Autonomic Nervous System

Lecture 4
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM Color Index:
Main text
Boys' Slides
Girls' Slides
Important
Dr's Notes
Extra
Editing File
OBJECTIVES
Define the autonomic nervous system.
Describe the structure of autonomic nervous system.
Trace the preganglionic & postganglionic neurons in both
sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system.
Enumerate in brief the main effects of sympathetic &
parasympathetic system.
Nervous System
Peripheral Central Nervous

Nervous System System
Spinal cord
Autonomic Nervous
Somatic Nervous System brain
system
(Voluntary control)
(Involuntary control)
Sensory Motor
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
we will talk about this part

Autonomic
Nervous System Helpful Video
Concerned with the innervation and control of involuntary structures:

visceral organs, smooth & cardiac muscles and glands
Along with the endocrine system, its primary function is homeostasis

of the internal environment.
Regulated (controlled) by hypothalamus.
Unlike the somatic nervous system, the efferent pathway of the autonomic
nervous system is made up of two neurons called as preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons.
The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are present in the brain and
spinal cord. Their axons synapse with the postganglionic neurons whose
cell bodies are present in the autonomic ganglia
Located both in the central and peripheral nervous

systems.
Symapthetic
Activated during
exercise, excitement
and emergencies.
Parasympathetic
Concerned with
conserving energy.
Both divisions operate in

conjunction with one or another Note 438: the cause of preganglionic (white) and
postganglionic (grey) fibers having different colors
(have antagonistic control over
is the myelin sheath that the preganglionic fibers
the viscera) to maintain a stable (white) are sheeted with. Myelin helps isolate
internal environment. preganglionic fibers for faster transportation.
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Iris of the eye (pupil) Dilates (wider) Constricts
Ciliary of the eye Relaxes Contracts
Salivary gland Reduces secretions Increases secretions
Lacrimal gland Reduces secretions Increases secretions
Increases rate and Decreases rate and

Heart
force of contraction force of contraction
Bronchi Dilates Constricts
Gastrointestinal tract Decreases motility Increases motility
Sweat glands Increases secretions No effect
Erection Pili (muscle

Contracts No effect
attachedto the hair)
Adrenaline Released Inhibited
Bladder Relaxes Contracts

Sympathetic Division
1- Preganglionic Neurons:
Located in the lateral gray horn of T1- L2 segments of

spinal cord
(ThoracoLumbar Outflow).
Outflow: the passage of impulses outwardly from the central nervous system.
Important Note (439): Sympathetic neurons are only found in the spinal cord.
2- Postganglionic ganglia:
Located nearer to the central nervous system as:
1- Prevertebral is the celiac and mesenteric (in front of vertebral).
2- Paravertebral forming sympathetic chain (next to parallel).

Paravertebral Ganglia
They are interconnected to form 2 sympathetic
chains, one on each side of vertebral column
Number of ganglia:
Three in cervical part of chain.
Eleven to twelve in thoracic part.
Four in lumbar & sacral parts each.
The chains end into a common 'ganglion impar' in

front of coccyx. Impar means one ganglion
Preganglionic Fibers Girls'
Slides
Run in the ventral roots of the spinal nerve.
Travel through the spinal nerve, and

then join the sympathetic chain via
white rami communicans (WRC.)
Singular *ramus*, plural *rami*.
Preganglionic Fibers
- Within the Sympathetic Chain, these fibers may:
Synapse with cells of the corresponding paravertebral

1
ganglion located in the sympathetic chain.
Postganglionic neurons are cells of the corresponding

paravertebral ganglion; postganglionic axons leave the
sympathetic chain and join the spinal nerve (via grey
ramus cummincans) (GRC) to supply structures in thorax
+ blood vessels & sweat glands.
Check the photo on the right to
have a better understanding 1
Preganglionic Fibers Cont…
Ascend or descend to synapse with neurons

2
(postganglionic) of paravertebral ganglia located in
sympathetic chain.
Postganglionic neurons are cells of this particular

paravertebral ganglion: postganglionic axons leave the
sympathetic chain & join the spinal nerve corresponding
to this ganglion to supply structures in head & thorax +
blood vessels & sweat glands.
2

have a better understanding
2
Preganglionic Fibers Cont…
3 Leave the sympathetic chain (without synapse) to

reach coeliac & superior or inferior mesenteric
ganglia (around branches of abdominal aorta) to
synapse with their neurons (postganglionic).
Postganglionic neurons are cells of coeliac, superior

& inferior mesenteric plexuses. Postganglionic axons
supply abdominal & pelvic viscera.

have a better understanding
3
Sympathetic Nervous
System Anatomy
Parasympathetic Division
Preganglionic neurons located in:
Nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th, and 10th Cranial

