ზ. კიკნაძე. ჯვარი და საყმო

Sesavali
jvari da saymo _ es ori realoba Seadgens aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis miTologiur
gadmocemaTa ZiriTad Temas. rac Gven viciT, rac
Gvenamde jer saymom icoda Tavisi arsebobis
klasikur xanaSi jvarisa da saymos genezisis Ses-
axeb, yvelaferi am gadmocemebSia daculi, romel-
nic Gvens dReebamde, samwuxarod, fragmentuli
saxiT aris moRweuli. rogorc ar SeiZleba eWvi
Segveparos qveynis istoriaSi, kerZod, rom esa Tu
is movlena namdvilad moxda da swored ase, am
dros da am adgilze moxda, rogorc gvauwyebs ma-
tiane, romelic TviTmxilvelis mier aris dawerili,
aseve saymos ar epareba eWvi im sinamdvileSi,
rasac tradiciuli zepirsityvieri teqstebi gadmosce-
men; ar epareba eWvi, rac unda daujerebeli iyos
es sinamdvile, an iqneb swored imitomac, rom
daujerebelia, rogorc tertuliane ambobs certum est
quia impossibile (`namdvilia, radgan
SeuZlebelia~).
miTologiuri gadmocema, rac unda fantastikuri
iyos misi Sinaarsi, namdvilad momxdar ambad aris
aRqmuli tradiciul sazogadoebaSi. es asea ara am
sazogadoebis primitiuli cnobierebis gamo, TiTqos
tradiciuli adamiani ver arGevdes erTmaneTisagan
realurs da ararealurs, _ aseTi xanac ki war-
moudgenia zogierT Teorias kacobriobis istoriaSi, _
i
aramed im mniSvnelovani viTarebis gamo, rom er-
Txel, `mas Jamsa Sina~ Seqmnili da TaobaTa mex-
sierebaSi Senaxul-gamotarebuli sityvieri an sxva
xasiaTis teqsti aRibeWdavs utyuarobis niSans da
sakraluri simZimiT itvirTeba, raki mas rjulis dam-
afuZnebeli funqcia daekisreba. xolo ramac
daafuZna rjuli, ar SeiZleba ar iyos namdvilad mo-
mxdari. garkveuli tipis gadmocemebs efuZneba da
maTi avtoritetiT aris gamarTlebuli sazogadoebis
saero da sakraluri yofa, mTeli misi sinamdvile.
tradiciuli sazogadoebis SegnebaSi miTologiuri
gadmocema, sazogadod, miTosi, _ viziareb cnobili
eTnologis b. malinovskis Tvalsazriss, _ war-
moadgens ara ubralo TavSesaqcev ambavs an
raime movlenis mxatvrul warmosaxvas Tu axsnas,
aramed mamapapuri rwmenisa da zneobrivi
sibrZnis saxelmZRvanelo wesdebulebas, romelic
awesrigebs da warmarTavs sazogadoebis yofa-cx-
ovrebis yovel sferos. miTosi, am ganmartebiT, aris
kacobriuli kulturis sasicocxlo ingredienti [156,785;
131,38]. amgvarad aRqmuli da Sefasebuli
Tqmuleba anu miTosi, rogorc ideologiuri movlena,
Seswavlili unda iqnas misi Semqmneli da Sem-
naxveli sazogadoebis sasicocxlo interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. misi bunebis marTebuli gagebisa-
Tvis ufro arsebiTia masze dakvirveba Signidan, im
yofasTan erTianobaSi, sadac is asrulebs Tavis fun-
qcias, vidre am yofas mowyvetili teqstis mxatvruli
Tu struqturuli analizi. cxadia, amgvari kvlevis
warsamarTavad realurad unda arsebobdes kidec
iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac mTeli ZaliT `muSaobs~
miTosi, rom mkvlevars SeeZlos miTologiur gadmo-
cemaTa dadastureba xsenebuli funqciiT.
ii
saqarTveloSi fSav-xevsureTi, TuSeTi da mTi-
uleT-gudamayari swored is sazogadoebebia, sadac
ukanasknel xanamde cocxlad iyo Semonaxuli da
dRemde met-naklebi cxovelmyofelobiT gana-
grZobs arsebobas tradiciuli yofa Tavisi atributebiT,
romelTa Soris mniSvnelovani adgili zepirsityviere-
bas uWiravs. saqarTvelos barisgan gansxvavebiT,
am mxareebSi miTosi warmodgenilia ara calkeuli
siuJetebisa Tu motivebis saxiT, aramed erT organul
mTlianobad, romelic myarad Sekrul sistemas qm-
nis. aq funqciur moqmedebaSi dasturdeba miTolo-
giur gadmocemaTa erTiani sistema. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTis sazogadoebaTa miTologiuri
teqstebi, romelTa erT nawilSi Gans zogadqarTuli
(zogierT SemTxvevaSi, mwignobrulidan momdin-
are) tradicia, Seiqmna an gadamuSavda adgilobriv
niadagze, adgilobrivi saWiroebisaTvis _ mTaSi Sex-
iznuli mosaxleobis konsolidaciisaTvis, maTi saerTo
rjulis Sesanaxad da saerTo warsulis xsovnis
gansamtkiceblad. miTosi udamwerlobo
sazogadoebis zepirsityvieri, adamianis arcTu xan-
grZliv maxsovrobas mindobili istoriaa, sadac
realuri movlenebi Taviseburad aris areklili da gark-
veul tipobriv siuJetebSia moqceuli. miTosi Rrmad
aris GabeWdili ara mxolod xalxis cnobierebasa da
cxovrebaSi, aramed garesamyaroSic _ im land-
SaftSi, im miwa-wyalze, sadac istoriuli bedisweriT,
nebiT Tu uneblieT mouxda cxovreba am xalxs.
àndrez marTal as~ _ ambobs tradiciuli
sazogadoebis anu saymos wevri da, marTlac, am
sityvebis dasturad is xedavs Tavis qveyanaSi,
Tavis sofelSi, romelic misTvis mTeli qveynierebis
xatia, andrezSi gadmocemuli, istoriamdeli Tu is-
iii
toriuli movlenis kvals. es kvali, romelic xSirad maT-
Tvis warmoadgens zebunebriv arsebaTa
moqmedebiT aRbeWdil tvifars maT miwa-wyalze,
aqve aris, maT Tvalwin, maT yoveldRiur cxovre-
baSi, ara cxramTas iqiT da odesRac, adgilis saxel-
wodebebSi Tu reliefis ucnaur moxazulobaSi, mdin-
aris iwroebSi Tu gabzarul kldeebSi. tradiciulad
moazrovne adamians ara aqvs safuZveli eWvi Seit-
anos mis Taobamde Semonaxuli andrezis WeSmar-
itebaSi. piriqiT, mas sruli safuZveli aqvs, rom
yvelaferSi, rac mis garSemoa da xdeba, andrezis
WeSmariteba dainaxos.
dRevandeli fSavisa Tu xevsureTis miwa-
wyalze aRbeWdilia RvTisSvilebis (wm. giorgis, ko-
palas Tu iaxsris) istoriamdel qmedebaTa kvali.
adgilTa saxelebi (avisgori, karatiswveri, iremTkalo,
abudelauris tba...) inaxavs xsovnas im Jamisa, roca
RvTisSvilni, jer kidev xorcielni, adamianTa ga-
dasarGenad dev-kerpebs ebrZodnen. es adgilebi
mowmea im brZolebisa da gamarjvebebisa. am
ciklis andrezTa utyuarobis gadamwyveti dasturia
salocavebi da maTi niSebi, romlebic swored im
adgilebzea daarsebuli, sadac dev-kerpni mk-
vidrobdnen da sadac ganadgurdnen sabolood.
aseve `marTal as~ da sinamdviliseul faqtad aris
aRiarebuli rwmeniT, raki isini rjuldebis faqtebia,
andrezebSi moTxrobili hierofaniis (siwmideTa
Genis) SemTxvevebi _ wmida saganTa (jvari, Tasi,
Sibi) cidan cvena, an ifnis amosvla keriidan
salocavis daarsebis niSnad, an `mfrinavi xatis~
mogzauroba adgiliTi-adgilad, an mtredis, jvaris
macnis, gamocxadeba monadirisTvis WiuxebSi, an
RvTisSvilTagan qajaveTis dalaSqrva da gaxua
iv
megrelauris `fantastiuri~ Tavgadasavali.
ukanasknel, maTi WeSmaritebis dasturia Tavad
arseboba mosaxleobisa, rogorc saymosi, radgan
andrezis Tanaxmad, saymoc RvTisSvilis mier aris
Seqmnili. Tumca bevri msgavsi andrezuli movlena,
rac saymos SegnebaSi WeSmaritad sinamdv-
iliseulia, mkvlevarma SeiZleba, da Gveulebriv asec
xdeba, aryofilad da gamonagonad miiGnios. ma-
gram mkvlevari xom ara sakuTari, aramed saymos
cnobierebis faqtebs Seiswavlis, im cnobierebisa,
sadac isaxeba andrezi da romelic Tavad andrez-
iTvea nasazrdoebi. gansxvavebiT im mkvl-
evarisagan, romelic realurad momxdar movlenebs
eZiebs da visTvisac sruliad usargebloa mematianis
cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom, magaliTisaTvis, didgoris
omSi `wmida mowame giorgi gancxadebulad da
yovelTa saxilvelad winauZRoda mas [qarTvelobas,
z.k.] da mklaviTa TvisiTa mosrvida zedmowevn-
ulTa warmarTTa~ [73,341], _ wmida giorgis say-
mosaTvis savsebiT realuri movlenis, rogorc am
uTanasworo omSi gamarjvebis gadamwyveti faqt-
oris, utyuari amsaxvelia. WeSmariti midgoma
amgvari movlenebisadmi is iqneba, Tu mkvlevari
maT gareSe ki ar dadgeba, aramed Signidan
Sexedavs maT da dainaxavs imaTi TvaliT,
visTvisac es yovelive ueWveli WeSmaritebaa. ro-
gorc cnobili Teologi vl.loski wers, arsebobs sfer-
oebi, sadac is, rasac Gveulebriv òbieqturobas~
uwodeben, aris mxolod da mxolod ganurGevloba
da sadac ganurGevloba gaugebrobis tolfasia.
oriode sityva àndrezisa~ da `saymos~ gan-
martebisaTvis, raki am cnebebs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs Gems naSromSi.
v
XIX s-is miwurulSi erTi eTnografi werda; àq,
am samSobloSi fSav-xevsurma aqamde Seucvlelad
daicva Tavisi Zveleburi, mamapapuri zne-
Gveuleba, cxovreba, warsuli gardmocema. fSavi
ufro qarTvelia (Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas), vidre
TiTon qarTleli. qarTleli scocxlobs ufro awmyoTi,
momavliT. warsuls man Tu zurgi ar Seaqcia, Tvali
mainc aarida. sul sxva unda iTqvas fSav-
xevsurzed. erTic da meorec cxovrobs warsuliT,
gardmocemiT; qarTlelisaTvis gardmocemam didi
xania dahkarga Tavisi mniSvneloba, Tavisi aRmzr-
deli Zala. fSav-xevsurisaTvis ki es gardmocema
aqamde RvTiuri madlia, romelic asuldgmulebs,
acxovelebs am muWis odena xalxs~ [104,1]. ro-
gorc vxedavT, n.xizaniSvili (igive urbneli) aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos mTasa da bars erTmaneTs
tradiciulobis niSniT upirispirebs. es niSania
`gardmocema~ da igi GaTvlilia `RvTiur madlad~
da, amrigad, sakraluroba aqvs miniWebuli.
cnobili eTnografi r.xaraZe amgvarad gan-
martavs axlaxan damowmebul teqsts; `swored es
gardmocema, romlis mniSvnelobisaTvis miuqcvia
yuradReba 80-iani wlebis mkvlevars, war-
moadgens xevsurul andrezs~ [101,387]. cxadia,
mkvlevars àndrezi~ `gardmocemis~ tolfard cne-
bad miaGnda: mas ar SemousazRvravs àndrezi~
oden samarTlebrivi SinaarsiT. Tumca misi gamok-
vleva andrezis, rogorc terminisa, erT kerZo sferos
eZRvneba. `gardmocema~, romelic `RvTiuri mad-
lad~ aris Seracxili, ar SeiZleba SemovfargloT
xalxuri samarTlis sferoTi. andrezis Sinaarsi gacile-
biT farToa. is uTuod gulisxmobs miTologiuri
xasiaTis gadmocemebsac. saerTo mis samar-
vi
Tlebriv da miTologiur gagebas Soris is aris, rom
orive SemTxvevaSi (samarTalSi da miTosSi) maT
fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba aqvT.
mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi àndrez~
sityvis xmarebisa miTologiuri teqstebidan.
xmalas mTavarangelozis mironmdinare
alvisxis cnobili miTosi _ erT-erTi centraluri gadmo-
cema xevsureTis miTosuri warsulisa àndrezad~
aris wodebuli TviT im simReraSi, sadac es ambavia
gadmocemuli;
èrTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria,
saxels sumeljas etyodes, andrezSi egre
sweria~
[88,# 541].
amave simReris sxva variantSi miTosuri Sur-
iscixis mSeneblis dakargul àndrezzea~ laparaki:
`gawires Suris cixei, simagre iyo Zvelia,
visagan agebuliyo, andrez ar ari, Zvelia~
[88,# 541-d].
adgilobrivi tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT iyenebs am
sityvas vaJa-fSavela [30,152]. igive dasturdeba
v.bardaveliZis SromebSi [6,58,78, 106,108], qs.
sixaruliZis [81, #43-i, #43-k] da el.virsalaZis [12,
#522,524] eqspediciebis masalebSi. xevsuris
naTqvami èg andrez naqadagar as~ [22,15]
adasturebs, rom naqadagari teqstebic, romlebic
jvaris qadagis xilvebs gadmoscems da, Gveulebriv,
miTologiuri xasiaTisaa, andrezad SeiZleba yofiliyo
GaTvlili.
analogiisaTvis, rasac ufro Rrma mniSvneloba
aqvs, vidre formalur analogias SeiZleba hqondes,
movixmob `rjul~ cnebas, romelic àndrezis~ ms-
gavsad ar Semoifargleba samarTlebrivi SinaarsiT
vii
da sakralur sferosac moicavs. `rjuli~ gulisxmobs
xalxur samarTalsac da religiasac. ufro metic: aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi `rjuli~ erTaderTi
sityvaa religiis, sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis
aRmniSvnelad. gavixsenoT Tundac sayovelTaod
cnobili gamoTqma `rjulian-urjuloT salocavi~ da
xevsuruli sadideblis dasawyisi sityvebi; `dideba
RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, dideba dRes
dResindelsa, rjul[s] qristianTasa...~ [15,13]. roca
eTnografiul masalaSi vkiTxulobT cnobas, rom
gudanis jvarSi `muSavdeboda xevsureTis rjuli da
aq SemuSavebuli rjuli gadadioda saTemo da saso-
flo salocavebSi~ [60,143], `rjulSi~ adaTis tradi-
ciebTan erTad unda vgulisxmobdeT jvar-xatebis
religiasac, romelic muSavdeba ra sazogadoebis
sakralur SuagulSi, talRasaviT efineba mTels
sazogadoebas misi danawilebis yovel safexurze
(Temi, sofeli...).
rogorc rjuli-adaTi emyareba andrezs (andrezul
gadmocemas), Tavis wyaros, aseve rjuli-religia
Tavisi genezisiT da mTeli sakulto yofa-qcevis wese-
biTurT andrezis siuJetSia daculi, romelsac am
SemTxvevaSi sakraluri xasiaTi eqneba. sakra-
luroba, ueWvelad, is niSania, romelic andrezis Sin-
aarss, Tundac fantastiurs, utyuarobis avtoritetiT
mosavs misi Semnaxveli sazogadoebis SegnebaSi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is suli, romelic STaberilia an-
drezSi misTvis WeSmaritebis misaniWeblad, igive
sulia, romelmac adamianebis gancalkevebuli
jgufebisagan saymo Seqmna.
`saymoc~ adgilobrivi terminia. masSi ig-
ulisxmeba ganuwyvetel tradiciaze dafuZnebuli
sazogadoeba religiuri SuaguliT, romelsac misi
viii
mfarveli jvari anu ymaTa (moymeTa) saerTo
salocavi ganasaxierebs. saymos aqvs saerTo rjuli
da saerTo andrezi. mas aqvs saerTo warsulis
Segneba, cxovrebis erTnairi niri, yofa-qcevis erT-
nairi yaida. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis,
gansakuTrebiT, fSav-xevsureTis saymoebs va-
dasturebT im mdgomareobaSi, romelsac cnobili
rusi eTnologi lev gumiliovi èTniur myudroebas~
uwodebs. es imgvari mdgradi mdgomareobaa,
roca sazogadoebis yoveli Taoba imeorebs win-
amavali Taobis sasicocxlo cikls, rac, Gveulebriv,
izolaciasTan aris dakavSirebuli [118,45]. magram
saymos genezisSi Gven SegviZlia kvlav andrezis
wyalobiT davadasturoT mdgradobis sawinaaRm-
dego mdgomareoba, romelic l.gumiliovis naazrevSi
`pasionarul afeTqebad~ aris wodebuli.
aristoteles fiqriT, idealuri polisi (qalaqi) adami-
anis Tvalsawiers ar unda gascdenoda da mis mcx-
ovrebsac piradad unda scnobodaT erTmaneTi
(`politika~ 1326). am moTxovnebs akmayofilebs
jvaris garSemo Semokrebili saymoc: misi teritoria
da mosaxleoba advilad Tvalgadasawvdomia da ar
scildeba misi salocavis zaris xmasawiers.
àvisgors SamikidodiT GCemi patara za-
rio.
dahkran, xma axads gavardes, pirs
daiweron jvario~,
mReris saymo amis dasturad sakulto sim-
ReraSi.
Gveni amocana ar aris saymos istoriuli war-
moSobis kvleva. erTia raime movlenis warmoSobis
obieqturi mizezebi da pirobebi, meorea maTi
gadaazreba miTosur-religiur cnobierebaSi. Gven
ix
gvsurs davinaxoT, Tu rogor warmoudgeniaT Tavad
saymos wevrebs _ ymebs, moymeebs saymos war-
moSoba. amaze Gven mTeli wyeba andrezebisa
gvcems pasuxs. magram mainc ismis kiTxva, Tu
ras warmoadgens obieqturad saymo? niSandob-
livia, rom saymos cneba zogadad da bevri kerZo
kuTxiT emTxveva berZnuli polisis ganmartebas, ro-
melic miRebulia mecnierebaSi. Cvenc SegviZlia,
polisis mkvlevarTa kvalze [146-a,90-1], ganvmar-
toT saymo, pirvel rigSi, rogorc organizacia, romelic
Gamoyalibda da arsebobs pirovnebisa da
sazogadoebis nivTieri da sulieri cxovrebisTvis
saukeTeso pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. saymo iseve,
rogorc polisi, SemozRudulia teritoriulad da demo-
grafiulad. yma, iseve rogorc polivth", aris mesak-
uTre, romelsac ekuTvnis saymos teritoriis raRac
nawili da amis safuZvelze aqvs xma agoraze Tu
safixvnoze. polisis, iseve rogorc saymos, miwis
fondis SezRudulobis kvalze SezRudulia mis wevrTa
ricxobriobac, rac iwvevs ganTesvas: polisebidan
kolonizacias qveynis gareT (mcire azia, Savi zRvis
sanapiroebi), saymoebidan _ qveynis SigniT,
kerZod, TianeTsa da kaxeTSi. rogorc polisi ar aris
mxolod politikuri gaerTianeba, aramed religiuri da
sulieri, aseve saymoc. sabolood, saymoze SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom is religiur-politikuri da samxedro or-
ganizaciaa, mowodebuli yvelafris imis gansaxor-
cieleblad, SesanarGuneblad da dasacavad, rac ad-
amianis ara mxolod yofa-cxovrebas, mis sasicocxlo
moTxovnilebebs, aramed mis Sinagan Rirsebas,
sulier mxares mis yovel gamovlinebaSi, Seadgens.
berZnul polisur sistemasTan Gvens saymoebs
isic anaTesavebs, rom saymoebsac aqvT erTi
x
centri, romlis garSemo arian isini Semokrebilni.
kerZod, fSavis SemTxvevaSi msgavseba kidev ufro
Sors midis: rogorc berZnuli polisebi Tormet-Tor-
metad erTiandebodnen amfiktioniaSi romelime re-
ligiuri centris, vTqvaT, delfos garSemo, aseve laS-
aris jvris garSemoa Semokrebili fSavis-xevis Tor-
meti saymo (aseve Tormeti saymoa dadasturebuli
mulax-muJalis TemSi). aseve TvalsaGinoa tipologi-
uri naTesaoba israelis Tormettomovan krebulTan,
romlis Suaguli ierusalimi da misi taZari iyo. vaJa-
fSavela laSaris jvarSi, ierusalimis taZris analogiiT,
fSavis Tormeti Temis `wmidaTa wmidas~ xedavda
(es `Tormeti~ calke problemaa).
1770 wlis demografiul nusxaSi vkiTxulobT:
àrs xevsureTi, kerZo qristeane, Gvenis mouclel-
obiT da JamT viTarebiT sjulzed wamPdarni. komli
aTas orasi~ [16,153]. statistikur dokumentSi erT-
gvari mobodiSebiT sinanulia gamoxatuli dakarguli
samwysos mimarT. magram Tu, erTis mxriv, cent-
raluri samefo xelisuflebis `moucleloba~ izolacias
da `sjulzed waxdenas~ iwvevs, meore mxriv,
imave izolaciasa da `JamT viTarebaSi~ sul raRac
ramdenime aseuli komlisgan Semdgari
mosaxleoba barisagan gansxvavebul kulturul-reli-
giur sazogadoebad yalibdeba. aq aris saymo da aq
Seiqmna misi andrezi.
àndrezisa~ da `saymos~ gamoyeneba ter-
minebad am naSromSi ar aris mxolod terminologi-
uri momenti. mas meTodologiur-SemecnebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs, razec aq vrceli saubari ar xer-
xdeba. davZen mxolod, rom es cnebebi moicaven
im sazogadoebis sulieri kulturis niSnebs, romelTa
SegnebaSi gamomuSavdnen isini. andrezi, rogorc
xi
garkveuli funqciis matarebeli zepirsityvieri
movlena, mxolod iq SeiZleba arsebobdes, sadac
Gamoyalibebulia saymo _ mosaxleobis garkveuli
socialur-religiuri tipi. roca am sazogadoebaTa
struqturis kvlevisas avtoxTonur terminebs veyrdn-
obiT, amiT Tavidan vicilebT kvlevis im mankier
meTods, roca mkvlevars garedan Semoaqvs ter-
minebi da Tavze axvevs maT masalas.
andrezis moqmedebis are saymos sazRvrebiT
aris Semofargluli. aq aris misi dabadebis adgili.
saymos gareT gasuli, Tavis masazrdoebel niadags
mowyvetili andrezi hkargavs sakralurobas da nam-
dvilmomxdaris avtoritets, rac mas Tavis miwa-
wyalze, Tavisi xalxis SegnebaSi aqvs miniWebuli. is
hkargavs Tavis andrezulobas da, Sinaarsisa da
struqturis Seucvlelad, sityvierebis mxatvrul JanrSi
gadadis (analogiuri movlenis Sesaxeb miTosisa da
zRapris magaliTze ix. e.meletinskis naSromi [130]).
mokled ganvmartav naTqvams: wmida giorgis an
sxva romelime RvTisSvilis, kopalas Tu iaxsris
Rvawli _ dev-kerpTa Semusrva an maTi gandevna
adamianTaTvis gankuTvnili miwa-wylidan Tu ar
ukavSirdeba am konkretuli sazogadoebis geneziss,
am `saqmeTa sagmiroTa~ Semcveli teqsti ar
GaiTvleba andrezad, anu iseT teqstad, romlis
wyalobiTac TaobebSi inaxeba sazogadoebis war-
suli. am niSniT unda ganirGes erTmaneTisagan,
miuxedavad Sinaarsobrivi igiveobisa, mTaSi da
barSi gavrcelebuli siuJetebi dev-kerpebze da maT
Semmusrvel gmirebze. aqedan gamomdinare
bunebrivi Gans, rom amiranis Tqmulebam ver
hpova adgili mTianeTis saymoTa andrezul sistem-
aSi. amirans, saxelganTqmul devTmorkinals, ver
xii
vxedavT RvTisSvilTa Soris, romelTa upirvelesi
Rvawli devebis winaaRmdeg brZolaa. amirans,
gansxvavebiT RvTisSvilTagan, ara hyavs saymo,
igi ar aris romelime mosaxleobis patroni, radgan
saymos wmidani an angelozi patronobs, amirani ki
arc erTia da arc meore. saymos andrezuli cn-
obierebis struqturisaTvis niSandoblivia, rom amir-
anis Tqmulebebi, iseve rogorc jadosnuri zRaprebi,
naklebad aris gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTis zepirsityvierebaSi, Tumca mos-
alodneli ki iyo, rom swored am, rogorc miaGniaT,
àrqaul~ sazogadoebebSi Semonaxuliyo
Tqmulebis arqetipuli versiebi. piriqiT ki aris. aq
swored mis arasrulyofil variantebsa da zRapra-
dqceul fragmentebs vadasturebT. xevsureTSi,
àmiranianis~ mkvlevaris SeniSvniT, daviwye-
bulia gmiris Tavgadasavlis iseTi gadamwyveti da
aucilebeli epizodi, rogoric mijaWvaa [93,412]. es ar
unda iyos SemTxveviTi _ `JamT viTarebiT~
gamowveuli daviwyeba. mizezad `daviwyebisa~ is
garemoeba unda viguloT, rom saymoTa mexsiere-
baSi naklebad `Sedis~ iseTi teqstebi, romelTac
uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT saymos sakralur is-
toriasTan da, amrigad, arc sazogadoebis mo-
mawesrigebel funqcias asruleben. marTalia, wigns
mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mas-
ala udevs safuZvlad da misi saxelwodebac swored
amaze metyvelebs, mas zogadqarTuli safuZvelic
unda hqondes, radgan avtoris Rrma rwmeniT,
sazogadoebrivi da sulieri kultura, romelic qveynis
erT mxareSi iqmneba, savsebiT gamoxatavs mT-
liani eris dafarul SesaZleblobebs, mis potencias da,
xiii
rasac Tavis miwaze romelime tomi an tomTa
kavSiri qmnis, mTeli eris saxeliT qmnis.
ufro metic: yoveli kulturis fesvi adamianSia
da, yvelgan, sadac ki mas uxdeba cxovreba, Tun-
dac miuval mTebsa da udabnos xriokebs iyos Sex-
iznuli, rasac qmnis, kacobriobis saxeliT qmnis. is
yvelgan Tesavs sakacobrio Tesls, romelic nayofs
iRebs konkretul sazogadoebriv yofaSi, sakacobrio
kulturis yovel kerZo gamovlinebaSi. qveynis miyr-
uebul adgilebSi SeyuJulT ar uSenebiaT monumen-
turi taZrebi da srasasaxleni, xSirad kvalic ki ar
dautovebiaT miwaze TavianTi arsebobisa, magram
es ukvaloba iqneb maTi Rirsebac iyos, radgan kvali
nivTieria, es xalxi ki sulier Rirebulebebs qmnida.
naSromi ZiriTadad, sakuTriv avtoris mier mop-
ovebul masalasTan erTad, emyareba al. oGiauris
(1892-1972) eTnografiul Ganawerebs, romlebic
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv.javaxiS-
vilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis
institutis eTnografiis ganyofilebis arqivSia daculi.
es Ganawerebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, miuxedavad
am kulturaTa Seuwonadobisa msoflio masStabiT,
SeiZleba SevadaroT berZeni mogzauris pavsanias
(II s. qr-mde) monumentur naSroms èladis aR-
weras~, sadac Zvelma avtorma dokumenturad
warmosaxa gadaSenebamde misuli Tavisi mSobli-
uri kulturis suraTi. al. oGiauris Ganawerebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia raime garkveuli da swori warmodgenis
Seqmna fSav-xevsureTis sazogadoebriv-sakulto
yofaze. bevri movlena da realia, rogorc yofa-cx-
ovrebis faqti, ise andrezuli tradicia, rac gadmo-
cemuli aqvs al.oGiaurs, saymoTa cocxali, tradiciuli
sinamdvilis momswres da monawiles, dResdReobiT
xiv
an sruliad gamqralia `JamTa viTarebiT~, an
dakninebuli da mwiri saxiT aris moRweuli.
al.oGiauris saarqivo masalidan mxolod sami-
ode wignia jerjerobiT gamocemuli: `stumarmaspin-
Zloba xevsureTSi~, 1980, `qarTuli xalxuri dReo-
bebis kalendari~ (xevsureTi, arxotis Temi), 1988,
`qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi~ (fSavi), 1991. danarGeni
elis dRis sinaTles.
dasasrul, vixseneb aw gansvenebul giorgi
(iura) jafariZis wvlils am naSromis SeqmnaSi. mas-
Tan saubrisas, kamaTSi ibadeboda bevri
mosazreba da, SesaZloa, naSromis mTeli mimar-
Tulebac. is erTaderTi iyo folkloristTagan, romelic
Signidan xedavda saymos da SeeZlo sxvisTvisac
daenaxvebina misi Sinagani xati. mas SeeZlo
efiqra, ganecada, moqceuliyo jvarSi Tu nalaxSi ise,
rogorc nebismieri yma moiqceoda saymoTa cx-
ovrebis klasikur xanaSi. is ganicdida saymos da
mis andrezs, rogorc erTi misi ùymo ymaTagani~.
mis xsovnas eZRvneba es wigni.
1985-1995
daarsebis andrezebi
xv
kosmogoniuri miTosis kvali (Tuki is saerTod
arsebobda saymos andrezul sistemaSi) mxolod da
mxolod epiTetis saxiT SeiZleba davadasturoT.
`Seni gamGeni morige RmerTi^~ ase mimarTaven
sakulto teqstebSi RvTisSvils (56, 14). magram
morige RmerTi ara mxolod RvTisSvilTa gamGenia,
aramed is mTeli samyaros Semqmnelic aris:
`Tqvenis gamGenis RvTisgan, romelmac ca-qvey-
ana gaaGina^~ (56, 26). morige RmerTi yoveli xil-
ulisa da uxilavis, ca-qveynisa da kacobriobis dam-
badebelia, Tumca siuJeturad es `dabadeba~ Tu
`Sesaqme~ ar aris dadasturebuli.
kosmogoniuri miTosis ararsebobis sazRaurad
saymos andrezul sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs sociogoniur Tqmulebebs, romelTa Sinaarsi
RvTisSvilTa mier Seqmnil kacobriuli sazogadoe-
bebis anu saymoebis teritoriebis mopovebasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. am saxis andrezebSi morige
RvTis mier dabadebuli da miwaze Gamogzavnili
RvTisSvilebi moqmedeben da ara TviT morige
RmerTi.
miwa-wylis mopoveba
teritoriis Seqmna umniSvnelovanesi epoqaa
saymos istoriaSi. es aris sakraluri xana da
ekuTvnis preistorias, raki amis Semdeg iwyeba
saymos, rogorc mkvidri mosaxleobis, sakuTari is-
toria; istoria sazogadoebisa Tavisi miwa-wyliT, am
wyalze ganlagebuli jvar-xatebis sabrZanisebiT; is-
xvi
toria, romelsac avsebs am wminda adgilisa da sak-
uTari sicocxlis SesanarGuneblad warmoebuli
brZolebi, brZolebi yovelgvari devuri gamovlinebis
winaaRmdeg. sanam es yvelaferi ar momxdara,
sanam Tavs ar gadaxdomia adamianebs, isini,
Tundac erTad mcxovrebni da mWamelni erTi pur-
isa, ar Seadgenen saymos. ras warmoadgens ad-
amianTa sazogadoeba, romelsac ar axsovs, rogor
iqmneboda misi sacxovrebeli miwa-wyali, rogor
gauGnda mas patroni da mfarveli, romlis ZaliTac is
iwodeba saymod. adamianTa sazogadoeba swored
imitom iwodeba saymod, rom mas aqvs saerTo
warsulis xsovna, rom TiToeuli yma erTiandeba am
sa-erToSi, rac Seiqmna warsul cxovrebaSi am
miwa-wyalze. yvelaferi isaxeba da inaxeba sa-erT-
o cnobierebaSi. adamianTa sazogadoeba wyvets
arsebobas, rogorc saymo, roca es yvelaferi davi-
wyebulia, roca _ asec xdeba yovelive amgvari ra-
mis warsulSi arsebobis xsovnac ki gamqralia.
saymos axsovs, rom is miwa-wyali, sadac is
saxlobs istoriul xanaSi, RvTisSvilebma devebs
gamoglijes xelidan, rogorc Zvel miTosSi soflisaTvis
wylis damkavebel gveleSaps. am brZolebis xsovna
Senaxulia ara mxolod saymos cnobierebaSi,
aramed miwa-wylis reliefzec: maTi kvali atyvia
saymos miwa-wyals, SeiZleba iTqvas, `nadevar~
teritorias. andrezi gamagrebulia nivTieri sabuTiT _
anabeWdiT miwa-wyalze da is samaradisod aris
darGenili TaobebSi. es niadagis maxsovrobac aris,
xvii
romelic, rogorc sayrdeni, mxars uWers xalxis mex-
sierebas. avisgori, ninaxi, karatiswveri, ubisTavi,
abudelauris tba _ asparezi iaxsaris Rvawlisa; iremT
kalo, cixegori, roSkis Tavi _ gmiri kopalas samax-
sovro adgilebi; wyarosTauli wminda giorgis gza
ukanafSavamde da fuZis angelozis Serkinebis
adgili devebTan sakerpoze da sxva uamravi adgili,
sadac samudamod aris aRbeWdili preistoriuli
brZolebis tvifari. Tavad buneba savsea andrezebSi
moTxrobilis damadasturebeli niSnebiT, cocxal
saswaulTa gaqvavebuli naSTebiT, rac saymos
TvalSi met sarwmunobas sZens im istoriamdel am-
bebs, _ rom es yovelive `mas Jamsa Sina~ marTlac
moxda da moxda aq, swored am adgilebSi, da ara
sxvagan sadme, cxramTas iqiT, rom es namdvilad
momxdaria, rom preistoriuli faqti istoriaSi gadmo-
sulia, rom es uryevi faqtia, rogorc kopalas qva da
aragvSi gaZabuli devis kldedqceuli tani.
RvTisSvilebma, angelozurma arsebebma, rom-
lebsac dRes saymo Tavis patronad da mfarvelad
aRiarebs, moupoves adamianebs sacxovrebeli
adgili da am adgilze adamianuri cxovrebis
pirobebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT TavianTi sisxliT
gamoisyides maTTvis miwa-wyali. m.-r. rilkes erT
prozaul TxzulebaSi, romelic wminda giorgis
Rvawlis Tavisebur gardaqmnas warmoadgens,
Tavganwiruli mxedari, romelmac qalaqi ur-
Gxulisagan gadaarGina, ar indomebs Tavis
gacxadebas da yvelasagan ucnobi stovebs qalaqs.
xviii
qalaqma icis, rom is Tavdaxsnilia, magram ar icis,
vin ixsna, vin aris misi mxsneli. mxsneli, romelic
misi mfarvelic unda iyos samaradisod. magram is
midis, is ikargeba qalaqisaTvis, romelmac Tumca
moipova Tavisufleba, magram ver moipova rjuli,
religia, romelic xsnasTan erTad unda mosuliyo
masTan. ase ar aris Gvens andrezebSi.
RvTisSvilTa Rvawli uSedegod Gaivlida, rom ter-
itoriis gamosyidvasTan erTad imavdroulad maT
adamianebisaTvis ar miecaT religia, anu rwmena
maTi mcavi-mfaravi angelozisadmi, romelic Secno-
bili unda hyavdeT maT saxeldebiT mTeli misi
TavgadasavliT. Tu andrezebis Sinaarss davak-
virdebiT, davinaxavT, rom miwa-wylis devTagan
gaTavisuflebas uSualod mosdevs
salocavebis daarseba, rac
gamoxatulia devebis winaaRmdeg
mebrZol wmidanTa `gaangeloze-
biT~ anu xorcieli arsebobidan
uxorco arsebobaSi gadasvliT. iqm-
neba STabeWdileba, rom mTeli es
brZola, romelic dev-kerpebTan aris gamarTuli ad-
amianTa miwis dasaxsnelad, saRvTo omia, romelic
axali rjulis, mxsneli religiis damyarebiT unda
dagvirgvindes.
yuradReba unda mivapyroT im faqts, rom
Gvens andrezebSi dev-kerpebs upirispirdebian Rv-
TisSvilni, romlebic `jvaris~ saxelwodebiT arian cn-
obilni; isini arian jvarni, romlebic devebis
xix
ganadgurebis Tu gandevnis Semdeg maT nas-
adgomarebSi arsdebian, ara sxvagan sadme,
aramed swored iq, sadac devebs hqondaT bina. is
faqti, rom `jvari~ sarwmunoebriv-sakulto azris
Semcveli terminia, gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, rom am da-
pirispirebaSi mTavar rols swored religiuri momenti
asrulebs, miT umetes, Tu `devis~ cneba aseve re-
ligiur (da damatebiT, eTiur) warmodgenebs
ukavSirdeba.
jvaris da dev-kerpTa dapirispireba, romelic sag-
miro eposis Temas Seadgens, ar aris SemTxveviTi
Gvens andrezebSi. is mniSvnelovan tradicias
efuZneba: jvari da dev-kerpni, vidre Gvens an-
drezebSi dapirispirdebodnen, erTmaneTs adreqris-
tianul xanaSi Seetaknen da am Setakebis eqo
didxans gahyva Gvens sasuliero mwerlobas. say-
ovelTaod cnobilia, magram saWirod miviGnev gan-
vmarto, Tu ras niSnavs `devi~. `daeva~ iranuli
sityvaa, romliTac aRiniSneba ahuramazdas (or-
muzdis) anu naTeli RmerTis mowinaaRmdege
arsebaTa dasi, romelic mxarSi udgas mis saukuno
antagonists _ angri-mainus anu arimans). mTeli
kacobriobis istoria, zoroastruli religiuri moZRvrebis
Tanaxmad, aris brZola ahuramazdas angelozebsa
(ameSa-spentebs) da angri-mainus daevebs Soris;
brZola, romelic zoroastruli esqatologiiT naTlis
RmerTis gamarjvebiT unda damTavrdes. am
saukuno omSi adamiani ar aris, verc iqneba
neitraluri: adamiani aris, unda iyos, naTlis RmerTis
xx
mxareze dedamiwis, mTeli qveynierebis mop-
ovebisaTvis brZolaSi, ebrZodes, ewinaaRmdege-
bodes yovelgvar daevur gamovlenas gare sam-
yaroSi da sakuTar TavSi. is Tavisi gaGenis dRidan
Tavisi bunebiT daevas mowinaaRmdegea.
daevas Tavisi istoria aqvs iranSi. ahuramazdas
religiis damkvidrebamde iranSi daevaTa kulti iyo
gavrcelebuli. axali religiis gamarjvebis Semdeg
daeca Zveli kulti. daevam, rogorc luciferma, erT
dros naTliT mosilma angelozma, sruliad Seicvala
Tavisi buneba. paradoqsia, rom sityva, romlis Ziri
indo-iranul da, saerTod, Zvel indoevropul enebSi
aRniSnavs `naTels~, `Suqs~, `brwyinvalebas~,
`dRes~ da zogan ki safuZvladac udevs RmerTis
saxels (berZn.  laT. deus), gadaiqca yovelive
bnelisa da borotis aRmniSvnelad. iranSi aRmo-
cenda ahuramazdas, naTlis axali kulti da man Tav-
isi dapirispirebiT gaamruma naTlis Zveli RvTaeba.
