) that objects created from
the class will have. It serves as a blueprint for creating objects.

Syntax:

class ClassName:

# Class attributes (optional)

attribute1 = value1

attribute2 = value2

# Constructor (optional)

def __init__(self, parameters):

self.attribute1 = parameters

# Method definition

def method_name(self, parameters):

# Method body

Pass

Object:

An object is an instance of a class. It represents a real-world entity that can store data (attributes) and
perform actions (methods) defined in its class.

Syntax: # Creating an object of a class

object_name = ClassName(arguments)

2. Static works ?

In Java, the static keyword is used to declare members (variables and methods) that belong to the class
rather than to instances of the class. Here's how static works for variables and methods:

Static Variables:

• Static variables are also known as class variables.

• They belong to the class rather than to instances of the class.
• There will be only one copy of the static variable shared among all instances of the class.
 • Static variables are initialized only once, at the start of the execution, and they retain their values
as long as the program is running.
• You can access static variables directly using the class name without creating an instance of the
class.

Example:

public class MyClass {

static int x = 10; // Static variable

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Value of x: " + x); // Accessing static variable

Static Methods:

Static methods are associated with the class, not with instances of the class.

They can be called using the class name, without needing to create an instance of the class.

Static methods cannot directly access instance variables or methods. They can only access other static
members directly.

Static methods are commonly used for utility functions that do not require any object state to be passed.

Example:

public class MyClass {

static int x = 10; // Static variable

// Static method

static void myMethod() {

System.out.println("Value of x: " + x);

public static void main(String[] args) {

myMethod(); // Calling static method

In both cases, ‘static’ members are associated with the class itself rather than with instances of the class.
They provide a way to define functionality or data that is shared among all instances of the class or that
doesn't require an instance to be used.
3. 4 Pillers of OOP details ?

Answer:- The "four pillars" of object-oriented programming (OOP) represent the four main concepts that
are fundamental to understanding and implementing object-oriented design and programming. These
pillars are:

1) Encapsulation:
• Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the
data into a single unit, called a class.
• It hides the internal state of an object from the outside world and only exposes the necessary
functionalities through well-defined interfaces (methods).
• Encapsulation helps in achieving data abstraction, which means only relevant details are exposed
while hiding unnecessary details.
2) Inheritance:
• Inheritance is a mechanism by which one class can inherit the properties and behaviors
(methods) of another class, called the superclass or base class.
• The class that inherits the properties is known as the subclass or derived class.
• Inheritance promotes code reuse and allows for the creation of hierarchical relationships
between classes.
3) Polymorphism:
• Polymorphism means the ability of objects to take on multiple forms or the ability to present the
same interface for different underlying data types.
• Polymorphism can be achieved through method overriding (runtime polymorphism) and method
overloading (compile-time polymorphism).
• Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that
is already defined in its superclass.
• Method overloading occurs when multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters exist in a class.
4) Abstraction:
• Abstraction refers to the process of simplifying complex systems by modeling classes appropriate
to the problem and hiding unnecessary details from the user.
• It allows the programmer to focus on what an object does rather than how it does it.
• Abstraction can be achieved through abstract classes and interfaces.
• Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and may contain abstract methods (methods without a
body) that must be implemented by subclasses.
• Interfaces define a contract specifying the methods that implementing classes must provide,
without specifying how they are implemented.

These four pillars provide a solid foundation for designing and building robust, modular, and
maintainable object-oriented software systems. They promote code reusability, modularity, and
scalability, making it easier to manage and extend large software projects.

4. Inheritance definition + program ?

Answer:-
Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a class
(called the subclass or derived class) to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from another
class (called the superclass or base class). Inheritance promotes code reuse and establishes an
"is-a" relationship between classes.

When a class inherits from another class, it automatically receives all the attributes and methods
of the superclass. The subclass can then extend or override these inherited members and also
add its own unique attributes and methods.

Here's an example program demonstrating inheritance in Java:

// Superclass or Base class
class Animal {
String name;
// Constructor
public Animal(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
// Method
public void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

// Subclass or Derived class

class Dog extends Animal {
// Constructor
public Dog(String name) {
super(name); // Call superclass constructor
}
// Method overriding
@Override
public void sound() {
System.out.println(name + " barks");
}
// New method specific to Dog class
public void wagTail() {
System.out.println(name + " wags its tail");
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create an instance of the Dog class
Dog myDog = new Dog("Buddy");
// Call methods inherited from the Animal class
 myDog.sound(); // Output: Buddy barks
// Call method specific to the Dog class
myDog.wagTail(); // Output: Buddy wags its tail
}
}
In the above example:

• ‘Animal’ is the superclass with a property ‘name’ and a method ‘sound()’ .

