2

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed–time graph for a car travelling along a road.

18

speed 16
m/s
14

12

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) Determine the distance travelled by the car between 30 s and 60 s.

distance travelled = ..................................................... m [3]

(b) The distance travelled by the car between 60 s and 110 s is 460 m.

Calculate the average speed of the car between 60 s and 110 s.

average speed = ................................................. m / s [4]

(c) Describe the motion of the car between 30 s and 60 s.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Describe the motion of the car between 60 s and 80 s.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]

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2 (a) A scientist has a measuring cylinder, a beaker of sea water and an electronic balance.

Describe an experiment to determine the density of the sea water.

Include any equations in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) A plank of wood floats on the sea.

Explain why the wood floats.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

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 4

3 (a) A girl and her brother sit on opposite sides of a see-saw as shown in Fig. 3.1.

girl brother
1.9 m 1.2 m

240 N pivot
W

Fig. 3.1

(i) Calculate the girl’s moment about the pivot and show that it is close to 460 N m.

[3]

(ii) The see-saw is balanced horizontally.

Calculate the weight W of the brother.

W = ..................................................... N [3]

(b) The weight of the girl in Fig. 3.1 is 240 N.

Calculate the mass of the girl. Include the unit in your answer.

mass of girl = ......................... unit ........................ [4]

[Total: 10]

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 5

4 (a) A power station burns fossil fuel to produce electrical energy.

(i) State the form of the energy stored in the fuel.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Some of the energy stored in the fuel is not converted to electrical energy.

Suggest how energy is wasted in the generator.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Solar panels produce electrical energy.

State two advantages and two disadvantages of using solar panels, rather than fossil fuels,
to produce electrical energy.

advantages

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantages

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 7]

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 2

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a piece of glass of thickness 2.0 cm and area 0.15 m2.

The density of the glass is 2.6 × 103 kg / m3.

area 0.15 m2

thickness 2.0 cm

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

Calculate the weight of the piece of glass.

weight = ..................................................... [3]

(b) The piece of glass shown in Fig. 1.1 is used as the vertical viewing window of an aquarium.
The atmospheric pressure outside the aquarium is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The average pressure on
the inside of the aquarium window is 1.3 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the resultant force acting on the window due to these pressures and state the
direction in which it acts.

force = ...........................................................

direction of force ..............................................................

[4]

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 3

(c) Fig. 1.2 shows a vacuum pump connected to the top of a vertical tube with its lower end
immersed in a tank of liquid. The pump reduces the pressure above the column to zero and
the pressure at point X is 9.6 × 104 Pa.

vacuum
pump

point X
12 m
liquid

Fig. 1.2 (not to scale)

Calculate the density of the liquid.

density = ..................................................... [3]

[Total: 10]

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 4

2 (a) (i) State what is meant by the moment of a force about a point.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Fig. 2.1 shows a large crane on a construction site lifting a block of mass 14 000 kg.

operator’s cabin 20 m

A B

counterweight

block

Fig. 2.1

Calculate the moment about A due to the 14 000 kg block suspended from B.

moment = ..................................................... [2]

(b) (i) Speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity. State the difference between
a scalar quantity and a vector quantity.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Write down one other scalar quantity and one other vector quantity.

scalar quantity ...................................................................................................................

vector quantity ...................................................................................................................

[2]

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 5

(c) Fig. 2.2 shows two forces acting on an object.

60° 30 N

20 N

Fig. 2.2 (not to scale)

Draw a scale diagram to determine the resultant force acting on the object. State the scale
you use.

scale ..............................................................

magnitude of resultant force = ...........................................................

direction of resultant relative to the direction of the 20 N force = ...........................................................

[4]

[Total: 11]
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 6

3 A power station burns waste materials from farm crops to generate electricity.

(a) State and explain whether this process is renewable.

statement ..................................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The power station uses some of its waste thermal energy to heat water for houses in a nearby
town.

State one problem of using waste energy in this way if the power station is far from the town.

...................................................................................................................................................