Zveliranul enaze Semonaxulia mniSvnelovani
religiuri dokumenti aqemenianTa xanisa, e.w. àn-
tidaevuri warwera~, romelic auwyebda iranis xalxs
ahuramazdas religiis gamarjvebas daevas kultze.
ai, ras vkiTxulobT warweraSi, romelic qvazea Ses-
rulebuli: `^ da am qveyanaTa Soris iyo iseTi qvey-
ana, sadac adre daevebs scemdnen Tayvans.
mere ahuramazdas nebiT davamxe es sadaeveTi
da gamovacxade: `nu Tayvanicemian daevebi!~
sadac adre daevebs scemdnen Tayvans, iq
xxi
ahuramazdas veci Tayvani arTasTan erTad^~
(142, 367).
rogorc warweridan Gans, ahuramazdasa da
daevebis saxiT erTmaneTs daupirispirda iranul
samyaroSi WeSmariti da araWeSmariti, cru religia
_ ara mxolod keTili da boroti, aramed marTali da
mtyuani (SemGneulia, rom svanurSi `davs~ (devs)
upirispirdeba `tkic~, rac marTals niSnavs (94,
89). qarTul enaSi SeTvisebulma (cxadia, zoroastrul
elementebTan erTad) `devma~ miiRo WeSmariti
sarwmunoebis sapirispiro da sawinaaRmdego
kultis mniSvneloba. amave mniSvnelobiT Semodis
`devi~ qristianul SegnebaSi da teqstebSi. SuSani-
kis cnobil sityvebSi varsqenis mimarT: `mamaman
Senman wmidani Semoixuna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen
devni Semoixuen~, devni cru sarwmunoebis
zogadi mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari da ara sakuTriv
mazdeanurisa, romelic aRiara varsqenma, win-
aaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria sayveduri
varsqenis mimarT, rom man `devebi Semoiyvana
Tavis saxlSi~, rasac pitiaxSi, Tu is namdvilad
gamazdeanda, ar izamda im mizezebis gamo, rom
devebi iseTive arsebani arian mazdeanisaTvis, ro-
gorc eSmani qristianisaTvis.
V saukuneSi warmoTqmul am frazas paradig-
muli JReradoba aqvs: es paradigma siuJeturad aris
gaSlili mogviano xanis qarTvel mTielTa an-
drezebSi, romlebic mogviTxroben samkvdro-sasi-
xxii
cocxlo brZolebs wmidanebad wodebul RvTisSvilTa
da devTa Soris.
qristiani mematiane axali religiis damkvidrebas
SekumSuli saxiT TiTqmis miTologemurad gadmo-
gvcems:
`da viTarca aRemarTa niSi juarisaY queyanasa
mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa daecnes
yovelni kerpni, romelni iyunes sazRuarTa qarTl-
isaTa da Seimusrnes da sakerponi dairRues.
viTarca ixiles ese sakvirveli saqme da saswauli, ro-
meli qmna Zlevismyofelman man niSman juaris-
aman kerpTa zeda, ufroYs ganukvirdeboda saqme
ese da adidebdes RmerTsa da sixaruliT Tavyuanis-
cemdes patiosansa juarsa. da yo mirian mefeman
da yovelman erman mcxeTisaman Sesawiravi didi
mas dResa Sina patiosnisa juarisa da daaweses
Sesawiravi ZleviT Semosili juarisa^~ (90, 351).
jvari _ axali religiis niSani, angrevs sakerpoebs
da aRimarTeba maT adgilas; sadac aRimarTeba, iq
daarsdeba jvaris religiis salocavi. am faqtSi
sWvivis is modeli, romelic safuZvlad aqvs dadebuli
fSav-xevsureTis andrezebs. aq ukve mocemulia is
Tesli, romelic saukeTeso niadagSi, rogoric aris
xalxis cnobiereba, moxvedriT aRmocenda jvarTa
da dev-kerpTa brZolebis epopead aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTis zepirsityvierebaSi. Tav-
isTavad is tipiuri sagmiro eposis qargazea agebuli;
masSi, rogorc sagmiro ambavTa TxrobaSi, araferi
ar aris sakraluri da sagangebod sakuTriv sakulto
xxiii
mniSvnelobisa. is aris xalxis eposis fragmentebi,
romlebic sxva epoqaSi da sxva kulturul wreSi
SeiZleba romelime bards erT mTlian, kompozi-
ciurad Sekrul eposad Seeqmna, sadac ramdenime
siuJeturi xazis warmarTviT Tanamimdevrulad iqne-
boda gadmocemuli calke iaxsaris, calke kopalas,
calke wyarosTavelis Tu fuZis angelozis da sxva Rv-
TisSvilTa saqmeni sagmironi. sxva kulturul wreSi,
araTu sxva qveyanaSi, aramed isev GvenSi, Gvens
barSi igive siuJetebi, romelTa personaJebi zemoT
naxsenebi RvTisSvilnia, dakargaven TavianT
sakralur xasiaTs da aRqmulni iqnebian Gveulebriv,
saero suliskveTebis sagmiro Tqmulebebad, ro-
melTa namdvilobis aRiarebas maT msmenelT
veravin aiZulebs. es imis gamo iqneba, rom Rv-
TisSvilni da maTi ambebi mowyvetili iqnebian Tavi-
anT niadags, sadac maT aqvT sakraluroba, rac
maT eniWebaT imis gamo, rom isini ara mxolod
andrezul siuJetebs ekuTvnian, arian ara mxolod
TqmulebaTa personaJebi, aramed isini cocxloben
sakraluri sicocxliT am TqmulebaTa farglebs gareT,
Rrmad GafuZnebulni maT mierve gaTavisuflebul
miwa-wyalSi da iq mcxovrebi xalxis SegnebaSi, ro-
gorc am kacobrivi mikro-kosmosis mcavi-mfarveli
angelozebi.
maTi Tavgadasavali, mTeli maTi Rvawli
dawnexilia epiTetebad, romlebic gaismis maT
saxelebTan erTad im adgilebSi, sadac andrezis
Tanaxmad iZlivnen devebi. `gamarjvebuli~ `dev-
xxiv
kerpTa gadamsxvavebeli~, `laRi laxtiani~, `svetad
Gamosuli~, `dev-dedaberT meomari~, `xTisgan
mxaraxsnili~, àbudelaur simurGi natyvevari~,
`sagmiros msreveli~ da sxvani. es sityvebi gaismis
maTi Rvawlis gasaxseneblad salocavebSi msxver-
plis Sewirvisas, roca maT mier gadarGenili, erT
adgilze Semokrebili da zrunvili saymo am Se-
sakrebel adgilze adasturebs Tavis erTianobas da,
rac mTavaria, RvTiuri patronisadmi erTgulebas.
saymo avsilia imis cocxali xsovniTa da SegnebiT,
rom RvTisSvilebma maT misces sacxovrebel terit-
oriasTan erTad salocavi adgilebi da religia. rogorc
im qalaqs, sadac wmida giorgim Gaidina Tavisi
mTavari gmiroba, da mis kvalze mTels saqristianos
axsovs es Rvawli wmidanisa; aseve saymos ax-
sovs, risgan ixsna is misma mfarvelma wmidanma:
rom ixsna devisagan, romlis Tavad arseboba da
xati iyo adamianis sulier-xorcieli gaWirvebis, SiSis,
dabeGavebis, kacebrivi saxis dakargvis safrTxis
gamoxatuleba; gasagneba yovelive imisa, rac
daRupviT da warwymediT emuqreba adamians,
rac adamianur Rirsebas uqarwylebs mas, aviwyebs
Tavis warmoSobas, kavSirs awyvetinebs Tavis
gamGen morige RmerTTan. Tumca swored
ukiduresi sasowarkveTis Jams (rogorc ionas didi
Tevzis mucelSi), roca devi warmoudgeba mas Tav-
isi namdvili saxiT, mTeli saSinelebiT, ai, swored
maSin gaixsenebs kaci Tavis gamGens, ufro
sworad, gaixsenebs, rom hyavs gamGeni da rom is
xxv
daicavs mas mZlavrobisagan. am dros isaxeba
swored religia da kulti, rogorc cocxali gancda sa-
soebisa, rom SesaZlebelia adamianis xsna.
SegviZlia movitanoT ori RirsSesaniSnavi epi-
zodi, romelic asaxavs gardatexis wamebs adami-
anis SegnebaSi _ sasoebis dabadebas. jer vnaxoT,
vin arian devebi saymos warmosaxviT da ra urTier-
Toba aqvT maT adamianebTan, romlebic jer ar
Gamoyalibebulan saymod.
devi adamianTa msgavsi arsebaa; Tumca es
msgavseba moGvenebiTia, magram devi arc cx-
ovelia. `Sasaxedavad yrol yofilan, bewvi sxmivan
pirsaxezedav, arc tanisamosiv, bewv sxmivav.
sxvadav kacTaviT yofilanav, saxe kacisav xqoniaT,
marto fexeb sdgomivav ukuRmav^~ (67, 166). er-
TaderTi, rasac floben devebi _ maT ar ician xvna-
Tesva da saqoneli _ es aris mWedlobis saqme,
romlis saidumloebasac isini saguldagulod in-
axaven: `Tu qal ar mividod, kacebisad ar uWedav,
Saiswavlianav xevsurebiv, kacebs Tu gauWe-
deTav^~ (67, 170); maTi gaWedili sasoflo-
sameurneo iaraRi araGveulebrivi Tvisebisaa:
`îmeebis gakeTebul saxnis-sakveTeliT maixvnod,
erT feP yanas or TavTav ebmod, egre xo erT
TavTavs iboms erT feP yanai~ (iqve). devis arse-
bobis paradoqsi is aris, rom devi inaxavs mWed-
lobis saidumloebas, magram ver iyenebs Tavis
mierve gamoWedil iaraRs: `Taod devi rkineuls ver
maxkidebd Pels~ (62, 588). adamianma ar icis
xxvi
saidumlo, saxnis-sakveTeli ki misTvis sasicocxlo
iaraRia. devebis mezobeli adamiani mzad aris
yvelaferi gaiRos am iaraRisaTvis; is mzad aris, Ri-
rseba daTmos _ sTmobs kidec, oRond cocxali
darGes da es tradiciad aris qceuli devis mezobel
adamianTa mosaxleobaSi, vidre moTminebis Tasi
ar aivso. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom devi imisa-
Tvis sWeds adamianisaTvis saWiro da TavisTvis
usargeblo iaraRs, rom daabeGavos, daimonos ad-
amiani (aseve zRaprul gveleSapsac ar sWirdeba
wyali, romlisTvisac adamianisagan msxverpls iTx-
ovs). devebis xelSi rkina da mWedlobis saidumlo
adamianTa damorGilebis iaraRia, rogorc erT dros
israelis istoriaSi: filistimelebma _ istoriulma
mtrebma israelianebs mWedlebi gauwyvites, raTa
maTTan evloT morGilad saxnisebisa da
namglebisaTvis (1 mef. 13, 19-22).
Taobebi iTmenen, magram is ukanaskneli Tu
pirveli, vinc gamoGndeba, veRar aitans damcire-
bas. is xalxis cxovrebis uReltexilze dgas, is Se-
moatrialebs Tavisi xalxis yofas, is qmnis xalxis is-
torias. sababi amboxisa Sercxvenili qalis sasowark-
veTili Givilia, romelic aRviZebs adamianis gulSi Ri-
rsebis Segnebas da masTan erTad iRviZebs sa-
soeba uzenaesisadmi.
èrT kacs Zalian lamazi coli hyavda da guTnis
iaraRis gakeTebaSi is sTxoves. radgan iaraRebi au-
cilebeli saWiro iyo, radgan uimisod simSiliT amow-
ydebodnen, gaugzavna coli. coli rom dabrunda,
xxvii
uTxra: iq rom ar gagegzavne da aqve mogekali,
ukeTesi iyovo. da daiwyo tirili. kaci Sewuxda, ar
icoda ra eqna. mere erTi TeTri xari hyavda da
Tqva, modi am xars RmerTisaTvis davklav da
iqneba rame gveSveloso. morige RmerTma Sei-
wynara amdeni vedreba da xalxis dasaxsnelad
gamogzavna kopala. misca erTi didi laxti da
mouloca Zali da SeZleba, rom devebi, xalxis Sem-
wuxeblebi, gaenadgurebina^~ (60, 119).
kacs agondeba, rom arse-
bobs sicocxleze ufro metad
Rirebuli ram; rom SeiZleba
adamiani SimSiliT mokvdes,
magram mokvdes, rogorc
adamiani; ufro metic: zogjer
is valdebulia mokvdes, Tun-
dac SimSiliT, rom adamianad
darGes; rom unda gaiRos sasicocxlo msxverpli Ri-
rsebis gadasarGenad, da is swiravs xars, SesaZle-
belia, erTaderT marGenals, msxverplad RmerTs,
romlis sasoebam gaiRviZa mis cnobierebaSi. an-
drezi ambobs, rom xari TeTri iyo. es aris pirveli
msxverpli, gaRebuli adamianisagan ukidures gas-
aWirSi.
meore epizodi, sadac aseve gadmocemulia Rv-
TisSvilTa gamosvla sabrZolvelad, adamianis
saarsebo wyarosTan aris dakavSirebuli.
`^kopala mivida da jer fSavis mTaze uZilaurTis
Tavs, iremT kalos rom eZaxian, iq daarsda da ad-
xxviii
evnebda Tvalyurs, sad iqneboda saWiro brZola de-
vebTan. am dros erTi xornaulTeli kaci xnavda xor-
naulT soflis pirdapir, saxeldobr, WiSexSi, yanas.
roSkis goraze erTi devi wamodga da ise moaxdina
saqme, rom Rvari astexa da xari da kaci sul-yvela
Rvarma waiRo. kacs gagonili hqonda, rom sadRac
gmiri kopala daarsda, devebs xocavs da xalxs ex-
marebao. am gaWirvebis dros gaaxsenda da Se-
mosZaxna: `gmiro kopalav, miSvele, wyals nu
wamaRebieba da rasac vxnavdi, eg mamuli Send
Semomiwirav^~ (60, 119-120).
aqac adamiani swiravs msxverplad Tavis
ukanasknels, razec dafuZnebuli iyo mTeli misi cx-
ovrebis saxsari. magram saxsari iwireba sxva ram
ufro mniSvnelovanis gadasarGenad, amjerad yana,
romelic unda Seewiros teritoriis gamoxsnas devTa
mZlavrobisagan. yana da TeTri xari adamianTa
gaTavisuflebis Semdeg istoriuli xanis sakralur
yofaSi jvarisaTvis Sewirul msxverplTa Soris
upirveles adgils ikavebs. es aris religiis dasabami
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi.
roca sasowarkveTil xornauTel kacs da lamazi
colis patrons gulis siRrmidan aRmoxdaT
kvnesasTan erTad survili uflisaTvis SeewiraT erTs
marGenali mamuli, meores erTaderTi xari, am dros
isaxeboda religia _ kavSiri adamiansa da RmerTs
Soris, am drosve daiwyo Surisgeba kopalam, iax-
sarma da `dev-kerpTa gadamsxvavebelma~ sxva
RvTisSvilebma. maTi brZolebis dagvirgvineba ki,
xxix
Gven viciT, miwa-wylis gamoxsnasTan erTad say-
mosa da kultis Seqmna iyo. es kargad Gans iaxsris
TavgadasavalSi.
iaxsari Tavis brZolas iwyebs Suafxodan, ufro
zustad, avisgoridan, sadac is gamxveura devs sas-
axles ungrevs, da is aqve Semoikrebs Tavis say-
mos. Gven gvinda andrezis safuZvelze war-
movidginoT, rogor Seiqmna devebisagan darbeul
adamianTa jgufidan saymo, mwyobri
sazogadoeba. ra roli ekisreboda im xalxs, romelic
unda gardaqmniliyo saymod da damkvidrebuliyo
`nadevar~ teritoriaze? sad aris am dros is xalxi,
romlis gulisTvis RvTisSvilebma datoves morige
RvTis kari da ebrZvian devebs? xom ar arian isini
ubralo Semswreni am ambebisa da brZolis aRsas-
rulis pasiurad momlodine mayurebelni?
rodesac adamianTa miwa-wylisaTvis
mebrZolma iaxsarma abudelauris tbaSi
ukanaskneli devi mokla da misi sisxliT Sekruli
tbidan veRar amodioda, ai, swored maSin _ am
gadamwyvet viTarebaSi iqmneboda iaxsaris
saymo da misi teritoria; saymo, romelsac, iaxsaris
mier naSvels, Tavad unda eSvela àbudelauris
simurGi natyvevari~ iaxsrisaTvis, Tavisi momavali
patronisaTvis. es ambavi gadmocemulia erT sak-
ulto simReraSi.
iaxsari edevneba ukanasknel, gaqceul devs:
êrTi isivac gameqca, aRar ubrune Tavia,
sagmiro wamauqadle, kldes maafara Tavia.
xxx
klde samad gavaglejine, erT gamovsTxare
Tvalia.
imasac karga scodniyva abelauris tbania.
mived da meac Tan Gavxyev, me, TviTon iax-
saria,
Gaved da veRar amoved, sisxliT demebnes mx-
arnia.
Gem ymaTac karga iZives oTxrqa, oTxyura
cxvaria.
maiyvanes da Gamokles, RmerTo, daswere
jvaria!
winwin ro kldeze Samavxe, Samovibertyen mx-
arnia.
pirwaRma Samavtrialdi, gamasaxviyo jvaria.
`RmerTo, Sen mamec SaZleba, Senve amixsen
mxarnia!~
mandiT karates amoved, mand davaquGen
ymania.
laxtzeda SamamikideT Gemi batara zaria.
davxkra da axads wamodges Gemi pirquSis
ymania.
(77, #94-T).
abudelauris tbis napiras xdeba pirveli misteria
saymos sakralur istoriaSi: gamorGeuli cxvari ikvlis
(pirveli saklavi, pirveli msxverplSewirva _
dasabami mravalgzis Sewiruli msxverplisa). wmida
sisxli uwevs iaxsars da is ara mxolod mxaraxsnili,
aramed fernacvali, mtredis saxiT amofrindeba tbis
siRrmidan, sadac man ukanaskneli devi Gatova.
xxxi
magram oTxrqa, oTxyura saklavis sisxli ara mxo-
lod tbis Sekrul zedapirs gaxsnis, aramed _ rogorc
am simReris erTi gudamayruli variantidan Gans _
casac gaxsnis da mtredi, RvTisSvilis niSani, TiTqos
erTdroulad tbidanac amodis da cidanac Gamodis,
rogorc naTlisRebis dros iordaneze, roca dasabami
mieca axal religias.
maiyvanes da damakles oTxrqa, oTxyura
cxvariao,
zeciT Gamodga naviao, gamexsnes sisxlis
gzaniao,
Gamovjde brolis qvazedao, men xati iaxsariao,
trediviT SamovRuRundi, amovibertye mxar-
niao.
(38, #255802)
rogorc vxedavT, iaxsris momavali saymo ara
mxolod mxilvelia am misteriisa. aramed misi mon-
awilec aris: misi SemweobiT gardaiqmneba iaxsari
jvrad da mtredis aRiT gafrindeba Tavis saarso
adgilisaken, sadac is waiyoliebs Tavis saymos, ro-
gorc ambobs:
mandiT karates amoved, mand davaquGen
ymania.
`mandiT~, e.i. abudelauris tbis napiridan,
sadac adamianTa jgufma pirveli saklavis dakvliT
saymod Seqmna Tavisi Tavi, miiRo ufleba gahy-
oloda Tavis patrons devebisagan gawmedili miwa-
wylisaken.
karatiT karates mame Toki zed gasavalia,
xxxii
ase gavide Tokzeda, vervin mamkidos Tvalia.
avisgors SamamkidodiT Gemi patara zaria,
davkra, xma axads gavardes, gamoisaxon
jvaria.
rom dadgen locva-wirvaze Gemis pirquSis
ymania.
miduReT salude qvabi, ymano, gewerosT jvaria
(77, #94-ig)
avisgorze, iaxsris saboloo samkvidro adgilze
Gamokidebuli zari, romelic ityobineba mis dab-
runebas fSavis xevze, dev-kerpTagan gaTavisufle-
bul miwaze, es `patara zari~, saymos momxmobi
erT SesakrebelSi, Tavisi xmis bgeriT mouxazavs
saymos mis kuTvnil teritorias.
kvrivi
miwa-wyali, sadac saymo saxlobs, wmida
adgilia, radganac is jvaris mier aris mopovebuli da
am mopovebis ZaliT gamokveTilia danarGeni sam-
yarosagan. is wmidaa erTianad, magram saymo
masSi ganicdis da aRiarebs iseT adgilebs, romlebic
gansakuTrebuli siwmidiT arian mosili. am adgilebs
saymo kvrivs uwodebs.
ra Tvisebis realobas aRniSnavs kvrivi anu sam-
werlo eniT, mkvrivi. `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi le-
qsikonis~ Tanaxmad, mkvrivi aris `mWidro da
myari, mtkice, magari~. raimeTi `savse da
gatenili~, anu iseTi Tvisebebi nivTisa Tu movlen-
isa, rac upirispirdeba dunes, cariels, fuRuros, da
xxxiii
a.S. sabas ganmartebiT, mkvrivi aris ùRruo da un-
axvreto~. es sityva saymos sakralur leqsikonSi
niSnavs rogorc fizikur SeuRwevadobas, aseve
zneobriv Seuvalobas, romlis simbolod jvarTa terit-
oriaze dgas mkvrivad nagebi koSkebi, sadac Ses-
vla ubralod SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom maT ar
gaaGniaT Sida sivrce. aseT koSkebs ewodebaT kv-
rivebi. `kvrivi qvian imitom, rom is aSenebulia kv-
rivad da Sesasvleli ara aqvs^~ (60, 41). fizikuri
SeuRwevadoba zneobrivi akrZalvis metaforaa.
Tumca, aseTi teritoria _ nakrZali ar aris SemozRu-
duli raime xiluli sazRvriT, magram mas saymos
cocxal gancdaSi aqvs uxilavi sazRvari, romlis Sig-
niT sruliad gansxvavebuli realoba ganicdeba. `kv-
rivi~, rogorc `futuros~ sawinaaRmdego movlena,
mrTelia, mTliania. es aris WeSmariti sinamdvile. is
aris romelic aris anu namdvili arseboba.
kvrivi aris jvris kvali miwaze. jvari qmnis kvriv
adgils Tavisi daarsebiT, rogorc meteori, romelic
tvifravs miwas, sadac is ecema. amitomac kvrivi
koSkebi dgas im adgilebSi, sadac saymo kultis
dasabamSi jvarGenas xedavs: `kvrivi adgilia,
sadac pirvelad xati mosula, iq mere Tass udgamen
da zed xati dajdeboda. kvrivs veZaxiT adgils,
sadac ar SeiZleba adamianis Sesvla, gin koSki
iyos, gin sxva adgili~ (6, 55). maTuris mTav-
arangelozis jvarGenis andrezis Tanaxmad, cidan
svetad Gamosuli jvari jer sayaWis wverze ìkidebs
koWs~, mere eklesiaSi (adgilis saxelia), bolos ki iq,
xxxiv
sadac amJamad kvrivebi dgas; iq adamiani ar
Sedis, is imdenad wmida da miukarebeli adgilia,
rom xucesic ki ver uaxlovdeba mas da, roca misi
ganaTvlaa saWiro, sisxlian Tovlis gundebs esvris
mis kedlebs (38, #25502).
jvari avsebs Tavisi arsiT im adgilas, romelsac is
saarsod irGevs; jvarGeniT is àkvrivebs~ adgils,
ùxrwnels~ xdis mas. Tavisi ontologiiT jvaris kvrivs
analogia jvarisave ganZSi aqvs, romlis miTosuri
saxe yovelTvis oqrod aris warmodgenili (mag.,
Tamaris Sewiruli oqros Tasebi xaxmatis kultis
dasabamSi da laSa giorgis oqros jvari laSaris
wmida giorgiSi). s.averincevi wers, rom nivTierebis
simkvrive (ïëîòíîñòü) da simWidrove oqroSi uxr-
wnelobas aniWebs mas, rac SesaZleblad xdis mis
warmosaxvas xorcis ganRmrTobis emblemad
(113). marTlac, kvrivi SegviZlia warmovidginoT
oqrod, raSic daunjebulia jvaris sakraluri Zala;
amitomac kvriv adgilebs, rogorc oqros, mowiwebiT
ekideba kaci, erideba mis dalaxvas, Tuki
jvarisagan ara aqvs neba miRebuli. `^verca fSavi
verca Pevsuri, ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, ver-
araid ixmareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laS-
asjvarsa~ (75, 533), wers vaxuSti batoniSvili. aq
aRniSnuli Gveulebis ukan imaleba ontologiuri
kavSiri oqro-vercxliT warmodgenil ganZsa da kv-
rivs Soris, sadac jvaria daarsebuli. rogorc oqros ver
moixmars sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis moyme,
aseve ver dalaxavs is jvaris kvrivebs, ver
xxxv
moxnavs, ver daTesavs kvrivs. dalaPva adamianuri
moqmedebaa: adamiani Tavis yoveldRiurobaSi
Tavisi yofa-cxovrebis yoveli gamovlinebiT tvifravs
im miwas, sadac is saxlobs. adamiani Tavisi nabije-
biT, rac zneobriv Sinaarss iZens, warmoqmnis
nalaPs. misi sacxovrebeli, d. guramiSvilis sitvebiT
rom gamovxatoT, `sawuTros fePiT nalaPi~ miwaa,
romelic Tavisi rRvevadi struqturiT upirispirdeba
jvaris kvrivs. nalaxSi, rogorc adamianis samyofelSi,
aris ukiduresad dacemuli adgilebi, romlebic Tavisi
arsebiT sruliad uaryofen jvaris kvrivebs. es aris mi-
wis rioSi mdgomareoba anu Seryvnili da yalbi,
aranamdvili mdgomareoba.
nalaxidan, anu kacTa sacxovrebeli adgilidan kv-
rivSi Sesvla, rac yovelTvis dakavSirebulia zRurblis
gadalaxvasTan, SeuZlebelia ganwmedis gareSe.
adamiani unda amaRldes nalaxidan, raTa kvrivSi
SeRwevis ufleba mieces; amisaTvis mas unda
daesvas kvrivis anu siwmidis beWedi, romelic
SeiZleba jvris niSniT iyos gamoxatuli. saklavis sis-
xliT `Pel-mPar ganaTluli~ xevisberi Sedis kvrivSi,
an qadagi, romelsac `Saiyvanen, saca kvrivi, beR-
elSi dasmen^~ (68, 66). rigiTi yma ganaTvliT
ipovebs uflebas, Tundac droebiTs, kvrivis
dasalaxad. ardotis saymos dReobaSi _ datiobaSi
amgvarad iqmneba `mezRvnis~, anu jvarSi ZR-
venis mimtanis statusi: `meZRvnes xucesi SublSi
Tavis saklavis sisxliT jvars gaukeTebda. datioba
iyo oTxi dRe da am xnis ganmavlobaSi is pirs aRar
xxxvi
daibanda; ise ufrTxildeboda, rom sisxli ar gascloda
Sublidan da jvari ar Sereuliyo. am jvariT mas
ufleba hqonda yovel diliT misuliyo jvarSi, daelia da
eWama. Tu Sublze sisxlis jvari ar eqneboda, ise
jvarSi misvla akrZaluli iyo da sisxlis jvari qonda
marto mezRvnes. sisxlisjvrianebi ise Tavisuflad mi-
diodnen da iqceodnen dReobaSi jvarSi, rogorc jvris
gamZRoni iqceodnen da dastur-xelosnebi^~ (63,
146).
kvrivSi Sesul adamians gansakuTrebuli qceva
marTebs. sinais mTaze asul moses, romelic misda
uneburad kvrivebSi moxvda, moesma uflis gafrTx-
ileba: `nu moeaxlebi aqa! wariPaden Pamlni
ferPTagan SenTa, rameTu adgili ege, romelsa sdga
Sen, queyana wmida ars~ (gamosvl. 3,5). mose
aRmoGnda `wmida miwaze~ anu, ufro zustad,
`wmida niadagze~ (ebr. admaT kodeS). qarTuli
`kvrivi~ kargad gadascems ebrauli sakraluri
cnebis _ `kodeS~-is Sinaarss. moses msgavsad
iqcevian xadaSi begoT saRvToze mimavali
mlocvelebi: `^vinc iq wavalis salocavad, im
adgilas fexSiSveli unda wavides, verc sartyel, verc
qalmeb, egeTi wes-wyobilebaa^~ (40, 50). kvrivSi
Sesuli adamiani gaiSiSvlebs fexs, raTa sawuTros
nalaxi mtveri ar Seitanos kvrivSi. es simboluri
qmedebaa. vaxuStis cnobiT, qvaTaxevis taZarSi
`ârvin Sevals ferPcmulis, aramed ferPSiSvelni, si-
wmidisaTvis~ (75, 340). ase iqcevian meomarnic,
roca wmida realobasTan Sexeba moeliT: `^maSin
xxxvii
ganiSiSvles ferPebi maTi da wariZRuanes droSaY
da aRemarTnes orsa mas qedsa mTasa
lomisisasa^~ (96, 108); xolo lomisis mTa da xadas
begoT saRvTo mTiuleTisa da xadis saymosaTvis ig-
ive sinais mTaa, sadac ufali ecxadeba maT.
amitomac unda ganiwmidon iq amavalni, rogorc is
mRvdelni, romlebic sinais mTis kvrivebSi daa-
pirebdnen asvlas uflis saxilvelad mosesTan erTad
(gamosvl. 19, 22). kvrivSi mxolod `kvrivi~ adami-
ani Tu SeaRwevs dausjelad. `sazRvari Semouwere
xalxs irgvliv da uTxari: ekrZaleT mTaze asvlas da
nu miekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc ki miekareba
mTas, sikvdils ver gadaurGeba. xeli aravin
miakaros, Torem Gaiqoleba an SubiT ganigmireba.
gind pirutyvi iyos, gind kaci, aravin gadarGeba
cocxali~ (gamosvl. 19, 12-13). es sazRvari, rogorc
iTqva, uxilavia; is Tumca warmosaxviTia, magram
aranakleb STambeWdavi, vidre xiluli dabrkoleba
gzaze, Tundac iyos igi mcveli qerubimi iqcevisi
maxviliT xelSi. uxilavi zRurbli saymos cocxal ganc-
daSia GabeWdili. is mijnavs xiluls uxilavisagan, ad-
amianurs RvTaebrivisagan, xorciels sulierisagan,
dasaxlebuls dausaxlebelisagan. aq vawydebiT kv-
rivis paradoqss: kvrivi principulad dausaxlebelia _
asea yvelgan tradiciul sazogadoebebSi. mag.,
aTenelni TavianTi qalaqis sakralur centrs _ wmida
Walas, `Seuval~, `daulaxav~, `nakrZal~ da
sabolood, `dausaxlebel~ adgilad Tvlidnen, sadac
fexis dadgmac ki ikrZaleboda (ix. sofokles òidiposi
xxxviii
kolonebSi~), _ magram misi arseboba, rogorc
wmida adgilisa, aucilebelia dasaxlebul teritoriaze.
is, WeSmaritad, qveynis marilia, romlis ganqarebiT
iSleba, irRveva miwa-wyali, niadagi, qveyana, ad-
amianTa sacxovrisi.
m. eliade wers, rom `kvrivi (The Sacred,
`wmida~), rogorc samyaros Suaguli, saukeTeso
adgilia, saiTkenac adamiani miiswrafvis sacx-
ovreblad~ (154, 43). magram es ase ar unda iyos.
marTalia, Suaguli saukeTeso adgilia mTels sam-
yaroSi, magram saSiSi adgilia da iq sruliad war-
moudgenelia adamianis cxovreba; es aris RvTiuri
Zalis gamocxadebis adgili, romlis aura iakobma
sizmarSi igrZno da gamofxizlebulma amgvarad
gaiazra: àrs ufali adgilsa amas da me ara vicode.
da SeeSina da Tqua: viTar saSinel ars adgili ese,
ara ars sxuai ese, garna saxli RmrTisaY da ese
bWe zecisa~ (dab. 28, 16-17). yofiTi adamiani
aseTi adgilis aRmoGenis Semdeg gardaiqmneba
religiur adamianad da, misgan saRvTo SiSiT
ukuqceuli, kvlav ubrundeba mas, rogorc Tayvanis-
mcemeli. Tavs iGens wmida adgili anu kvrivi da
ibadeba misi pirveli mlocveli. es adgili taZris
winasaxe xdeba. àRdga iakob ganTiad da aRiRo
lodi igi, romeli edva sasTunalad, da aRmarTa igi
Zeglad da daasxa zeTi Tavsa mis lodisasa. da
uwoda saxeli adgilsa mas saxli RmrTisa^~ (dab.
28, 18-19).am adgilze, romlis WeSmariti xati mxo-
lod GvenebaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo xiluli, Gaisaxa am
xxxix
kacis, iakobis, piradi religia, romelic momavalSi
mTeli misi STamomavlobis religiad unda gamxdar-
iyo, rac Gans misave sityvebSi: `^da aRTqua
aRTqumaY axali da Tqua: ukueTu iyos RmerTi Gem
Tana da damicves me gzasa mas, romelsa me
mival da mces me puri Wamad da samoseli Se-
mosad, da momaqcios me cocxlebiT saxlsa mam-
isa Gemisasa, iyos ufali Gemi RmrTad Gemda, da
lodi ese, romel aRvidgi Zeglad, iyos saxlad Rm-
rTisa Gemisa da yovlisagani, raodeni-raY momces
me, aTeuli mivsce mas~ (dab., 28, 20-22).
kvrivi adgili, am azriT, adamianis aRmzrdelia da
amitomac aucilebeli elementia teritoriisa. is religiis
dasabamia, magram amave dros samSoblos grZn-
obis dasabami da wyaroc aris. kvrividan swavlobs
adamiani im adgils, im miwis siyvaruls, rogorc kar-
gad SeniSnavs vaJa-fSavela erT Tavis moTxrobaSi:
ès adgili Tavis nangrevebiT Seqmnilia xalxis
sulier, zneobriv aRmzrdelad. erma Tu wminda
adgilis istoria kargad icis, ar aris saWiro daajero
xalxi da uqadago, rom es adgili wmindaa, Rirsi
xsovnisa, pativiscemisa, radgan TviTeuul maTgans
didad swams, am nangrevebSi, am daxavsebul
lodebs Soris Zlieri, yovladSemZlebeli RvTiuri suli
ganisvenebs da yvela imaTgan, vis winaparTac
ulocniaT es salocavi, STamoebamac ilocos _ mi-
arTvas ZRveni _ xari Tu cxvari, sanTeli, qada-xmi-
adi, raTa ar moevlinos xatis risxva, ar `moam-
izezos~ (27, 84).
xl
marTalia, kvrivi, rogorc iTqva, gamoricxavs ad-
amianis dasaxlebis azrs, magram is aucilebelia ad-
amianTa sacxovrisisaTvis. magram kvrivis
paradoqsi is aris, rom is, adamianTa sacxovrisis
antipodi, iqmneba swored adamianis dasaxlebis
SuagulSi. es SeiZleba ar iyos wesi, magram xSirad
xdeba ase, ris gamoc amgvari xasiaTis kvrivGena
erTi tipis sakmaod gavrcelebuli andrezis Sinaarsad
aris qceuli.
saymos miwa-wyali kvrivGenis mudmiv molod-
inSia. potenciurad yoveli adgili SeiZleba iyos kvrivi,
radgan mTeli miwa-wyali jvars ekuTvnis, sadac
man Tavisi xeliT daasaxla saymo. is xSirad Tavs
iGens maT SuagulSi, gaarRvevs maT sacxovrebels,
risi Sedegia nasaxlarebi (`naxolarebi~) da
nacixvarebi, mitovebuli adgilebi, romelTa upatro-
noba aRZravs fiqrs maT uxilav patronze, romelic
saymos warmodgeniT mxolod jvari SeiZleba iyos.
adamianisagan mitovebuli saxl-kari da cixe in-
greva, magram is ar ubrundeba bunebas, ar
iqceva qaosad adamianuri kulturis mimarT,
aramed, piriqiT, misi arseboba ufro maRal safex-
urze adis, raki mas saymos SegnebaSi atyvia jvaris
xeli. masze devs amieridan jvaris mZime xeli. es
mZime xelia, kvrivad rom xdis mas.
sadac wydeba adamianis cxovreba da aRebulia
adamianis xeli, iq iwyeba jvaris arseboba. aseT
adgilebs ewodeba buxreuli anu `gabuxrebuli~
adgilebi. SemGneulia, rom kvrivi adgilebi xSirad
xli
swored buxreuli agilebia. buxreuli, rogorc termini,
or aspeqts gamoxatavs: adamianuri, yofiTi
TvalTaxedviT, is aris dawyevlili adgili (Zveli
aRTqmis xerem), jvaris TvalTaxedviT ki wmida
adgili (kodeS). jvari arTmevs adamians adgils da
wmidad aqcevs mas. kvrivis mniSvnelobiT saymos
metyvelebaSi ixmareba agreTve bortvi* _ gabal-
axebuli miwa, yamiri, an uxnavi an naxnavi da
mere gabalaxebuli (98, 195). adamianis sacxovre-
beli an yana ubrundeba xeluxlebel da yamir mdgo-
mareobas, gadadis iseT zonaSi, romlis gadalaxva
samaradisod ekrZaleba adamians. kvrivi, buxreuli,
bortvi _ samudamod xelSeuxebeli da daulaxavia
saymosaTvis, rogorc mis mier Tavisi patronisaTvis
msxverplad gaRebuli samkvidrebeli, romelsac is
ukan veRar daibrunebs ukuniTi ukunisamde.