• Dog is the subclass of Animal that extends it.
• Dog inherits the property name and method sound() from Animal.
• Dog overrides the sound() method to provide its specific implementation.
• Dog introduces a new method wagTail() that is specific to the Dog class.
• In the main method, an instance of Dog is created and methods inherited from Animal are called
along with the wagTail() method specific to the Dog class.

5. Encapsulation definition+ program ?

Answer :-

Encapsulation is a fundamental principle in object-oriented programming (OOP) that involves

bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit,
called a class. It allows for the protection of data from unauthorized access and modification by
restricting access to the internal state of objects.

Encapsulation helps in achieving data abstraction, meaning that the implementation details of the
class are hidden from the outside world. Instead, only the necessary functionalities are exposed
through well-defined interfaces (methods). This makes the code more modular, maintainable, and
reusable.

Here's an example program demonstrating encapsulation in Java:

// Encapsulated class

class BankAccount {

private String accountNumber;

private double balance;

// Constructor

public BankAccount(String accountNumber, double initialBalance) {

this.accountNumber = accountNumber;

this.balance = initialBalance;

// Getter method for accountNumber

 public String getAccountNumber() {

return accountNumber;

// Getter method for balance

public double getBalance() {

return balance;

// Method to deposit money

public void deposit(double amount) {

if (amount > 0) {

balance += amount;

System.out.println("Deposit of $" + amount + " successful.");

} else {

System.out.println("Invalid amount for deposit.");

// Method to withdraw money

public void withdraw(double amount) {

if (amount > 0 && balance >= amount) {

balance -= amount;

System.out.println("Withdrawal of $" + amount + " successful.");

} else {

System.out.println("Insufficient funds or invalid amount for withdrawal.");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create an instance of BankAccount

 BankAccount account = new BankAccount("1234567890", 1000.0);

// Accessing the encapsulated data using getter methods

System.out.println("Account Number: " + account.getAccountNumber());

System.out.println("Current Balance: $" + account.getBalance());

// Depositing and withdrawing money

account.deposit(500.0);

account.withdraw(200.0);

// Displaying the updated balance

System.out.println("Updated Balance: $" + account.getBalance());

In the above example:

• ‘BankAccount’ is an encapsulated class with private attributes ‘accountNumber’ and ‘balance’.

• Access to these attributes is restricted, and they can only be accessed or modified through getter
and setter methods.
• The class provides methods deposit() and withdraw() to interact with the balance, ensuring that
the internal state is properly managed and validated.
• The Main class demonstrates how to create an instance of BankAccount and interact with it
using its public methods while encapsulating its internal data.

6. Define polymorphism ?

Answer:-

Polymorphism is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows objects

of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. It enables a single interface to
represent different underlying data types or forms.

There are two main types of polymorphism:

1) Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading):

• Method overloading allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters.
• The compiler determines which method to call based on the number and types of arguments
passed at compile time.
• This is also known as static or early binding because the method to be called is determined
during compile-time.
2) Run-time Polymorphism (Method Overriding):
• Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that
is already defined in its superclass.
• The method in the subclass has the same name, return type, and parameters as the method in
the superclass.
• The decision about which method to call is made at runtime based on the actual type of the
object.
• This is also known as dynamic or late binding because the method to be called is determined
during runtime.

Polymorphism allows for code reusability, flexibility, and extensibility. It enables a single method or
interface to handle various types of objects or behaviors, making the code more generic and
adaptable to changes.

➢ Run-time polymorphism program ?

Here's a program demonstrating run-time polymorphism through method overriding in Java:
// Superclass
class Animal {
public void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

// Subclass 1
class Dog extends Animal {
@Override
public void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

// Subclass 2
class Cat extends Animal {
@Override
public void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Cat meows");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create objects of different subclasses
Animal myDog = new Dog();
Animal myCat = new Cat();

// Call the overridden method

 myDog.makeSound(); // Output: Dog barks
myCat.makeSound(); // Output: Cat meows
}
}
In the above program:
• There is a superclass ‘Animal’ with a method ‘makeSound()’ .
• There are two subclasses Dog and Cat, each of which overrides the makeSound() method with
their specific implementation.
• In the main method, objects of Dog and Cat are created and assigned to variables of type
Animal.
• When makeSound() method is called on these objects, the appropriate overridden version of the
method is executed based on the actual type of the object at runtime.
• This demonstrates run-time polymorphism as the decision about which method to call is made
dynamically at runtime.