Suggest a way of reducing this problem.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) State two environmental consequences of burning coal to generate electricity.

consequence 1. ........................................................................................................................

consequence 2. ........................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 6]

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 8

5 (a) State the name of the reflection of a sound wave or ultrasound wave.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows an ultrasound wave being used to scan an internal organ of a human body.

ultrasound transmitter
and receiver

internal organ

ultrasound
wave

Fig. 5.1

The ultrasound wave has a frequency of 2.0 MHz and passes through human tissue at a
speed of 1500 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of the ultrasound wave in human tissue.

wavelength = ..................................................... [3]

(c) Fig. 5.2 shows crests of a wave from a point source S approaching a straight barrier.

straight barrier
S

Fig. 5.2

(i) On Fig. 5.2, indicate and label one wavelength.

(ii) On Fig. 5.2, draw three crests of the wave reflected from the barrier.
[3]

[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2021 0625/42/F/M/21
 9

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 is a full scale diagram showing a converging lens, the two principal focuses F1 and F2
and an object PO.

F1 P F2

Fig. 6.1

On Fig. 6.1, draw two rays from point O of the object to determine the position of the image.
Label the image IJ. Measure the length of the image.

image length = ...........................................................

[3]

(b) Ring three descriptions of the image.

diminished magnified real same size

same way up as object upside down compared to object virtual [3]

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 10

(c) Fig. 6.2 shows three rays of green light passing through glass blocks.

ray of green light

glass blocks

Fig. 6.2

Three rays of red light approach the glass blocks on the same paths as the rays of green
light.

On Fig. 6.2, draw the paths of these rays of red light to the right of the glass blocks. [2]

[Total: 8]

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 14

10 (a) State the proton number, nucleon number and the value of the charge on an α-particle.

proton number ..........................................................................................................................

nucleon number ........................................................................................................................

charge .......................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) A nucleus of strontium-90 consists of 38 protons and 52 neutrons. Strontium-90 is radioactive

and decays by β-emission to an isotope of yttrium. The symbol for strontium is Sr and the
symbol for yttrium is Y. Write down the nuclide equation of this decay.

[3]

(c) The half-life of radon-220 is 56 s. A sample of radon-220 is in a container. After 112 s the mass
of radon-220 is 9.2 mg.

Calculate the mass of the original sample.

mass = ..................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2021 0625/42/F/M/21

 2

1 Fig. 1.1 shows a speed–time graph for a car.

10

speed 6
m/s

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) (i) Describe the motion of the car from 0 to 50 s, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the motion of the car from 50 s to 90 s, as shown in Fig. 1.1.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Calculate the distance travelled by the car between 50 s and 90 s.

distance travelled = ..................................................... m [3]

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 3

(b) A motorcycle travels at a constant speed.

(i) The motorcycle travels 710 m in 87 s.

Calculate the speed of the motorcycle and show that it is close to 8 m / s.

[3]

(ii) The motorcycle in part (b)(i) travels at a constant speed for 87 s.

On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed–time graph for the motorcycle. [2]

[Total: 10]

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 4

2 A liquid-in-glass thermometer contains mercury.

(a) The mass of the mercury in the thermometer is 12 g.

(i) Calculate the weight of the mercury.

weight of mercury = ..................................................... N [3]

(ii) The 12 g of mercury has a volume of 0.88 cm3.

Calculate the density of mercury.

density of mercury = .............................................. g / cm3 [3]

(b) The mercury in the thermometer expands when its temperature rises.

(i) State what happens to the mass of the mercury when its temperature rises.
Tick (3) one box.

mass decreases
mass stays the same
mass increases
[1]

(ii) State what happens to the density of the mercury when its temperature rises.
Tick (3) one box.

density decreases
density stays the same
density increases
[1]

[Total: 8]

© UCLES 2021 0625/31/M/J/21

 5

3 A plank balances horizontally on a log of wood, which acts as a pivot.

(a) A girl sits on one end of the plank, and her brother pushes down on the other end to make the
plank balance horizontally. Fig. 3.1 shows the arrangement.

pivot

1.2 m 1.6 m

weight = 404 N F

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

Calculate the moment of the girl’s weight about the pivot and show that it is close to 480 N m.

[3]

(b) The plank balances horizontally when the boy pushes down with a force F at a distance of
1.6 m from the pivot.