Sewirvis Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobac xom imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom saymos mier salocavSi mitanili
`gawirulia~ anu datovebulia iq jvris sakuTrebad,
samaradisod.
kvrivis aRmoGena
kvrivi iseTi realobaa, romlis aRmoGena ar aris
damokidebuli adamianis nebaze. rogorc aucilebels
saymos miwa-wylisaTvis, mas aRmoaGens igive
Zala, romelmac miwa-wyali misca saymos. es Zala
aris jvari. kvrivi SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc mon-
*
kvriv adgils saneSi (gudanis `mTawminda~) `bortvis nakveTi~ ewodeba,
romelic arc ixvneba da arc iTeseba; mowmidaris garda veravin Seva iq,
saqonlis gamosadenadac ki (64, 715)
xlii
akveTi miwisa, romelzedac dadebulia jvaris xeli.
kvrivis gamoGena amitomac aris iracionaluri, ad-
amianisaTvis gaugebari; is moulodnelia, TiTqos
gaumarTlebelic ki. teritoriis sruliad umniSvnelo, fiz-
ikuri TvalisaTvis sruliad ganurGevel monakveTze
gadmodis xarizma da gamoarGevs mas sxva
adgilebisgan, rogorc jvari gamoarGevs saymodan
Tavis rGeuls. iseve, rogorc adamiani Tavis Tavs
ver airGevs jvaris rGeulad, aseve ar SeuZlia mas
Tavisi nebiT, Wkua- gonebis moxmobiT airGios kv-
rivi, gamoarGios is miwa-wyali sxva nak-
veTebisagan. Tu, cxadia, es adamiani Tavad ar aris
daWerili jvaris mier da ar moqmedebs jvaris nebiT;
maSin is arc ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, rogorc bunebis
movlena an pirutyvi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mTav-
ari personaJebia kvrivGenis andrezebSi. kvrivi
adgilis migneba minebebulia ugunuri arsebis
gumanze, radgan swored gumania erTaderTi Seuc-
domeli: cxovelis alRo, gumani, romelic cxaddeba
mis qcevaSi, moZraobaSi, svlaSi, xmaSi _ aris is
arxi, romelSic unda idinos RvTiurma nebam.
xari, yorani, mtredi _ ai, is arsebani, romelTac
swored TavianTi ugunurebis ZaliT ekisrebaT iseTi
misia, rasac brZenkaci ver kisrulobs. amis
saukeTeso magaliTebs iZleva eklesiebisa da
salocavi adgilebis andrezebi, romlebic farTod aris
gavrcelebuli mTels msoflioSi da, kerZod,
saqarTvelos mTasa da barSi.
xliii
Tavisuflad gaSvebuli uReli xari miagnebs im
adgils, sadac xalxma eklesia unda aagos an xati
unda daasvenos (amgvarad iqna aRmoGenili kalis
zemoT lagurkas adgili, svaneTSi), an daarsdes ro-
melime wmindanis salocavi (wm. maqsimes
salocavi leGxumSi); pirutyvis gauazrebeli
moqmedeba-svla gadawyvets xalxis sagonebels,
radgan pirutyvis svlaSi Tu dadgomaSi is xedavs
wmidanis nebis gamovlinebas. pirutyvis qcevis un-
eburi sakraluroba ufro TvalsaGino xdeba, rodesac
is moulodnelad aRmouGens adamianebs wmida,
kvriv adgils. ai, sruliad upretenzio, magram
mniSvnelovani ideis Semcveli andrezi aWaruli folk-
loridan: jansaRi xari ver aRwevs im adgilamde,
sadamdisac xalxi saqonels denis da sadRac, Sua
gzaSi ecema. dacemis adgili sayurbane (msxverlis
Sesawirav) adgilad Seiracxeba. am tipis an-
drezebSi xSirad xaris ara mxolod SeGerebis,
aramed sikvdilis adgilia gamocxadebuli kvriv
adgilad. aseve kvrivi da gamorGeulia is Sualedebi
gzaSi, sadac yovndeba, isvenebs xari. am
motivzea agebuli lomisis, xevis sparsangelozis, Za-
rwemis wmida giorgis da sxva motacebuli xatebis
ukandabrunebis andrezebi. motacebulma xatma
gza unda gaikvlios ucxo qveynidan, unda
moZebnos, xelaxla aRmoaGinos Tavisi saarso
adgili _ kvrivi. im Svidi aTasi kacidan, romelic xat-
Tan erTad unda dabrundes tyveobidan, aravin
gamoGndeba, rom waruZRves xatsa da xalxs da
xliv
Seucdomeli gziT miiyvanos Tavis adrindel saar-
somde. andrezSi xatis transportad gamoGndeba
xari, romlis rqebze unda iyos xati dasvenebuli.
aqedan unda Gandes, rom andrezis Semoqmedis
TvalsazrisiT xari gzas ikvlevs ara sakuTari nebiT,
aramed xatis nebiT. xats mohyavs ukan xari da
Svidi aTasi tyve qarTveli. xari TiTqos gaivlis xatis
sakralur gzas da SeyovnebiT moniSnavs kvrivebs,
sadac mogzauri xalxi mgzavri xatis niSebs aR-
marTavs. `^gamouZRveba es xari, sadac dawve-
bodis da daisvenebdis, yvelgan niSi aaSenes. fas-
anauris aqeTacaa niSi, memre ro movida, aqac
(mleTas), aqac daisvena, aqac niSi dadges. wverze
ro movida, iq ganisvena suli, gaYskda^~ (40,
114).
analogiuria Zarwemis wminda giorgis xatis dab-
runebis andrezic: xati lekeTSia datyvevebuli da az-
aralebs xalxs. molas ecxadeba xati, mozvris rqaze
mimakariT da nebaze gamiSviTo. `miakres xati
mozvris rqebs da gauSves mozveri. midis mozveri,
xati gzas uGvenebs. miva ZarwemSi, Tavis Zvel
adgilze da erTi askilis ZirSi daisvenebs. Zarwemel
mRvdels daesizmreba xati, romelic etyvis: mo-
mZebneT da sadac mnaxavT, iq amiSeneT
eklesiao. mRvdeli gagzavnis xalxs. ipovnian rqebze
xatmikrul mozvers. moxsnian Tu ara xats, mozveri
imwamsve mokvdeba (`gaskda~). im adgilas
aaSeneben eklesias da daasveneben wmida gior-
gis xats~ (9, 212). amave motivebzea agebuli
xlv
rkonis RvTismSoblis xatis andrezic (3, 115). Tu xari
ar kvdeba, mas msxverplad swiraven; Tu uremia,
urems SeSad xmaroben saklavis mosaxarSad;
msxverplis Sewirvis adgilze ki xati arsdeba (53,
252).
am tipis andrezebis arqetips vadasturebT Zvel
aRTqmaSi, sadac moTxrobilia filistimelTa qvey-
anaSi datyvevebuli RvTis kidobnis dabrunebis am-
bavi: misanTa rGeviT filistimelebi or mewvel
Zroxas Seabamen uremSi, zed RvTis kidobans
daadeben da Tavis nebaze miuSveben pirutyvs.
Zroxebi gadalaxaven israelis sazRvars da erT-erTi
israelianis yanaSi SeGerdebian; xalxi kidobans
gadmoasvenebs urmidan, urems SeSad
daGexaven, Zroxebs ki msxverplad Seswiraven. es
adgili GaiTvleba kvriv adgilad, sadac karga xans
iqneba kidobani dasvenebuli (I mef., 5-6).
miuxedavad im avbediTi reputaciisa, romelic
aqvs yorans xalxur sityvierebaSi da yofaSi, erTi
moxevuri Tqmuleba mas ukavSirebs xevis upirve-
lesi siwmidis, samebis taZris aSenebas, ufro
sworad, sataZre kvrivi adgilis aRmoGenas. rac
samma qarTvelma (qarTlis, kaxeTisa da imereTis)
mefem ver gadawyvita, wyvets Savi yorani Tavisi
bunebrivi moqmedebis meSveobiT; radgan is at-
arebs RvTiur nebas. brZeni mcxeTeli berikacic ki
uZluria iracionaluris (rac kvrivis mignebaSi mdgo-
mareobs) winaSe. magram berikacs Seswevs
rGevis unari: man uwyis yornis zne da is WeSmar-
xlvi
iteba, rom misi bunebrivi qcevis wiaR, mis ukan,
wmida samebis neba moqmedebs. mcxeTeli
brZenkaci urGevs mefeebs: `mefeno, furberwi
dahkaliT da misi samgorveli (menjis nawili) soflis
bolos daagdeT, mova Savi yorani da, sadac mas
gamoxravs, samebac iq aaSeneTo~. aseT ucnaur
rGevebs mxolod brZeni xalxi iZleva zRaprebSi an
imgvari Segnebis sazogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobs
rwmena imisa, rom yoveli arsi Tu movlena _ qva
iqneba, frinveli Tu Weqa-quxili _ emorGileba
uzenaesis nebas. yorans miaqvs ganzrax dagde-
buli samgorveli da yvelgan, sadac igi mis
gamosaxravad dajda, xalxs jvari an niSi aRu-
marTavs samebis saxelze. mTavari taZari anu
samebis mTavari kvrivi, misi saarso iq aSenda,
sadac am grZneulma frinvelma sabolood gamoxra
Zvali da miagdo, wavida ra Tavisi gziT (53, 226-7).
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebulia
Tqmuleba yvavze, romlis Tavganwiruli saqcieli
àfuZnebs~ kvriv adgils, sadac saswaulis mxilveli
xalxi aSenebs eklesias, romelsac am SemTxvevis
aRsaniSnavad `yvavisaydari~ Seerqmeva (99,
247; 103, 126-7; 84, 304-5).
mtreds, rogorc jvaris niSans, da mis aRes, pird-
apiri da bunebrivi kavSiri aqvs kvriv adgilebTan,
maT aRmoGenasTan. sadac mtredi dajdeba, is
ueWvelad gamorGeuli adgilia. mtredi monawileobs
alaverdis taZris dafuZnebis andrezSi, romelic
xlvii
Gawerili aqvT k.koxsa da o.spensers saqarTveloSi
mogzaurobis wignSi (48, 250).
moviyvan erT TuSur gadmocemasac danoelTa
xatis daarsebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT
mogvagonebs xevis samebis daarsebis andrezs,
oRond aq yorans enacvleba mtredi misi bunebidan
gamomdinare yvela cvlilebiT. roca danos
mosaxleobam gadawyvita soflis axlos gadmoetana
jvari, mimarTa mtreds, rogorc sajvare anu kvrivi
adgilis àRmomGen~ frinvels. ai, Ganaweric, ro-
gorc is mosmenili iqna: `winav danoelebs soflis
TavSi jvar ar hyvandiv. memr meambv, romev aS-
toTa gamoviyvanoTav, soflis TavSiiTaY kargada
gvipatronebsav. erT tred deWir danoelebs. geSv is
aStoTaY. Yes siac dajdebav, iq davawesoTav cxva
jvariv. is tredic soflis TavSi, gorze damjdariyv, jvar
kiden Yagr gameyvan aStoTaY: erT kacs droSa
gedv mParze, sanTel-zedaSe eRv, erT beber diac
ukven gaxyoliv tyavis kalTaebis bartyuniT:
`gamoqSi, gamarjvebulov, gamoqSi, gamarjvebu-
lov^~ im dRiTaY xyavis danoelebs axaljvari~
(Gawerilia sof. danoSi e.TaTaraiZis mier 1980 w.).
es scena Tavis moqmedebebiT da realiebiT _
mtredi, kaci droSiT mxarze, sanTel-zedaSe, beberi
`nawminduri~ diaci da misi SeZaxili `gamarjve-
bulo~ (RvTisSvilTa epiTeti, romelic gvaxsenebs im
brZolebs, saidanac isini gamarjvebulni
gamovidnen), mcire masStabiT warmogvidgens
jvarTa daarsebis preistoriul suraTs. aq kvrivis terit-
xlviii
oriis aRmoGena emTxveva jvaris daarsebas;
sityvebi ìm dRiTaY xyavis^~ migvaniSnebs, rom
jvarma mignebuli adgili samaradiso samkvidreblad
airGia. Tu andrezis suliskveTebiT gavimsWvalebiT,
unda vifiqroT, rom es aqti saymosa da misi terit-
oriis dasabamSi pulobs adgilsa da dros, anda amiT
unda iwyebodes misi ganaxleba.
jvarGena (ifani keriaSi)

is adgili, sadac salocavi aris daarsebuli, saymos
Suaguli adgilia, saidanac ifineba siwmide mTel say-
moze, romelic gansaxlebulia jvaris Tvalsawierze,
misi zaris xmis sawierze, cxovrobs RvTisSvilis mier
mopovebul miwa-wyalze, rogorc misi mkvidri anu
namdvili yma. aq mivadeqiT Gven Suagulis prob-
lemas saymos ara mxolod sakralur, aramed
yoveldRiur yofaSi.
am Suagulis klasikuri gansaxierebania mTeli
fSavisTvis laSaris muxa da xevsureTSi xmalas
alvisxe, romelsac andrezis Tanaxmad wmida
mironi swveTda gamudmebiT da iqve, mis Ziras
Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdeboda, raTa iqidan
mTeli xevsureTis salocavebSi ganawilebuliyo.
adgili, sadac mironis wyaroa, wmida saymos
Suagulad unda viguloT, rogorc mTeli qristianuli
saqarTvelosTvis sveticxoveli, romelic, saeklesio le-
gendis Tanaxmad, mironmdinari alvisxis adgilzea
agebuli. laSaris muxa ki imiT iyo SesaniSnavi, rom
is oqros SibiT iyo cas gamobmuli da am SibiT, ro-
xlix
gorc iakobis naxilvebi kibiT, morige RvTisadmi ZR-
venis asatanad adi-Gamodiodnen RvTisSvilebi. mi-
widan saymosgan ahqondaT msxverplis kvamli da
locva-vedreba, cidan GamohqondaT saymosaTvis
madli da wyaloba. cxadia, is xe, romelic aerTebs
cas da miwas, samyaros SuagulSia amosuli.
andrezulad ar SemorGenila xsovna imisa, Tu
rodis dairga an aRmocenda RvTis nebiT fSavisa da
xevsureTis am SuagulSi muxa da alvisxe. maT,
SesaZlebelia, kosmosis dasabamSi udgaT fesvebi.
xolo es is xanaa, romelic saymos cnobierebis
miRmaa darGenili, is ar ekuTvnis saymos istorias,
magram saymos axsovs sxva xeebis amosvla,
romlebic calkeuli saymoebis Suagul adgilebSi
dgas.
sofokles èleqtraSi~ moTxrobilia moaxloebuli
Surisgebis winaTgrZnobiT moculi klitemnestres siz-
mari: àmboben, unaxavs mamaGveni, kvlav
samzeoze gamocxadebuli. Turme keraSi Tavisi
kverTxi GaurWvia, romelic mas odesRac xelT
epyra, axla ki egisTes xelSia. maRla azrdila toteb-
SefoTvlili da mTeli mikeni dauGrdilavs~ (str. 417-
423).
SemaSfoTebelia xis aRmoceneba keraSi, sadac
cecxli unda enTebodes. sizmari, cxadia, sabedis-
weroa da keTils arafers moaswavebs misi patron-
isaTvis. kverTxi agamemnonisaa da misi
ganedleba da SefoTvla imas unda moaswavebdes,
rom agamemnoni dabrundeba; rom mova patroni
l
da daepatroneba kvlav Tavis keras, romelic am
sizmarSi mTeli mikenis gansaxierebaa. magram
agamemnoni ar aris cocxalTa qveyanaSi, is mi-
waSia; da swored imis gamo, rom is miwaSia, man
aafesviana is xmeli kverTxi imis niSnad, rom or-
este _ misi norGi nergi _ gaswevs agamemnono-
bas, rom mikenis miwas agamemnoni moevlineba
orestes saxiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, agamem-
noni afoTlebuli kverTxis saxiT brundeba qvey-
anaSi, rogorc misi RvTiuri patroni, rogorc gmiri _
heros (Zveli berZnuli mniSvnelobiT), rogorc
salocavi. kverTxis keraSi GarWoba da misi xed aR-
moceneba imasac niSnavs, rom adgilis cru pat-
ronma unda datovos kera da dauTmos mis
WeSmarit patrons.
SesaZlebelia, am sizmris siuJeti damoukidebeli
saxiT arsebuliyo elinur samyaroSi, rogorc garkveuli
simbolizmis Semcveli miTosi; Tumca misi kvali ar
Gans dRemde SemorGenil werilobiT wyaroebSi.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mas arc ki SemuRwevia
mwerlobaSi zepirsitvierebis sferodan. misi arse-
bobis erTaderTi dadastureba sizmris saxiT sofokles
dramaSia. im simbolizmis mixedviT, romelic mas
sizmarSi aqvs dakisrebuli, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is
mikenis daarsebis miTosi yofiliyo, rogorc lokaluri
gansaxeba kosmogoniuri miTosisa, sadac sam-
yaros dasabamSi uzarmazar, mTels qveynierebaze
totebiT gadmomxobil xes vxedavT (gavixsenoT
li
Tundac skandinavuri iggdrasili-ifani, rogorc saer-
Toindoevropiuli arqetipis erTi kerZo gamovlena).
klitemnestres sizmris igiveobriv siuJetzea age-
buli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcele-
buli erTi tipis andrezi, romelsac, rogorc jvarGenis
amsaxvel siuJets, saymos dasabamSi gadavyav-
arT. mas martivi kompozicia aqvs da TiTqmis ar
gaaGnia variantebi: misi arqetipuli saxe cxadad
Gans nebismier variantSi. sqema aseTia: keraSi
amodis ifani (xSirad gvelic amohyveba) imis
niSnad, rom am adgils RvTisSvili daepatrona da
ojaxma unda dastovos saxli. es adgili jvaris kvrivi
xdeba. ai, am andrezis nimuSi cocxali monaTxrobis
mixedviT (ambavi exeba gudanis jvaris daarse-
bas):
`îq did sofel yofilas. maSi jvar ar yofil. erTxan
erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSi ifn amasul.
kavkazaurs ifn mauWrav. meores dRes is ifn iqav
amasula, isic mauWrav. mesame dRes amasul ifni-
d’ Tan gvel amaxyoliv. kavkazaurs ifnic
mauWrava-d’ gvelic aukafav^~ (91, 391).
yverfSi (keraSi) amosuli ifani gudanis jvaris
gamoGenis momaswavebelia. magram am Sin-
aarsis andrezi mxolod gudanis jvariT ar aris Semo-
fargluli. amaoa imis Zieba, Tu pirvelad romeli
jvarisa da saymos daarseba gadmosca yverfisa da
ifnis siuJetma, magram faqtia, rom misi
gavrcelebis sfero gacilebiT farToa, vidre
jvarTdaarsebis da jvarGenis sxva romelime tipis
lii
andrezisa. keraSi ifnis amosvliT iGina Tavi da
daarsda gudanis saRvTos garda _ xevsureTSi na-
Parelas RvTismSobeli, Subnuris wm. giorgis jvari
(liqoki), roSkis mTavarangelozi, ukanPadus adgilis-
deda, xaxabos wyarosgoruli wm. giorgi, fSavSi
cabaurTis RvTismSobeli, gogolaurTis dedaRvT-
ismSobeli da sxvani. am andrezs aqvs tendencia
gavrceldes yvela mniSvnelovan jvarze da iqces
jvarGenis zogad andrezad aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTis sinamdvileSi. v.bardavel-
iZis cnobiT, am Sinaarsis Tqmuleba fiqsirebulia zo-
gierT Grdilokavkasiel mTielTa Sorisac (5, 106, Sen.
30).
andrezis aucilebeli elementebia: kera, ifani (iS-
viaTad naZvi) da gveli; ifnis samgzis amosvla da
saxlis patronis mier misi moWra, gvelis akafva;
ojaxis amowyveta. es ukanasknuli momenti sxva-
dasxvagvarad aris warmodgenili variantebSi. jvari
sjis urG mosaxles an avadobiT, an sxva ram faT-
erakiT; ojaxi ganwirulia dasaRupad, magram aris
SemTxvevebi, roca is droulad gaecleba Zvel sam-
osaxlos. matneli asaTaSvilebi, warmoSobiT ukanaf-
Savlebi, am saxiT inaxaven keraSi xis amosvlis an-
drezs, romelic ganmartavs ukanafSavidan maTi
gadmosaxlebis mizezs: mama avalebs Svils cecxlis
danTebas saRamoxans. bavSvi midis cecxlis
dasanTebad, magram keraSi fiWvi (Tu naZvi)
daxvda amosuli. Svili mamis rGeviT wvers
gadaugrexs fiWvs da daanTebs cecxls. meore
liii
saRamos igive meordeba, fiWvi ufro metad aris
gazrdili, magram mainc dainTeba cecxli. mesame
Rames ojaxis ufross sizmarSi jvari gamoecxadeba
da ubrZanebs ayras; ojaxi sxva adgilas saxldeba;
mis nasaxlarSi RvTisSvili gaiGens Tavis saarsos.
mTxrobelni am andrezul pirTa saxelebsac ki ar ivi-
wyeben: mama iyo berxundi, Svili _ giorgi.
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom jvaris daarsebis saerTo an-
drezi erTi sagvareulos andrezad aris qceuli. aq ar
figurirebs gveli, romelic Gveulebriv keraSi aRmo-
cenebul xes amohyveba xolme. SesaZloa,
amitomac ara aqvs tragikuli dasasruli ukanfSaveli
asaTaSvilebis monaTxrob Tqmulebas.
garkveuli azria imaSi, rom es andrezi Tavis ar-
qetipSi swored tragikuli ambis _ ojaxis Tu
sagvareulos gawyvetis gadmomcemia. iTqva, rom
jvaris urGi ojaxi sxvadasxvagvari sikvdiliT iRupeba.
rogorc Gans, gvelis amosvla mesame dRes xesTan
erTad ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi epizodi. xSir
SemTxvevaSi yverfisa da ifnis andrezs amgvari
gagrZeleba aqvs: mas Semdeg, rac moiWra mes-
amed amosuli ifani da aikafa masze amoyolili
gveli, ojaxi Sekrebilia yverfis garSemo da elodeba
kerZs, romelic ixarSeba sakidelze Gamokidebul qv-
abSi. gveli zemodan Gamoyveba sakidels,
GaZvreba qvabSi da kerZTan erTad ixarSeba.
kerZi wamlavs yvelas, vinc ki mas pirs daakarebs.
gadarGebian mxolod misi uWmelni _ ojaxis rZali da
akvnis bavSvi. zogierTi variantiT, ueno bavSvi
liv
xedavs rogor GaZvra gveli qvabSi, amitom ar
ekareba kerZs. sxva variantiT, dedac xedavs, ma-
gram ver arwmunebs ojaxis wevrebs, radgan isini
jvarisagan arian Tvalabmulni. erTmaneTs upiris-
pirdebian metyvelni, romlebsac TvalisGini warT-
meuli aqvT, da mxedveli Gvili bavSvi, romelic ver
metyvelebs (gavixsenoT moris meterlinkis
`brmebi~). es bavSvi, rogorc ucodveli, gvaris
gamagrZelebeli Seiqneba, im sagvareulosi, romelic
axladGenili jvaris saymod unda Gamoyalibdes.
yverfis wiaRidan ifns amoyolili gveli, romelic
akafes jvaris urGebma, axla im samgzis moWrili
ifniviT aRorZinebuli, zemodan Gamohyveba
sakidels, rogorc sasjeli urGobisaTvis. Tumca qv-
abSi GamZvrali gvelis ambavi damoukidebladac
aris gavrcelebuli zepirsityvierebaSi, magram yverf-
ifnis andrezs is organulad ukavSirdeba.
andrezuli TvalTaxedviT sruliad bunebrivia, rom
xe swored keraSi amodis, Tumca kera cecxlis
adgilia da ara xisa. magram, rogorc cecxli, aseve
xe, Suagulis cocxali niSnebi da simboloebia. xis
amosvla keraSi, cecxlis adgilSi, kidev erTxel
gaxazavs da warmoaGens mis Suagulobas. Suaguli
TvalsaGinohyo jvarma, roca cecxlis adgilze Tavisi
amosunTqviT ifani aRmoacena.
arsebobda sofeli, mosaxleoba, arsebobda saxli,
arsebobda cecxlis adgili am saxlSi, magram jer
kidev ar arsebobda saymo, radgan jvars kidev ar
eGina Tavi, is ar iyo jer daarsebuli. `îq kavkazaur
lv
yofilas dasaxlebuli. iq did sofel yofilas. maSi jvari
ar yofil. erTis kavkazauris saxlis yverfSi ifn
amasul^~. es yverfi jer kidev ar iyo sakraluri
adgili, kulti mxolod potenciurad emarxa masSi.
am winaistoriul, ufro sworad, kultamdel xanaSi
kera mxolod sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis adgili
iyo, is ar gamxdara jer sakraluri adgili. magram es
adgili, rogorc noyieri niadagi, aRmoacenebs kults
Tavis wiaRSi, vin icis ra droidan, Gamarxuli kvrivis
Teslisagan. kera Tumca iyo sacxovrebeli teritoriis
Suaguli, magram gancalkevebul ojaxs, rogorc
atoms, ganuyofel erTeuls, jer kidev ar hqonda is
gacnobierebuli Suagulad, wmida fokusad (laT.
kera), romlis irgvliv SemokrebiT adamianTa
yofacxovrebiTi erTianoba unda gardaqmniliyo say-
mod. mosaxleobas jer kidev ar hqonia jvarGenis
gamocdileba, rac arcTu umtkivneuloa, rogorc
yoveli gansacdeli, radgan is dakavSirebulia
msxverplTan: mosaxleobam unda dakargos raRac
_ am kerZo SemTxvevaSi, Zveli sacxovrebeli terit-
oria, raTa moipovos RvTiuri patronis mfarveloba,
Sevides misi mfarvelobis GrdilSi, moeWidos mis
kalTebs. ufro metic: adamianTa jgufis saymod
qcevas ewireba garkveuli nawili am jgufisa, RvTiuri
nebis winaRmdgomni, jiutni, viTarca `krebuli
koresi~ _ `kacni ficxelni~, romelTac piri uyo mi-
wam da STanTqa (ricxv. 16), raTa am gansacdeliT
gamoxurvebuli da ganwmedili sazogadoeba uflis
unj saymod gardaqmniliyo.
lvi
andrezis suliskveTeba is aris, rom kaci, romlis
`yudroSi~ amodis ifani, nebayoflobiT unda
Tmobdes Tavis sacxovrebels axali cxovrebisaTvis;
Tmobdes, rogorc msxverpls, swiravdes mas. raki
misi saxli Seiqmna jvarGenis adgili, Tavad ki gaxda
jvarGenis mxilveli, _ is kera, is saxli, is adamianebi
bednierni unda yofiliyvnen, rom jvarma swored
maT SuagulSi ineba daarseba, magram kaci ji-
utobs da andrezic gvamcnobs, Tu ra mosdevs am
sijiutes. kaci jiutobs, radgan is jer kidev ar aris
yma. andrezi gadmogvcems im viTarebas, roca ad-
amianTa jgufebi jer kidev ar warmoadgendnen
saymos, aramed arian ùtni~, ùmecarni~, romle-
bic cxovroben RvTaebrivi patronis gareSe. JamTas-
vlis romeliRac monakveTSi jvarma iGina Tavi, ro-
gorc patronma, magram adamians masSi ver
gamoucnia Tavisi momavali patroni da is erGis
mas, rogorc mters. da ai, gandevnilebi sakuTari
keridan, romelic teritoriis Suaguli aRmoGnda, isini
kvlav Suagulisaken gaiweven, magram es iqneba
ara sayofacxovrebo, aramed sakraluri Suaguli.
saymo aris TiTqmis mzidan gamosxletili ded-
amiwa, romelic iwyebs brunvas Tavisi Zveli budis
garSemo. istoriul xanaSi Tumca jvaris saarso adgili
saymos sacxovrebeli teritoriis ganapiras imyofeba
da ara mis geometriul centrSi, magram is misi
Suagulia. im droidan, roca ifani aRmocendeba
yverfSi da mosaxleoba dastovebs nebiT Tu iZule-
biT kvrivad qceul keras, uTmobs ra Tavis sacx-
lvii
ovrebel adgils RvTisSvils, amieridan adamianis
samkvidreblad Seuferebels da gamousadegars, _
arsdeba kulti da mosaxleobac iwyebs Tavis axal
arsebobas, is axal safexurze adis; amieridan
iwyebs arsebobas saymo. es metad mniSvnelovani
momentia sazogadoebis istoriaSi, romlis gariJraJze
msxverplia gaRebuli.
x.ortega i gaseti amgvar Tvalsazriss
gvTavazobs Suasaukuneebis evropuli qalaqis arsze
da genezisze: `daumuSavebel, velur sivrceze ve-
getatiuri arsebobis xanas enacvleba qalaqur gare-
moSi kulturuli koncentraciis dro. qalaqi TiTqos
zesaxlia; is kulturis ufro maRal doneze dgas, vidre
saxli, radganac saxli igive budea, romelsac, yvelas
kargad moexseneba, marto adamianebi ki ar
ikeTeben, aramed frinvelebic. qalaqi ufro abstra-
qtuli da ufro rTuli warmonaqmnia, vidre ojaxuri
. qalaqi ukve respublikaa, , rome-
lic qalebisa da kacebisagan ki ar Sedgeba, aramed
moqalaqeebisgan. qalaqis warmoSobasTan erTad
adamianuri arseboba axal ganzomilebaSi
gadadis^ imaT, vinc guSin mxolod adamianebi
iyvnen, xolo dRes ukve moqalaqeebi gaxdnen,
mouwevT mTeli TavianTi Zal-Rone moaxmaron
imas, rom ufro metad aamaRlon am axali arse-
bobis done~ (59-a,167).
aseTia saymoc, "mTis qalaqi", romlis "zesaxlo-
bas" Tavad jvari Tavisi gardamqmneli
moqmedebiT udasturebs mis `moqalaqeebs~.
jvarGena karatiswverze
keraSi ifnis amosvlis andrezi bevri jvar-
salocavis daarsebas daukavSirda. bevrgan
lviii
SexvdebiT jvaris teritoriaze, xSirad nangrevebs
Soris, amosul ifnis xeebs da gaigonebT misi norGi
nergebisagan moSlili, gangreuli keriis tragikul am-
bavs. es tragizmi Zevs saymosa da kultis
genezisSi. am siuJetze agebul jvarGenis andrezs
pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT `xTonuri~, raki jvari
miwis gulidan amosvliT adasturebs Tavs. magram
Gven viciT, rom jvari ciuri warmomavlobis aris,
rasac SesaniSnavad gvimowmebs erT-erTi jvaris
epiTeti `ciT svetad Gamosuli~, kerZod, Girdilis
(xevsureTis) wmida giorgis jvaris miTologemuri
saxelwodeba _ `saGales svetad Gamosuli,
samkibals Suqis damkravi~. jvari, rogorc RvTisS-
vili, cis Svilic aris, amitomac misi gamoGena ufro
metad maRal mwvervalebzea mosalodneli da say-
moc jvarGenas swored maRal mTebSi elis. jvaris
cidan warmomavlobis motivi mkveTrad gamoxatuli
siuJetiT daukavSirda karatis jvaris (liqokis kopalas)
daarsebas karatiswverze. es aris sruliad unikalur
qargaze agebuli Tqmuleba, romlis msgavsi ar
gvxvdeba sxva jvarTa warmoSobis andrezad. ai,
misi Sinaarsi:
karatiswverze, romlis erT mxares xevsureTis
sofelia _ Walaisofeli, xolo meore mxares fSavelTa
sofeli bulalaurTa, zafxulobiT erTmaneTs xvdeba
Tav-Tavisi soflebidan samwyesurSi amosuli
ucodveli qal-vaJi, romelTac erTmaneTi uyvarT da-
Zmuri siyvaruliT. erT dRes qal-vaJs cidan moes-
mebaT wivilis xma, rasac mohyveba saswauli: maT
lix
Tvalwin cidan GamoeSveba Tasi da vercxlis Sibi.
qals Sexvdeba Sibi, vaJs _ Tasi; waiReben samwye-
suridan am nivTebs Tav-Tavis saxlebSi da
winaswar daTqvamen, ar gaumxilon es ambavi
mSoblebs. vaJi Tass WerxoSi (zeda sarTulze) dam-
alavs karsukan, qali Sibs _ puris kidobanSi. RamiT
orive saxlSi atydeba iseTive wivili, rogoric am sag-
nebis gamoGenisas gaisma karatiswverze. meore
RamiTac rom igive ganmeordeba, bavSvebi
mSoblebs gaumxelen TavianT saidumlos. mSoblebi
midian mkiTxavTan, romlis rGeviT Sibs orad Wrian,
erT naWers misi gamoGenis adgilas marxaven mi-
waSi, meore naWers _ liqokSi da zed koSks
aageben; Tass ki karatiswverze marxaven. es
adgilebia jvaris saarso adgilebi (60, 126-128).
sxva gadmocemiT: cidan cecxlis Sibi GamoeS-
veba; Sibi jvaris saxes iRebs (`ciTav cecxli
GamoGndav Sibis aRiTao, xatis aRe ki yofiliyvao~).
wilisyriT jvari qals Sexvdeba da gudiT saxlSi
waiRebs. Sinaurebs gudaSi frinveli egonebaT (`fx-
awa-fxuw idgav ai gudaSiav, _ frinvel daiWiriaev? _
uTqom i qalisad~); gudas Tavs moxsnian da jvari
frinveliviT daiwyebs frTxials. qali gaqadagdeba da
daawesebs karatis jvaris kults (67, 180).
karatiswveri _ fSavisa da xevsureTis soflebis
gamyofi, magram qal-vaJis Seyris adgili, umaRlesi
mwvervali am aremareSi da misi Sesabami are
weliwadisa gazafxuli, `weliwadis droTa dedofali~,
rogorc mas uwodebs erTi Zveli avtori, qali da vaJi
lx
siymawvilis asakSi, maTi ubraloeba da siwmide,
wmida haeri, romlis wiaR SeiZleba uxilavis xilva^ _
ai, jvarGenis saukeTeso pirobebi am andrezSi. es
iqneboda saSineli movlena, rogorc mexistexa; ma-
gram qal-vaJs ar gasGenia SiSis grZnoba, maT
bunebaSi rom yofiliyo niadagi SiSis gaGenisaTvis,
isini verc ixilavdnen am saswauls. cxadia, maTi uS-
iSaroba maTive ucodvelobis niSania. ìmaT es
dainaxes da aiRes, imitomao, amboben xevsurebi,
rom isini wmidad iyvnen, Torem Tu maTi siwmide
Selaxuli yofiliyo, maSin igini verc dainaxavdnen da
verc aiRebdnen Tassa da Sibsao~ (60, 127). is qal-
vaJi, romelic (ufro qali) saymos genezisis monawile
Seiqmna, SeiZleba SevadaroT mxolod adam da
evas _ samoTxis mkvidrT, romelTac jer kidev ar
hqondaT nagemebi akrZaluli xili, da romelTa sico-
cxle, SeiZleba iTqvas, ganuwyveteli jvarGenis
winaSe gadioda. im adam da evas anareklebi
iyvnen es vaJi da es qali; isini aSenebdnen koSks
karatiswverze TamaS-TamaSiT (67, 162) da ar
icodnen, rom jvarGenamde mignebuli hqondaT kv-
rivi adgili, sadac isini, rogorc sinais mTaze
mayvlovanis saswaulis mxilveli mwyemsi mose,
fexSiSvelani idgnen.
jvarGenis sagnebze _ Sibze da Tasze _
sagangebod iqneba saubari. axla ki unda SeiniS-
nos, rom mwyemsi qal-vaJi am sagnebs utyuari al-
Ros karnaxiT sawmido adgilas inaxaven, rogoric
aris puris kidobani da saxlis Werxo; Tumca am
lxi
wmida sagnebma, rogorc cocxalma arsebebma,
saswauliT aGvenes, rom adamianis sacxovrebeli ar
unda yofiliyo maTi adgil-samyofeli. isini unda
Gamarxuliyvnen miwaSi, raTa amozrdiliyo kulti,
Tundac ifnis saxiT (marTlac, erTi andrezis
Tanaxmad, ifani amodis keriaSi Garguli Tasidan
(67, 185).
kultis dasabami iracionalur-
Sia. es cxadia. magram misi
fesvi bavSvur ubraloebaSi Zevs.
andrezi gvamcnobs: is qal-vaJi
`mwyemsobas dadiana-d’ imaSi
erT batara koSk gaukeTebav,
qvebisai. meore dRes erTxan,
rosam or misulan, i koSkze dayudebul xat yofil^~
(67, 162). bavSvebis aSenebuli saTamaSo koSki
aris pirvelsaxe im kvrivi koSkebisa, romlebic
miGneulia jvaris daarsebis adgilze agebulad uxso-
var droSi. bavSvebi aSeneben koSks jvarGenis
gaucnobierebel molodinSi. aris soflebi _ ori sofeli _
karatiswveris orive mxares, aris mosaxleoba, aris
saqoneli, romelic yovel zafxuls ideneba saZovarze
im aremaris umaRles mwvervalze, arian mwyem-
sebic, magram es yvelaferi jer kidev ver qmnis
saymos, radgan am soflebs fSavisas da xevsureT-
isas ara hyavT jvari, salocavi, ara aqvT kulti.
soflisTvis kulti, religia, araTu axali, aramed saer-
Tod religia, moaqvT am myemsebs saswaulebrivad
cidan movlenili sagnebis wyalobiT; am movleniT
lxii
iwyeba istoria am xeobaSi, rogorc skviTebis qvey-
anaSi oqros nivTebis gamoGeniT, herodote rom
mogviTxrobs Tavis ìstoriaSi~: `^targitaiss hyavda
sami vaJi: lipoqsai, arpaqsai da umrwemesi _
kolaqsai. maT dros cidan GamoeSva oqros
iaraRebi: guTani-uReli, culi da Tasi. da dacvivdnen
skviTebis qveyanaSi. pirvelad isini ufrosma dain-
axa, axlos mivida asaRebad, magram miaxloebisas
oqro abrialda. is ukanve gabrunda. axla meore
Zma gaemarTa, magram igive ganmeorda. roca
isini oqrom Tavisi cecxliT moiSora Tavidan, mes-
amed umrwemesi Zma mivida da cecxlic Gaqra da
man saxlSi waiRo es nivTebi. amis Semdeg
ufrosma Zmebma scnes miniSneba da mTeli
samefo mas gadasces~ (IV, 5).