7. Abstract class Syntax + কাজ কক + কক জন্য দরকার?

7. Abstract class Syntax + What is the function + What is needed for?

Answer:- An abstract class in Java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own, meaning you
cannot create objects directly from it. It serves as a blueprint for other classes and may contain
abstract methods (methods without a body) that must be implemented by its subclasses. Here's the
syntax for defining an abstract class in Java:

// Abstract class

abstract class AbstractClass {

// Abstract method (method without a body)

public abstract void abstractMethod();

// Concrete method (method with a body)

public void concreteMethod() {

System.out.println("This is a concrete method.");

➢ In the above syntax:

• The abstract keyword is used to declare the class as abstract.
• The class may contain both abstract and concrete methods.
• Abstract methods are declared using the abstract keyword and do not have a method body. They
are terminated with a semicolon.
• Concrete methods have a method body and provide an implementation.
➢ What is the function of an abstract class?
 1) Provides a Template: Abstract classes serve as a template for creating subclasses. They define
common methods and attributes that are shared among the subclasses.

2) Forces Subclasses to Implement Methods: Abstract classes may contain abstract methods,
which act as placeholders for methods that must be implemented by subclasses. This ensures
that subclasses provide their own implementation of these methods.

3) Allows Code Reusability: Abstract classes promote code reusability by allowing common
functionality to be defined once in the abstract class and reused by multiple subclasses.

➢ What is needed for?

Abstract classes are needed when you want to define a common structure for a group of related
classes, but you don't want to instantiate the base class directly. Instead, you want to enforce
that subclasses provide their own implementation for certain methods. Abstract classes help in
organizing code, promoting code reuse, and providing a clear structure for class hierarchies.
They are particularly useful in scenarios where you want to define a set of methods that must be
implemented by multiple subclasses while also providing some common functionality.

8. Explain method Overriding with a Java program ?

Answer:- Method overriding is a concept in object-oriented programming where a subclass provides a

specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. This allows the subclass to
provide its own behavior for the method while retaining the same method signature (name, return type,
and parameters) as in the superclass.

Here's a Java program demonstrating method overriding:

// Superclass

class Animal {

// Method to make a sound

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");

// Subclass

class Dog extends Animal {

// Overriding the makeSound() method of the superclass

 @Override

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Dog barks");

// Subclass

class Cat extends Animal {

// Overriding the makeSound() method of the superclass

@Override

public void makeSound() {

System.out.println("Cat meows");

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create objects of different subclasses

Animal myDog = new Dog();

Animal myCat = new Cat();

// Call the overridden method

myDog.makeSound(); // Output: Dog barks

myCat.makeSound(); // Output: Cat meows

In the above program:

• There is a superclass ‘Animal’with a method ‘MakeSound()’ .

• There are two subclasses Dog and Cat, each of which overrides the makeSound() method with
their specific implementation.
• In the main method, objects of Dog and Cat are created and assigned to variables of type
Animal.
• When makeSound() method is called on these objects, the appropriate overridden version of the
method is executed based on the actual type of the object at runtime.
• This demonstrates method overriding as each subclass provides its own implementation of the
makeSound() method while retaining the same method signature as defined in the superclass.

9. Parameterized constructor Super keywords define ?

Answer :- In Java, the ‘super’ keyword is used to explicitly refer to the superclass of the current
object. It can be used in two contexts: to call the superclass constructor or to access the superclass's
members (fields or methods).

When we define a parameterized constructor in a subclass, we can use the ‘super()’ constructor call
to invoke the superclass constructor. This is particularly useful when we want to reuse the
initialization code present in the superclass constructor.

Here's how you can use the ‘super’ keyword with a parameterized constructor:

// Superclass

class Animal {

private String name;

// Parameterized constructor

public Animal(String name) {

this.name = name;

System.out.println("Animal constructor invoked.");

public void display() {

System.out.println("Name: " + name);

// Subclass

class Dog extends Animal {

 private String breed;

// Parameterized constructor

public Dog(String name, String breed) {

super(name); // Calling superclass constructor

this.breed = breed;

System.out.println("Dog constructor invoked.");

public void displayDetails() {

super.display(); // Calling superclass method

System.out.println("Breed: " + breed);

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Dog myDog = new Dog("Buddy", "Labrador");

myDog.displayDetails();

In this example:

• The Animal class has a parameterized constructor that takes a name parameter.
• The Dog class extends the Animal class and has its own parameterized constructor that takes
both name and breed parameters.
• In the Dog constructor, super(name) is used to call the superclass constructor with the name
parameter.
• The displayDetails() method in the Dog class calls the display() method of the superclass using
super.display().
• When new Dog("Buddy", "Labrador") is executed, it invokes both the superclass (Animal) and
subclass (Dog) constructors, resulting in the following
output:
Animal constructor invoked.
Dog constructor invoked.
Name: Buddy
Breed: Labrador