Calculate the size of force F.

force F = ..................................................... N [3]

[Total: 6]

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 7

5 (a) A man starts pulling his suitcase across the floor.

suitcase

12 N 20 N

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

(i) Fig. 5.1 shows the horizontal forces acting on the suitcase.

Calculate the resultant horizontal force on the suitcase.

size of force = ........................................................... N

direction ...............................................................
[2]

(ii) After a short time, the suitcase is moving at a constant speed.

Suggest values for the sizes of the two horizontal forces on the suitcase when it is
moving at a constant speed.

pulling force = ........................................................ (N)

friction force = ........................................................ (N) [1]

(b) The total downward force of the suitcase on the ground is 150 N. The suitcase has two wheels.
Each wheel has an area of 0.60 cm2 touching the ground.

Calculate the pressure of the suitcase on the ground.

pressure on the ground = ............................................. N / cm2 [4]

[Total: 7]

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 9

7 A narrow beam of white light enters a glass prism and splits into the colours of the visible spectrum,
as shown in Fig. 7.1.

glass
prism
colours of
visible spectrum

m
w bea t
r o h
nar hite lig
of w

Fig. 7.1

(a) The rays leaving the prism represent the seven main colours of the visible spectrum.

Complete the labelling on Fig. 7.1 by writing the colours of the visible spectrum in the table.
[2]

(b) State the term used to describe:

(i) the bending of the light as it enters the prism

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the different amounts of bending that produce the spectrum.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) A student incorrectly writes some sentences about electromagnetic waves. His teacher circles
a mistake in each sentence.

In the table, write a suitable correction for each mistake. The first one has been done for you.

student’s sentences correction

the speed of light is faster than radio waves in a
the same as
vacuum

X-rays are used in television remote controllers

radio waves have the highest frequencies in the

electromagnetic spectrum
[2]

[Total: 6]

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 10

8 (a) A loudspeaker is producing a sound.

Choose words from the box to complete the sentences about sound.

amplitude frequency speed wavelength

(i) To increase the loudness of the sound, increase the ............................................. of the
sound wave. [1]

(ii) To increase the pitch of the sound, increase the ............................................. of the
sound wave. [1]

(b) Two students determine the speed of sound in air.

The students stand together, 80 m from a large brick wall as shown in Fig. 8.1.

brick wall

80 m

Fig. 8.1 (not to scale)

One student shouts and as he shouts the other student starts a stop-watch. She stops the
stop-watch when she hears the echo of the shout.
The reading on the stop-watch is 0.56 s.

(i) State the total distance the sound travels during the 0.56 s.

distance = ..................................................... m [1]

(ii) Calculate the speed of sound in air using the measurements given in part (b).

speed of sound = ................................................. m / s [3]

(iii) The students’ value for the speed of sound is not accurate.

Suggest two ways of improving the students’ experiment.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 8]
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 15

12 (a) Table 12.1 describes four nuclides.

Table 12.1

name of nuclide plutonium-238 thorium-234 uranium-235 uranium-238

238 234 235 238

nuclide notation
94
Pu 90
Th 92
U 92
U

(i) State which two nuclides have the same number of protons.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State which two nuclides have the same number of nucleons.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) State which one of the four nuclides has the most electrons orbiting when it is in a neutral
atom.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Thorium-234 has a half-life of 24 days. A sample of radioactive material contains 40 mg of

thorium-234.

Calculate the mass of thorium-234 remaining after 72 days.

mass of thorium-234 remaining = ................................................... mg [3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2021 0625/31/M/J/21

 2

1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed–time graph for a car travelling along a road.

18

speed 16
m/s
14

12

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time / s

Fig. 1.1

(a) Determine the distance travelled by the car between 30 s and 60 s.

distance travelled = ..................................................... m [3]

(b) The distance travelled by the car between 60 s and 110 s is 460 m.

Calculate the average speed of the car between 60 s and 110 s.

average speed = ................................................. m / s [4]

(c) Describe the motion of the car between 30 s and 60 s.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Describe the motion of the car between 60 s and 80 s.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 9]

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 3

2 (a) A scientist has a measuring cylinder, a beaker of sea water and an electronic balance.

Describe an experiment to determine the density of the sea water.

Include any equations in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) A plank of wood floats on the sea.