Zmebma samefo umcros Zmas gadasces, ro-
gorc zRaprebSi xdeba. magram aq mTavari is aris,
rom es oqros sagnebi, romelTac Semdeg `skviTi
mefeebi didis mzrunvelobiT inaxavdnen da yovel-
wliuri msxverplSewirvebiT mowiwebiT scemdnen
Tayvans~ (IV, 7), qmnian skviTebis manamde ud-
abur miwaze kacobriul kulturas, simbolurad
gamoxataven ra sam funqcias adamianuri moR-
vaweobisas: uReli-guTani _ miwaTmoqmedebas,
culi _ meomrobas, Tasi _ kultmsaxurebas (124,
156). miwa ixvneba, qurumi TasiT Rvris wmida
saRvrels, meomari culiT icavs miwis muSakis
naWirnaxulevs da RvTismsaxuris mSvidobian
sakralur saqmes. mxolod am sagnebis aTvisebis
lxiii
Semdeg SeiZleba laparaki skviTebSi adamianTa
sazogadoebis arsebobaze.
aseve, karatiswverze movlenili wmida sagnebi
qmnian saymos _ karatis jvari gzavnis Tavis niSans
Tasis saxiT da misi xelyofis uflebas aniWebs
ucodvel mwyemsebs. Tu siwmidis xelyofa maTi
privilegiaa, es imis niSanic aris, rom isini amieridan
jvaris mier `xeldebulni~ an `daWerilni~ arian. am
sakralur sagnebTan Sexebam wertili dausva ara
mxolod maT bavSvobas da pastoralur yofas,
aramed sruliad moswyvita isini yofiT cxovrebas da
sakralur sferoSi _ TiTqos kvrivSi, gadaiyvana.
`memr gaxdil qadag is qali, gaqadagebul. gaugav
xalxs, movklaTav, uTqom. is qal xan sad malul,
xan sad. i xats Tan uyolebav. xat xan gafrindebis,
xan mauv. im qals arc meTveurobis wes xqonivas,
arc qmrianobisa, arc mebosleobisa^ xalxs ar
uyenebav i qali^~ (67, 162).
es xalxi iseve ewinaaRmdegeboda qadags _
jvaris moenes da misi nebis gamomcxadebels;
iseve urGobs, rogorc is mosaxleoba, romlis keraSi
jvarGenis niSnad ifani amovida.
beTlemi _ jvarTa samSoblo

`pirvelad morigem xTiSvilni zecidan rom gad-
mauSvna, maSin isini gergets daabinava^~ (60,
118), _ mogviTxrobs RvTisSvilTa am qveynad, ad-
amianTa miwaze, gamoGenis andrezi. gergeti casa
da miwas Soris aris aRmarTuli, is dgas, rogorc dur-
lxiv
anqi _ `kavSiri cisa da miwisa~, romlis erTi kerZo,
Zalze gavrcelebuli gansaxeba aris swored mTa
(46, 125-7). raki RvTisSvilni gergetze arian da-
binavebulni, SeiZleba is RvTisSvilTa olimpod
migveGnia, rom erTi dabrkoleba ar iyos: zevs-
isagan, RmerTTa da kacTa mamisagan,
gansxvavebiT morige RmerTs, RvTisSvilTa gam-
Gensa da qveynierebis dambadebels, gergetze ar
udgas taxti. mas arasodes dautovebia Tavisi kari
caSi, romlis maxloblad erTaderT RvTisSvils kvirias
udgas karavi. `dideba^ dids kviriasa, xTis maRlis
makarvesa!~ (56, 14), ase adideben mas. isic
gacnobirebulia, rom morige RmerTTan siaxlovis Ri-
rseba Tavad morige RmrTisgan aqvs miniWebuli:
`Sen gadidas, gagimarjos, kvirao xTisgan karavi-
ano!~ (56, 26). rogorc àngelozT meufroses~ (56,
67), mas gansakuTrebuli misia akisria, rac
gamoGnda kopalasa da devTa Serkinebisas, roca
didi kviraes maTraxis moqnevam gadawyvita
sabediswero asparezobis bedi.
gergeti imiTac ar hgavs berZnuli RmerTebis
panTeons, rom is RvTisSvilTa droebiTi samyofeli
iyo, is iyo Suagza casa da miwas Soris da gergeti,
rogorc duranqi, asrulebda am funqcias. vidre ud-
ables sferoSi, adamianTa samyofelSi daeSve-
bodnen, morige RmerTs isini jer am Suagzaze
unda daebinavebina, saidanac unda moesminaT
maT adamianTa ganwiruli Zaxili. amis Semdeg
unda daetovebinaT gergeti da Gabmuliyvnen de-
lxv
vebTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi. asec
moxda.
yvela RvTisSvils sakuTari gza hqonda Tavisi
saymosken, romelic morige RmerTma winaswar
Gaabara maT. gergetidan wamosuli xaduelTa
sameba, `koWis mokidebiT~ aGens ra gzadagza
salocav niSebs, adis crolis wverze da `yinvris lo-
ginian, nislis kotorSi gaxveuli~ jvaris saxels imk-
vidrebs (60, 178). ase sxva RvTisSvilebic mo-
evlinen Tav-TavianT saymoebis mTawmindebs,
jvarTa pirvelGenis adgilebs, romlebic zemodan
dahyureben saymoTa miwa-wyals.
rogorc Gans, gergeti ZvelTaganve siwmidiT
yofila mosili qarTvelTa TvalSi. im adgilze, sadac
dRes samebis taZari dgas, tradicia andria mo-
ciqulis kvals xedavs: pirvelwodebul mociquls aq
jvari aRumarTavs, riTac dasabami miucia am are-
maris sakraluri istoriisaTvis (71, 93). JamTa msvlel-
obaSi gergetis siwmides isic aZlierebda, rom Znel-
bedobisas samebis taZarSi inaxeboda mcxeTis
sveticxovelis ganZi, maT Soris wmida ninos jvari
vazisa (75, 357). qristianul udides siwmideTa sax-
izaris statusi ukuifineboda gergetelebzec, samebis
saymoze. p.umikaSvilisaTvis uTqvamT gergetelT:
`gergetelis sisxli sami kacis sisxlaTa Rirs. vaxtang
gorgasali mefis Tarxani varT. yarauli gviyenia
mudam saydarTan _ zamTar-zafxulsa. samTa mefis
aSenebuli ymani varT. bagrationTa nawyalobebi
varTo~ (77, 351). gergetSi, rogorc sveticxovlis
lxvi
saxizarSi, Tavad sveticxovlis sakralizmi da madlia
ganivTebuli misi saganZurisa da wmida ninos
jvaris saxiT. aseTi gaazreba aqvs saymos religiur
SegnebaSi im istoriul faqts, rom gergeti mcxeTis
sveticxovlis saufloSi Sedioda (69, 196). isini Tavi-
anT istorias gorgaslidan iwyeben, xolo taZris
aSenebas Tamaris andrezul xanas miaweren (unda
aRiniSnos, rom saymos cnobierebaSi Tamaris
epoqa, rogorc sawyisi xana, win uswrebs gorgaslis
epoqas).
gergetis samebis wmida siZlieres misi saymos
piriT auwyebs sadidebeli:
didia wmida sameba,
cis kiduramde elavso^
sadideblis es sityvebi imasac gvauwyebs, rom
sameba qveynis SuagulSi dgas da aqedan afens
samyaros oTxiv kuTxisaken Tavis Saravands.
amitom ar aris moulodneli, rom jvris uReltex-
ilsaqeTa saymoebi TavianTi patroni RvTisSvilebis
`samSoblod~ gergets miiGneven. v.bardaveliZes
dadasturebuli aqvs gergetuli koSkebi piraqeT
xevsureTSi (barisaPos, buGukurTis, ukenaPos da
oPerPevis mTebze), romelTa ageba ukavSideba
gergetidan `TeTreulis~ (igulisxmeba vercxlis Tas-
ganZis) gadmotanas (6, 34). gergeti maTTvis
Zlierebisa da davlaTis wyaroa, rogorc es ukan-
Paduuri simReridan Gans, sadac Padus samebis
ymaa Seqebuli:
meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,
lxvii
kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,
Tormetis Suris mZebnelo, Pelad momyvano
tyvisao
(38, #25441).
wmida mTaa gergeti da misi sameba _ qristi-
anul siwmideTa saxizari; magram samebaze
maRla, gergetis kldeSi aris wmidaTa wmida, romlis
midamoebSi, berebis gadmocemiT, rasac xalxuri
Tqmulebebi scems dasturs, oqros mtredebi da-
frinaven (114, 111). mtredebs, romlebic ima-
ginaciuri xilvis meore `wams~ frTian jvrebad
gardaisaxebian, RvTisSvilis mkadre Tu wmida beri
beTlemis qvabSi Sehyavs. beTlemis legendas qris-
tianul tradiciamde mivyavarT, romelsac safuZveli
palestinis beTlemSi aqvs. aqedan gamosuli wmida
tradicia xevis beTlemis garSemo arsebul Tqmule-
baSi ganagrZobs sicocxles. am tradiciuli, wmida
andrezis uZvelesi Ganaweri vaxuSti bagrationis
àRweraSi~ moipoveba:
`myinvaris kldesa Sina arian quabni gamok-
ueTilni friad maRalsa, da uwodeben beTlemsa,
garna saWirod asavali ars, rameTu ars jaWvi
rkinisa, gardmokidebuli quabidan, da miT aRvlen.
ityvian uflis akuansa mun da abrahamis karavsa,
mdgomsa usuetod, usablod, da sxuaTaca sak-
virvelTa. aramed me vdumeb^~ (75, 357-8).
beTlemis qvabSi dacul sakralur reliqviebs, ro-
melTac vaxuSti GamoTvlis, sxva cnobiT, emateba
zeciuri mananis maragi da is ZRveni, romlebic mo-
lxviii
gvebma axladSobil qristes _ RvTis Zes anu RvTisS-
vils miarTves beTlemSi (114, 112). TiToeuli realia
aq mniSvnelovani religiuri simbolizmiT aris datvir-
Tuli _ isini moicaven Zveli da axali aRTqmebis
sakralur sinamdviles. abraamis, `mravalTa
mamis~, karavi aris igive wiaRi misi, saidanac
gamovida uflis rGeuli eri _ kacobriobis saxe Zvel
aRTqmaSi; amave dros, usvet-usablod mdgari
karavi igive cargvalia, romelic moicavs mTel qven-
ierebas. simbolizmi karvisa ufro meti sakralizmiT
imoseba, roca is RvTis Zis samSoblod aris Seracx-
ili: abraamis karavi Zveli aRTqmis sxva sagnebTan
da movlenebTan erTad RvTismSoblis winaswar-
metyveluri xatia. daviT guramiSvilis vedrebaSi
RvTismSoblis mimarT, romelic misdevs tradiciul
qristianul simbolizms, vkiTxulobT:
saxis* abramis karao, RvTis tevniT gulTa myrd-
nobelo,
sjulT kidobano mosianT, RvTis mcnebis Gasaw-
yobelo,
viT Seuwvelo mayvalo, saRmrTo cecxl-
gauqrobelo,
miPsen, nu damwvav saPmiliT, ieso qristes
mSobelo!
(ld, 421)
beTlemis qvabSi Tqmuleba adgils miuGens
saswaulebriv sakvebs _ mananas, romelic egvi-
ptidan gamosul ers kvebavda misi ufali udabnoSi
*
albaT unda iyos: `saxiT~.
lxix
ormoci wlis manZilze (gamosvl. 16, 15-35). uflis
gamocxadebiT mosem mananis dRiuri maragi
Seanaxvina oqros takukSi, romelic rjulis kidobnis
gverdiT unda mdgariyo uflis winaSe momaval
TaobaTaTvis samaxsovrod. mogviano tradiciiT,
mananiani es oqros WurWeli Tavad rjulis kidobanSi
inaxeboda: `^romelsa Sina iyo takuki oqrosaY,
savse mananaYTa~ (ebr. 9, 4).
beTlemis qvabSive, am sakraluri andrezis
Tanaxmad, inaxeba mogvebis mier qristes Sobis
dRes morTmeuli ZRveni òqroi, gundruki da muri~
(maT. 2, 11), axladSobil yrmis mefuri (oqro), RvTi-
uri (gundruki) da kacebrivi (muri) Rirsebis aRsan-
iSnavad. da, rac mTavaria, aq dgas is akvani,
oqros akvnad saxeldebuli, sadac iwva RvTis Svili.
(me-2 makabelTa wignSi moTxrobilia, rogor Sein-
axes saidumlo gamoqvabulSi Zveli aRTqmis rjulis
siwmideni: `mivida iq ieremia da ipova gamoqv-
abuli da Sig Seitana karavi, kidobani da sakurTxev-
eli, da dabeWda Sesasvleli. xolo roca mis kvalze iq
mividnen zogierTni mis Tanmxleb pirTagan, rom
mieniSnaT gza, ver ipoves is adgili~ (me-2 makab.
2, 5-6).
Tu gergetis sameba erovnul qristianul siw-
mideTa (ninos jvarisa da sxvaTa) saxizaria, be-
Tlemis qvabi saerToqristianul siwmideTa saidumlo
Sesakrebelia; garda palestinuri beTlemisa _ qristes
samSoblosi, romelic aris, amave ZaliT, qristianuli
rjulis dasabami, xevis beTlemi simbolurad war-
lxx
mosaxavs rjulis kidobansac, romelic moses karvis _
uflis taZris pirvelsaxis _ wmidaTa wmidaSi idga.
`da kidobansa Sina dahsxne saidumloni, romelni
migcne Sen~ (gamosvl. 25, 21), eubneba ufali
moses, rodesac sauflo kidobnis agebas ubrZ-
anebda. kidobani inaxavda saidumlos da is
amitomac unda mdgariyo saidumlo adgilze jer kar-
visa da mere taZrisa, roca is aSendeboda.
amitomac beTlemi iseve miuwvdomelia, rogorc ier-
usalimis wmidaTa wmida. `garna saWiro asavali
ars, rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa, gardmokidebuli qva-
bidam, da miT aRvlen~ _ wers vaxuSti. jaWvis
arseboba niSnavs, rom adgili, sadamdisac is aris
gabmuli, Znelia misaRwevad; is gulisxmobs ufsk-
ruls or sferos Soris. magram amave dros, rac
mTavaria, misi arsebobave moaswavebs, rom
kavSiri damyarebulia: jaWvi religiis simboloa,
kavSirisa miwier da zeciur samyaroTa Soris. aq isic
sacnauri xdeba, rom Znelad asaval jaWvze gadis
gza mxolod rGeulTa da wmidanTa, gza kvrivTa kv-
rivisaken, sadac didi saidumloa damarxuli. be-
TlemSi asvla Seedreba mRvdelmTavris Sesvlas ier-
usalimis wmidaTa wmidaSi. amitomac beTlemis
Tqmuleba am saidumlo qvabSi amsvlelad mxolod
erTaderT mowmidar bers asaxelebs, romelsac be-
Tlemis wmida giorgis nebiT daulaxavs beTlemis
kvrivi. mas iq unaxavs yinulis brwyinvale taZari,
romlis Weri varskvlavebiT yofila moWedili, iataki _
TvalmargalitiT; SuaSi oqros akvani mdgara, ro-
lxxi
melsac mtredi arwevda. sakurTxevelSi sakvirveli
ram unaxavs, magram misi gamocxadebis ufleba
ara hqonia (55). rGeuls boZebuli aqvs, cxadia, misi
siwmidis jildod, saidumlos xilvis ufleba, magram
zogierTi ramis gancxadebis neba mas ara aqvs.
aseTia kultis saidumlos wesi. amasve gulisxmobs
vaxuStis fraza, romliTac is amTavrebs beTlemis
qvabis siwmideTa GamoTvlas: `âramed me
vdumeb~.
mainc gaxsnilia gza saidumlosaken, risi nivTieri
dasturia abrahamis karvisa da qristes bagis xis
naWrebi, romlebic Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, be-
Tlemidan dabrunebul bers mefe ereklesTvis miurT-
mevia (11, 210-1; 129, 111,66). bagration mefes,
rogorc uflis naTesavs (`sadaviTo saxlis~ STamo-
mavals) da RvTisSvilis, kerZod, gudanis jvaris,
moZmes, memkvidreobad gadaecema RvTis
ganxorcielebis niSani.
ai, aseTi saidumloebrivi da siwmidiT mosili
adgilidan, rogoric beTlemia, _ qristianul siwmideTa
Sesakrebeli adgili anu wmida saganZuri, _ iReben
dasabams xevsureTis RvTisSvilni; morige
RmerTma isini aq Sekriba, raTa aqedan
gamocxadebodnen qveyanas; isini aq TavianTi
simboluri saxiT arian warmodgenilni, im saxiT, ro-
goriTac wmida mkadreebs SeuZliaT maTi xilva. rac
saymom icis maT Sesaxeb, mkadreTagan icis, ro-
melTa gamocdilebaSi beTlems Suaguli adgili
lxxii
uWiravs, Tavad beTlemSi ki _ oqros akvans RvTiuri
yrmiTurT. xevsuruli andrezi gadmogvcems:
`^gaxua wauyvanav xTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’
Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro SevediT, Tqvisav
gaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’
TamaSobdesav. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’
ireodav erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, rom
buzvebiviT gad-gamodiodesav. erTiv oqros akavan
idgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav, tredeb daR-
brunevdesav Tavzedao-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aW-
mevdesav^~ (67, 191).
beTlemi savsea `xatebiT~ anu jvrebiT (ig-
ulisxmeba jvris niSani), romlebic wamierad mkad-
ris aRqmaSi mtredis saxes iReben. jvarica da
mtredic uxorco angelozebis aReebia. oqros ak-
vanSi mwolare mxolod imitom ar aris Gveulebrivi
yrma, rom masze mtredebi zrunaven; saymos war-
mosaxvaSi angelozebi nebismier ymas
miakiTxaven, Tu is upatronod aris datovebuli. erTi
Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs: `dedas daviwyebia
samkalSi akvniT bavSvi. mofrenilan mtredebi da
angelozebi, Semsxdaran akvnis kamaraze. an-
gelozebi Turme akvans arwevdnen, mtredebi nani-
nas daRuRunebdnen~ (57, 275). am andrezs
efuZneba akvanis simReris Semdegi striqoni:
`tredan gaRuRunebdeso, angelosni garwevdeso~
(80, #561-b). akvnis bavSvi angelozTa
garemocvaSia, msgavsad beTlems Sobili yrmisa
(Sobis ikonografiaSi isini aucilebeli personaJebi
lxxiii
arian). oqros akvanSi mwolare ymawvilis bedi
saidumloebiT aris moculi; andrezebSi ar Gans misi
kvali, is TiTqos unda warmosaxavdes RvTisSvilis
Sobis maradiul xats da arasodes gasula beTlemis
qvabidan. magram misi arseba unda vigulisxmoT
RvTisSvilTa meufrosis kvirias saxeSi. kviria Tu
kvirae igive `kvirios~ _ berZn. ùfali~, xom morige
RvTis mokarvea, rogorc viciT, msgavsad misi mar-
jveniT mjdomarisa _ misi Zali da samarTali. say-
mos religiur SegnebaSi mas gancalkevebuli adgili
aqvs miGenili: `kviria ar erevis jvrebSi^ sakuTrad
udgas karavi, sakuTrad unda daeklas saklavi, sxva
angelozebTan nawils ar iRebs^~ (38, #25405). arc
mis saxels acxadebs, romelic saidumlod aris dam-
arxuli. ymaTa bage marxulia qristes saxelis war-
mosaTqmelad, qriste mis berZnul epiTetSi _
`kvirae~-Sia Gasaidumloebuli.*
aSkaraa, rom qristianuli tradiciiT STagonebuli
andrezuli `beTlemis saxli~ is wiaRia, sadac dam-
arxulni arian jvar-xatebi, saidanac gamodian isini
saymoebSi dasanawileblad. jvarTa am saganZur-
idan Tu saxizaridan mkadres gamohyveba erT-erTi
jvari da wauZRveba RvTisSvils miwieri sabrZanisi-
saken. `beTlemis saxlis~ zemoT moyvanil andrezs
amgvari gagrZeleba aqvs:
`^gaxua iqiT ro wamosula, wamouyvanav erT
mfrinav xati. es xati nawiliani yofil, ro RamiTav
*
aseve gasaidumloebulia wm. giorgis saxeli zogierT saymoSi: uZilaurTaSi da
SuafxoSi (fSavisxevis TemebSi) wm. giorgi Sesabamisad kopalad da iax-
sarad iwodeba. am naSromSi es sakiTxi ar aris ganxiluli.
lxxiv
SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xat Tav-
isTavad win wamimZRvebodisav, Tu(rme) icod
gaxuam, yoris wyalze ro mavediTav, icodis
gaxuam, bibin raim dadgao-d’ xatic kldis Tavze
Gajdav^ mavidesav tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’
SuqT utevdesav. oqroqsoil maitanesao-d’ romenic
gaxuas maxyvebod, im xats Gaacves, Tavad
gamaxyv gzas. ukan gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT
wamasulT dRe da Ram viareTao-d’ gaTenebisad
gudan mavedidiTav, is beRelSi Savidao-d’, me
karSi davrGe. iqiT dawyebul gaxuaisa-d’ mfrinavis
xatis erTad siaruli^~ (67, 191).
jvari manaTobeli mtredis saxiT mTidan barad
eSveba. is stovebs ciur beTlems, beT-lexems _
`saxls purisas~, sadac ifqlis marcvlebiT kvebaven
axladSobil yrmas, da Sedis gudanis beRelSi, Rv-
TisSvilis, amjerad wmida giorgis, miwieri saarsos
kvrivSi. es gza, romelic gamoiara mfrinavma
jvarma Tavis mkadresTan erTad, qmnis uxilav
jaWvs am or beRels Soris.
mfrinavi jvrebi
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTels mTianeTSi,
sadac ki xalxi RvTisSvilTa mfarvelobis qveS say-
moebad cxovrobs, gavrcelebulia andrezebi e.w.
`mfrinav jvrebze~. potenciurad TiTqmis yvela jvari
(RvTisSvilis nivTieri niSani) mfrinavia, magram zo-
gierT saymoSi es Tviseba jvaris (RvTisSvilis) mud-
miv epiTets qmnis. mag., xadus saneba ase ix-
seneba sadidebelSi: `mfrinavi angelozi crolis wver-
lxxv
isa~ (62, 10). am mfrinav angelozs anu samebas
croliswverisas jvarGenis da mgzavrobis Tavisi an-
drezi aqvs.
sxva jvarTa msgavsad crolis wveris saneba
(sameba) gergetis beTlemidan aris wamosuli, ma-
gram vidre crolis Tavze daarsdeboda, is manamde
`mindorGi~ yofila daarsebuli; es misi winaistoriaa,
romlis andrezi SemorGenili ar aris. rogorc am-
boben, barSi (anu mindorSi) siwmide Selaxula im-
denad, rom iq samebas aRar daedgomeboda.
`^bolos saneba iqamdin gamwyr, ro aiyar
mindorGiiTa, wamavid mTaGi siwmidis gulisad,
sofels arc aq miekara-d’ maRals mTaze crols
daarsd, PmelT SuaGi^~ (62, 1-2).
aseTia am jvaris moZraobis ritmi: mTidan (be-
Tlemidan) barad (`mindorGi~), baridan kvlav
mTaSi (crolis wverze), Tumca rogorc davinaxavT,
is crolis mTazec ar Gerdeba mudmivad. mis am
ritms istoriuli safuZveli, albaT, Znelbedobis xanaSi
aqvs, roca barSi rjuli ibRaleba da siwmideebi an
idevnebian, an mtris xels ganridebulni, saxizarebs
miaSureben mTebSi. romeli saymos patroni iyo be-
Tlemidan barSi wamosuli saneba, an saqarTvelos
romeli kuTxe igulisxmeba am mindorSi, andrezs ar
Semounaxavs, radgan `mindorGiiT~ ltolvilma
xadus sanaxebSi sruliad axali saymo Seqmna,
saymo, romlis cnobierebaSi maTi Semkrebi jvaris
preistorias ar SeuRwevia. saymos axsovs mxolod
misi jvarGena crolis wverze, jvarGena naTlisa da
lxxvi
mtredis saxiT. saymos isic axsovs, Tu vin iyo Sem-
swre jvarGenisa anu misi àRmomGeni~; es iyo
Garglidan ukacriel xadus sanaxebSi wamosuli kaci
_ qeraulTa sagvareulos eponimi vinme qera. mas
SeumGnevia naTeba crolis wverze, wasula da un-
axavs, `rom tredis saxiT ijd maRals qvazed
mfrinav angelozi-d’ TvalT ar iyrid. qeras gon aP-
diva-d’ gonT ro masul, iq aRara ibadebodao-d’
muPlmayril vijdiv im adgilzedav, sadac mfrinav an-
geloziv vnaxev^~ (62, 2). marTalia, jvarGenis
mtredi gauGinarda, magram isaxeba kultis xiluli
mxare: qera crolis wverze aSenebs koSks anu kv-
rivs jvarGenis niSnad da samaxsovrod, darbazs da
saqvabes _ sakulto teritoriis aucilebel nagebobebs
dReobaTa warsamarTavad. ase arsdeba kulti
xaduSi, rac amave dros saymos daarsebac aris.
is jvari, romelic freniT movida crolis wverze, is-
toriul xanaSic ganagrZobs frenas. jvaris mogza-
uroba adgil-adgil, `koWis mokidebiT~, dakavSire-
bulia saymos teritoriis wmidayofasTan, rac
imavdroulad aris misgan am teritoriis daufleba. is,
Gveulebriv, mkadresTan erTad mogzaurobs, ma-
gram kidobanSia Gasvenebuli da mxolod maSin
amoabrZaneben, roca amis saWiroeba dadgeba.
kidobani, cxadia, SemTxveviTi sadguri ar aris
jvarisaTvis: aq unda gavixsenoT, rom swored
kidobanSi malavs qali karatiswverze gamoGenil
niSs jvarisas _ oqros Sibs. kidobnis ideam SeiZleba
uflis kidobnamde migviyvanos, sadac israelis
lxxvii
umTavresi siwmideebi iyo daculi. sanebis jvaris
erTi andrezi aseT ambavs inaxavs: RilRvelTa mx-
areSi, sadac sanebis jvarioni begaris asakrefad iyo
wasuli, misi mkadre wmidad ver daicavs Tavis
fiqrebs, ris gamoc jvari swyreba masze. Tumca is
ufro adre RilRvelebze yofila gamwyrali da kidobn-
idan amofrenils aRar usurvebia arc am mxareSi
gaGereba da arc kidobanSi GabrZaneba. `sTxoves
pativeba, magram saneba Zalian gamwyral iyva-d’
aRar dadg iq. gamaxyv mkadreica-d’ dasturebic.
ro madiodes, mauZRvebodaT, ukan jvarionn
maxyvebodes. neTxiskar ro mavides, iq erTi Zalian
lamaz RilRvlis qal Saxvd jvarionT, ro imisTana
lamaz qal meore ar iqnebod. mkadre ar iyv xnier
kaci-d’ am qalze gulSi raicaR cud gaifiqr. aba
saneba gulTa mxilavi asa-d’ gaig es ambavi, ro
Gemm mkadremav gulSi cud raim ifiqrav
qalzedao-d’ gawyra-d’ am mkadresa-d’ sxvaT jvari-
onTac TvalSiiT gauqr^~ (62, 208).
aq gamoGnda misi, rogorc `mfrinavi
angelozis~, buneba. unda vifiqroT, am SemTxvevis
gamo mieca mas es saxeli. miTxodan freniT wamo-
suli jvari gzadagza `koWs ikidebs~, adgil-adgil
aGens kvrivebs, sadac mis salocavad dReobebi
dawesdeba: kaloTanaSi da SituSi (arxoti), win-
PaduSi, sadac is ifns gahkravs frTas, PorielSi,
maWexas muxis nergze, sadac `baris sanebis~
saxeliT dawesdeba misi locva; Sefrindeba sajangis
tyeSi, sadac kvrivs auSeneben mas; bolos,
lxxviii
dadgeba zais, sadac is irGevs Tavis saboloo,
saarso adgils. amrigad, mfrinav angelozs _ sane-
bas ori sabrZanebeli aqvs: erTi sofelSi, meore _
croliswverze; Tumca istoriul periodSi croliswveris
sanebas safarveli aqvs dadebuli da mkadreebsac
aRar ecxadeboda. siwmidis daklebam gamoiwvia
misi gauGinareba.
rogorc iTqva, andrezis Tanaxmad, crolis saneba
baridan aris amosuli imis gamo, rom barad xalxSi
siwmide SebRalula. crolis saneba am mxriv ar aris
gamonaklisi. baridan, dablobidan maRla afrena
jvarisa sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa jvar-
xatebis istoriaSi. jvars aRar moswons Tavis saarso
adgili da maRla mifrinavs. Sardeni Tavis `mogza-
urobaSi~ mogviTxrobs xeTis mTavarangelozis
xatis ambavs, romelic mas adgilobriv mcx-
ovrebTagan mousmenia: `âmboben, rom es xati
Tavdapirvelad Waobis maxloblad mdgar eklesiaSi
esvenao; aq uamravi bayayi yofila, romelTa yiyin-
sac gaubruebia; moqanculi xati mTis wverze
gaqceula^~ (89, 154).
es aris erTi uZvelesi werilobiTi dadastureba
mfrinavi xatebis arsebobisa qarTvelTa religiur war-
modgenebSi. aseve dablidan maRla aris afrenili
zemo svaneTis ganTqmuli siwmide _ e.w. Salianis
xati (romelic warmoadgens jvars macxovris
gamosaxulebiT); Tamar mefis naGuqari es xati jer
sofel adgilas esvena, magram raRac mizeziT am
adgilidan afrenila da kalis mTis mwvervaze da-
lxxix
frenila, sadac mas eklesia auges da Sig daasvenes
(97, 149).
dablidan maRla afrenili da mTaze daarsebuli
jvar-xatebis ambebi, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoTa andrezebSia Se-
monaxuli. jvari gaurbis am wuTisoflis `Waobs~, im
adgils, romelic ukiduresad dalaxulia adamianis uw-
mindurobisagan. xSirad adamianuri yofa, romelsac
gaurbis xati, mis mier moSenebuli, uwmiduri cx-
ovelebiT aris gasimbolurebuli. mag., xadis mTavari
salocavi xati _ `begoT saRvTo~ adre begoT-karis
cixeSi yofila dabrZanebuli, magram mamlebis
yivilsa da Rorebis Wyvitins ise Seuwuxebia, rom
erT maRal mTaze afrenila axali saarsos saZebne-
lad (50, 119). am axal, maRal sabrZanisSi daarse-
buls unda mieRo axali saxeli `saRvTo maRali~, ro-
goradac cnobilia is xadis saymoebSi. `saRvTo
maRalis~ saxeliT cnobil salocavebs, romlebic mTi-
uleT-gudamayris maRal mwvervalebze arian dab-
rZanebulni, yvelas amgvari Tavgadasavali unda
hqonodaT.
aris SemTxveva, andrezSi dadasturebuli, rom
adamiani Tavis nalax yofas upirispirebs jvars da
Segnebulad iWreba mis kvrivebSi; iWreba ara sak-
uTari fexiT, aramed uwmiduri cxovelis fexiT, rome-
lic adamianis gauwmidurebuli, antijvaruli cxovrebis
niSania. gudamayarSi yvebian ambavs vinme miri-
aneulze, romlis jvarTsawinaaRmdego qceva
lxxx
gamxdara mizezi jvaris amaRlebisa soflidan mTis
wverze.
`mirianeuli yofila erTi da Rorebi hyolia mravali.
es Rorebi, saca e xati brZandeboda, wveris an-
gelozi, iq uvlevia. uvlevia iq es Rorebi da es xati
gafrenila memre da iqaT gadasula, gairidebia. iqac
miurekav, iqidanac afrenila da, koSkis maRals veZ-
axiT, _ iq ari yore _ iq dabrZanebula. iqac gaurekav
Rorebi. memre aTnoxs gasula aqedan (aTnoxs
ician axla es wveroba)^~ (38, #25562). sxva
GanawerebSi ufro dazustebulia es adgili, sadac
devnili xati daarsda:
`âfrinda xati da su wverze avida, _ WalisTavis
wvers. yamiria, iqeTac aravin ar gasTibs. iq qvebia
gaTlili, nasaydralia. iq Rorebi veRar avidoda~ (67,
195).
mTis wverze asvlisas jvars xvdeba bunebrivad
wmida, adamianisagan daulaxavi da tradiciiT gan-
wmedili adgilebi _ yamiri da nasaydrali, romelTa
dasabamieri xeluxlebloba da siZveliT gaZlierebuli
siwmide gadaulaxav zRurblad iqceva qvemodan
moZalebuli, gauwmidurebuli sinamdvilisaTvis.
sazogadod, Rori, romelsac ukanasknel
xanamde ar yoliobdnen saqarTvelos mTaSi, siw-
midis mtrad aris Seracxili saymos yofaSi da cn-
obierebaSi. Rorebi, maTi andrezebis mixedviT, ara
mxolod jvar-xatebs upirispirdebian da uteven,
aramed wmida berebsac. `sofel gvidaqeSi ucxov-
riaT berebs. iq hqoniaT eklesia. iq aris raRac daufv-
lxxxi
lilio berebis mier. Gven winapars eTxara ormo da
raRacam daiwkriala da guli wauvida. unjia raRaca.
mkiTxavi eubneba, is adgili unda awmindoTo.
rodesac nikalai Semovidnen, Samaiyvanes Rorebi,
ese ityodake papaGemi. am uwmidurebis Samos-
vla ver aitanes berebma da iq wverze dasaxldnen.
aages eklesia bua^~ (40, 100-1). sagulisxmoa,
rom moxevuri andreziT, Roris xorcis uWmeloba da,
sazogadod, am pirutyvis uwmidurad Seracxva
berebs daudgeniaT: `wmida beTlemSi berebi ro cx-
ovrobdes, iq Rorebi Txrides da berebma Tqves,
Rori aRar eWamaTo~ (19, #.29).
vaxuSti batoniSvils xevis samebis garda aRwer-
ili aqvs sveticxovlis siwmideTa kide erTi saxizari:
`^leGxumis samxriT da odiSis aRmosavliT ars
eceri. aqa ars eklesia suetiad wodebuli, saxizari su-
etis cxovelis samkaul-saunjisa, romelsa Sina
ityvian suetis-cxovelis kanklis yofasa dResaca, ro-
meli moiRo gorgasal indoeTidam, wiTlis iagundisa
qmnili. aramed saGinod arian awca xatni da juarni
oqro-vercxlisani da mooWvilni qviTa, mravalni da
patiosanni, didni da mcireni, romelTa zeda aqusT
sasoeba da pativ-scemen. aramed umjobesi xati
ubiaT ZewkviTa oqrosaTi da ityvian: ùkeTu auS-
vaT, dalewavs yovelsave aqa myofsa xat-juarTa,
da esoden ugunur arian TvisTa ucnobelobiTa,
aramed Tu Sevides mun sasukiduno anu tyue, ver-
araisaRa uyofen, garna ganuteveben Tavisuflad~
(75, 78-8).
lxxxii
Tumca tradiciulad yoveli qristianuli taZari unda
ifaravdes devnils (am mizniT Zveli aRTqmis qvey-
anaSi sagangebod iyo gamoyofili saTavSesafro,
Sesaxvewebeli qalaqebi), magram eceris svetias
saxelwodebasTan erTad mcxeTis sveticxovlisagan
iseTi Zlieri sakraluroba aqvs miniWebuli, rom mas
Sexvewili damnaSave, sikvdilis Rirsic rom iyos,
samudamod Tavisufldeba bralisagan. damnaSaves
ganwmeds aq daunjebuli sruliad saqarTvelos
erovnuli qristianuli siwmideni. maT Soris Gvens
yuradRebas ipyrobs oqros jaWviT dabmuli xati. aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos mTis saymoTa tradiciaSi
jaWvi anu Sibi jvaris bunebrivi Tanmxlebi elemen-
tia. karatiswveris andrezebSi cidan movlenil jvars
axlavs oqros Sibi; ufro sworad, jvari SibiT aris caze
dakidebuli, rogorc RvTisSvili wm. giorgi laSarisa,
romelic ambobda: `cas vebi oqros SabiTa^~.
vidre jvari fenomenur samyaroSi, adamianTa
TvalsawierSi Semovidodes, is SibiT aris dabmuli. is
varskvlavia, romelic varskvlaveTs wydeba da caze
gadaivlis. asea jvarGenac. roca karatiswverze
mwyemsma qal-vaJma cidan GamoSvebuli jvari
Tavisken moswies, is moswyda cas; maT xelSi ki
aRmoGnda jvari masze gamobmuli Sibis naglejiT-
urT, romelic amieridan Tan axlavs jvars, rogorc au-
cilebeli atributi, misi ciuri warmoSobis niSnad. Sibis
nagleji xdeba jvaris, rogorc sulieri arsebis, simbolo,
rogorc es jvari, romelic gamoGnda adamianur
samyaroSi, aris simbolo im jvarisa. Tu `beTlemis
lxxxiii
saxli~ jvarTa RvTiuri samSoblos xatia am qvey-
anaze anu morige RvTis kari, maSin iq TavSeyrili
jvarni SibiT unda iyvnen dabmulni, rogorc dab-
mulni arian isini morige RvTis karze. mkadrem, ro-
melic RvTisSvilTa gangebiT moxvdeba beTlemSi,
unda axsnas jvari, rom mas SeeZlos Tavisi unaris
ganxorcieleba, radgan bunebiT is angelosuri arse-
baa _ `mfrinavi angelozi~. axsnili jvari mxars
gaSlis da win waruZRveba Tavis gamZRos (es aris
jvarisa da mkadris urTierTobis paradoqsi, razec sx-
vaganac iqneba saubari: jvaris gamZRo sinamd-
vileSi jvarisagan aris gaZRolili).
am paradigmis erT-erTi uZvelesi mcireaziuli
varianti romaul mwerlobaSia dadasturebuli.
tviroselebs apolonis qandakeba daubamT kvarcxl-
bekze jaWviT, radgan erT maTgans dasizmrebia,
TiTqos RmerTs qalaqis datoveba surso gasaWirSi,
roca aleqsandre makedonelma qalaqi aiRo, apo-
lonic axsna da uwoda mas àleqsandres
megobari~.
jaWvze dabmuli jvar-xatebis legendebi ele-
mentarul movlenebzea damyarebuli: maT, rogorc
dinamiur arsebaT, ar gaaGniaT simZimis Zala, isini
ar emorGilebian gravitaciis kanons. rogorc haeriT
savse burTebi, isini mudam maRlisken miiswrafian
da kidec dastovebdnen adamianTa sferos, rom ad-
amiani ar amZimebdes maT, an Tavad sakuTari
nebiT ar mZimdebodnen adamianTaTvis.. isini `mi-
wdebian~ TavianTi bunebis sawinaaRmdegod,
lxxxiv
raTa adamianebTan darGnen, risTvisac `gadmouS-
vna~ isini morige RmerTma. Tumca saymom
SeiZleba ifiqros, rom axsnili jvari dastovebs adami-
anur samyaros, an Tavad Seecdeba Tavis daxsnas,
raTa Tavdaxsnilma amiraniviT dalewos iqauroba
(Tu saymo mrisxane aspeqtiT warmoidgens mas).
magram andreziT saymos ar axsovs, rom odesme
jvars gamoeGinos damangreveli Zala, garda im
unikaluri SemTxvevisa dasabamSi, roca is ifnis aR-
mocenebiT amoangrevs keras.