Nerves of the brainstem (cranial outflow).
The lateral gray horn of the S2-S4 segments of

the Spinal Cord (sacral outflow).
Preganglionic fibers from cranial outflow are

carried by 3rd, 7th, 9th & 10th cranial nerves and
terminate in ciliary, pterygopalatine,
submandibular, otic & peripheral ganglia.
Postganglionic fibers innervate organs of the

head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.
Preganglionic fibers from sacral outflow are

carried by pelvic splanchnic nerves to peripheral
ganglia in pelvis where they synapse.
Postganglionic fibers innervate organs of the

pelvis and lower abdomen.
Parasympathetic Boys'
Nervous System Slides
Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons:
1 Cells located in the brainstem: Preganglionic

axons leave the brainstem and join:
Third cranial nerve to synapse with cells of ciliary

ganglion. Postganglionic neurons supply sphincter
pupillae & ciliary muscles.
Seventh cranial nerve to synapse with the cells of
pterygopalatine & submandibular ganglia. Postganglionic
neurons of pterygopalatine gangila supply lacrimal,
nasal & palatine gland. While the submadibular gland
supply submandibular & sublingual salivary glands.
Ninth cranial nerve to synapse with cells of otic ganglion.

Postganglionic neurons supply parotid salivary gland.
Tenth cranial nerve to synapse with cells of peripheral

ganglia. Postganglionic neurons supply structures in
the thorax & abdomen.
Parasympathetic Boys'
Nervous System Slides
Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons:
2
Cells located in 2nd, 3rd & 4th sacral
segments of spinal cord: Preganglionic axons
leave the spinal cord and join:
Corresponding sacral spinal nerves to reach

peripheral ganglia in the pelvis where they synapse.
Postganglionic neurons are cells of peripheral ganglia.
Postganglionic axons supply pelvic viscera.
Comparsion Between
Sympathetic And
Parasympathetic Division
MCQs
1
The postganglionic ganglias of the sympathetic nervous system is located at:
A) Brainstem
B) Thoracic
C) Sacral segments
D) Sympathetic
2
segments chain
Which of the following cranial nerves contain a parasympathetic neuron?
A) 5th B) 7th C) 2nd D) 11th
3
A) Dilated iris of
Which of the following is a parasympathetic effect?
B) Dilated bronchi C) Decrease in GIT D) Decreased heart
4
the eye motility rate
Preganglionic fibers get through sympathetic chain via:
B) White Ramus
A) Spinal nerve C) Ventral root D) GRC
5
communicans
Where do parasympathetic fibres originate?
A) The
B) The cranial and D) Coeliac &
thoracolumbar C) Head and Neck
sacral regions Mesenteric ganglia
spinal region
1-D 2-B 3-D 4-B 5-B

Leaders
Nisreen Alotaibi Omar Alattas
MEMBERS
Shaden Alotaibi Abdulhadi Alqahtani
Danah Khallaf Turki Alanzi
Elaf Alshamlan Talal Alrobaian
Jana Alahaideb Abdulmalik Aldafs
Dana Alotaibi Ahmad Addas
Noorah Alkhilaiwi Salman AlHakeem
Orjwan Alharthi Ziyad Bukhari
Lana Alfouzan
anatomy.444ksu@gmail.com

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Lecture 4

Peripher﻿al Central Nervous

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

we will talk about this part

Concerned with the innervation and control of involuntary structures:

Along with the endocrine system, its primary function is homeostasis

Regulated (controlled) by hypothalamus.

Located both in the central and peripheral nervous

Both divisions operate in

Iris of the eye (pupil) Dilates (wider) Constricts

Ciliary of the eye Relaxes Contracts

Salivary gland Reduces secretions Increases secretions

Lacrimal gland Reduces secretions Increases secretions

Increases rate and Decreases rate and

Bronchi Dilates Constricts

Gastrointestinal tract Decreases motility Increases motility

Sweat glands Increases secretions No effect

Erection Pili (muscle

Adrenaline Released Inhibited

Bladder Relaxes Contracts

Located in the lateral gray horn of T1- L2 segments of

Located nearer to the central nervous system as:

1- Prevertebral is the celiac and mesenteric (in front of vertebral).

2- Paravertebral forming sympathetic chain (next to parallel).

The chains end into a common 'ganglion impar' in

Travel through the spinal nerve, and

Synapse with cells of the corresponding paravertebral

Postganglionic neurons are cells of the corresponding

Ascend or descend to synapse with neurons

Postganglionic neurons are cells of this particular

Check the photo on the right to

3 Leave the sympathetic chain (without synapse) to

Postganglionic neurons are cells of coeliac, superior

Check the photo on the right to

Nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th, and 10th Cranial

The lateral gray horn of the S2-S4 segments of

Preganglionic fibers from cranial outflow are

Postganglionic fibers innervate organs of the

Preganglionic fibers from sacral outflow are

Postganglionic fibers innervate organs of the

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons:

1 Cells located in the brainstem: Preganglionic

Third cranial nerve to synapse with cells of ciliary

Ninth cranial nerve to synapse with cells of otic ganglion.

Tenth cranial nerve to synapse with cells of peripheral

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons:

Corresponding sacral spinal nerves to reach

Which of the following cranial nerves contain a parasympathetic neuron?

A) 5th B) 7th C) 2nd D) 11th

B) Dilated bronchi C) Decrease in GIT D) Decreased heart

Preganglionic fibers get through sympathetic chain via:

Where do parasympathetic fibres originate?

1-D 2-B 3-D 4-B 5-B

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