Explain why the wood floats.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2021 0625/33/M/J/21 [Turn over

 4

3 (a) A girl and her brother sit on opposite sides of a see-saw as shown in Fig. 3.1.

girl brother
1.9 m 1.2 m

240 N pivot
W

Fig. 3.1

(i) Calculate the girl’s moment about the pivot and show that it is close to 460 N m.

[3]

(ii) The see-saw is balanced horizontally.

Calculate the weight W of the brother.

W = ..................................................... N [3]

(b) The weight of the girl in Fig. 3.1 is 240 N.

Calculate the mass of the girl. Include the unit in your answer.

mass of girl = ......................... unit ........................ [4]

[Total: 10]

© UCLES 2021 0625/33/M/J/21

 5

4 (a) A power station burns fossil fuel to produce electrical energy.

(i) State the form of the energy stored in the fuel.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Some of the energy stored in the fuel is not converted to electrical energy.

Suggest how energy is wasted in the generator.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Solar panels produce electrical energy.

State two advantages and two disadvantages of using solar panels, rather than fossil fuels,
to produce electrical energy.

advantages

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

disadvantages

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

[Total: 7]

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 9

7 This question is about the electromagnetic spectrum.

(a) (i) State the name of a region of the electromagnetic spectrum which has longer
wavelengths than visible light.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of a region of the electromagnetic spectrum which has shorter
wavelengths than visible light.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Electromagnetic waves are travelling through a vacuum. Indicate the property that is
always the same for all the waves.

Tick (3) one box.

frequency
speed
amplitude
[1]

(iv) Indicate the correct statement about the nature of electromagnetic waves.

Tick (3) one box.

All electromagnetic waves are transverse.

All electromagnetic waves are longitudinal.
Some electromagnetic waves are transverse and some are longitudinal.
[1]

(v) Indicate the correct statement about the action of electromagnetic waves.

Tick (3) one box.

They transfer energy from one place to another.

They transfer atoms from one place to another.
They transfer molecules from one place to another.
[1]

(b) State the type of electromagnetic radiation used:

(i) for a remote controller to operate a television

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) in a hospital to produce an image of broken bones.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]
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 10

8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of light incident on a plane mirror.

X
a
plane mirror
b
c

ray of light

Fig. 8.1

(i) State which angle, a, b or c, is the angle of incidence.

angle of incidence = .......................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of the line labelled X.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The mirror reflects the ray of light.

On Fig. 8.1, draw the reflected ray. [2]

© UCLES 2021 0625/33/M/J/21

 11

(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a ray of red light travelling through a semicircular glass block.

air
42°
glass
ray of block
red light

Fig. 8.2

(i) Fig. 8.3 shows another ray of red light entering the semicircular glass block at 60°.

Continue the path of this ray through the glass block and into the air.

air
60°
ray of
red light glass
block

Fig. 8.3
[2]

(ii) Fig. 8.4 shows another ray of red light entering the semicircular glass block at 20°.

Continue the path of this ray through the glass block and into the air.

air

20°
glass
ray of block
red light

Fig. 8.4
[2]

[Total: 8]

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 16

11 (a) A nucleus of nitrogen-13 has the nuclide notation: 13 N.

7
Determine:

(i) the number of protons in one nucleus of nitrogen-13 ................................................... [1]

(ii) the number of neutrons in one nucleus of nitrogen-13 ................................................. [1]

(iii) the number of electrons in one neutral atom of nitrogen-13. ......................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a counter measuring the radioactivity of a sample of nitrogen-13.

counter
sample of nitrogen-13

Fig. 11.1

The counter shows the count rate in counts per minute.

Table 11.1 shows the count rate every 5 minutes.

Table 11.1

count rate due to nitrogen-13

time / min
counts / min
0 300
5 212
10 150
15 106
20 75
25 53

Calculate the half-life of nitrogen-13 using information from Table 11.1.

half-life of nitrogen-13 = .................................................. min [2]

[Total: 5]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2021 0625/33/M/J/21

 2

1 (a) A student uses a stopwatch in a timing experiment.

Fig. 1.1 shows the stopwatch readings.

reading at the start reading at the end

of the experiment of the experiment

1 1
min s 100 s min s 100 s

Fig. 1.1

Calculate the time interval between the two readings.

time interval = ...................................................... s [2]

(b) A device has a light-emitting diode (LED) that flashes briefly at regular intervals.