Gveulebriv, jvaris mkadre Tu gamZRo miwaze
dgas, gravitaciis Zalas damorGilebuli; magram le-
gendur mkadreebs levitaciis unari aqvT miniWebuli
jvarisagan. gaxuaze, gudanis jvaris mkadreze, aris
Tqmuleba, rom mas jvarTan erTad ufrenia (38,
#25395); aseve dumacxos (gudamayari) saRvTo
maRalis dekanozze, focxveraze ambobdnen _
droSiT mxarze saRvTo maRalis wveridan xatebis
adgilamde frendao (38, #25536). magram adami-
ani xorcielia da, is Tundac mkadre iyos, mudmivad
ver inarGunebs uwonadobis mdgomareobas; roca
sxeuli mZimdeba, suli veRar aitacebs mas, veRar
zidavs. gaxuaze is Tqmulebac aris darGenili, rom
pur-yvelis Wamis Semdeg, rac marxvis gatexas
niSnavs, jvars miutovebia is. `mepuryvele~ ukve
SeuTavsebelia mkadris funqciasTan, mas ukve
nawili aRar udevs jvarTan _ is damiwebulia. garda
`mepuryveleobisa~ jvaris samkadreod SeuTavse-
belia colSvilianoba (gavixsenoT gvelismWamel
lxxxv
mindias tragedia), rac ufro metad amZimebs ad-
amians, miT umetes mkadres, wuTisoflis nalax rea-
lobaSi GaflviT moswyvets ra mas jvar-xatebis
wmida realobas. `megrelaur gasdgomiv col-Svilo-
bas. gascliv i xatic^~ (67, 194).
roca mkadre mZimdeba, _ amis mizezi xan-
dazmuli asakic SeiZleba iyos, _ is veRar misdevs,
veRar swvdeba jvars; maSin mkadre da mfrinavi
jvari sxvadasxva realobaSi aRmoGndebian da
mkadre cdilobs jvaris damZimebas, rom man
veRar SeZlos frena. anatoris mTavarangelozis
mkadres, romelic liqokidan mtredis saxiT gamo-
frenilma jvarma mis mxarze `koWis mokidebiT~
Tavis wmida kacad airGia, ukve dauZlurebuls, imis
gamo, rom `veRar daxyvebod jvars, lursman
daukrav mParze xatisad~, risTvisac, cxadia,
`gaswyromiv xat^~ (38, #26084). sxva tradiciiT,
oqromWedels mxolod dauRirebia dasaWedeblad
lursmani _ is oqrosi yofila, xats mxolod nalursmnali
datyobia da gaswyromia ara mxolod mkadres da
oqromWedels, aramed mTel saymosac. andrezi
swored xatis daWedvis mcdelobas Tvlis anatorelTa
tragediis mizezad: anatori Jamma gawyvita, ris
nivTier dasturad anatoris akldamebs uGveneben
dResac. magram, rac mTavaria, ukanaskneli
mkadris (andrezs misi saxelic Semounaxavs:
saRira, badurikaT papa) bediTi saqcieli amTavrebs
erT periods saymos sakralur istoriaSi: `daWril~
xats mouSlia `mPriT frinva~ da Gveulebriv
lxxxvi
salocavad gadaqceula; anatorelTa nafuZarze sxva
saymo, SatilionTa saymo aRmdgara da mTav-
arangelozis Zveli kulti aRorZinebula, magram
jvarGenebi, roca jvari mkadres xelze mosdioda,
Semwydara samudamod (64, 728-729).
`mfrinavi jvaris~ devniT Tavmobezrebul,
qancgawyvetil zogierT mkadres uaresic Gaudenia:
mas daumiwebia jvari am sityvis pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT. gudanis `mfrinavi jvari~, romelic,
rogorc vTqviT, gaxuas hyavda `wamoyvanili~ ger-
getis `beTlemis saxlidan~ da romelic Tavis
gamZRos gzasac unaTebda Tavisi SuqiT, rogorc is-
raels naTlis sveti misi mgzavrobisas, _ mis
mkadres, vinme bunvelas, sadRac klde-RreSi dau-
malavs da zed qvebi dauyria. `Sen damabnele da
dagaboloebo~, uTqvams xats mkiTxavis piriT
ukanaskneli mkadrisaTvis (38, #25395).
mkadre, romelic sulieri dacemisa Tu fizikuri
uZlurebis mizeziT mxars veRar usworebs `mfrinav
jvars~, arsebas, romelmac mas Tavisi Tavi
Gaabara, rogorc gamZRos (sinamdvileSi ki Tavad
Seiqmna misi gamZRo), tragikuli pirovnebaa. ad-
amiani, rogorc xorcieli, ver uZlebs jvarGenas Tavis
dasazRvrul arsebaSi, is midrekilia dacemad. jvari
mas gamoarGevs, aRazevebs, magram adamiani
daecema; aseTia misi cxovrebis ritmi _ aRzeveba
da dacema, ris gamovlenasac vxedavT vaJas
`gvelis mWamelSi~. Tumca mindia ar aris jvaris
xelkaci, magram mas aqvs mkadrisa da qadagis
lxxxvii
utyuari Tvisebebi da unari; jvari gamovlenilia mis
pirovnebaSi (anu jvarGenilia) RvTiuri codnisa da
davlaTis saxiT, rasac sWirdeboda mzrunveloba da
dacva wuTisoflis nalaxi sferosgan, moiTxovda ad-
amianisagan Tavganwirulobas da `soflis Tmobas~,
rac man ver SeZlo.
zogierTi saymos mexsierebam Semoinaxa an-
drezi erTgul mkadreTa, romlebic stoveben yelafers
anu sTmoben sofels da misdeven jvars, rogorc
dasTmo abraamma Tavisi sofeli da gahyva idumal
xmas ucnobi qveynisaken. xSirad, roca siwmidis
daklebis mizeziT jvari stovebs, rogorc amboben,
`baris baRdads~ da mifrinavs mTebisaken, gauw-
midurebuli saymodan mas mosdevs erTaderTi
mkadre, romelsac SerGa siwmide, rogorc marTal
noes _ warRvnis gmirs sayovelTao katastrofis win.
ardotis mTavari salocavis (somxos goris gior-
gis) daarsebis andreziT (63, 127; 38 #26041),
kaxeTidan mtredis saxiT gamofrenil jvars ukan
mosdevs mkadre Tu xucesi. Sua zamTaria. mkadre
koWlia da SiSveli. siSiSvle gveubneba, rom jvaris
erTguls uyoymanod, raime gansjis gareSe _ es
iqneboda erTi Zlieri GaZaxeba SuaZilSi _ dautove-
bia Tavisi sofeli da mTeli warsuli da gahyolia erT-
aderT Tavis saunjes, rasac misTvis jvari war-
moadgenda. meore bolodan Tu SevxedavT am am-
bavs, Tavad mkadre aris jvaris unji, romelic man
gamoarGia mTeli saymodan. mkadre perangis-
amara, zamTris susxSi koWlobiT, WirTa TmeniT
lxxxviii
misdevs jvars, raki mis gareSe azri ekargeboda
mis arsebobas, sicocxles Tundac mSobliur sofelSi.
sadac dadgeboda jvari anu dafrindeboda mtredi, iq
iqneboda misi samSoblo. amitom aseTi suliskveTe-
biT aRZruli gaudgeba gaqceul jvarTan erTad
`yovladve ucnaursa da uvalsa gzasa~, radgan mas
ar ecodineboda jvaris saboloo sadguri.
amave tipis aris xaxabos wyarosgoruli giorgis
daarsebis andrezi, oRond Zveli adgilidan mTaSi
garbis ara jvari, aramed kaci, vinme bataria (epon-
imi xaxabos erTi sagvareulosi), romelsac Tvistomi
Semokvdomia matanSi (kaxeTSi). is garbis mota-
cebuli jvariTurT, romelic gulze aqvs mixutebuli, ro-
gorc sulze utkbesi ram; an iqneb, Tavad iyo jvars
mixutebuli Sevrdomebis niSnaT, rogorc Surismge-
belTagan devnilni Seuvardebian sakurTxevlis
jvars; ltolvili Tan daatarebs Tavis msxnels, Tu
Tavad msxneli gadaatarebs mas mTagorebs
Suagul zamTarSi. jvari ganwmedis mizniT fexSiS-
velsa da tanSiSvels daatarebs mas TovlSi, yinvaSi
aTbobs da amsubuqebs mas `^Turme Tovlze ise
midioda, rom fexi dabla ar uvardeboda~. gzaSi
TiTqos kaci frens da ara jvari, magram xaxaboSi
misvlisas jvari mtredis saxiT gaufrindeba kacs xel-
idan da wyaros gorze daarsdeba (63, 1).
garkveuli tipis andrezis
mixedviT, `mfrinavi jvari~
gzaSi irGevs Tavis mkadreebs,
romlebic arasodes stoveben
lxxxix
mas, erTgulad misdeven misi axali samkvidrebeli-
saken. s. makalaTias moTxrobili aqvs xevis sionis
RvTaebis jvaris Tavgadasavali, romelic
mravalmxriv ipyrobs Gvens yuradRebas:
`sionelebi mRvTaebis am jvars taZridan aras-
odes ar gamoasveneben, radgan xalxs misi gafren-
isa eSinia. xalxuri TqmulebiT mRvTaeba erTxel
Turme gafrenila da is angelozis saxiT sisaursa da
cofurs Gvenebia. orive es gvari mas dasdevnebia
da mRvTaeba martyofis kldeSi dafrenila da isinic
iqve dabinavebulan. es berebs gaugiaT, martyofSi
misulan da moxeveebisaTvis ukiTxavT maTi gad-
mosvlis mizezebi. moxeveebs upasuxniaT, rom aq
Gveni xatis sabrZanisiao. berebi gamoqvabulSi
Sesulan da aq mRvTaebisaTvis Tayvani uciaT,
Semdeg misTvis malulad oqros Zewkvi SeubamT
da es RvTaeba tfilisSi waubrZanebiaTo, aq mis
sabrZanisad sionis taZari augiaTo. magram xati
aqac ar damdgara da isev martyofis kldeSi dab-
runebulao. amitom xalxis rwmeniT misi mTavari
sabrZanisi martyofia, Semdeg ki xevis da tfilisis
sionio~ (53, 217).
am andrezSi gvecnaureba vaxuStis àRweraSi~
dadasturebuli Tqmuleba svetis eklesiis dabmul
jvarze, an ninowminduri legenda `dabmul~ da àx-
snil~ wmindanze. xevis sionis RvTaebis jvaric dab-
muli unda yofiliyo, rom ar gafreniliyo; berebma
Seabes mas Zewkvi, rom daekavebinaT adgilze,
magram amaod: is bunebiT aris `mfrinavi jvari~,
xc
romelic miikvlevs gzas Tavis mier arGeul
adgilisken. RvTaebis (igive macxovris) jvars
miewereba ori wmida adgilis gaGena: martyofSi
aris misive saxelobis (RvTaebis) eklesia, xolo Tb-
ilisSi _ sionis taZari, romelic saxelwodebas xevis im
eklesiidan iRebs, sadac is Tavdapirvelad esvena.
am xalxuri sakraluri TqmulebiT, Tbilisis sioni xevis
sionis gamoZaxilia, misi wiaRidan gamofrenili
jvaris ZaliT aris daarsebuli, oRond ara uSualod,
aramed martyofis gamoqvabulis gavliT. andrezi in-
axavs, rogorc Gans, im istoriul faqts, rom marty-
ofis RvTaebis (macxovris) xati 1752 wels Tbilisis
sionis taZarSi iqna gadmosvenebuli (114, 82), xolo
xalxuri warmodgeniT, siwmidis gadatana axal
adgilze, rogorc wesi, axali sakulto centris
dafuZnebis niSania.
es anaqronuli andrezi asaxavs im tradiciul
kavSirs, romelic arsebobda mTis sakulto adgilebsa
da baris saqarTvelos centralur salocavebs Soris,
gamoxatuls siwmideTa gadanacvlebiT erTi adgil-
idan meoreze. mTisa da baris religiuri konsolida-
ciisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda im
faqts, rom mTis salocavebi tradiciulad saqarTvelos
qristianuli centrebis saxizarebad iyo ganwesebuli.
magaliTisaTvis, wmida ninos jvari amodis mTaSi,
kerZod, xevSi da isadgurebs gergetis samebaSi (es
moxda monRolebis batonobis dros); SedarebiT mS-
vidobian xanaSi es jvari, cxadia, sxva siw-
mideebTan erTad brundeba sveticxovelSi, Tumca
xci
ki ver aRwevs Tavis bude adgilamde; `koWis
mokidebiT~, mTielTa sakraluri gamoTqma rom
vixmaroT, gaivlis arSis cixes, ananurs da gadis ru-
seTSi, raki im xanad ruseTisken iyo daZruli qarTve-
loba. xevis sionis RvTaebis jvaris (romlis
gamosaxuleba dabeWdili aqvs s.makalaTias Tavis
wignSi `xevi~, gv. 216) gamofrena barisaken,
unda vifiqroT, andrezulad warmogvidgens siw-
mideTa dabrunebas Tavis Zvel sawmidarebSi
(unda vivaraudoT, rom xevis sionic baris siw-
mideTa saxizari iqneboda).
aRsaniSnavia, rom martyofis udabur gamoqv-
abulSi dasadgurebuli sionis jvari Tavisken izidavs
berebs, romlebic, rogorc andrezidan Gans,
gamocxadebis ZaliT Seityoben mis `mofrenas~ am
udabnoSi. RvTaebrivi xilviT STagonebuli berebi
SeuWirveblad miagneben martyofis udabnos da
jvars da Tayvans scemen mas, rogorc saswauliT
movlenil siwmides. cxadia, jvaris gamoGena maT-
Tvis mxolod imas niSnavda, rom es udabno, sadac
mTiT movlenilma Tu dabrunebulma siwmidem
moisurva davaneba, samonastrod iyo gankuTvnili;
rogorc xdeba agiografiul TxzulebebSi, sadac
eklesiebisa da monastrebis daarsebazea laparaki;
mag., rogorc martod myofma kacma, vinme Puedi-
osma àra Tu Zilsa Sina, aramed cxadad~, Gvene-
biT ixila is wmida adgili, sadac unda aSenebuliyo
xanZTis pirveli eklesia da dasabami miscemoda
samonastro mSeneblobas; an rogorc grigolsa da
xcii
sabas gamoecxadaT ìSxnisa pirveli didebulebaY~
imis niSnad, rom iq maTi RvawliT ganaxlebuliyo
samonastro cxovreba (ix. `grigol xanZTelis cx-
ovreba~). martyofis udabnoSi mosul berebs da im
moxeveebs, cofurs da sisaurs, romlebic gzad
Seeswren jvarGenas da am jvarSi TavianTi salocavi
Seicnes, saerTo siwmide aqvT im `mfrinavi jvaris~
saxiT. is andrezuli faqti, rom mTidan Gamosul
jvars, romelzec macxovris jvarcma da mociqulTa
simboluri saxeebia gamoxatuli, cnoben berebi da
aRiareben sakuTar siwmided, ris niSnadac oqros
Zewkvs Seabamen (Tumca Zewkvi SeiZleba
gaviazroT Sibad, rac jvar-xatis erT gansazRvrul
adgilze dakavebis niSania) da mihyavT saqristi-
anos centrSi _ TbilisSi, sadac mis dasamkvidreblad
missave saxelze sioni igeba. es faqti barisa da
mTis tradiciul religiur erTianobas mowmobs.
mtredi-jvaris niSani
g.SaraSiZe wers: `RvTisSvilis `mfrinavi~ saxiT
gamocxadeba TavisTavad warmoadgens RvTiuri
arsis adamianisaTvis aRqmad manifestacias.
amgvari aspeqtiT imoseba xati mxolod imitom,
rom daamyaros urTierToba adamianur sam-
yarosTan an Gaerios saaqao movlenebSi~ (149,
671). meore mxvriv, `mfrinav jvrebs~ Gven say-
mos genezisSi vxedavT; is am saxiT gamoGndeba
mxolod maSin, roca es-es aris iqmneba saymo,
roca irkveva misi dasaxlebis adgili da pirobebi am
xciii
miwaze. adamianis aramdgradi, daumkvidrebeli
yofis gamomxatvelia xSirad `mfrinavi jvari~, ro-
melic moZraobs, icvlis adgilebs gzadagza `koWis
mokidebiT~, vidre Tavis mierve arGeul saboloo
saarso adgils moZebnides. `mfrinavi jvris~
cTomilisebri moZraoba, daudgromloba, TiTqos
xetiali, Seesatyviseba qmnadobaSi myofi saymos
gaurkvevel mdgomareobas. xolo roca jvari wyvets
`xetials~ da myardeba Tavis saboloo kvrivSi, ai,
maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saymoc daarsebulia
Tavis miwaze, Ruza GaSvebulia niadagSi.
gamocxadebuli jvari `mfrinaobiT~ avlens Tavis
mouxelTebel bunebas. marTalia, jvari unda mo-
frindes transcendenturi sinamdvilidan imisaTvis,
rom, rogorc g.SaraSiZe wers, gamoecxados adami-
ans, magram am gamocxadebaSi naklebia
sicxade, metia bundovaneba, radgan angelozur
arss ara aqvs myari garsi fizikur samyaroSi.
jvaris yoveli gamocxadeba kosmogoniuria, misi
xati TiTqos qaosSi ibadeba da isaxeba adamianisa-
Tvis aRqmad sagnad; magram arc erTi sagani ar
SeiZleba iyos misi saboloo gamoxatuleba, radgan
Tavad jvari, rogorc sulieri arsi, ver miiRebs erTxel
da samudamod gamyarebul, obieqtur samyaroSi
arsebul saganTa saxes. is denadia, rogorc plazmuri
sxeuli an nisli da misi konturebis garGeva mxolod
jvarisave rGeul mkadreebs Tu SeuZliaT. am
movlenis gamosaxatavad saymos SegnebaSi
gamomuSavda metaforuli saxe `nislis kotori~.
xciv
`gudanis jvari roca xelze moudioda, maSin ToTia
Soridanve naxavda nislis kotors momavals. mere
gudanis jvari xelze mouvidoda. nislis kotori
niSnavs imas, rom roca gudanis jvari modioda,
nisliviT korianteli mohyveboda. am dros ToTiac
moemzadeboda, xelze gadaifenda samkadreos^
da gudanis jvari mtredis saxiT zed daajdeboda~
(60, 145).
nislis kotoris gamoGena jvarGenis niSania,
TiTqos jvari usaxuri nislidan unda gamoikveTos, is
`daibadeba~ mtredis an jvaris niSniT da mkadris
xelze hpovebs adgils.
laSaris wmida giorgize gamoTqmul saweso sim-
ReraSi aseTi striqonebia:
laSarelais lurjasa
fafar asxavis giSrisa,
Sajdeba, gaemarTeba
kotor gahyveba nislisa.
mTeli saymos Tu rGeuli mkadres Tvalwin
mxedrad gamocxadebuli wmida giorgi wasvlisas
nislis kotors stovebs Tavis ukan nislSi, nislis koto-
rad uGinardeba da roca kvlav fizikur samyaroSi Se-
modis, imave nislis kotoridan ibadeba. nislis kotori
TiTqos sizmareuli saxea, romelic potenciurad in-
axavs sxva saxeebs, magram is ufro usaxobaa, ro-
melic RvTisSvilis manifestaciis mouxelTeblobas
gamoxatavs. mxolod mkadrem icis, ra aRiT aris
damjdari mis samkadreoze RvTisSvili _ mtredis,
xatisa Tu jvrisa. rodesac gaxua megrelaurs `be-
xcv
Tlemis saxlidan~ `mfrinavi xati~ wamohyva, erT
adgilas, albaT, Sua gzaze, xati oqroqsoviliT Se-
moses. magram ras mosavda gaxua, xats _ Rv-
TisSvilis nivTier niSans, Tu mtreds _ mis cocxal
simbolos, es gaxuas, rogorc mkadres saidumloa.
jvari, xati, Sibi potenciurad cocxalni da dinamiurni
arian, maT yovel wams SeuZliaT feriscvaleba. maT
wamier saxecvlilebebs mxlod mkadres maxvili
Tvali Tu daiWers.
petre iberis cxovrebaSi aseTi
epizodia moTxrobili:
ymawvilobisas, rodesac is bizantiis
imperatoris sasaxleSi izrdeboda,
ierusalimidan mosuli berebisagan patiosani jvaris
nawili SeiZina, romelsac oqros WurWelSi inaxavda,
kviradReobiT da did dResaswaulebze amoiRebda
xolme, dailoceboda, emTxveoda mas da isev Tavis
adgilas Gaasvenebda. erTxel, erT-erTi mesawo-
leTagani ymawvili ixmo da sTxova, masac eloca
jvaris nawilze da mTxveoda mas, magram jvari
mtredad gadaiqca, xelebidan gausxlta patrons da
sarkmlidan gauGinarda (20, 273). aseve mtredis
saxiT amofrinda mwyemsis gudidan jvari Tu Sibi
da caSi gauGinarda karatis jvaris daarsebis an-
drezis erTi variantis mixedviT (137, 110).
`mfrinavi jvari~, marTalia, fizikur sinamdvileSi
Semodis, raTa adamianma SeZlos misi xilva, ma-
gram misi mxilveli ar aris Gveulebrivi adamiani.
jvari ecxadeba mxolod imas, visac RvTisSvili am-
xcvi
oirGevs da daanaxvebs Tavs. is rGeulia, masze
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is imave wmida realobaSi
imyofeba, sadac mfrinavi jvar-xatebi moZraoben.
gareSe kacis TvalSi SeiZleba arafriT gamoirGevian
TavianT saqmeze mimavali mwyemsebi, is cofuri
da sisauri, romlebmac TiTqos SemTxveviT dain-
axes axali saarsos saZieblad gamofrenili RvTaebis
jvari. am orma TavianTi patronis xilvisas datova
cxvari da qveyana da sabolood damkvidrda marty-
ofis qvabebSi, sadac maTma jvarma isurva
daarseba. am dros maT daadastures, rom jvaris
rGeulebi arian an iyvnen SobiTganve da axla, roca
Jami dadga, gamoGnda maTi rGeuloba. maTze
gadmovida RvTisSvilis xarizma. amitomac maT ar
SeeZloT sxvanairad moqceuliyvnen. roca adami-
ans jvari axilvinebs Tavs, am xilviT gamowveuli
gancda waruxocelad rGeba maTSi. amieridan is
sxva adamiania, misi ubraloeba uGveulo Saravan-
diT imoseba, rogorc wers poeti:
iq, sadac aragvs uerTdeba mdinare mtk-
vari^
Segvianebul gziT gaivlis xevsuri mwyemsi,
da misi suli, varskvlavebis sulze uvrcesi,
ocnebobs mTvaris siTeTreSi, viT
qandakeba.
mas Tan mihyveba ubraloTa mSvidi
gangeba^
andrezi arasodes gvamcnobs jvaris rGeulis gan-
sakuTrebul Tvisebebs _ `mas Tan mihyveba ub-
xcvii
raloTa mSvidi gangeba~, _ wers poeti rGeulze, ro-
melsac zebunebrivi sinamdvilis xilvis unari Ses-
wevs. is xedavs wminda giorgis, romelic Tavisi ra-
SiT mis saSvelad aris wamosuli, magram es `mS-
vidi gangebis~ xalxi TavianTi cxovrebis dramatul
fazaSi Sedian, roca jvari akadrebinebs Tavis xilvas,
Tumca mxolod xilviT ar sruldeba maTi ambavi.
xevsurul andrezSi anatoris mTavarangelozis jvar-
Gena amgvarad aris gadmocemuli:
`liqokiT aris mosul, liqokiT gamamfrindalav,
anator damjdar, aqiT gafrenil da Pones damjdar
mtredis saxiT. saRira yofil badurikaT papa, imanav,
gaqceulm, aiarisav anatoris kuWzev SaPdisav,
mtred daujdisav mParzedav^~ (38, #26084).
jvari mxarze ajdeba kacs, is poulobs sayrdens
mokvdavis uZlur mxarze _ legenduri mkadreni ar
gamoirGevian fizikuri ZaliT (`Gixa kac iyv~ _ ase
amboben maTze). aq sxva Zala izidavs jvars,
wmida adgili, wmida adamiani, rogorc `daulaxavi
adgili~. ai, aseT adgils irGevs jvari miwazec da ad-
amianSic. mkadre `mxarkvrivia~, anu misi mxari,
romelzec `koWi moikida~ jvarma an gahkra an-
gelosuri frTa, kvrivia. Tu kvrivis niSnad miwaze
koSkia aRmarTuli, mkadreSi amis niSani mis mx-
arze Gamomjdari mtredi an jvaria; mkadres mx-
arze damjdari mtredi jvarisa da mokvdavi adami-
anis SekavSirebis niSania, Tumca es kavSiri
SeiZleba warmavali iyos, radgan mtredi
samudamod ar rGeba mis mxarze. amaSi mdgo-
xcviii
mareobs sxvaTa Soris, mkadreTa tragizmi, rac
calke saubris Temaa.
rogorc crolis mTidan gamofrenilma samebam,
gamoSurebulma Tavisi miwieri sabrZanisisaken,
erTxel mxari gahkra ifns, wmindahyo ra is ifani,
aseve am kacis _ badurikaT papis mxarsac gahkra
Tavisi frTa liqokidan wamosulma jvarma da gak-
vesa. amiT daavala mas siwmidis dacva, rom ar
warxociliyo misi mxridan jvaris Sexeba (aseTi
kontaqti RvTiur arsebasTan, sxvaTa Soris, aqadur
onomastikaSia asaxuli: erT-erTi mefe atarebs
saxels lifiT-iSTar, rac niSnavs `Sexeba iSTarisa~).
amis gamo inaTlaven `mPar-mklavs~ xatis msax-
urni imis niSnad, rom im pirvel legendarul mkad-
reebs swored `mPar-mklavze~ Seexo jvari.
jvaris mxilvelni SemTxveviT ar arian mwyem-
sebi; is moxeveni _ cofuri da sisauri, mwyemsebi
iyvnen, romlebmac TavianT salocavis gulisaTvis
gawires sacxovari da aRar mibrunebulan misken.
beTlems _ qristes Sobis adgils, angelosebis
GagonebiT, pirvelad mwyemsebi miadgnen.
mwyemsebi iyvnen am saidumlo Sobis pirvelmxil-
velni. Gvens andrezul tradiciaSic mwyemsebs
vxedavT jvaris pirvelmxilvelebad da, unda vTqvaT,
maTi wridan arian gamosulni pirveli mkadreebi.
kistnis jvaris daarsebis andrezSic mwyemsi mon-
awileobs:
`kistnis mTaSi masul gamafrenil mtredi. mtredi
mavidav, gamafreniliv, mwyems unaxav, mTaze
xcix
dajdav, memre im mwyems xalxisad uTqomav:
mtred zis gorzedav, aRar Sordebav, ori dReiav.
qadag wasul da saklav daukvlevinebav. rom dav-
xkaliv, xucess eTqv, mtredmav niskart dahkrav sis-
xlsav samjerav da memre gafrindav gudaniskedav.
memre xalxs uTqomav, aq gadmovidav, dalocviliv,
aRar gvindav gudan denaiv. memre xalxs, mTaiv
ician, kistnis Tav augebav koSki. am xats ase
iPseneben: TeTri mTis qoro Tergvaulo^~ (38,
#26082).
msgavsad noes kidobnidan gaSvebuli mtredisa,
romelmac warRvnis damTavrebisa da xmeleTis
gamoGenis niSnad zeTisxilis rto moitana niskartiT,
gudanis jvaridan kistans gamofrenili mtredi kvlav
gudanisaken mifrinavs saklavis sisxlSi amowebuli
niskartiT imis saswaulad, rom kistanSi daikla
pirveli saklavi, anu daarsda kulti. cxadia, am mtre-
disTvis mwyemss SemTxveviT ar moukravs Tvali;
mas frinvelma uxilavad gahkra frTa da mere
mTaze Semojda yvelas dasanaxad. mwyemsi,
SesaZlebelia, ar ekuTvnoda axaldaarsebul saymos,
magram gorze sam dRes dayovnebul mtredSi, ro-
melic iq `koWs ikidebda~, mfrinavi jvari amoicno.
mwyemsi potenciuri mkadrea, radgan is, rogorc
mdevneli da gamZRo Tavisi farisa ukeTesi
saZovrebisaken, im jvars emsgavseba bunebiT, ro-
melic Tavisi sasurveli saarsos saZebnad aris ga-
frenili. amave dros mwyemss gansxvavebul fizikur
sinamdvileSi uxdeba yofna _ maRal mTebze. am
c
dros misi suli marTlac `varskvlavebze uvrcesia~,
misi samyofeli miwieri amaRlebulobis simboloc
aris. mose swored mwyemsobis dros airGia
RmerTma Tavis `mkadred~ da qadagad, roca man
sinais mTaze yvelaze maRal adgils miaRwia. ar
aris SemTxveviTi, rom begoT saRvTo (xadis erT-
erTi salocavi) mecxvaris napovnia. mas Semdeg,
rac mtredis saxiT Genili is monadires mxarSi
dauWria da, soflis xmaurisagan devnili, erTxans
dakarguli iyo saymosaTvis, mwyemss unaxavs
mTebSi da miuyvania mis saboloo samkvidrebelSi.
mwyemsisave xeliT yofila Sexveuli oqroTi misi
daWrili mxari (Gawerilia begoT-karSi, 1983 wels).
kistans daarsebuli Tergvauli isev mtredis saxiT
gadadis SatilSi _ `pirvelad gudaniT jvar kistan ga-
dasul, mere Satil^~, im saymoSi dasaarseblad, ro-
melic agreTve gudanidan _ samaganZuros Zireuli
saymodan aris gadmosuli (mtredis gza asaxavs
WinWaraulTa svlas gudanidan Satilamde _ kistani,
sadac mtredi `koWs ikidebs~, maTTvis Sua gza
iyo).
`Satil zen vakes, erT balRs unaxav mtredi.
agerav, Gitiv, uTqvams mamisad. mamas diacisad
uTqmav: wadiv, Pbo mamiyvanev. im kac Pbo
dauklav da koSk augav TeTr Tergvaulisad^~
(iqve).
aq gadmocemulia jvaris daarsebis tipiuri scena:
mtredis gamoGenis adgilze saklavis dakvla da koS-
kis ageba. TiTqos iqmneba saojaxo kulti, romlis Se-
ci
qmnaSi monawileoben mama, deda da Svili. ma-
gram yvelaferi bavSvidan iwyeba. is aris jvaris frin-
velis pirvelmxilveli. bavSvi Tavis ubiwo mzeriT
xedavs da gamoicnobs imave frinvels, romelic ur-
wevda akvans da kvebavda mas uxilavi ifqlis mar-
cvlebiT _ zeciuri puriT. aseTia bavSvi, romelic
xedavs saymosaTvis umniSvnelovanes movlenas,
Tumca is bavSvuri eniT metyvelebs. àgerav,
Gitiv!~ _ ambobs is jvaris mogzavnili mtredis
danaxvaze im bavSviviT, romelic sakidlidan kerZis
qvabSi Gamavali gvelis danaxvisas afrTxilebs
ojaxs: `Wia, Wia!~ Tumca amao aRmoGnda misi
gafrTxileba, radgan jvarma am xalxs mzera daub-
inda, rakiRa gadawyvetili hqonda maTi daRupva
urGobisaTvis. aq ki, SatilSi, kulti unda daarsebuliyo
da amitomac bavSvis Zaxili àgerav, Gitiv!~ _ us-
aTuod unda gaegona mamas.
jvarGenis pirvelmxilveli bavSvis, iseve, rogorc
mwyemsis suli, kvlav poetis sityvebi rom gavime-
oroT, `varskvlavebis sulze uvrcesia~. imis gamo,
rom is jer kidev ar amosula im akvnidan, romelsac
angelozebi arweven da am frTosanTa wreSia
gareuli.
`mama-Svili ganTqmuli monadireni iyvnen. er-
Txel wavidnen sanadirod. erTi frinveli dainaxes, ro-
melic sakvirvelad anaTebda^~ es jadosnuri
zRapris dasawyisia, magram igi jvarGenis andrezis
dasawyisadac gamodgeba. frinveli, romelic sak-
virvelad anaTebs, jvarGenis andrezSi mxolod da
cii
mxolod im frinvels SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, romlis
saSualebiTac jvari acxadebs Tavs. es frinveli ki
mtredia, jvarGenis erT-erTi niSani.
gudanis jvarze, romelic mtredis aRiT gamoecx-
ada xalxs, naTqvamia: `ro dajdav, iseT Suq
utevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayridav^~ (67,
192). is zRapruli frinveli da andrezebis mtredi erT-
nairi saxiT avlenen Tavs fizikur samyaroSi. rasak-
virvelia, im ganTqmulma monadire mama-Svilma
unda moinadiron ucxo frinveli. andrezis mon-
adirec, nadiris mZebneli, sadRac mTebSi waaw-
ydeba ucnaur mtreds. monadire xelcarieli
brundeba mTidan, magram mas mtredi hyavs na-
povni. Tumca mtredma Tavad airGia monadire _
ipova WiuxebSi gzadakarguli da Tavis mkadred
aiyvana. mkadre jvaris gamZRos niSnavs, magram
amjerad Tavad jvaria monadiris gamZRo, gzis
maswavlebeli.
didgoris jvaris daarseba roSkaSi, adgilobrivi an-
dreziT, monadire Turmans miewereba. andrezi in-
axavs misave naambobs pirvel pirSi:
`SarvanSi rom Gavedi, mtredi amyvao. rom
davisvenebdi, Sors wavidodao; rom avdgebodi,
wasasvlelad, axlos modiodao. saZelis uReltexilze
rom movedi, samjer Semohkra mPrebi erTmaneTs
da gaenTo cecxli, cecxlis burjRumi wamovidao.
wamovida cecxli da goraze, roSkis samxreTiT
Tavberaulis simagreSi cecxlis ali Gaikrifao^~ (38,
#25434). bunebrivia, rom monadires ahyva
ciii
mtredi, radgan sanadirod wasvlamde is marxu-
lobda da iwmideboda jvaris msaxuriviT sulierad da
fizikurad, rom ufleba moepovebina nadirT patronis
wmida samflobeloSi Sesvlisa da xeli Sewyoboda
nadirobaSi. amgvarad marxuli da gawmedili mon-
adire, TiTqmis jvaris mkadris mowmidarul mdgo-
mareobaSi imyofeba. garkveuli azriT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom wmida mTebSi Sesuli monadire igive
mkadrea, romelsac ufleba aqvs dalaxos kvrivi
adgilebi da jvar-xatTa cocxali simbolos _ mtredis
gamocxadebis mxilveli gaxdes (127, 137-8).
monadires ara marto ecxadeba jvari mtredis
saxiT, aramed mas SeuZlia (iqneb evalebodes ki-
dec) `gaqceuli~ jvaris moZebna da misi ukan dab-
runeba. s.makalaTias aseTi andrezi aqvs Gawerili
xevis sparsangelosze: raRac mizezis gamo
sparsangelozis xati Turme Tavis sabrZanebelSi ar
Gerdeboda (gavixsenoT xevis sionis RvTaebis
`mfrinavi jvari~) da erTxelac Turme yuris mTisken
gafrenila, veravis mouxerxebia misi povna, garda
monadirisa, romelsac miuxelavs jvari da kvlav mis
sabrZanebelSi mouyvania.
roSkioni monadirisa da mtredis urTierToba
mTels gzaze tipiuri urTierTobaa mkadrisa da
jvarisa (ix. zemoT gaxuas mgzavroba gudanis
jvarTan erTad gergetis beTlemis saxlidan), ma-
gram is wydeba mas Semdeg, rac mtredi, jvaris
frinveli, aGens Tavis namdvil bunebas da monadire
soflis sazRvarTan ukve jvarGenis Semswre xdeba:
civ
aqamde uwyinari da TiTqos mfrTxali frinveli, rome-
lic gzaSi gaurboda monadiris siaxloves, cecxlis
burjRumad gardaiqmneba mis Tvalwin da
nacixvarSi, potenciur kvrivSi, sadac jvari poulobs
Tavis samkvidrebels, GaeSveba. am adgils ki, ro-
gorc kvrivs, romelic TiTqos cecxlis daRs atarebs,
veRar miekareba monadire. misi mowmidaroba,
rac sanadiro adgilebSi gzas uxsnida, kvrivis
dalaxvisaTvis sakmarisi aRar aris da am
nacixvarTanve, sadac man ukanasknelad Seaswro
Tvali mtreds, uTavdeba jvaris gamZRos efemeruli
funqcia. Tumca andrezis sxva variantis mixedviT
mtredis dafrenis adgilas monadire koSks agebs kv-
rivi adgilis mosaniSnavad, riTac safuZvels uyris
kults (62, 340).
monadiresve miewereba Goxis wminda giorgis
daarseba gudamayrul andrezSi. aq monadire
itacebs jvars, radgan is devebis tyveobaSia.