Describe how to determine accurately the average time for each interval, using a stopwatch.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2019 0625/33/O/N/19

 3

2 A student reviews some data about athletes and footballers.

(a) An athlete runs 12 km in 1.5 hours.

Calculate the athlete’s average speed in km / h.

average speed = ............................................... km / h [3]

(b) Fig. 2.1 shows the speed-time graph for a footballer for the first 15.0 seconds of a game.

7.0
speed
m/s
6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
time / s
Fig. 2.1

(i) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the distance travelled by the footballer during the
first 4.0 seconds.

distance = ..................................................... m [3]

(ii) Use the graph in Fig. 2.1 to determine when the footballer is moving with greatest
acceleration.

Between .............................. s and .............................. s

Give a reason for your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Another footballer has a mass of 72 kg.

Calculate the weight of this footballer.

weight = ...................................................... N [3]

[Total: 11]
© UCLES 2019 0625/33/O/N/19 [Turn over
 4

3 A model aircraft is flying through air. Fig. 3.1 shows the forces acting on the model aircraft. The
weight of the model aircraft is 15.0 N.

15.0 N

direction of motion

11.0 N
19.0 N

15.0 N

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) Determine the size and direction of the resultant horizontal force acting on the model
aircraft.

size of resultant horizontal force = ........................................................... N

direction of resultant horizontal force = ...............................................................

[1]

(ii) Describe the change in the motion of the model aircraft.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The horizontal forces acting on the model aircraft become balanced.

Suggest how the horizontal forces acting on the model aircraft have changed.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 4]

© UCLES 2019 0625/33/O/N/19

 5

4 (a) A man is working on a platform. He uses a rope to raise a bag from the ground to the platform
as shown in Fig. 4.1.

man

platform

rope

bag

Fig. 4.1

(i) State the type of energy gained by the bag as it is lifted at constant speed.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The man then lifts a second bag from the ground to the platform. The first bag weighs
100 N and the second bag weighs 150 N.

On which bag of materials does the man do more work?

...........................................................................................................................................

Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii) The man wants to determine his useful power as he lifts one of the bags. He knows the
weight of the bag. State the two other quantities he needs to know.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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 6

(b) The statements describe processes in a coal-fired power station. They are not in the correct
order.

A Thermal energy boils water.

B Coal burns to produce thermal (heat) energy.

C Electricity is transmitted to a step-up transformer.

D A turbine turns coils in a magnetic field.

E Steam turns a turbine.

Use the letters A, B, C, D and E to complete the flow chart explaining how the power station
works.

Coal is crushed to a fine powder.

Hot air blows the coal powder into a furnace.

Boiling water produces steam.

Electricity is generated.

[3]

[Total: 7]

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 8

6 (a) Fig. 6.1 represents a transverse wave drawn full size. Point X represents a point on the wave.

Fig. 6.1

(i) On Fig. 6.1, mark clearly the directions in which point X moves. [1]

(ii) Use Fig. 6.1 to measure the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = ................................................... cm [1]

(iii) The frequency of the wave is increased. Describe how the wave pattern in Fig. 6.1 would
be different.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Place a tick in a box next to any transverse wave.

light

sound

radio [1]

(ii) State a type of wave that cannot travel in a vacuum.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

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8 Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of light travelling through a glass block and then reflecting from a mirror.

mirror
R T
S
P
Q
glass
block

M
N

Fig. 8.1

(a) State the term used for the dashed lines drawn in Fig. 8.1.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Use Fig. 8.1 to identify the three angles in the list. Place the correct letter in the box to indicate
each angle.

angle of incidence

angle of reflection

angle of refraction [3]

(c) The ray of light in Fig. 8.1 changes direction as it enters the glass block. State the name of
this effect and explain why it happens.

name of effect ...........................................................................................................................

explanation ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 6]

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12 Fig. 12.1 shows the nuclide notation for three isotopes of an element.

1 2 3
X Y Z
1 1 1

Fig. 12.1

(a) (i) Describe how the nuclide notation shows that each isotope is of the same element.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe how the nuclide notation shows the differences between the isotopes.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Radioactive sources emit radiation when they decay. State the names of three types of
radioactive emission.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Radioactive emissions have differing characteristics. One characteristic is their ionising effect.

Complete the statement about ionisation, using words from the box. The words can be used
once, more than once or not at all.

electrons negatively neutrons positively neutrally protons

When atoms are ionised,

............................... may be removed, leaving ............................... charged atoms (ions), or

............................... may be gained, forming ............................... charged atoms (ions). [4]

(d) Polonium-210 has a half-life of 140 days. A sample of polonium-210 has 8.0 × 1010 atoms.
Calculate the number of polonium-210 atoms remaining in the sample after 280 days.

number of atoms = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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1 A car accelerates from rest at time t = 0 to its maximum speed.

Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the first 25 s of its motion.

40

speed
m/s
30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
t/s

Fig. 1.1

(a) The mass of the car is 2300 kg.

For the time between t = 0 and t = 5.0 s, determine:

(i) the acceleration of the car

acceleration = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) the resultant force acting on the car.

resultant force = ........................................................ [2]

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(b) Describe the motion of the car between t = 10 s and t = 15 s. Explain how Fig. 1.1 shows this.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) Between t = 10 s and t = 15 s, the force exerted on the car due to the engine remains constant.

Suggest and explain why the car moves in the way shown by Fig. 1.1.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]

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2 (a) State two properties of an object that may be changed by the action of forces.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A chest expander is a piece of equipment used by athletes in a gym. Fig. 2.1 shows a chest
expander that consists of five identical springs connected in parallel between two handles.

springs

Fig. 2.1

Each spring has an unstretched length of 0.63 m.

Two athletes are stretching the chest expander by pulling on the two handles in opposite
directions.

(i) The springs obey Hooke’s law.

Explain what is meant by this statement.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Each athlete pulls the handle towards himself with a force of 1300 N.

1. State the tension in each spring.

tension = ........................................................ [1]

2. The chest expander stretches and each spring is now 0.94 m long.

Calculate the spring constant k of each spring.

k = ........................................................ [2]

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(iii) State the energy changes taking place as the two athletes use their muscles to stretch
the chest expander.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a shooting competition, where air rifles fire soft metal pellets at distant targets.

target

air rifle

Fig. 3.1

When an air rifle is fired, it exerts an impulse of 0.019 N s on the pellet.

(a) Define impulse.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The pellet has a mass of 1.1 × 10–4 kg.

Determine:

(i) the speed with which the pellet leaves the rifle

speed = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) the kinetic energy of the pellet as it leaves the rifle.

kinetic energy = ........................................................ [3]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a loudspeaker that is producing a sound wave in air of frequency 15 000 Hz.

hollow
paper
cone

Fig. 4.1

(a) Describe how the cone of the loudspeaker produces this sound.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.

Calculate the wavelength of this sound.

wavelength = ........................................................ [2]

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(c) The loudspeaker is placed a considerable distance to the left of a barrier with a gap. The
width of the gap is double the wavelength of the sound. Sound from the loudspeaker reaches
the barrier and passes through the gap.

Fig. 4.2 shows the gap in the barrier.

barrier

barrier

Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

On Fig. 4.2, sketch a diagram that represents the sound wave as a series of wavefronts

• travelling towards the barrier

• in the gap

• and travelling away from the barrier.

[3]

[Total: 8]

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8 Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of red light incident on one side of a glass prism in air.

glass prism

red light

Fig. 8.1

For red light, the refractive index of glass is nR.

(a) The angle of incidence is 53° and the angle of refraction in the glass is 30°.

(i) Calculate nR.

nR = ........................................................ [2]

(ii) On Fig. 8.1, sketch a line to indicate the path of the red light when it emerges from the
glass prism. Label this path R. [1]

(iii) Explain why the quantity refractive index does not have a unit.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) For violet light, the refractive index nV of glass is slightly larger than nR.

(i) A ray of violet light is incident on the prism along the same path as the ray of red light.

On Fig. 8.1, sketch a line to indicate the path of the violet light in the prism and when it
emerges into the air. Label this path V. [1]

(ii) When a ray of white light is incident on the prism, dispersion produces a continuous
spectrum of coloured light.