`berasa YZaxebulan da Turme nadirobs. wasula
cirasebSi, mTazeda^ da erT patara kldeSi jvari
naxa; gaaneba nadirobas Tavi da es jvari amoiRo.
aiRo da gudaSi Gadva da wamovida. deedevna de-
vio, deedevna ukanao da moxyva, moxyvao da ver
deewiva, saca exla Goxis xatia, im adgilzed
miitana da es jvari iq dadva. da i devic mihyva da
iqamde ver mivida, saca is jvari idva^~ (38,
#25560).
sxva variantebiT, jvari mtredis saxiT amo-
frindeba gudidan da xeze Sefrindeba, riTac soflis
cv
gzas gadauRobavs devs^ (38, #25552). mtredma
am adgilas gaaGina pirveli niSi da gaavlo mijna
sofelsa da gare samyaros Soris.
cirasebis kldeSi, vin icis, ra xnidan gadamaluli
jvari, ZvelTagan dafluli da Tilismadadebuli ganZis
kategoriaSi eqceva. mas devi darajobs, Tumca ver
ekareba, radgan misi Sexebisagan devi unda ifer-
flebodes. meore mxriv, aq SeiZleba asaxuli iyos
winaistoriuli brZola devsa da RvTisSvils Soris. jvari
devnilia devisagan, an tyved aris wayvanili, rogorc
fSaur andrezebSi RvTisSvili kopala. jvari Tavs aR-
wevs devTa tyveobas da Tavdaxsnili gadamwyvet
brZolas gaumarTavs devebs. gudamayrul andrezSi
monadires wilad xvda dafaruli jvaris migneba. is
TiTqos ganZis aRmomGenelia, msgavsad
farnavazisa da sxvaTa, romelTac ganZi Tavad
gamouGens Tavs. Gvens andrezSi jvari sakraluri
nivTia, romlis xelyofa mxolod mowmidars da jvaris
rGeulebs SeuZlia. jvaris, rogorc sagnis, sakra-
luroba, rac dauSvebels xdis mis xelyofas
SemTxveviT Tu gareSe pirTagan, kargad Gans erT
gudamayrulsave TqmulebaSi:
`baGikelas Samauvlia RamiT, beqauri iyo is
kaci _ Rame modenila. mand jvari mouPelav Tor-
RaanT, jalabaurs, vercxlis jvari da saxlSi miitana.
hoda, iqidan dauZaxnia, me vera vxedavdio: _ `ba-
Gikelao, jalabaurs uTxar, roma i jvari ro waiRoo,
gamaitanoso, Torem ar SevarGenTo, Gveniao~.
ram damiZaxa, ver vxedavdio, uPilavad, egre^~
cvi
(38, #25577)). mTxrobeli fiqrobs, rom muqaris
xma devis xma iyo. devi am SemTxvevaSi _ Tumca
is uwmiduria da jvaris antipodi, SesaZloa, swored
amitomac _ jvaris sakralizmze, mis xelSeuxleblob-
aze migviTiTebs. Tu am patara TqmulebaSi jvari
sakuTar saxlSi miaqvs mparavs, rac sakraluri
nivTis profanuli mizniT gamoyenebis cdas war-
moadgens, Goxis wmida giorgis andrezSi mon-
adires jvari miaqvs ara sakuTar saxlSi, pirad sak-
uTrebad, aramed soflisaTvis, romelsac is, rogorc
mkadre, kults ufuZnebs.
marTalia, monadire aTavisuflebs devisagan
datyvevebul jvars, magram mTels am gzaze,
cirasebidan soflis sazRvramde, sadac jvari mtredis
saxiT amofrinda gudidan, jvari icavda monadires
mdevari devisagan da man miaRwevina uxifaTod
saymos sazRvramde.
mTels saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia Tqmulebebi
naeklesiar adgilebze, romelTac uRran tyeSi nadirs
dadevnebuli monadire aRmoaGens. niSandoblivia,
rom Zvel naeklesiarTan yovelTvis ganZia Gafluli.
monadire _ eklesiisa da ganZis aRmomGeni,
salocavs ganaaxlebs da iqve dasaxldeba (23, 10,
28). cxadia, am tipis andrezebSi eklesia da ganZi
(sefi, ris gamoc Semdeg aRorZinebul sofels sefieTi
ewodeba) ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan. ganZi
ueWvelad eklesiis sakralurobis nivTieri gamoxat-
ulebaa.
cvii
Telavis RvTaebis eklesiis daarsebaze amgvari
Tqmulebaa Semonaxuli: sanadiro tyeSi rusiSvils
sizmrad gamocxadebuli moxucis SegonebiT
mouTxria is miwa, sadac iwva; miugnia gamoqv-
abulisaTvis, sadac xati yofila dasvenebuli, xats win
ori wmida sanTeli enTo. moxucisve rGeviT am
gamoqvabuls zemoT eklesia unda aSenebuliyo
RvTaebis saxelze. rusiSvilma tye gakafa, eklesia
aago da Tavadac Tavisi sagvareuloTi aq gad-
mosaxlda (83, 5).
sxvaTa Soris, crolis sanebis àRmomGenic~, ro-
melmac ixila jvaris naTeba croliswverze _ vinme
qerauli, baridan amosuli monadire iyo. man mia-
gno sacxovrebel adgils da am adgilis RvTiuri pat-
ronic gamoecxada.
mtredi _ eklesiis maSenebeli

mefe-patarZlis dalocvis erT teqstSi GarTulia
striqonebi, romlebic pirveli qristianuli saidumlos
simbolikas Seicavs:
mtredma Tavis sindisiTa
elusamel koSkSi dadgao,
zed saydari aaSena,
Sig mironi gubed Gadgao^ (79,
#550-g).
sakiTxavia, saidan moxvda es fragmenti
xsenebul dalocvaSi; is iwyeba mtrediT da
mTavrdeba mironiT. SesaZlebelia, mas gagrZele-
bac hqonoda, radgan mironi uqmad ar Gadgeboda
cviii
gubed. yovel SemTxvevaSi es striqonebi
gvagonebs sxva leqss, sadac mironis gubes Tavisi
funqcia aqvs:
qalaqSi sion-saydari
bagrationT aagesa,
maRla caSi aiyvanes,
Tavs gumbaTi daadgesa,
qveS mironi gubed dadga,
ymawvilebi danaTlesa (100, #24).
mtreds aq cvlis bagrationi, ierusalims (èlu-
sameli~) _ qalaqi anu Tbilisi, romelic am leqsSi us-
wordeba mcxeTas, romlis saydarSi, sveticxovelSi,
rogorc wyarosTvalidan, saeklesio andreziT, romelic
sveticxovlis sagalobelSi aisaxa, mironi moedine-
boda. es iyo embazi qarTvelTa da is ymawvilebi,
romlebic aq gubed damdgar mironSi danaTles,
pirveli qarTveli qristianebi iyvnen. mcxeTa meore
ierusalimia, rasac eTanxmeba bagrationTa andrezi
_ daviT ebraelTa mefis modgmidan maTi war-
moSobisa. ai, am meore ierusalimSi, sadac xalxi
xedavs qristianuli religiis dasabams, kultisa da,
kerZod, naTlisRebis saidumlo ritualis geneziss,
xdeba saswauli: mtredi dgams koSks da zed
aSenebs taZars. aq vxedavT suliwmidis
moqmedebis nivTier kvals fizikur samyaroSi.
mtredi _ suliwmidis frinveli _ dakavSirebulia naTlis-
RebasTan; is gamoGnda iordanes Tavze gadaxsnili
cidan da daadgra qristes (maT. 3, 16-17). naTlis-
cix
Reba ki aris pirveli saidumlo qristianuli religiisa _
sxva saidumloTa dasabami.
`mtredma Tavis sindisiTa^~ _ am mcire,
TiTqos umniSvnelo leqsSi asaxulia mtredTan
dakavSirebuli unikaluri simbolika, ramac SeiZleba
adreqristianuli xanis azrovnebamde migviyvanos.
II-III ss.-is apologeti tertuliane qristianul taZars
simbolurad `mtredis saxls~ uwodebda; `Gveni
mtredis martivi saxlio~, werda is, upirispirebda ra
mas warmarTTa daxurul da labirinTebian sawmid-
arebs, romelTa simbolod is gvels, `naTlis moZule~
arsebas saxavda. gveli usinaTlo xvrelebSi iSenebs
sabudars, mtredi ki _ naTelSi, radgan mas, rogorc
`suli wmidis xats, aRmosavleTi _ qristes xati
uyvars~.
Gven davinaxeT, rom mtredi aris kvrivi
adgilebis mimaniSnebeli frinveli; is jvaris manifest-
aciaa da adamianebs aRmouGens im adgils, ro-
melsac fizikuri TvalisaTvis safarveli afaria, da
sadac jvars surs damkvidreba. magram mTis say-
moTa andrezebSi amiT ar amoiwureba mtredis
funqcia: is ara mxolod auwyebs saklavis sisxlSi
samgzis amowebuli niskartiT, rom axal adgils jvari
daarsda, aramed aSenebs kidec am niskartiT
eklesiis saxes.
aseTi andrezi jerjerobiT mTiuleT-gudamayarSia
dadasturebuli da dakavSirebulia mxolod da mxo-
lod erTi salocavis _ dumacxos zegardis wmida gior-
gis daarsebasTan.
cx
gadmovcem erT-erT variants, Gawerils du-
macxoSi:
mTiuleTis sofel lakaTxevSi qarGaiZes xe uWria
saxlis asaSeneblad: `^xe uWria aqa da moa tredi,
dascems WoWsa da waiRebs. dafiqrda e kaci, sad
miaqvs e nafotio tredso. adga, roca moWra e xe da
gaxyva am tredsa. gafrindeba, dajdeba, ga-
frindeba, dajdeba. da Grdilia didi da iq aquGebs,
rogorc eklesia, ise agebs. amdgara, gonieri kaci
yofila, da eklesia uSenebia im kacsa iq, wminda
giorgisa. da wasula, misula afciaurebTan da
uTqom am afciaurebsa, ro rasac mogvTxovT, mo-
gcemT. xars mogvTxovT, Zroxas mogvTxovT, Tu
rasac mogvTxovT, mogcemT. uari ar ari. wasula,
jalab devekiTxebio. misula _ cxra Zmani yofilan.
`jalafno, ese, ese maZleveno da ra gamovarToo,
fuli gamovarTo, Tu Zroxao, Tu cxorio?~ zog cxori
uTqom, zog Zroxa uTqom, zogs xari uTqom. patar-
Zal hyolia erTi da, modio, patarZalsac
SevekiTxoTo, `ra gamovarToTo~. uTqomT patarZl-
isaTvis. `me Tu mkiTxavTo, arc cxori gindaTo, arc
Zroxa gindaTo. saklavi ro daikvlis, uwin Tqveni
daiklaso, Tu iq iqnebiTo da ro mudam xatobaSi:
`wyalobde qarGaiZesa! gamrevdes qarGaiZeebi!
wyalobde!~ araferi gindaT magaze metio. da
dResac ro ai _ mudam wels xatobaa _ Tu esenia
mosuli, imaTi saklavi unda daiklas dRemdi, qarGa-
iZeebisi, `qarGaiZeebo! vin ari, moides!
swyalobdes eklesiis amSenebelsa!~ (38, #25551).
cxi
qarGaiZe lakaTxevSi sacxovre-
beli saxlis agebas apirebs, magram
gangebam mas dumacxoSi eklesiis
aSeneba daakisra. saxlis masalad
gamzadebuli xis nafotebi mtreds
miaqvs da maT erTmaneTze aw-
yobs eklesiis saxed. mtredis moqmedeba saxlis
mSenebels Gaagonebs, rom man saxlis aSenebas
unda mianebos Tavi da eklesiis Senebas mihyos
xeli. xe, romlis GamonaTali nafotebisagan mtredis
mecadineobiT eklesiis saxe iqmneba, ukve
sakraluria da misi masalisagan adamianis sacx-
ovrebeli saxli ar unda aSendes. qarGaiZec sakral-
izmiT imoseba, is dumarcxosken mfrinav mtreds
mihyveba, rogorc mkadre mihyveba Tavis jvars, da
mtredic aGvenebs mas kvriv adgils, romelic da-
farulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis. mtredi aGve-
nebs mas, TiTqos aswavlides eklesiis saxes anu
models. namdvilad, qarGaiZe, roca is Tavisi saxl-
isaTvis masalas Wrida, misda uneburad monaw-
ileobda im eklesiis modelis SeqmnaSi, romlis age-
bas RvTis gangeba avalebda. es is modelia, rome-
lic xelT upyriaT xolme taZris kedelze gamosaxul
ktitorebs, romlebic TiTqos amboben: ài, eklesiis
saxe, romelic Gven aRvaSeneT~.
ase GaiTrevs mtredi sakralur saqmianobaSi ub-
ralo kacs _ jer mkadred, mere eklesiis mSeneblad,
rac kultis dafuZnebis badalia. da Tumca qarGaiZe
misTvis ucxo mosaxleobas aRmouGens jvars, ma-
cxii
gram is, rogorc am jvaris uymo yma, mis kultSi
sakargymo wils idebs.
gaibmeba solidarobis Sibi lakaTxevis saRvTo
maRalsa da dumacxos wmida giorgis Soris. Sibi,
rogorc religiuri kavSiris simbolo, gahyavs mtreds,
RvTisSvilis gina suliwmidis macnes.
am andrezis sxva, SesaZloa, ufro gavrcelebuli
variantis Tanaxmad, ambavi iwyeba ara
lakaTxevidan, sadac, rogorc davinaxeT, qarGaiZe
saxlisaTvis xes Wrida, aramed gzis meore bolos,
dumacxos mxareSi, saiTkenac qarGaiZe sanadirod
aris wasuli. es varianti agebulia GvenTvis nacnob
monadirisa da mtredis motivze (38, #256196,
#.25537, #25613).
monadire Rames aTevs tyeSi da esizmreba,
rom mtredi am adgilas budes iSenebs; sanad-
irodan dabrunebuli, Rames aTevs berebis nas-
axlarSi, sadac cxadliv xedavs, rogor iwyobs mtredi
sabudars. rogorc vxedavT, monadire aRmoGndeba
ara ubralo, SemTxveviT adgilze, aramed kvrivSi,
iseT adgilas, sadac Sewyvetilia sakraluri cxovreba
da axla, rogorc Gans, Jami dadga misi aRorZ-
inebisa, ris niSansac aq mofusfuse mtredi iZleva.
mtreds Sehyavs monadire didi xnis gauqmebul
sawmidarSi, romelsac adgilobriv mcxovrebTaTvis
safarveli hqonda dadebuli. mtredi monadires, ro-
gorc Tavis mkadres, Tvals auxels da Seiyvans am
adgilis saidumloSi.
cxiii
Sio mRvimelis cxovrebaSi moTxrobilia epizodi,
sadac monadire mtredis wyalobiT, misi
gamZRoobiT, _ cxadia, aq RvTis xeli moqmedebda,
_ aRmoaGens martomyofi beris wmida samyofels.
mtredis wyalobiT, safarveli exdeba saidumlo
adgils, raTa is wuTisoflisTvisac cnobili gaxdes.
`îneba zegardmoman gangebaman, raiTa ara
iyos dafarul brwyinvale igi varskvlavi. amisTKs
gamoacxada igi kacTa Soris, xolo saxe
gamocxadebisa misisa esreT iyo. rameTu mas
Jamsa iyo vinme mTavari, saxeliT evagre, qristes
moyuare da saRrmToTa wignTagan swavluli da
dResa erTsa hrqua SvilTa TKsTa da monaTa: `gan-
videT nadirobad~. da ganvles mtkuari da ganvides
damarTebiT adgilsa mas, sada mjdomare iyo beri.
xolo yovelnive midamoibnivnes da evagre dgas
marto da mimoixedvida, raYTa ixilos nadirTagani
raime. xolo miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTa ixila tredi igi,
romel muarTumida sazrdelsa Sios. xolo evagre
ganicdida mkKrsed da ixila, sada-igi Sevida. xolo
viTarca inadires, warvides saxed TKsad, da xvalisa
dRe kualad ganvides. da viTarca yovelni
movidodes da mTavari evagre dga maxloblad
quabisa mis, sada mjdomare iyo beri. da, aha, ku-
alad ixila tredi igi da moaqunda sazdeli berisaTKs.
da viTarca ganicada netarman evagre tredi igi,
gankKrda igi da Seudga kualsa missa da ixila wmi-
daY igi Sio mjdomare quabsa Sina^~ (95, 219).
cxiv
hagiografi, msgavsad xalxuri andrezisa, mo-
gviTxrobs dafaruli siwmidis, rac igive saidumloa,
gamoGenis ambavs. dafarulis, anu saidumlos
gamocxadeba ki erT-erTi qristianuli esqatologiuri
WeSmaritebaa. `saqme uGino~, rogorc vkiTxulobT
`qarTlis moqcevaSi~ mcxeTis eklesiis aSenebis
gamo, `cxad didebaSi~ unda gadavides. `cxovre-
baSic~ da andrezSic mtredia monawile am
gamocxadebebisa. Tu andrezis mixedviT, mtreds
Tavisi `WoWiT~ nafotebi miaqvs gangebiT miniS-
nebuli adgilisaken da Tan xis mWrels Tu mon-
adires gaiyoliebs, `cxovrebaSi~ wmidanis mkve-
bav mtreds martod darGenilma monadirem, evag-
rem, Tvali unda mohkras da mihyves mis kvals,
`raYTa ara iyos dafaruli brwyinvale igi varskvlavi~.
mtredi moqmedebs `miSuebiTa RmrTisaYTa~,
radgan evagre SiosTan erTad eklesiis mSenebeli
unda Seiqmnas momavalSi, raTa `saqme qmnuli
uGinoY~, rac martodmyofi beris sulier RvawlSi (as-
ketizmSi) mdgomareobda, `cxad didebad~
gamoGndes. gana aseve RvTiuri gangebis `miSue-
biT~ ar moqmedebs andrezis mtredi, roca mas
monadire Tu xis mWreli berTa Tumca gauqmebul,
magram maTi Rvawlis kvalwauSlel sadgomebi-
saken mihyavs, rom Zveli siwmidis gasaaxleblad
eklesia _ mtredis saxli _ aaSenebinos?
zegardis wmida giorgis andrezis variantTa Soris
aris kidev erTi versia, romlis Tanaxmad kvrivis aR-
momGenia ara lakaTxeveli qarGaiZe, aramed kacis
cxv
kvlis mizeziT gadmoxvewili qisti, romelsac sofelma
wili ar misca Tavis miwa-wyalze. roca qistma xis
Wra daiwyo saxlis asaSeneblad, `qedani movida
da, ramdeni nafotic Seagdebina xesa, imdeni na-
foti aiRo da daagrova iqa, saca is salocavi ari.
Gamovida da uTxra sofelsa, ro eseTi ambavia^
waviden, naxes da Tqves, ro albaT salocavi gvTx-
ovso aqao, raRaca avaSenoTo^ sTxoves, ro vin
aaSenebs, xelosani vin ari, exla da _ qarGaiZe
yofila xelosani, waiyvanes is qarGaiZe, miiyvanes
da aaSenebines eklesia^~ (38, #25625).
qisti, ucxoTesli, romelic sofelma ar miiRo Tavis
wiaRSi, misda uneburad soflisaTvis axali salocavis
aRmomGeni xdeba. kaci erTdroulad wils idebs
sofelSi da eymoba im salocavs, romelic misi
mizeziT soflis miwa-wyalze aRmoGnda. saidanRac
mofrenili qedani misi sacxovrebeli saxlisaTvis
gankuTvnili xis nafotebiT aSenebs eklesiis saxes,
riTac gzas uxsnis qists sofelSi dasasaxleblad. mop-
ovebuli salocaviTurT, rogorc sasyidliT, is Sedis
sofelSi saymos sruluflebian wevrad, amrigad qistis
mier sacxovrebeli saxlis dafuZneba religiuri aqtia,
raki igi dakavSirebulia kultis daarsebasTan.
`qalaqis damfuZnebeli, _ wers fiustel de kulanJi,
_ aris kaci, romelic asrulebs religiur aqts, romlis
gareSe qalaqi ver iarsebebda. es is kacia, vinc
daaarsa kera, sadac maradiulad unda enTos
wmida cecxli; es is kacia, romelic Tavisi locvebiT
da ritualebiT mouxmobs RmerTebs da samudamod
cxvi
amkvidrebs maT axal qalaqSi. gasagebia is pativis-
cema, romelsac miageben am sakralur adamians.
vidre is cocxalia, masSi xedaven kultis Semqnels
da qalaqis mamas; sikvdilis Semdeg is xdeba
saerTo winaprad Taobebisa, romlebic mas mis-
deven; qalaqisaTvis es igivea, rac ojaxis pirveli
winapari. misi xsovna iseve ar qreba, rogorc keris
cecxli, romelic man daanTo^~ (155, 161).
fiustel de kulanJis azriT, romelic dafuZnebulia
Zvel romael matianeebze, qalaqis daarseba
yovelTvis religiuri aqti iyo, xolo misi damaarsebeli
_ sakraluri piri. dumacxos masStabSi es gad-
moxvewili qisti imave rols asrulebs, rasac im Zveli
qalaqebis damfuZnebelni; isic maT msgavsad
sakraluri piria _ man axali sakulto cxovreba misca
sofels, Seqmna ra misgan axali saymo zegardis
wmida giorgis garSemo da gaxda misi pirveli
dekanozi. man dasabami daudo dumacxoSi afci-
aurTa erT Stos _ aspanianT (Tavisi saxelis aspanis
mixedviT), saidanac gamodian zegardis wmida
giorgis dekanozebi; maT Soris ki saymos axsovs le-
gendaruli focxvera, romelic mxarze droSagadebuli
freniT eSveboda dumacxos saRvTo maRalis
mwvervalidan soflis salocavamde.
jvarGena tyveobaSi
Semonaxulia andrezebi datyvevebul da tyveo-
bidan Tavdaxsnil jvar-xatebze, romelTa Tavga-
dasavali maTsave epiTetebSia gakvrivebuli. jvarTa
cxvii
tyveoba ar aris fantaziis nayofi, is istoriuli sinamd-
vilea, Gveni qveynis bedukuRmarTi warsulis
gamoZaxil andrezebSi. ai, Tundac, erTi magaliTi:
`qk s:sv: yaeni wamovida ulusiTa saqarTvelosa;
saqristianoTa xatTa da jvarTa atyuevebdes^~ (69,
335). qarTlis cxovrebaSi SeiZleba davadasturoT
konkretuli SemTxvevebi jvarTa datyvevebisa Se-
moseuli mtris mier: `âmsave Jamsa movides
sarkinozni, romelTa uxmobdes sajobiT da moaty-
uenes kaxeTi, da dawues juari da mcxeTa, da
Seiqces, da warvides da waritanes Tana juari
patiosani daWrili^~ (73, 265). mteri, urjulo,
ebrZvis jvars, rogorc sulier arsebas, rogorc devi _
RvTisSvils, da is ara mxolod wartyvenilia, aramed
daWrilic aris.*
datyvevebuli jvaris Semdgom beds ucxo mx-
areSi gvamcnobs garkveuli tipis Tqmuleba, romelic
mravali variantiT aris cnobili qarTul folklorSi. ai,
am Tqmulebis fabula: qarTvel tyveebTan erTad
gatacebulia xatic. mtris qveyanaSi xati saswauls
axdens: Svidi wlis manZilze miwa nayofs ar iZleva,
adamianic da pirutyvic gaberwebulia, epidemia
anadgurebs mosaxleobas. misani xvdeba ubed-
urebis mizezs; xats sjian (wvaven, sakireSi ag-
deben), magram verafers akleben: is uvnebelia.
bolos, misnis rGeviT, xats xaris rqaze miakraven
da tyveebTan erTad Tavisuflad gauSveben. xari
*
daWril-dalewili xatebis Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia xatmebrZoleobis am-
saxvel qristianul legendebSi.
cxviii
moisaklisebs erT koWl dedakacs da mxolod maSin
daiZreba, roca is dedakaci SeuerTdeba saymos.
xari miuZRvis tyveebs samSoblosaken da Gerdeba
im adgilas, romelsac xati Tavis sabrZanisad am-
oirGevs.
aseTi Tavgadasavali aqvs rkonis RvTismSoblis
(3, 115) da Zarwemis wmida giorgis xatebs (92,
212). magram es istoria sayovelTaod cnobili gax-
ada mTiuleTis saymoTa saerTo salocavma _ saxel-
ganTqmulma lomisis wmida giorgis xatma, romlis
Rvawli amgvarad ixsenieba sadideblebSi: `gau-
marjos lomisas, xorasanT tyveTa damxsnelsa~
(56, 35). lomisis wmida giorgis tyveobisa da misi
Tavdaxsnis ambavi mraval variantad aris Gawerili
da dabeWdili (50, 168-9; ##527-8; 40, 114).
Tumca xorasans tyveTa mxsneloba ar darGa mxo-
lod lomisis wmida giorgis privilegiad; unda vifiqroT,
rom lomisis wmida giorgis xorasnul Rvawls hqonda
tendencia Sesuliyo mTavarmowamis `saerToqar-
Tul~ cxovrebaSi, rogorc erTi mniSvnelovani epi-
zodi. ra uSualo kavSiri unda arsebuliyo warsulSi lo-
misis wmida giorgis saymosa da ZimiTis (guria)
wmida giorgis eklesias Soris, rom gvevarauda am
miTologemis gadasvla mTiuleTidan guriaSi. ma-
gram ZimiTis wmida giorgis xatis kubos amSve-
nebs warwera, saidanac mogvesmis mTiuluri sad-
ideblis sityvebi: `q. eha, Sen dido mxneo mxedaro
da RvawliT Semosilo da xvarasanT tyveTa mx-
cxix
snelo, saswaulT moqmedo axovano da wmidao
mowameo giorgi^~ (36, 25).
XVIII saukunis werilobiT wyaros Semounaxavs
andrezi, sadac tyveTa mxsneli urjuloTa qveynidan
awyuris (samcxe) RvTismSoblis xatia. beri egnata-
Svilis àxali qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, sadac aRwerilia
XV-XVI saukuneebis samcxis viTareba, vkiTxulobT:
samcxis dalaSqvris Semdeg àiyara yaeni da war-
vida sayaenosa Tvissa da tyue hyves xati awyurisa
RmrTismSobeli, da wariyvanes queyanasa maTsa.
da iqmna didi glova da mwuxareba miuTxrobeli
sruliad mesxTa zeda. aRdges yovelni da STavides
qarTls, vidremdis mwirobdes mun Svid wel^
maSin odes movida uzun-asan mZlavriTa laSqriTa
da wariyvana xati igi awyurisa RmrTismSoblisa
queyanasa mas ucxo TeslTasa, eseviTari risxva
RmrTisa miavlina; arca Soba dedakacman, arca
pirutyuman, arc hyo xeman nayofi, arca miwaman
aRmoacena. da iqmna didi gamoZieba maT Soris
ucxosa amisTvis saqmisa da ityodes: `raY-me ars
ese?~ romelnime ityodes: `SecTomiT iqmna~,
xolo sxuani sxuasaca rasame mizezsa moiRebdes.
xolo ubrZnesTa kacTa mis queyanisaTa esreT
Tques: òdes-igi saqarTvelos vilaSqreT, maSin
erTisa didisa saydridaRmen ficari erTi, Semkuli
mravliTa pativiTa, vixileT da warmoviReT; da mg-
zavrobasa mas Guensa ucxo saswauli vixileT mis-
gan, rameTu mwuxrsa GavasueneT uRrmessa
adgilsa bargisasa da, viTarca ganTendes, aR-
cxx
movides siRrmidan da maRlad mjdomare ixilve-
bodis da viTarca mze brwyinevdis. da saqme ese
ueWvelad misgan iqmna queyanasa Guensa da, Tu
gnebavs ganrineba Wirisa misgan, igi moviZioT da
queyanasa maTsa ganuteoT~. maSin moiZies
wmida ese xati da, hpoves ra, esreT ganizraxes:
`movediT da davakraT kicusa uPedsa da, ukeTu
warvides marTliad gzasa Tvissa, uwyodeT, rameTu
amisgan ars ese yoveli; da ukeTu miiqcios sxviT-
kerZo, maSin SecdomiT rame iqmna da ara amis-
gan~. da viTarca daakres kicusa mas zeda ese
xati, esreT marTliad warmoemarTa gzasa samcxeT
momyvanebelsa, viTarmca saGino mPedari da aR-
viriTa mpyrobeli da mmarTebeli. da viTarca ixiles
ucxoTeslTa sakvirveleba ese, ganixares sixaruliTa
didiTa friad, da warmogzavnes pativiTa. da
Tanawarmohyva simravle cxenebisa friadi, ro-
melsa zurgebi Gadrekilebi dResca hqadagebs maS-
indelsa saswaulsa. xolo ucxoTeslTa maT ara-ra
izrunes cxenebisa maTisaTvis, vinaTgan uzomosa
mis Wirisagan Psnasa moelodes. da gangebiTa
saRrmToTa mciredTa JamTa samcxes moiwia
adgilsa, romelsa aw elavsi ewodebis, da iqmna
didebuli saswauli. rameTu myis ganaTlda sruliad
samcxe da gabrwyinda wesisaebr pirvelisa. da
viTarca ixiles yovelTa anasdaTi igi Secvaleba bnel-
isa naTlad da mixedes adgilsa mas da saxed elvisa
brwyinvida xati yovlad-wmidisa, gankvirvebulTa
Tques: `ra-me ars ese elvis saxed brwyinvale?~ da
cxxi
mieriTgan ewoda adgilsa mas elavsi. da Sekrbes
yovelni da mivides da ixiles xati ese yovlad-wmid-
isa RmrTismSobelisa brwyinvaled mjdomare kicusa
zeda da simravle cxenebisa garemosa missa;
gankvirdes ucxosa mas zeda sakvirvelsa da adides
RmerTi da yovlad-wmida RmrTismSobeli da creml-
iTa mPurvaliTa RaRadyues missa mimarT: `kur-
Txeul ars mosvla Seni, dedao saxierisa RmrTisao,
raYsaTvis dagviteven eseodenTa JamTa bnelTa
Sina, romelTa Sen mier vixileT saRmrTo naTeli
Zisa Senisa?~ da viTarca esma xatisa saswauliTa
mosvla mesxTa qarTls myofTa, viTarmed samcxe
ganaTlda, ganixares sixaruliTa didiTa friad da
Tques: ùeWvelad xati yovlad-wmidisa mosuenda.
aRvdgeT da warvideT queyanasa Guensa~ (74,
479-481).
es vrceli monakveTi, romlis Sinaarsi arsebiTad
igiveobrivia lomisis xatis andrezisa (principul
gansxavebas ar qmnis xaris Senacvleba uxedneli
kviciT, romliTac brundeba ukan RvTismSoblis xati),
aq im mizniT aris motanili, rom yuradReba
mivapyraT arqauli miTosisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
zogierT moments. rodesac babilonelTa qalRmerTi
iSTari stovebs qveyanas da qvesknelSi Gadis, ded-
amiwaze wydeba nayofiereba, rogorc cxoveluri, ise
mcenareuli; kacTa modgmasac ki gadaSeneba
emuqreba, radgan qveynidan wasulia gamravlebis
impulsi. àrc Soba dedakacman, arca pirutyvman,
arca hyo xeman nayofi, arca miwaman aRmo-
cxxii
acena~ _ vkiTxulobT saistorio TxzulebaSi da es
sityvebi Tavisuflalad SeiZleba gavimeoroT iSTaris
gauGinarebiT qveyanaSi Seqmnili viTarebis
dasaxasiaTeblad. Tumca es saswaulebi xdeba urju-
loTa qveyanaSi, sadac xatia datyvevebuli, da ara
samcxeSi, xatis saymoSi, saidanac rogorc iSTari _
radgan ucxo mxareSi wasvla qvesknelSi Gasvlis
badalia _ wasulia xati; magram arc samcxe, xatis
saymo, ar aris dalxinebuli: `da iqmna glova da
mwuxareba miuTxrobeli, aRdges yovelni da
STavides qarTls, vidremdis mwirobdnen mun Svid
wel~ _ gvamcnobs saistorio Txzuleba savsebiT
realur istoriul faqts: mesxebis Gasvlas qarTlSi da
droebiT maT iq yofnas, anu mwirobas. mesxni
stoveben mitovebul qveyanas rogorc israelianebi,
romlebic gaurbian SimSils da Gadian egvipteSi.
SesaZloa, mesxTaTvis qarTli, sadac `STadian~,
simbolurad iyo egvipte, sadac maT Svidi weli unda
dahyon mwirad _ ganTqmuli Svidi weli
unayofobisa, romelic dgeba nayofieri Svidi wlis
Semdeg. arc `Stasvla~ da arc `Svidi weli~ ar unda
iyos SemTxveviTi mesxTa TavgadasavalSi, romelic
SeemTxvaT maT maTi mfarveli RvTismSoblis xatis
datyvevebis Semdeg. gadis Svidi weli da samcxeSi
brundeba gamarjvebuli, uxednel kvicze, rogorc erT
dros misi Ze, amxedrebuli RvTismSobeli, kidev
ufro gabrwyinebuli da meti didebiT mosili, da
mesxnic brundebian Tavis qveyanaSi. RvTismSo-
beli kvlav Semoikrebs Tavis saymos, romelic Svidi
cxxiii
weliwadi ùcxo~ qveyanaSi mwirobda, sadac mas
qarTlis mefe konstantine, rogorc faraoni iakobis
naSierT, akavebda (`xolo knstantine ayenebda da
ara utevebda warsvlad; da viTarca hpoves Jami
marjue, aRdges Ramesa erTsa da warmoemarTnes
yovliT saxleuliT maTiTurT~ (74, 481). es aris am-
bavi mesxebis gamosvlaTa maTi mwirobis qveyn-
idan da Sesvla maTi RvTiuri patronis qveyanaSi.
am TavgadasavalSi kargad Gans, rom am xalxisa-
Tvis sacxovrebeli teritoria warmoudgenelia misi
RvTiuri patonis gareSe; aq isic Gans, rom xati Tav-
isi dabrunebiT xelmered moupovebs Tavis saymos
dakargul miwa-wyals.
lomisis xati da misi ymebi erTad arian qvey-
anaSi datyvevebulni. TqmulebaTa am rkalSi Se-
modis xevis sparsangelozis andrezic, romlis teqsti
Gawerili aqvs s.makalaTias. ai, misi Sinaarsi:
sxva tyveebTan erTad sparseTSi erTi moxeve
qalic yofila akvnis bavSviT. aTengenobis wina dRiT
akvanTan mjdari wverisangelosze ocnebam gait-
aca. gamoecxada angelozi da uTxra: Tarodan
Gemi sayure gadmoiRe da xevis gzas gaudeqio.
dRe me gmalav, Ram-RamobiT Suqze gatarebo.
iqve gaGnda xaric, romlis rqaze Sejda wverisan-
gelozi da qals win gauZRva. snoSi aTengenobas
miuswro qalma da maSinve wverisangelozSi avida,
sayure xatisTvis Seuwiravs, xari dauklavs da an-
gelozic am adgilas dafrenila (53, 252).
cxxiv
mTiuleTisa da xevis mTavari salocavebis
saswaulebi ukavSirdeba mniSvnelovan
gansacdelebs maTi saymoebis istoriaSi. SesaZle-
belia, es gansacdeli maTi Seqmnis, saymod
Gamoyalibebis safuZvelic ki iyos, vinaidan sadac
ar aris gansacdeli, iq xsnac ar aris; xsna ki, gadar-
Gena, Tavdaxsna, xelaxali Seqmnis da xelaxali
Sobis, gamococxlebis badalia. amitom aris mxsneli
macxovari, ganmacocxlebeli. tyveoba da sikvdili
rom tolfardi movlenebia, amis dasadastureblad au-
cilebeli arc aris Zveli miTosis moxmoba; es cxad-
deba sruliad aramiTosur, yofiT gancdaSi, roca ad-
amiani mTeli sisavsiT ganicdis tyveobis
gansacdels. amas gvidasturebs erTi adgili nikoloz
baraTaSvilis kerZo werilidan: `^xom ici, tyveoba
da sikvdili Gvens dedakacebs erTi hgoniaT,
metadre lekis tyveoba~ (1848 wlis 2 maisi).
`metadre lekis^~ amas Tavisi datvirTva aqvs: leki *
urjuloa da urjuloTa qveyanaSi tyveoba (gavix-
senoT guramiSvilis gansacdeli) gaZlierebul
mniSvnelobas iZens, roca qristianis da misi xatis
tyveobazea laparaki.
xats jojoxeTidan, qvesknelidan amohyavs
tyvedqmnili, damonebuli xalxi. magram xatic xom
tyvea, jer xom man unda daixsnas Tavi, rom xalxis
gaTavisufleba SeZlos? ufro meti: isic usaTuod ty-
veobaSi unda iyos, rom ixsnas Tavisi xalxi; is gve-
*
lekebSia datyvevebuli, Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, rkonis RvTismSobeli (3,115)
da Zarwemis wmida giorgis xati (99, 212), romelTa Tavgadasavali `xorasnuli
Rvawlis~ motivzea agebuli.
cxxv
leSapis SiganSi unda moeqces, STaenTqas gve-
leSaps, rom misi muclidan gamoiyvanos
STanTqmulni. jer xatma unda daixsnas Tavi da es
misi TviTdaxsna aris swored jvarGena ucxo qvey-
anaSi.
SeniSnuli iyo, rom jvarGena sastiki movlenaa,
sastiki Tavad sakuTari saymosaTvisac ki, Tavisi
unji ymisaTvisac ki, romelsac daadebs Tavis Zlier
xels. miT umetes, sastiki da daundobeli unda iyos
is, roca datyvevebulia da TavdaxsnisaTvis unda
iGinos Tavi. jvarGenis niSnebia _ da amas xvdeba
ucxo qveynis misani _ nayofierebis Sewyveta qvey-
anaSi, adamianTa da cxovelTa siberwe, Jamianoba
da sxva epidemiebi. jvari qveynis gamanadgure-
beli saSualebebiT iGens Tavs, rogorc israelis
RmerTi egvipteSi, roca faraoni akavebda da-
monebul xalxs da ar uSvebda monobis qveynidan.
xats saswaulebiT gamohyavs Tavisi saymo xor-
asnidan Tu lekebidan, rogorc iahves Tavisi eri egvi-
ptidan iq datrialebuli sasjelebis _ gvemis,
ganadgurebis, snebaTaSeyris, stiqionTa
aboboqrebis, pirmSoTa amoxocvis Semdeg; aqac
da iqac xalxis patroni aGenda Tavis marjvenas,
romlis winaSe uZluri iyo damTrgunveli qveyana. ar
SeiZleboda am xalxis tyveoba, radgan is uflis sak-
uTreba iyo, misi unji (segulah), rogorc Tavad eub-
neba maT: `radgan Sena xar wmida eri uflisaTvis,
Seni RvTisaTvis, Sen gamogarGia ufalma, Senma
RmerTma, rom misi unji eri yofiliyavi^~ (2 rjl. 7,
cxxvi
6). rogorc ar SeiZleboda motaceba da datyveveba
RvTis kidobnisa da aki filistimelTa RvTaebis _ dag-
onis taZarSi gamomwyvdeulma Semusra maTi
kerpi da mere, sadac ki gadaitanes, yvelgan _
geTSi, ekronSi _ uwyalod musravda xalxs da ase
grZeldeboda Svid weliwads, vidre misanTa rGeviT
or mewvel furSi Sebmul uremze ar daasvenes da
ar gagzavnes Tavis wilxvdomil qveyanaSi; rogorc
ar SeiZleboda datyveveba, xelis xlebac ki imisa,
razec devs uflis xeli, dawyebuli saSineli RvTis
kidobniT da adamianiT damTavrebuli. rac uflisTvis
wmidaa (kodeS), is xelSeuxebelia. uflis siwmidis
Selaxvis kerZo faqtad, rac unda ucnaurad ar mo-
gveGvenos, unda GavTvaloT erTi SexedviT gauge-
bari istoria, rac saras SeemTxva, Semdeg re-
bekasac, _ misi dakaveba jer egvipteSi faraonis da
mere gerarSi am qveynis mefis mier, ris gamoc
`didad SeaWirva ufalma faraoni da misi saxli~
(dab. 12, 17) da `yvelas dauxSo ufalma saSo
abimeleqis saxlSi~ (dab. 20, 18). mis xelmyofelTa
es `damizezeba~ gardauvali iyo, imis niSani iyo,
rom sara unda dabruneboda Tavis patrons, radgan
is iyo aRTqmis aRsrulebis erTaderTi WurWeli,
saidanac ufals Tavisi wmida eri unda warmoeSva.
xati da saymo erTad arian tyveobaSi. maTi er-
Tad yofna imas niSnavs, rom xati ar stovebs Tavis
xalxs upatronod, Tumca monobis qveyanaSi xati
jer farulad aris, is imarxavs Tavs, jer ar gamo-
Genila, is sdums. roca is alaparakdeba, ai, maSin
cxxvii
xdeba jvarGena da iwyeba gamosvla, magram
jvarGena _ obieqturi faqti _ adamianis suliskveTe-
bazea damokidebuli.
gavixsenoT: mravali xani itanjeboda xalxi egvi-
pteSi, magram RmerTi dumda. xalxs, SesaZloa,
namdvilad ase iyo, daviwyebulic ki hyavda Tavisi
mama-papis RmerTi; aRarc ki axsovda, Tu odesme
hyolia, magram roca ise damZimda, rom metis
atana adamians aRar SeeZlo, xalxi akvnesda da
RmerTs miswvda misi kvnesa, radgan is ar iyo
umisamarTo, ar iyo umweo, upatrono monis
kvnesa, aramed adamianisa, romelmac gaixsena
Tavisi vinaoba da warsuli; sZlia satanis
moqmedebas, romelic aviwyebda mas, rom is
ufliswuli iyo, rom is samyaros Semoqmedis unji
sakuTreba iyo (rogorc unda iyos yvela xalxi). ai,
swored maSin moxda jvarGena sinais mTaze,
sadac devnili mose mwyesavda Tavisi simamris
faras.
unda movelodeT, rom yovel aseT dros _
ukidures gasaWirSi ibadeba, ufro swored, aRdgeba
gawyvetili kavSiri adamiansa da mis mfarvels
Soris. jojoxeTSi, veSapis mucelSi, ibadeba sa-
soeba, rwmena; aq lbeba guli, ar qvavdeba. qali
swuxs ucxoobaSi, enatreba Tavisi mTav-
arangelozis adgilsamyofeli da dReoba (adgili da
dro, rogorc erTiani Jam-kari _ kultis piroba) da
natvraSi, roca is aRar grZnobs Tavs umweod, aris
religiis dasabami. dasabami aris am qalSi, akvans
cxxviii
rom uzis, rogorc pirvel qadagSi _ minanSi, san-
aTaSi, wmida ninoSi, mariamsa da marTaSi. Gumi
kvnesa natvrasTan erTad aRmomxdari aranakleb
esmis mTavarangelozis xats, vidre egvipteSi da-
monebuli xalxis ufals misi gamayruebeli godeba.
saymo aRdga kvlav, is Seikriba Tavisi xatis
garSemo, uklebliv yvela, im upatrono, yvelasagan
daviwyebuli koWli dedakacianad, romelsac _
ukanasknels _ elodeboda xati. saymo aRdga tyveo-
bis qveyanaSi, roca alaparakda xati, da gan-
mtkicda gzaSi, roca is miuZRoda maT qveyni-
saken. isini mtkicdebian da kidev ufro er-
Tiandebian gzaSi, radgan erTi mimarTulebiT uxde-
baT yureba. israeli xedavda Tavis win dRisiT Rru-
bels, RamiT _ naTlis svets. eseni xedaven dRisiT da
RamiT mTavarangelozis an wmida giorgis xats, aR-
marTuls xaris rqebze, _ TavianT winamZRols da
mxsnels, romelic samaradisod aRibeWda maT
SegnebaSi.
cxxix
qa-
javeTis ganZi `qajaveTi~, romlis kavSiri `qajeT-
Tan~ eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, tradiciulad _ es
tradicia, rogorc Gans, `vefxistyaosanma~ gaaZli-
era _ iseTi qeyanaa, sadac viRac unda iyos
datyvevebuli: is, vinc motacebulia Tavisi qveyn-
idan da xsnas elis. qajeTi tyveobis qveyanaa da
Tavad mTeli qveyana qajeTisa erTian cixed aris
warmodgenili, cixe ki unda gaitexos; amaze TaT-
birobs mis misadgomebTan misuli sami gmiri.
fSav-xevsureTis andrezebSic laparakia qajaveTis
gatexvaze _ `qajaveTi ro gautexav RvTiSvilTa^~ _
cxxx
rom ZaliT wamoiRon iqidan, rac wamosaRebia,
wamoiyvanon, rac wamosayvania; xolo rac
moaqvT Tu mohyavT, aucilebelia saymosTvis, misi
arsebobisTvis (rogorc nestani tarielisTvis), Tu ara
da gaugebari iqneboda mis winaaRmdeg galaSqre-
bul RvTisSvilTa Tanganwirva. ras mogviTxrobs qa-
javeTis gatexis Tqmuleba? xaxmatis jvaris win-
amZRolobiT xevsureTis RvTisSvilni gaemarTnen
qajaveTis dasalaSqravad; Tan iaxles erTaderTi
mokvdavi, adamiani, magram ara ubralo mokv-
davi, aramed jvaris mkadre, romelsac jvari `xelze
moudioda~. is xSirad, _ misi saxeli iyo gaxua
megrelauri (WormeSavidan), _ dadioda jvarTan er-
Tad; amboben, `xandixan daikargisao. erT-ori
TviTge mavidisav, safarvel dadebul daxyvandisav
xTiSvilTa Tanav~ (67, 193). kidev ambobdnen,
rom `jvarTan jvar yofil, xatTan xat yofil is kaci~.
miuxedavad jvarTan aseTi siaxlovisa, RvTisSvilTa
Soris gareva mas ar SeeZlo xorcieli saxiT, miT
umetes, qajaveTSi SesaRwevad _ es axasiaTebs
am qveyanas, rogorc gansxvavebuli ganzomilebis
sivrceSi mdebares _ mas unda daeTmo sxeuli; suli
misi unda gayroda mis sxeuls, is uxorco unda Ses-
uliyo qajaveTSi. amitom RvTisSvilebma misi suli
amoaZvrines misi sxeulidan. SeuZlebeli iqneboda
am faqtis mesame piriT gadmocema, rom is Tavid-
anve pirveli piriT ar yofiliyo Tqmuli, ar gaecxade-
bina amgvari gansacdeli Tavad mis ganmcdels.
`^sul amamaZvrinesav, Tqvisav gaxuama-d’
gvamiv qviSaSi GaRmarxesav~ (67, 190); `dam-
awvinesav, sul amamaZvinesav. mec an-
gelozebTan viarev^~ (67, 18)).
cxxxi
mas Semdeg,
rac xaxmatidan daZrulebma gaxuas sulamoride-
buli gvami velkeTilze, daTvisjvaris mis-
adgomebTan, sadRac kldis èxSi~ damales Tu mi-
waSi (`qviSaSi~) Gafles, Tu xeze miayudes, rom
ukan dabrunebisas kvlav GaeZvrinaT masSi suli, is
ki gauZaliandeboda RvTisSvilT, raki mis gvams
suni eqneboda adenili da mxarzec Tagvis naWami
eqnebda damGneuli, _ amis Semdeg Gven vkar-
gavT maT kvals. cnobilia gza xaxmatidan daTvis-
jvaris uReltexilamde, radgan mas xorcielis
nabijebis kvali amGnevia _ mokvdavi, sanam xor-
cieli iyo, xom fexdafex misdevda mfrinav xatebs, _
magram sruliad gamoucnobia gza daTvisjvaridan
qajaveTamde, radgan is uxilavma arsebebma gai-
ares ise, rom kvali ar daumGneviaT miwaze da
verc veravis moukravs maTTvis Tvali. es uxilavi
gza, romlis toponimebi ucnobia andrezisaTvis,
sruliad sxva ganzomilebaSi mdebareobs. midioda
cxxxii
gza, mere is gadatyda daTvisjvarTan, gadavida
piriqiTSi, irealurSi, sadac xorciel gaxuas ar SeeZlo
SeRweva. amitom unda vifiqroT, rom RvTisSvilTa
dasalaSqravi qajaveTi ar mdebareobs fizikur sam-
yaroSi, Tumca misken mimavali gza is gza aris, ro-
melsac tradiciulad adgas saymo, rodesac piraqeTi
xevsureTidan daTvisjvaris gadavliT miTxos soflebis
dasalaSqravad miemarTeba. es marSruti asaxulia
sagmiro-salaSqro poeziaSi: velkeTil amaiares,
xania SvaRamisao, daTvisjvar gadaiares, nam gad-
aGqvifes mTisao. miTxos pirdapir Gavides, alagzed
leven Gdilsao (75, #48). daTvisjvar erTad
Sagrovdes, damSvenda mTa da baria, daTvisjvars
gadadioda Sav-nabadais jaria (78, #61). arsebobs
Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad qajaveTis Tqmule-
baSi asaxuli unda iyos qarTvelTa tomis mravalgzisi
laSqrobebi uSualo mezoblebis _ qistebis winaaRm-
deg (67, 81-97. es realisturi mosazrebaa, romelic
eyrdnoba am tomebs Soris saukunovan urTierTo-
bas maTi mezoblad cxovrebis manZilze. magram
ise ar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqos andrezSi qa-
javeTis saxiT qisteTi igulisxmebodes. realuri
laSqrobebi saymosi qisteTis winaaRmdeg iZleva
models qajaveTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobisaTvis, _ ai,
am azriT unda iyos asaxuli istoriuli sinamdvile qa-
javeTis andrezSi, romlis mizandasaxuloba sruliad
gansxvavdeba sagmiro-salaSqro eposisagan. am-
Jamad interesis sagans ar Seadgens sakuTriv
brZola jvarTa da qajTa Soris; gvainteresebs mxo-
lod laSqrobis mizani da misi saboloo Sedegi; Tu ra
naxes molaSqreebma qajaveTSi, ra saidumlos aex-
ada iq farda. rogori qveyanaa qajaveTi? qajaveTs,
rogorc qveyanas, aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, iseve, rogorc
cxxxiii
adamianTa sazogadoebas, saymos. Suaguli, rogorc
kera, sadac amozrdilia mironmdinari alvisxe an
oqros SibiT cas gamobmuli muxa laSaris gorze. cx-
adia, jvari dgas saymos SuagulSi. ras war-
moadgens qajaveTis Suaguli? es is adgili iqneba,
sadac yvelaze adre unda SeaWenos cxeni
molaSqre RvTisSvilma. rodesac zurab erisTavi gan-
izraxavs xevsureTis gatexvas, is pirvel rigSi mi-
adgeba xmalas salocavs da mis alvisxes mosaWre-
lad; fSavis xevSi aseT adgilad mas eguleba laSaris
muxa, romlis moWriT is darwmunebuli iqneboda,
rom daimorGilebda laSaris saymos anu fSavis Tor-
met Tems. momxdurma icis, ras daartyas pirvelad,
sad SeaWenos cxeni. qajaveTSic aris aseTi adgili,
es aris samWedlo. es aRniSnulia leqsSi: sinas
SWeds qajTa mWedeli, mivaswver wurvazedao.
qurTemul mauglejie, cxeni Savagdi zedao^ qa-
javeTis centri samWedloa; Tu samWedlos gatexavs
wmida giorgi, qajaveTic gatexilia, misi saidumlo
amoxsnilia. amas niSnavs `mivaswver
wurvazedao^~ yoveli xeloba sakralur-saidum-
loebrivia, gansakuTrebiT mWedloba, romelic sak-
ulto qmedebamdea ayvanili. devebi adamganebs
umalavdnen mWedlobis saidumlos. aseve es
saidumlo saqme qajeTis uxilav da miuval qvey-
anaSia daculi, sadac xorcieli ver SeaRwevs. mWed-
loba qajaveTis religiaa da samWedloSi, rogorc kv-
rivSi, gareSem ver unda Seixedos. magram Rv-
TisSvili _ xaxmatis wmida giorgi Sedis samWedloSi;
ufro metic: gaxurebul grdemlze daamGnevs Tavisi
cxenis nals, rogorc qajaveTis gatexis niSans
samaradisod (amboben, qajaveTidan wamoRebuli
qurTemuli, romelsac nalis tvifari aqvs, xaxmatis
cxxxiv
jvaris kvrivSi inaxeba dRemde). mainc ras war-
moadgens qajaveTis ganZi _ nadavli, romelic erT-
nairad esaWiroeba batonsa da mis saymos, romlis
xorcieli winamZRolia gaxua? cxadia, es ar iqneba
grova SemTxveviTi sagnebisa, romelic qajaveTis
Suagulis _ samWedlos afeTqebis Semdeg SeiZleba
xelSi moxvedrodaT gamarjvebul molaSqreebs.
roca inana, uruqis qalRmerTi da misi patroni,
eriduSi gaemarTa Tavisi qalaqisaTvis saWiro faseu-
lobaTa _ nivTierTa Tu univToTa wamosaRebad,
man icoda, ra unda wamoeRo da risTvis iyo saWiro
es yvelaferi. mas mohqonda saganTa da mcne-
baTa mTeli erToblioba, sistema, romelic safuZvlad
unda dadeboda uruqis civilizacias (46, 161-6). es
iyo inanas ZRveni, Tavisi saymosaTvis boZebuli.
man xomaldiT mozida ganivTebuli ìdeebi~, kult-
isa da kulturis safuZvlebi, da uruqis navsayudelSi
gadmotvirTa. Gveni RvTisSvilebis motanili ganZic
Seadgens saganTa sistemas, romelic safuZvlad
udevs saymoTa sakulto-sazogadoebriv yofas. qa-
javeTis ganZSi Semavali sagnebi SeiZleba sam jgu-
fad davyoT. sakuTriv sagnebi: Tasi, sakideli, oqros
fanduri, oqros saceri, qurTemuli (grdemli), furis
rqa. saqoneli: xar-Zroxa. qajis qalebi, mTavari maT
Soris _ samZivari. rogorc vxedavT, qajaveTuri
ganZi ar gamoirGeva saganTa mravalferovnebiT.
cxadia, isini arc Tanabari mniSvnelobisa arian _
vgulisxmob sakuTriv sagnebs, romelTa Soris Tass
umaRlesi adgili uWiravs. is dgas saganTa ierarqiis
TavSi, rogorc yabaxze Semodgmuli oqros Tasi, ro-
gorc mizani, romliskenac aris mimarTuli yvelas
mzera. aseve miuwvdomelia sakulto yofaSi sakral-
izmiT Semosili Tasi, romelic, rogorc davinaxeT,
cxxxv
simbolurad gamoxatavs mTels kults. SeiZleba gve-
fiqra, rom RvTisSvilebs TavianTi saymoebisaTvis
am sagnebis, maT Soris, Tasis, saxiT moaqvT say-
ofacxovrebo kultura; rom TiTqos es yvelasaTvis cn-
obili da kargad nacnobi sagnebi yoveldRiuri daniS-
nulebisani arian. magram es ase ar aris. pirvel
rigSi, imis gamo, rom isini RvTisSvilTa mier arian
wamoRebulni, maTi xelmonakidia da jvarSia mit-
anili, raTa iq imyofebodnen samudamod. maT azis
jvaris uxilavi niSani, zogierTs xilulic (rogorc qur-
Temuls wmida giorgis cxenis nali), rogorc jvaris
sakuTrebas. sxva saWiroebisaTvis maTi
gamoyeneba dauSvebelia. sakraluria da jvaris gan-
ZSi imkvidrebs adgils is Tasic, romelic moymes
mtris qveynidan moaqvs. ase umRerian ukan-
xadus sanebis ymas, meSvelas, romelic motace-
buli TasiTa (saxelad `sirma~) da tyviTurT
brundeba Tavis saymoSi, riTac is TiTqos qajaveTis
gamtexi RvTisSvilis saqciels imeorebs: meSvela
milxauris Zev, niavo gergetisao, kivkav darbazis
gamtexo, mamtano sirmaisao, Tormetis Suris
mZebnelo, Pelad mamyvano tyvisao (38, #25441).
(RvTisSvilTan analogiaze migvaniSnebs moymis
epiTeti `niavo gergetisao~: andreziT viciT,rom
crolis saneba gergetidan aris wamosuli). davaxasi-
aToT TiToeuli maTgani, vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben
isini, rogorc andrezebis personaJebi, da ganvsazR-
vroT maTi sakulto funqciebi erTmaneTTan
damokidebulebaSi. Tasi Tasi Zevs kultisa da kul-
turis dasabamSi. es aris niSani, romliTac adamiani
cxovelisagan ganirGeva, rac kargad Gans `gil-
gameSis eposis~ gmiris, enqidus magaliTze. misi
gankaceba, kulturuli cxovrebisadmi ziareba
cxxxvi
gamoxatulia imiT, rom is swavlobs xelSi Tasis
daWeras da miT wyurvilis dakmayofilebas; roca is
amas SesZlebs, is ukve adamiania; misi arseboba
gadaizrdeba kulturul yofaSi, rasac is moklebuli iyo,
roca udabnoSi `maradJams jogTan erTad wyals
ewafeboda~ _ arseboba, romelic SeiZleba daxasi-
aTebuli iqnas, rogorc uTasoba, rogorc kulturis nu-
lovani mdgomareoba. roca diogenma, romelmac
uxsovardroindeli kulturis niSnad erTaderTi sagani _
Tasi daitova, wylis peSviT amomRebelis
danaxvisas isic moisrola, rogorc usargeblo ram
nivTi; am aqtiT man uari Tqva kacobriuli kulturis
uZveles da ukanasknel elementur niSanze. diogeni
ukuagdebs, uaryofs Tass, enqidus xelSi aZleven
mas gankacebis niSnad. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom
lemnosis ukacriel kunZulze mitovebul filoktetes ka-
cobriuli kulturis niSnad aqvs erTaderTi WurWeli _
Tavisive xeliT gamoGorknili Tasi, rasac mraval-
nacadi odisevsi ironiulad `ganZs~ uwodebs (ix. so-
fokles drama `filoktete~, str. 35-7). odisevsis
ironiul sityvebSi, maTi warmomTqmelis uneburad,
WeSmaritebaa gacxadebuli: Tasi marTlac aris
ganZi kacobriobisaTvis, kerZod, misi umciresi ujre-
disTvis _ saymosTvis, romlis cnobierebaSi es ori
cneba ganuyreli erTianobiT aris GabeWdili da qm-
nis kidec sakralur SenaduRs _ es aris Tas-ganZi.
roca kulti (da kultura) isaxeba, ai, maSin
gamoGndeba Tasi. an, piruku, roca Tasis Gena
(TasGena) xdeba, andrezi gvauwyebs sakulto cx-
ovrebis dasawyiss. SeiZleba asec iTqvas da es
dasturdeba Gvens andrezebSi: Tasi Tavad aris
saSo sakulto cxovrebisa; Tasidan, rogorc keriidan
ifani, aRmocendeba kulti. am dros Tasi TiTqos kar-
cxxxvii
gavs Tavis uSualo, Tavdapirvel funqcias da itvir-
Tavs imaze mets, rac yoveldRiur yofaSi akisria
mas. am dros is aRar ekuTvnis adamianis mier
damzadebul saganTa rigs; is zeciuri war-
moSobisaa, rogorc sakulto sagani upiratesad.
amitom aris, rom Tasi kultis genezisSi cidan
Gamodis, rogorc mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin karat-
iswverze oqros SibiT GamoSvebuli Tasi. am jvar-
Genis Tasi rom amaRlebulia Tavisi yofiTi daniS-
nulebis donidan, iqidanac Gans, rom andrezis vari-
antSi mas enacvleba jvari, romelic sxva araferia,
Tu ara RvTisSvilis niSani. karatiswveris jvarGenis
Tasi ara marto ganudga Tavis pirvelad, bunebiT
daniSnulebas, aramed sruliad gaeTiSa amqveniur
saganTa wres: cidan Gamosuli, is imarxeba mi-
waSi, efareba adamianis Tvals, rogorc Gamarxuli
Tesli, rom iqidan kulti aRmocendes. aq Tasi, rogorc
fuZe da saSo, gvevlineba Tavisi dedruli aspeqtiT,
rac kidev ufro ikveTeba Subnuri jvaris (liqokSi)
daarsebis andrezSi. gadmocemiT, am jvarma Tavi
iGina ifnis saxiT, romelic aRmocenda romeliRac
mosaxlis keriaSi Gamarxuli oqros Tasidan (60,.
130). aseve sof. GirdilSi (xevsureTi) vinme daTvias
nacixvarSi darGenili sami Tasi Seiqna safuZveli
soflis SuagulSi RvTismSoblis jvarGenisa da
mosaxleobis ayrisa. Tasi miaqvs saymos erT naw-
ils, roca is axal teritoriaze esaxleba, rom axal
adgilze Zveli salocavi gadanergos. am dros Taszea
dakisrebuli kultis mTeli simZime, misi sicocxl-
isunarianoba. Tasi kultis aRorZinebis WurWelia.
saidumloebrivia jvaris aRmoceneba Tasidan; xiluli
nivTidan uxilavis warmoSoba _ vgulisxmob jvar-
Genas Tasis fuZeze, roca Tasi ara mxolod niSania
cxxxviii
jvarGenisa, aramed misi warmoSobis wiaRic aris.
jvaris mkadreTa legendur xanaSi Tasi iyo andam-
ati, romelic izidavda `mfrinav xats~, RvTisSvil-
isagan Tavisi nebis gamosacxadeblad movlenils.
im xanaSi Tasi, rogorc saswaulmoqmedi WurWeli,
TiTqos aGenda jvars da es iyo jvarGenis demon-
stracia mcire masStabSi saymos Tvalwin. ìm
mPriT mfrinav xats sxva xalxic xedavd. mamaS-
Gemic minaxav. sakadri xqondav. gadaifinisav, ai-
maSi koWoba Gadgisav. ro mavidisav, ciT mavid-
isav i xatio-d’ imasav (koWobas) xan erT gverdze
miekrisao, xan meorezedav. exvewisav, exvewisav
e mkadreio, memr Sig Gajdisav, ai koWobaSiav~
(68, 98). es `ciT mosuli xati~ (anu jvarGenis niS-
ani), romelic ekvris saxuco koWobis kides, mtredis
saxiTac ecxadeba saymos. Tasi, rogorc jvarGenis
WurWeli, andamativiT izidavs mtreds, jvaris mani-
festaciis frinvels. `^sayeenos ro svemdes, am dros
ucbad gamocxadd Paxmatis jvaris xati mtredis
saxiT, sayeenos Tasis pirze dajd^~ (62, 569). zo-
gjer mtredi amofrindeba Tasidan, rogorc jvari saS-
odan: `PelSi naWer ludian TasGiiT winwel amadi-
odisav tredi~ (1, 48). amgvari jvarGenis niSnad
vercxlis sakulto Tasebis kides amkobs wyvili mtre-
dis vercxlisave figurebi, romlebic erTmaneTisaken
arian pirisaxiT mimarTulni. mtredebi Tasze imasac
moaswaveben, rom Tasi jvaris, RvTisSvilis sak-
uTrebaa. Tasis kideze mjdar mtreds da mtredebs
vxvdebiT adreqristianul xanaSi katakombebis
kedlebze: mtredebi ewafebian barZims da isini
gamoxataven qristianTa sulebs, romlebic eziare-
bian ukvdavebis sasmels (140, 176). katakombebis
mtredebsac, msgavsad jvaris Tasebis mtredebisa,
cxxxix
Tavze jvari aziT. mtredebiani Tasis uZveles nivTier
dadasturebas warmoadgens mikenuri oqros Tasi,
e.w. `nestoris Tasi~ Zv.w. XVI s.-isa, romlis ms-
gavsi ìliadas~ XI simReraSia aRwerili (148,
#1085)). Tumca es mtredebi, rogorc fiqroben, ki ar
ewafebian TasSi mdgar sasmels, romelic ambrosia
unda iyos, aramed Tavad arian misi momtanni. ras
gulisxmobs Tasi fSav-xevsureTis sakulto yofaSi?
`sasmel WurWels (yanwi iqneba, Wiqa Tu jami)
fSaveli Tass uwodebs, metadre Tu xevisbers
upyria xelT dasamwyalobeblad an xatis dasad-
ideblad. Tasi saRvTo sagania fSavelisaTvis~. _
martivad, magram amomwuravad pasuxobs d.xiz-
aniSvili am kiTxvaze (105). `Tasi samRvTo
sagania~ _ es ganmarteba meti siRrmis momcveli
xdeba, roca GavukvirdebiT wina frazaSi naTqvams:
`^metadre Tu xevisbers upyria xelT^~.
Gveulebrivi, yoveldRiurad saxmari WurWeli iqceva
Tasad mxolod maSin, roca mas xevisberi daiWers
xelSi. Tasi jvaris aris, magram mas Tasobas, ro-
gorc funqcias, kultis msaxuri aniWebs. aq ig-
ulisxmeba e.w. saxuco koWobi, romelSic, rogorc
xevisberis kuTvnil TasSi, daunjebulia misi sakra-
luroba, risi nivTieri gamoxatulebac aris Semowiru-
lobani, romlebiTac daxunZlulia saxuco koWobi.
samkauli gamoxatavs Tasis pativs da amave dros
mis kuTvnilebas jvarisadmi: jvrebi, mtredebi,
Sibebi _ samkaulebia, magram isini jvarGenis niS-
nebic aris da amitomac Tasi maTi bunebrivi Se-
sakrebelia. Tasis sakralurobas mowmobs agreTve
sakulto praqtika, misi gamoyenebis wesi: mTavari
Tasidan svamen mxolod da mxolod jvarTan axlos
myofi pirebi _ jvaris xelkacni, romelTac ufleba aqvT
cxl
misi xelSi daWerisa. zogierT saymoSi imdenad
Zlieria mTavari Tasis sakralizmi, rom misgan `piriT
Sasma ar SeiZlebda, vavsebdiT, sanTel dav-
akravdiT da iqidan sxvaSi gadaviRebdiT^~ es iyo
xitaleSi (xevsureTi) petre mociqulis saymos Tasi
(38). Tasi jvaris Tas-ganZis nawilia, amitomac is iz-
iarebs mis idumalebriv bunebas (Tas-ganZi xom
samalavSia, SeiZleba iTqvas, safarveldadebuli),
rasac warmoaGens swored saxuco koWobi _
Tasobis umaRlesi gamoxatuleba, romelsac weli-
wadSi erTxel gamoabrZaneben (mxolod ase iTqmis
Tasze) saymos Tvalwin, romelic mas muxlmoyrili
elodeba; mxolod erTxel, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis mR-
vdelmTavari weliwadSi erTxel Sedis wmidaTa wmi-
daSi _ is Sedis saRvTo wyvdiadSi, es ki, saRvTo Ta-
siTurT gamodis dRis sinaTleze: pirveli wardgeba
uxilavi erTis winaSe, meore ki warudgeba mTels
saymos, romelic Sehyurebs mas, Tass, sasoebiT,
rogorc wmida graalis Tass Sexedavdnen mrgvali
magidis raindebi, graalis saymo, rogorc say-
ovelTao jvarGenas. misi dakargviT xom gamoe-
cleboda saymos sasoeba da Suaguli, romelic
uWiravs Tass mis sakulto cxovrebaSi; iseTive
Suaguli, rogorc sami angelozis winaSe trapezze
mdgar barZims. moacileT es barZimi da iSleba
samebac: isini xom am WurWelisTvis sxedan, maT
winaSe sicariele warmoudgenelia. aseve war-
moudgenelia carieli Tasi; is mainc, miuxedavad im-
isa, rom igi jvarGenis simboluri sagania, rGeba
WurWlad, romelmac unda miiRos wmida sasmeli
saymos saziareblad. Tasi ziarebis WurWelia upir-
atesad da amaSia misi sakraluroba da simboluri
daniSnuleba. magram es simbolizmi ar aris
cxli
ganyenebuli. ziareba realuria saboloo aqtiT _ saR-
vTo ludis SesmiT saerTo Tasidan _ da misi ganma-
pirobebeli saerTo SromiTi aqtebiT: mTeli saymo
realurad da potenciurad monawileobs jvaris mam-
ulebis damuSavebaSi, romlis Wirnaxulidan mzad-
deba sadReobo ludi. jvaris msaxurni da poten-
ciurad mTeli saymo, warmomadgenlobis saxiT,
svams luds saerTo Tasidan, riTac isini erTianobas
adastureben. saymos erTianobis gamomxatvelia
dReobis dasasruls sagangebo ritualiT dadgmuli
sayeino Tasi, pirTamde savse, romelsac saTiTaod
xelSeuxeblad unda daewafos TiToeuli moyme. ra
warmoSobac ar unda hqondes istoriulad da eTno-
grafiulad sayeino Tasis dadgmis wes-Gveulebas,
Tavad misi Sesrulebis wesi migvaniSnebs, rom am
ritualis dros, riTac faqtiurad mTavrdeba
dResaswauli da iwyeba ferxisaiT Gamosvla
salocavidan, saymo erTxel kidev adasturebs Tavis
erTianobas.
cxlii
saxuco koWobs eaxlebian, iGoqeben mis winaSe
Tavdaxrilni, gulxeldakrefilni Seaxeben bages, mos-
vamen; sayeino TasTan, romelic sipzea dasve-
nebuli, midian da aseve muxlmoyrilni ewafebian,
exebian mxolod bageebiT. am dros saymo TiTqos
stumaria Tasisa. Tasi dgas, saymo eaxleba mas.
magram Gven viciT da es isedac cxadia, rom Tasi
ar aris Tavisi bunebiT uZravi sagani, gansxvavebiT
qajaveTidan wamoRebuli qurTemulisa, romelic
uZravad devs xaxmatis jvaris kvrivSi da maszec,
rogorc sxvagan sagangebo sipze, idgmis sayeino
Tasi. Tasi, rogorc meteori gamoGnda karat-
iswverze; is gudiT purTan erTad waiRes saxlSi da
roca gudas Tavi moxsnes, mtredad qceuli lamobda
amofrenas Tu, sxva tradiciiT, amofrinda da
gauGinarda caSi. Tasi moZravia; is graalis TasiviT
xan aq gamoGndeba, xan iq. is Semouvlis saymos,
rom yvela aziaros erTs. Zveli aRmosavluri Gveule-
biT, romelic dResac moqmedebs aRmosavleTis
qveynebSi, erTma Tasma unda moiaros Tanamein-
axeni da daubrundes mas, vinc pirvelad Sesva da
gadasca sxvas. ritualis azri naTelia: erTi Tasi, ro-
melic xelidan xelSi gadadis, TiTqos erTiani jaWvis
rgolebad aqcevs erT sufrasTan msxdomT. Tormeti
mociquli moiara erTma Tasma da isini eziarnen
qristes sisxls. pavle mociquli wers: `puri, romelsac
Gven vtexT, gana qristes sxeulis ziareba ar aris?
vinaidan puri erTia, Gven ki mravalni _ erTi sxeuli,
radgan yvelani erTi puridan veziarebiT~ (1 kor.,
10, 17). mociquls SeeZlo eTqva (radgan qristiani
eziareba rogorc qristes xorcs, aseve sisxls):
`vinaidan Tasi erTia, Gven ki mravalni _ erTi sxeuli,
radgan yvelani erTi Tasidan veziarebiT~ (TasSi aq,
cxliii
cxadia, igulisxmeba is sasmeli, romelic wmida sulis
moqmedebiT qristes sisxlad aris gardaqmnili, _
Tasi ara rogorc mxolod Tasi, aramed WurWeli, ro-
melSic dgas ziarebis sasmeli). Tasze, rogorc sak-
ulto saganze da erTianobis niSanze, uadgilo ar
iqneba movitano erTi elinuri legenda, romlis per-
sonaJebia Svidi brZeni da oqros Tasi. diogenes
laertiusi gadmogvcems, rom erTma arkadielma
sikvdilis Semdeg datova oqros Tasi aseTi anderZiT:
mieces mas, vinc yvelaze meti sikeTe gaakeTa
Tavisi sibrZniT. misces Taless, rogorc yvelaze
brZens, Talesma sxvas gadasca da Tasma moiara
eqvsi brZeni. sabolood isev Taless daubrunda Tasi,
man ki apolons Seswira is (122, 71). sxva tradiciiT,
oqros barZimi viRac berZenma miiRo krezesgan im
pirobiT, rom mas elinTa Soris ubrZenesisTvis
mieZRvna igi. man barZimi miarTva Taless, romlis
xelidan gasulma moiara yvela brZeni da bolos qil-
onis xelSi rom moxvda, qiloni daekiTxa piTiel apo-
lons: `vin aris Gemze brZenio~ da miiRo pasuxad:
musoni (122, 72). ras gvaswavlis es legenda?
pirvel rigSi imas, rom Tasi ar SeiZleba iyos piradi
sakuTreba vinmesi, Tundac yovlad brZenisa. is
gaivlis TiToeulis xelSi, magram aravisTan ar day-
ovndeba. gamogzavnili Tasi aRmoaGens Svid
brZens, daartyams wres da gava wridan,
dastovebs ra uxilav kvals, jaWvs, maT Se-
makavSirebels erT sxeulad. Tasi ubrundeba pirvels
ara imitom, rom is yvelaze brZenia, aramed im-
itom, rom Seikras wre. agreTve imitom, rom am
TasiT gamocxaddes maTi Tanasworoba sibrZnis
winaSe, rogorc RvTiuri arsisa, romelmac adamianis
xeliT mouvlina maT es Tasi. wridan gamosuli Tasi,
cxliv
romelic ar ekuTvnoda aravis, legendis logikuri
dasasruliT, Sewirul iqna sawmidarSi, iseve rogorc
paraleluri Tqmulebis (gviambobs igive diogenes
laertiusi) oqros samfexi, romelic meTevzeTa bades
amoyva da delfos orakulis gadawyvetilebiT elinTa
Soris ubrZness, Taless miekuTvna; Talesisagan ki
yvela brZenis gavliT solonamde mivida, romelmac
delfos Seswira is, _ RmerTia yvelaze brZenio.