State how the speed of light in glass depends on its frequency. Explain how this is shown
by the dispersion of white light in the prism.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 8]
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9 (a) The chemical symbol of the element lithium is Li. The proton number of lithium is 3.

Fig. 9.1 is a representation of a nucleus of a radioactive isotope of lithium that is about to

decay.

Fig. 9.1

(i) Write down, using nuclide notation, the symbol that represents this isotope of lithium.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) This isotope of lithium decays by β-particle emission to form another nucleus.

Complete Fig. 9.2 to represent this decay by:

• using the same representation as in Fig. 9.1 and in the space after the arrow, draw
a diagram of the nucleus formed by the decay
• writing the name of the particle that is identical to a β-particle on the answer line
provided.

+
.............................................

Fig. 9.2
[3]

(b) A radiation detector is set up in a laboratory where there are no radioactive samples.

On six separate occasions, the detector is switched on for 1.0 minute and the background
count is recorded. The counts are:

23 27 25 24 20 25

(i) State why the readings are not all identical.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest a possible source for this background radiation.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iii) A sample containing only one radioactive isotope is brought into the laboratory. The
half-life of the isotope is 15 hours.

The sample is placed near to the radiation detector in this laboratory. The detector is
switched on and, after 1.0 minute, a count of 440 is recorded.

The sample is left next to the detector and the experiment is repeated 45 hours later.

The detector is switched on for 1.0 minute.

Predict the reading for the count obtained on this occasion.

reading ........................................................ [3]

[Total: 9]

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7 This question is about the electromagnetic spectrum.

(a) (i) State the name of a region of the electromagnetic spectrum which has longer
wavelengths than visible light.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of a region of the electromagnetic spectrum which has shorter
wavelengths than visible light.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Electromagnetic waves are travelling through a vacuum. Indicate the property that is
always the same for all the waves.

Tick (3) one box.

frequency
speed
amplitude
[1]

(iv) Indicate the correct statement about the nature of electromagnetic waves.

Tick (3) one box.

All electromagnetic waves are transverse.

All electromagnetic waves are longitudinal.
Some electromagnetic waves are transverse and some are longitudinal.
[1]

(v) Indicate the correct statement about the action of electromagnetic waves.

Tick (3) one box.

They transfer energy from one place to another.

They transfer atoms from one place to another.
They transfer molecules from one place to another.
[1]

(b) State the type of electromagnetic radiation used:

(i) for a remote controller to operate a television

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) in a hospital to produce an image of broken bones.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]
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8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of light incident on a plane mirror.

X
a
plane mirror
b
c

ray of light

Fig. 8.1

(i) State which angle, a, b or c, is the angle of incidence.

angle of incidence = .......................................................... [1]

(ii) State the name of the line labelled X.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The mirror reflects the ray of light.

On Fig. 8.1, draw the reflected ray. [2]

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(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a ray of red light travelling through a semicircular glass block.

air
42°
glass
ray of block
red light

Fig. 8.2

(i) Fig. 8.3 shows another ray of red light entering the semicircular glass block at 60°.

Continue the path of this ray through the glass block and into the air.

air
60°
ray of
red light glass
block

Fig. 8.3
[2]

(ii) Fig. 8.4 shows another ray of red light entering the semicircular glass block at 20°.

Continue the path of this ray through the glass block and into the air.

air

20°
glass
ray of block
red light

Fig. 8.4
[2]

[Total: 8]

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11 (a) A nucleus of nitrogen-13 has the nuclide notation: 13 N.

7
Determine:

(i) the number of protons in one nucleus of nitrogen-13 ................................................... [1]

(ii) the number of neutrons in one nucleus of nitrogen-13 ................................................. [1]

(iii) the number of electrons in one neutral atom of nitrogen-13. ......................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a counter measuring the radioactivity of a sample of nitrogen-13.

counter
sample of nitrogen-13

Fig. 11.1

The counter shows the count rate in counts per minute.

Table 11.1 shows the count rate every 5 minutes.

Table 11.1

count rate due to nitrogen-13

time / min
counts / min
0 300
5 212
10 150
15 106
20 75
25 53

Calculate the half-life of nitrogen-13 using information from Table 11.1.

half-life of nitrogen-13 = .................................................. min [2]

[Total: 5]
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Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

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