WeSmaritad, yvela nivTi ubrundeba Tavis patrons.
esec Zveli sibrZnea, oqros samfexi, romelic
okeanis ufskrulidan amoisrla sibrZnis RmerTma
(misi taxti xom okeaneSi dgas Zveli aRmosavluri
warmodgeniT sibrZnis RmerTsve ubrundeba ela-
daSi. dabolos, Tasi, xucesTa mniSvnelovani at-
ributi, uSualod aris dakavSirebuli xucobis, rogorc
sakraluri qmedebis, procesTan. rogorc savsea is
ludiT xucesis xelSi, aseve savse unda iyos xucesis
piri warmosaTqmeli sityviT, romelic daubrkolebliv
unda moedinebodes misi bageebidan. rogorc Tasi
moiTxovs wmida sasmels, aseve xucess moeTx-
oveba wmida metyveleba. Tass ar uyvars dumili,
arc maSin, roca saero sufris gamZRols uWiravs igi,
arc miT ufro maSin, roca xucesis xels upyria. es
kargad Gans sizmrebSi, romlebic jvarisagan saxu-
cod amorGeul kacebs esizmrebaT: `^moida erTi
gaTeTrebuli kaci^ xelSi vercxlis Tasi eWira^
moida, dawolili viyav da marjvena xeli mxarze da-
mado, mamawvada is Tasi da me, locva ar vici-
meTqi, vuTxari^~ (38, #25456). furis rqa ì cal
rqa Zroxa ro mauyvanav, imisTvis rqai mautexav,
uTqvam i wmida giorgis, ro Gems luds ro mox-
arSavTo, am qajaveTuri furis rqiT awyeviT salude
forio. ai, exla maSindel sawyav gvidgas, im furis
cxlv
rqis wyei. is rqa ki, ai, cixeSi dgas, aRar iqnebis
axla, _ dalpeboda^~ (88, 595). rogorc vxedavT,
qajaveTuri furis rqas sakraluroba aqvs miniWebuli,
ara mxolod imitom, rom es uzarmazari furis erT-
aderTi rqa iyo. calrqiani furis gamo verafers vam-
bobT damatebiT, radgan is am Tqmulebis gareSe
arsad ar gvxdeba, rogorc miTologiuri personaJi.
gaugebaria agreTve, Tu ra kavSiri aqvs am furs su-
leTSi mxvnel `cal-rqa~ xarTan, romelic epizodurad
gvxvdeba erT xevsurul leqsSi: suleTs Pari Pnavs
cala-rqa, baraqa mestumreTia (88, #560). aris cda
maT Soris igiveobis dadgenisa da am rqaSi cnobili
`siuxvis rqis~ danaxvisa (94, 49-50). rogorc Gans,,
cala-rqa xari Tu furi romeliRac miviwyebuli miTosis
personaJia, romlis mxolod uaRresad gamkrTale-
bulma kvalma moaRwia Gvenamde. zemoTmot-
anili monaTxrobi xevsuri kacisa (xaxmatis wmida
giorgis ymis) metad mniSvnelovania miTosuri
Segnebis TvalsazrisiT. mTxrobelis cnobierebaSi
gabmulia Sibi andrezuli xanis dasawyissa da mis
dasasruls Soris. misi piriT xaxmatis jvaris saymo
aRiarebs, rom qajaveTuri furis rqa `dalpeboda~,
anu saymos es Taoba Seeswro am sakraluri nivTis
ganadgurebas. magram isic faqtia, rom sagani uk-
valod ar gamqrala: amis dasturia misi anabeWdi
saymos sakulto cxovrebaSi _ es aris misi `wye~,
romliTac saymos wmida giorgis GagonebiT eval-
eba misTvis salude foris awyva. am `wyis~
saSualebiT saymos SeuZlia warmodgena iqonios
qajaveTuri furis rqis tevadobaze. roca mTxrobeli
ambobs _ `dalpeboda~, es SesaZloa misi kerZo
azric ki iyos da ara saerTo warmodgena saymosi,
erTgvari saxecvlileba im Sexedulebebisa, rom am
cxlvi
andrezul sagans, realurad arsebuli `wyis~ arqetips
safarveli aqvs dadebuli da uxilavia imis gamo, rom
misi adgil-samyofeli iseT kvrivSia, sadac aravis
SeuZlia SeRweva. es Tvalsazrisi Gans vaJaseul
tradiciaSi: ìm furis rqa, romelSiac erTi kodi puri
Gadis, exla xaxmatis jvaris monaSenobaSia Sen-
axuli, magram Tqven fereebs ki imas ar vaGve-
nebTo~ (30, 155). magram miuxedavad imisa,
arsebobs Tu ara nivTierad dResdReobiT, saymos
cxovrebis istoriul xanaSi, es andrezuli WurWeli, is
mainc ganagrZobs moqmedebas misgan `mas
Jamsa Sina~ awyuli `wyeebis~ saxiT. ludis
meoxebiT, romelic jvaris dResaswaulis um-
niSvnelovanesi elementia, qajaveTuri furis rqa, ro-
gorc ganZis nawili, ukavSirdeba qajaveTursave
warmomavlobis Tass. rqasa da Tass Soris unda
warmovidginoT ludis damzadebis mTeli procesi, ro-
melic iwyeba salude foris awyviT da dasruldeba,
roca ludi, xucesisgan nakurTxi, TasebSi isxmis.
amis gamo, unda vifiqroT, cala-rqa furis rqa ufro
metad aris gasaidumloebuli; is imarxavs, SeiZleba
iTqvas, ludis damzadebis saidumloebas. SesaZle-
belia ludis, rogorc wmida sasmelis, idea, swored
am cala-rqa furis motanili iyos, ufro sworad, misi
rqis, rogorc saswaulebrivi WurWlis, Tundac `siuxvis
rqis~ saxiT; analogiisaTvis SeiZleba mivmarToT
germanul, kerZod, skandinavur miTologias, sadac
wmida sasmelis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia salude
qvabis mopovebasTan: RvTaeba tori devur arse-
bas (xiumirs) mostacebs am WurWels saRvTo
nadimisaTvis (132, 175). raki am rqasTan, rogorc
salude foris `wyesTan~ aris dakavSirebuli sawyisi
etapi ludis damzadebisa, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT,
cxlvii
misi dakargva unda moaswavebdes am sakraluri
saqmianobis moSlas da, saerTod, kultis Seryevas,
Tumca es realurad ar momxdara xaxmatis jvarSi,
imis miuxedavad, rom saymos SegnebaSi is rqa
`dampalic~ iyo. isic SesaZlebelia, rom aseTi gan-
wyobileba andrezuli siwmidis mimarT jvaris
sakraluri organizaciis rRvevis niSanic iyos, rac zo-
gjer gamoixateba xolme poeziaSi, mag., laSaris
jvaris mimarT: fSavelTa laSaris jvari, neta, ar
dauberdaa? amboben daberebasa, netar, ar mauk-
vdebaa? (77, #64)). cxraZaliani oqros fanduri. vaJa
fSavela `gvelismWamels~ aseTi sceniT iwyebs:
sastumros isxdnen xevsurni, ludi eduRa wiqasa,
isxdnen banze da Rreobdnen, TasebiT svamdnen
imasa. zogni ukravdnen fandursa ^ ludi _ Tasi _
fanduri^ yuradRebas vamaxvilebT imaze, rom es
sami sagani erTmaneTs mezoblobs poemis am um-
cires monakveTSi, Tumca gansakuTrebuli araferi
unda iyos imaSi, rom isini saerTo konteqstSi
gvxvdebian. stumrobisas, roca erTad iyreba
saymo, Tundac kerZo kacis saxlSi, magram mainc
jvaris dasturiT, es sami ram aucilebelia. Tasisa da
fanduris urTierToba jer wminda formalur mxriT izi-
davs Gvens yuradRebas. arian Tasianebi da arian
uTasoni, romelTac fanduri uWiravT xelSi da Tasi-
anebs umRerian. es stumrobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani ritualia _ dialogi Tasianebsa da me-
fandureTa Soris. al. oGiauris Sekrebili uxvi masal-
idan movitan sanimuSod ramdenime adgils: ùTa-
soebi, vinc dganan iq, Tasianebs umRerian fan-
durze^ Tasianebi mReris dros eubnebian imaT: `
daurGiT erTucs, didixanmc imRereT kai guliT~ da
cot-cotas daleven. bolos erTi Tasiani imRerebs da
cxlviii
sxvebic Gveulebriv ayvebian^ simRerebis mReriT
TavianT Tasebidan daalevineben pirvel momRer-
lebs da etyvian dalevis win: `nasvam gaamas,
Senis gamarjvebisa~ da cot-cotas daleven. bolos
Tasis patronebi TviTon gamoclian Tavis Tasebs da
Gveulebriv muxlze dajdomiT GamoarTmeven
Tasebs. mere adgebian da Tasebs Tavis adgilze
dadgamen~ (61, 303). `^smis dros miscemen
yvelas xelSi Tasebs, erTs visme miscemen xelSi
fandurs: is xalxis boloSi dajdeba (cal muxlze),
daukravs fandurs Zalian mZimed da romelime sag-
miro simReras daamRerebs. sagmiro simReras
jaris xalxi Zalian didis yuradRebiT usmenen da
xelSi TasebiT Zalian Gumad sxedan, rom TiToorola
xandaxan ori sityviT daarRvevs siGumes8 `didx-
ansac imRer kai guliT~. Sua mReris dros erTi
vinme Tasiani adgeba, momRerali isev cal muxlzed
zis da fandurs ukravs. Tasiani kaci imRerebs da
wamova TasiT xelSi pirveli momRerlisaken aseTi
simReriT: Tofma Tqva: GemTa wamalTa Svidrigad
unda duRili, maisis berGi ganayan, memr naxan
Gemi quxili, memr naxas Gemma patronma Gemis
daWrilis wuxili. am sityvebiT Tavis Tass miarTmevs
pirTan Tavis xeliT, is Tan fandurs ukravs da Tan
ludsa svams^ mere Gamovareba am simReris
(moyvanilia magaliTisaTvis sagmiro simRera, z.k.)
irgvliv saubari. erTi vinme moyveba am ambavs,
raze aris es simRera gamoTqmuli. magaliTad, ze-
moT moyvanili pirveli simReris irgvliv ase ityvian:
`gviambe, rogor iyv~. erTs visme ufross sTxoven
da igic siamovnebiT moyveba am ambavs: gorgani
yofilan Zalian monadireni^~ (61, 315-8). aq aR-
werili wes-Gveuleba, Tumca is gacilebiT gvian aris
cxlix
Gawerili, mxatvrul gamoZaxils poulobs `gvelis-
mWamelis~ Sesaval scenaSi. vagrZeleb zemoT
moyvanili teqstis citirebas: zogni ukraven fan-
dursa, zed damRerian didada, msmenelTa grZno-
bas udebdnen sagmiro ambebs xidada; aRgznebiT
gmirTa saxelebs leqsebSi sTvlidnen wmidaTa;
moxucni Gibuxebs swevdnen, boli exviaT nislada,
ganmartavdian maT ambavs, Sandoba Tqvian
gmirTada. axlebis sawurTnelada ixsenebdian qe-
biTa: `Tqven iciT, amas iqiTa kacad vinc gamos-
dgebiTa!~ Tasi-fanduri-simRera-andrezi. fanduri
warmoSobs hangs, hangi gadadis simReraSi, sim-
Reras moaqvs sityva, sityva inaxavs andrezs, say-
mos warsuls. fanduris xma aRviZebs, ganaaxlebs
saymos cnobierebaSi andrezs, pirvel qmedebas,
`mas Jamsa Sina~ momxdars, romelic unda me-
ordebodes Taobidan TaobaSi, yovel àmas iqiT~,
yovel Jams. fanduris xma amagrebs im jaWvs,
romliTac, rogorc sakideliT, yma Tavis winaprebzea
dabmuli. Tumca fandurs ar gaaGnia is sakraluri
muxti da simbolurobis potencia, rogorsac atarebs,
mag., Tasi, magram gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi is
mainc itvirTavs jvaris sakralizms; mas SeuZlia am-
aRldes Tavisi utilitaruli sferodan jvarTa simaR-
lemde da moeqces maT wreSi. roca xaxmatis jvari
qadagis piriT mimarTavs romelime RvTisSvils,
moxedos misgan Serisxul ymas, avtoritetul RvTisS-
vilebTan erTad is uxmobs oqros fandursac qa-
javeTidanve wamoRebul qurTemulTan erTad, ro-
melsac atyvia wm. giorgis cxenis nalis anabeWdi:
`^gaxvewebav xTis nasaxTav, saxmTosav guda-
nurs gaxvewebav, karatis jvars gaxvewebav, Sub-
nursav, fandurs gaxvewebav oqrosasav, qur-
cl
Temuls gaxvewebav sinisasav^~ (68, 42). sakideli
es sagani ar aris SemTxveviTi qajaveTis ganZSi.
ganasaxierebs ra saxlis siwmides da Suaguls
keriasTan erTad, misi Gamoxsna da wamoReba
mtris saxlidan gamarjvebis niSania. keriis cecxlis
Gaqroba da sakidlis Gamogleja Tanabari
mniSvnelobis moqmedebebia, romlebic
moaswavebs mtris saboloo ganadgurebas. martias
gamauvlian gare-kaxeTis mTania, erisTvianeb
uxocav, cecxlzed dausxam wyalia, sakidel
Gamouglejav, saxlis umtvrevav karia (88, #29-g)
ambobs xevsuruli leqsi. martias gmirobas, rogorc
yovel aqts, Tavisi arqetipi aqvs RvTisSvilTa
qmedebaSi. qajaveTis gatexa simbolizebulia ori
wmida sagnis _ Tasisa da sakidlis motacebiT, ro-
gorc amas vxedavT fSav-xevsureTis RvTisSvilTa
sadideblebSi, sadac miTologemurad aris war-
modgenili maTi Rvawli: dideba SenTvis, mgzavro
PaPmatis jvaro, qajueTis gamtexelo, oqros Tasis
wamamRebelo! Pmalas wmidao giorgio, qajueTis
jaWvis amglejelo! (38, #25460). sakideli unda
yofiliyo qajaveTis mTavari kultis niSani, miT
umetes, Tu is dakavSirebulia mWedlobis
saqmesTan. Gven ki viciT, rom samWedlo qa-
javeTis Suaguluri adgilia da, SeiZleba, mis sakulto
centrad miviGnioT. qajaveTis Suagulidan RvTisSvili
Gamoglejs sakidels da gamarjvebis niSnad moaqvs
Tavis sabrZanisSi, saymos SuagulSi. amasve
moelian martia misuraulisgan, roca is qistebis
dasalaSqravad aris wasuli: exla mogviva zafxuli,
martia velad gagviva. saxelis moyvarulia, qisteTs
salaSqrod wagviva. WerTiT sakidels moitans,
sanes xatSiac mogviva (88, #29-b). xorcielic Rv-
cli
TisSvilis kvalze imsaxurebs, rom misi Rvawli am
qmedebiT iqnas aRniSnuli _ `martia misurauli,
qisteTs sakidlis amglejeli~. qajebis samWedloSi
gamoWedili sakideli moaqvT, rogorc nadavli da
gamarjvebis niSani, an Tundac rogorc niSani mo-
mavalSi gamosaWedi sakidlebisa, romlebic unda
ekidon saxlebSi da jvaris darbazebSi, _ magram is
mainc ciuri warmomavlobisaa. osebSi gavrcelebuli
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, sakidlebs kerisa da sakidlis
mfarveli RvTaeba safa Wedavs caSi; man misca
osebs pirveli nimuSi anu arqetipi keriis jaWvisa.
sxva gadmocemiT, vasTirjis (wmida giorgis) zo-
gierT salocavSi (`ZuarSi~, igive jvari) arsebuli
sakideli zecierma mWedlebma gamoWedes caSi da
safam Gamoagdo miwaze. vinme mTxrobeli
imasac gadmogvcems, rom misi sakuTari keriis
sakideli erT-erT mis winapars upovnia mravali
Taobis winaT, roca is safas Gamougdia (144, 174).
Tu sakidlis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli funqciis matare-
beli nivTis, idea jaWvSia mocemuli da igi jaWvis
erT-erTi saxeobaa, maSin rac andrezebSi jaWvs
exeba, sakidelsac unda Seexebodes. kerZod,
laparakia jaWvis, anu Sibis zeciur warmoSobaze,
rasac vadasturebT karatiswveris andrezSi. am an-
drezis erTi variantis mixedviT, Gven viciT, rom
jvarGenis erT-erTi sagani iyo Sibi, romliTac oqros
Tasi (variantiT, jvari) cas iyo gamobmuli. roca qal-
vaJma Tass GasWida xeli da Tavisken mozida, Sibi
gawyda da wiviliT avarda caSi, saidanac iyo
GamoSvebuli. aseve, pirvel rigSi, zeciuri war-
moSobis aris is oqros Sibi, romliTac laSaris wmida
giorgi cas iyo gamobmuli (`cas vebi oqros
SibiTa~). roca muxa moWres, es Sibic aseve wi-
clii
viliT aiWra zecaSi. aseve keris Tavze saxlis
Weridan _ `cidan~ aris Gamokidebuli keriis jaWvi
anu sakideli. is TiTqos aerTebs keras, dedrul saw-
yiss, casTan _ mamrul sawyisTan. jaWvi am
SemTxvevaSi aris duranqis gansaxiereba. magram
sakideli warmoudgenelia keris gareSe da maTi er-
Tianoba gamoxatavs dedrul-mamrulis erTianobas;
am dros sakideli mamruli bunebis aris. amitomac,
xalxuri warmodgeniT, sakidlis Gamovardna ma-
makacis, xolo keris dangreva dedakacis sikvdilis
momaswavebelia (12, 112), radgan sakideli ma-
makacis niSania, kera _ dedakacis; am war-
modgenis ZaliT samkiTxao beWze diasaxlisis niS-
ans `yverfi~ (kera) ewodeba (92, 185). amave
ideas kargad gamoxatavs erTi xalxuri striqoni _
`yma gasul-gamosuli sjob, qali keraGi najdomi~
(32, 107). magram, rogorc viciT, sakideli eulad ar
aris Gamokidebuli yverfis Tavze: kera-sakidels en-
acvleba sxva wyvili _ sakideli da qvabi, romlebic
aseve sqesuri principiT upirispirdeba erTmaneTs
da mamrul-dedrulis erTianobas gamoxatavs kom-
pozituri saxelwodebiT _ qvab-sakideli, sadac qar-
Tuli enis wesisamebr pirveli adgili dedrs uWiravs.
erTmaneTze mibmuli es ori sagani ojaxis erTian-
obis simboloa (128, 38). qvabi sakraluri WurWlis is-
eTive kerZo saxea, rogorc Tasi, Tumca misi siw-
midis xarisxi naklebia (mag., is ar SeiZleba iyos
jvarGenis sagani). qvabisa da sakidlis dapiris-
pirebisa da maTi erTianobis analogias vxedavT
karatis jvaris jvarGenaSi, roca mwyemsi qal-vaJis
Tvalwin gamoGnda Tasi da Sibi. aq orni arian mxo-
lod. saganic oria. ganawilebis or SesaZlo variantSi,
am saganTa simboluri daniSnulebis gaTvaliswine-
cliii
biT, bunebrivia, vaJs Sexvdes Tasi, qals _ Sibi, rac
amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos: vaJs, bunebis
wesisamebr, unda Sexvdes qali, qals _ vaJi.
marTlac andrezi gveubneba, rom `qalma aiRo Sibi,
da vaJma Tasi^~ (60, 127). raki nivTebi Tavidanve
TavianTi bunebisda mixedviT danawilda, isini
imave wesiT hpoveben Sesanax adgilebs: `^qalma
Sibi miitana da purian kidobanSi damala. vaJma ki
Tasi Tavis Werxos karebis ukan dadga^~ (iqve).
Werxo samamakaco da, amave dros, sawmidari
adgilia da, cxadia, Tasi mainc aq unda
moxvedriliyo, Tu vaJi ar isurvebda masTan
ganSorebas. magram niSandoblivia qalis mier Sibis
Senaxva maincdamainc kidobanSi, romelSic in-
axeba puris Teslic, da ara sxvagan sadme. unda vi-
fiqroT, rom kidobani SemTxveviTi adgili ar aris
SibisaTvis, ufro sworad, Sibis naglejisaTvis (radgan
jaWvis mTavari nawili ukanve aikeca caSi), romlis
vaJur bunebas gvixatavs erTi xalxuri leqsi: vaJao,
dediserTao, gazrdilo mindor-velTao, oqros Sibais
naglejo, wamosartymelo welTa^ (47, 73). òqros
Sibais nagleji~ _ vaJis misamarTiT naTqvami, ar
aris metaforuli azrovnebis nayofi; misi warmoSoba
simboluri azrovnebis wiaRSia saZiebeli, rogorc
xvaramzes ganTqmuli striqoni, sadac is Tavis Tavs,
roca vaJs mimarTavs, Tasad warmoidgens: vercxlis
Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi^ Tasis
qalurobaze, da sazogadod, Tas-Sibis, rogorc qal-
vaJis, urTierTkavSirze Tavisi garegnobiT
metyvelebs adre naxsenebi saxuco koWobi, rome-
lic miviGnieT Tasis, rogorc Tasis anu Tasobis
umaRles gamoxatulebad. saxuco koWobi anu, ro-
gorc zogan, zog saymoSi uwodebdnen, mTavari
cliv
Tasi, pativis niSnad Semkulia Sewiruli samSvenise-
biT, romelTa Soris Warbobs vercxlis Sibebi. asec
ityvian, saxuco Tasi vercxlis SibebiT aris Semkulio.
magram Sibi xom, rogorc yoveli samSvenisi
gamonaklisis gareSe (cxadia, jvaris saymoSi) qalis
samkaulia, romelic qalis pirvel danaxvisTanave
TvalSi unda eces kacs (swored es aris misi daniS-
nuleba). aseTi wamieri STabeWdilebiT aris Seqm-
nili qalis portreti vaJas erT moTxrobaSi: `Tinas
yelze vercxlis Sibi edva, mTels gul-mkerds ufara-
vda. erTmaneTze vercxlis jaWviT gadabmuli ver-
cxlis fulebi _ abazian-uzalTunebi erTi meoreze iyo
akinZuli. Siga da Sig patara vercxlis jvrebi hqonda
datanebuli; am jvrebis totebzedac yunwiT hqonda
dakidebuli vercxlisave fulebi^~ (25, 238). sxva
TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT: `^da waiyvanes tyved mS-
venieri qali, romelsac imdeni samkauli aqvs yelsa
da gulmkerdze, rom qals uZneldeboda misi tareba:
`yeli Gamoaqvs mZivsao, SehxvdebiT leqsSi^~
(27, 83). aseve, misi simZimis gamo mkadres
uWirs saxuco koWobis xelSi daWera (miT umetes,
roca is ludiT aris savse), romelic Sewiruli SibebiTa
da vercxlis sxvadasxva samkaulebiT aris daxun-
Zluli. es analogia ar gamoparvia gustav rades, ro-
melmac Tasebis SemkulobaSi qalis samSvenisebi
amoicno; mas Tavis wignSi dabeWdili aqvs kidec
amgvarad Semkuli Tasis gamosaxuleba SeniSvniT,
rom masze `vercxlis mTeli sadiaco mokazmuloba
aris dakidebulio~ (137, 99). vaJi amkobs Tassac da
qalsac: samkaulebi _ gansakuTrebiT, Sibi, vaJis niS-
ania maT sxeulze. aseTia Sibi-sakideli TasTan
urTierTobaSi: jvarGenaSi isini erTad
gamoGndebian da erTadve arian sakulto yofaSi.
clv
magram rogorc yovel sagans, sakidels aqvs
damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac, rac ar aris gan-
pirobebuli sxva sagnebTan mimarTebiT. is am
drosac ametebs Tavis uSualo daniSnulebas da sim-
bolur mniSvnelobas iZens: `Gamomavloba Zalian
isi as. GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sakidliT dab-
muliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, mainc maxPelavs
Tavis Gamomavlobis sityvas~ (2, 60)). am
naTqvams, albaT, ar esaWiroeba ganmarteba.
SeiZleba davZinoT mxolod, rom aq sakideli warmo-
gvidgens ara marto STamomavlobis, aramed tradi-
ciis, andrezulobis saxesac. tradicia aris uwyveti
jaWvi, romlis TiToeul rgolSi dgas adamiani; is ar
gadis jaWvidan, radgan misi gasvliT jaWvi wydeba
da iqmneba xarvezi. ai, ra misia akisria calkeul ad-
amians, moymes Tavis saymoSi: maszea
damokidebuli jaWvis simrTele. isic cxadia, rom
mas erTaderTi adgili uWiravs am jaWvSi da rom
swored am adgilze asrulebs is Tavis movaleobas
saymoSi, rac `ginda sawyal kac iyvas~. jaWvi da
Sibi gzis metaforaa fSav-xevsurul dialeqtSi (`Sibi~
niSnavs mTis biliks, romelic jaWviviT miuyveba
kldes _ `Sibn gaiarna kldisani~); abudelauris
tbidan amosulma iaxsarma gaaba Sibi _ gzasavali
karatemdis, sadac airGia kvrivi da erTmaneTs
daukavSira es ori adgili. aeqiT karatemdina ars
Sibze gasavalio, egre gavivli Sibzeda, vervin mo-
mkidos Tvalio. aseve uxilavi SibiT _ is xiluli xdeba
jvarGenis dros _ ukavSirdebian erTurTs RvTisS-
vilebi, erTmaneTis stumar-maspinZelni: `dideba
karatiswveris angelozo, liqokiT karatemdina oqros
jaWvze erTurTis moarulo stumar-maspinZelno~
(38, #25460) `fSaveli darwmunebulia, _ wers d.x-
clvi
izaniSvili, _ rom imisi salocavebi Ram-Rame Gamo-
dian cidan Tavis sabrZanisebSi, saTav-dReobo sab-
rZanisidan niSamde an erTi niSidan meoremde.
fSavelis azriT, xati Toks abams da zed gadis. Toki
naTlisaa da TiTon xatic naTlis burTis saxisad ga-
daiqceva da ise gasrialdeba gabmul Tokze~ (106).
konkretuli magaliTi am movlenisa fSavis sakraluri
sinamdvilidan mohyavs vaxtang razikaSvils erT
ifanTan dakavSirebiT, romelic vaJas mzrunvelobis
sagani gamxdara: `âm ifnis Sesaxeb Zveli,
xalxuri gadmocema mogviTxrobs, viTom es ifani
iyos xatis ifani. xevisberebis da moxuci kacebis
saubridan Ganda, TiTqos am ifanze laSarisken xat-
xevidan momavali angelozi koWs ikidebda. xat-
xevis salocavi aris Garglis mTis saSubis gadaRma,
ivris xeobaSi. aqedan aris oqros Sibi gabmuli
ukana fSavis SuagulSi mdebare laSaris salocavam-
dis, da es oqros Sibi gadis Garglis ifnis wverze,
sadac angelozi isvenebs. am ifans mamaGemma
Tavisi xeliT Semoavlo qvis yore^~ (70, 31-1).
jaWviT RvTisSvilTa kavSiri maTi moZmeobis
niSnad kargad Gans axielis (arxotSi) salocavebis
magaliTze. arxotis mTavari jvari miqiel mTav-
arangelozi, romelsac Tavisi adgilmdebareobis
gamo `qveqvuri jvari~ Seerqva, jaWviT aris
dakavSirebuli gabriel mTavarangelozTan, romelic
ufro maRla mdebareobs da `mTis jvari~ ewodeba,
maT Soris gabmuli jaWvi miuyveba gors, romelzec
erTmaneTis maRla ganlagebulia arxotis sxva
salocavebi da jaWvi maTac akavSirebs erTmaneT-
Tan (60, 41). RvTisSvilTa gza uxilavia, magram, ro-
gorc iTqva, is jvarGenis dros xdeba xiluli: oqros
jaWvi aris nakvalevi, datovebuli RvTisSvilis mier,
clvii
romelic cecxlis saxiT dadis niSidan niSamde,
moZmidan moZmemde. ai, moaruli RvTisSvilis
jvarGenis erTi magaliTi. vaJa-fSavelas deda ig-
onebs Tavisi ymawvilqalobisdroindel xilvas: `me
da Gems biZaSvils qals sxlovans gareT derefanSi
gveZina. SuaRame iqnebda, dgandgari, brdgniali
dadga iseTi, megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao. SeS-
inebuli wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca gan-
aTebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTi
Wiauris goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gadab-
mulebi, zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen da Gamodi-
odnen da iseT mwkepr (wminda) xmaze
galobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imaze kargs ras
gaigonebs kacis yurio~ (86, 55). es xilva imiTac
aris RirsSesaniSnavi, rom masSi Tavs iGens iakobis
kibis motivi, xolo kibe, rogorc Sveuli komunikaciis
saSualeba, xSirad jaWvis saxiT aris warmodgenili
(mag., beTlemis TqmulebaSi); jaWvis xidis rolsac
asrulebs mag., mcxeTur legendaSi, romlis
Tanaxmad jvaris taZarsa da sveticxovlis gumbaTs
Soris gabmul `jaWvis xidze~ wmida berebi gadadi-
odnen da gamodiodnen (135-a, 21); SesaZlebelia,
es Tqmuleba asaxuli iyos jvaris monastris
adgilobriv saxelwodebaSi _ `jaWvis saydari~ (18,
61). sagulisxmoa, rom `jaWvis gza~ _ es poulobs
analogias RvTisSvilTa gzasTan _ wmida gzaa, ro-
melzec berebs mxolod wmida fiqrebiT SeuZliaT
mimosvla, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi jaWvi
wydeba da beri iRupeba (38, # 9815). vaJa-
fSavelas dedis naxilvebi jvarGena, eWvi ar aris,
imave tradiciiT unda iyos nasazrdoebi, romlis
wiaRSic xmalas alvisxis andrezia Seqmnili: ^ RTis
karze sakvexurada zdgomian alvisxenia, wverzed
clviii
xqonia mombuli cxra-kecad Sibi grZelia, zed isxdes
angelozebi, mParT ebnes oqros Tbenia, isen wvrili
PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia (88, #541). es
`cxra-keci~ Sibic gamoxatavs kavSirs, magram
ara mxolod erT sibrtyeze myof RvTisSvilebs Soris,
aramed ierarqiuli kibis safexurebs Soris. aq
myardeba kavSiri Sveul xazze RvTisSvilsa da
morige RmerTs Soris, kavSiri, romelic ufro gamok-
veTilad Gans laSaris TqmulebaSi, romelic xmalas
alvisxis Tqmulebis analogiuria: beri giorgi mec
viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa; goraze medga ber-
muxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa, Gems saymoT Saman-
azeni RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa (77, #60). am pa-
tara leqsSi Warbad aris warmodgenili saSualebani,
romlebiTac ori samyaro erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba:
xe da mTa cisa da miwis kavSiris anu duranqis
klasikuri saxeebia (46, 125-131), kibe, cnobili kibe
iakobisa, romelic man sizmarSi ixila (èsizmra, mi-
waze kibe dgas da TaviT cas wvdeba. uflis an-
gelozebi adi-Gamodian kibeze. aha, ufali dgas kibis
TavSi^~ (dab., 28, 12-13) da, bolos, Sibi. aseTia
suraTi laSarSi: mTaze dgas muxa, muxaze kibea
Sedgmuli, kibis TavSi RvTisSvilia, romelic SibiT _
sakideliT cas aris gamobmuli. RvTisSvili am gziT
adis Tavisi saymos mier Semowiruli ZRveniTurT
RvTis karze. mas aaqvs `Semonazeni~ _ locva-
vedreba, sasoeba Tu saklavis sisxli, ganatifebuli,
rogorc sakmevlis kvamli. RvTisSvili Suamavalia
casa da miwas Soris; is aris Tavad Sibi, romelic am
or sferos akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. sabolood,
unda iTqvas, rom raki jvarGena religiis
gamocxadebaa adamianisaTvis, Sibi an sakideli,
rogorc jvarGenis niSani, religiis simboloc aris.
clix
sityva religia (`kavSiris aRdgena~), iseve rogorc
ebrauli beriT (`kavSiri~, romelic Zveli tradiciiT iT-
argmneba àRTqmad~), xom imasve niSnavs
etimologiurad, ra funqciac Sibs Tu sakidels akisria.
davukvirdeT laSaris muxisa da xmalas alvisxis an-
drezebs: RvTisSvili mistiris warsuls, roca muxac
iyo, oqros Sibic iyo da saymos Sesawiravic misdi-
oda morige RmerTs. anu iyo kavSiri, iyo religia _
Sibi, magram Sibi gawyda _ amas gvamcnobs
xmalas alvis xis leqsi: alvis xe gadaaqcies, Zir ar
gawires, wveria. Sib gawyda, ciske wavida, wioda
rogorc gvelia (8, #541). da dedamiwis am adgilze
gawyda cisa da miwis kavSiri _ religia. cxraeniani
zari Tu Tasi, fanduri, sakideli sayofacxovrebo sag-
nebic aris da adamiani iyenebs maT yoveldRiur,
saero yofaSi, rogorc elementuri kulturis sagnebs,
zari, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirwmidad sakulto sagania;
is mxolod da mxolod sakulto daniSnulebiT
Segvxvdeba saymoSi, maSinac ki, roca is mavani
ymis pirutyvis kiserzea Sebmuli, radgan es zari,
zanzalaki, miuTiTebs, rom es pirutyvi samsxverplo
pirutyvvia. sakulto cxovrebaSi zars igive funqcia
akisria, rac zemoGamoTvlil sagnebs _ is mowode-
bulia gaaerTianos jvaris ymebi, gaaxsenos, rom
hyavT saerTo patroni, rom isini saymos
Seadgenen. erTi avtori, romelic ikvlevs
sazogadoebrivi Temis kulturuli garemos proble-
mebs, sxvaTa Soris, wers: `^SuasaukuneebSi Temi
upiratesad religiuri iyo, ris gamoc umTavresi misi
instituti iyo eklesia, eklesiasTan midioda yvela gza;
ufro metic, eklesia Tavze dahyurebda Temis yvela
Senobas, uqmnida ra xalxs masze damokide-
bulebis gancdas. eklesiis zarebic ki TamaSobda
clx
Tavis rols, ramdenadac isini sazRvravdnen Temis
teritorias. cxovreba zarebis xmis smenadobis
farglebSi moqceuli Temis SigniT cxovrebas
niSnavda~ (148, 134). swavlulis es sityvebi Sesan-
iSnavi ganmartebaa iaxsris leqsSi daxatuli scenisa,
sadac patara zaris xmas ekisreba saymos teritoris
SemosazRvra avisgors SamikidodiT Gemi patara
zaria. davkra, Pma aPads gavides, gamoisaxon
jvaria (88, #542-z). Tu Sibi gamoxatavs saymos
mTlianobas droJamul modenilobaSi, zaris xma ak-
ustikurad aerTianebs saymos ara mxolod im azriT,
rom is mouwodebs mas jvarisaken, saerTo Se-
sakrebelSi, raTa dadasturdes es erToba, aramed
im azriTac, rom is yovel moymeSi erT saerTo
fiqrebs da sasoebas aRviZebs. zogierT tradiciaSi
zari Sibis vizualur saxes iRebs. saymos teritoriis
umaRles adgilze aRmarTuli sazaris TiTqmis
usxeulo, xSirad euli (rogorc mag., iremTkaloze, uZ-
ilaurTis Tavs) silueti aris erTaderTi mowme da niS-
ani imisa, rom es adgili wmida miwaa da jvars
ekuTvnis. sadac zaria, is wmida adgilia, radgan
zari kultis genezisSi aris Gawerili. abudelauris
tbidan Tavdaxsnili iaxsari gafrinda liqokisken da
karatiswverze moikida `koWi~, ris niSnad iq age-
bulia orad-ori Senoba _ mcire koSki, romelic sinam-
dvileSi qvis yorea, da sazare. aqedan, andrezis
Tanaxmad, ubisTavs misuli, iqac, karated saxelde-
bul adgilze, ìkidebs koWs~, sadac Sendeba
agreTve koSki da sazare (65, 68). rogorc vxedavT,
sazare jvaris daarsebis niSnad dgas da sadac is
dgas, iq wmida miwaa anu kvrivi. amitomac kvrivs
xSirad ganmartaven rogorc iseT adgils, sadac saz-
area an ganZia dafluli. zaris gaTanabreba ganZTan
clxi
am ganmartebaSi ar aris SemTxveviTi. zars Tavisi
funqcia aniWebs ganZis statuss: rogorc jvaris xmis
gamomtevebels, mas gaunaTlavi xeli ver Seexeba
dasarekad; da zog SemTxvevaSi, rogorc ganZi,
samalavSi inaxeba. aseTi siuJetia Seqmnili iaxsris
zarze: xevisbers daaviwyda zaris samalavi, ver
moZebnes, ifiqres, iaxsari daadebda safarvels.
wavidnen zaris sayidlad. jvaris kacebs RvTisSvili iq
daxvdaT, sadac zari unda eyidaT, iaxsari mtredad
daajda erT zars imis niSnad, rom swored es zari
unda eyidaT mis xelkacebs (65, 79-80). mtredi _
jvaris frinveli _ dabrZandeba zarze, rogorc le-
gendaruli mkadris mxarze an sakadrisgadafarebul
xelze. xolo rasac mxars gahkravs jvari, _
SemTxveviT ki arafers ar gahkravs mxars _ is
wmida sagani xdeba. is, msgavsad Tasisa,
SeiZleba jvarGenis niSanic iyos (38, #25464). zari,
rogorc sakulto sagani, ukavSirdeba kultmsaxurebis
erT mniSvnelovan elements _ samsxverplo
pirutyvs; ara mxolod im azriT, rom zari mis Sewir-
vamde qedze hkidia mas. zari da saqoneli _ es
sagani da cocxali arseba _ Tavs iyrian xucesis
ufleba-movaleobaTa erTobliobaSi. saymos klasikur
xanaSi ùfros Tavxevisberad is iTvleboda, visac
zari da saklavis dakvla evaleboda^~ (65, 387).
naxiri saqoneli, cxadia, adamianis sarGoa, misi cx-
ovrebis saxsari. magram is SeiZleba ufro meti iyos,
vidre sazrdo. sakulto azriT, pirveladi masSi swored
is aris, rac sazrdoze metia. saqonelze igive SegviZ-
lia gavimeoroT, rac iTqva Tasze, rom tradiciul kul-
turaSi is aris erT-erTi im saganTagan, romelsac
SeuZlia itvirTos imaze meti, rasac bunebiT war-
moadgens; amaRldes, adamianma aamaRlos is
clxii
mis elementur daniSnulebaze maRla; ufro meti
azri SesZinos sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre aqvs sak-
vebs fizikuri arsebobis SesanarGuneblad. es gacn-
obierebulia indur kulturaSi, es Segnebuli hqondaT
zoroastruli himnebis _ gaTebis Semqmnelebs, es
savsebiT gaazrebulia Gven saymoebSi. saqoneli
wmida, sapativebeli arsebaa. ras niSnavs es?
robertson smiTi, romelmac Seiswavla mesaqonle
da mwyemsi xalxebis, kerZod, semiti tomebis
Gveulebani saqonelTan dakavSirebiT, wers Sem-
degs: `Sinauri cxovelebi pativiT arian mosilni ded-
amiwis sxvadasxva kuTxis mwyems xalxebSi. isini,
erTis mxriv, miGneuli arian adamianis megobrebad
da Tvistomebad, meores mxriv, RvTiuri bunebis
arsebebad; maTi daxocva mxolod gansakuTrebul
viTarebaSia nebadarTuli, da aseT drosac ki ar
gamoiyeneba kerZo, yoveldRiur sakvebad, aramed
mxolod da mxolod saerTo dResaswaulebze. afrikis
erT-erT momTabare tomze amboben, rom maT er-
TaderT sarGos cxvris farebi da saqoneli war-
moadgens. roca saZovari uxvia wvimebis Semdeg,
isini ikvebebian rZeSi Sezavebuli sisxliT, romelsac
iseve, rogorc arabeTSi, cocxal pirutyvs uReben;
xolo gvalvebis dros beberi an sneuli cxovelis xorcs
Wamen. magram pirutyvis damkvleli uwmidurad
iTvleba maT TvalSi^ saqoneli wmida arsebaa,
radgan is warmoadgens adamianis cxovrebis sax-
sars. mas klaven mxolod gasaWiris dros da misi
damkvleli uwmidurad iTvleba, rac imas gulisx-
mobs, rom dakvla pirutyvisa ukeTuri saqmea^
yoveldRiuri sakvebi afrikis bevri mesaqonle xalxisa
aris rZe an nanadirevi, saqoneli ki, romelsac isini
mwyesaven, iSviaTad ikvlis sakvebad; mas mxolod
clxiii
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi klaven, mag.,
laSqrobis gamocxadebisas, bavSvebis winadacveT-
isas da qorwilSi; an klaven samoselisTvis an im-
itom, rom pirutyvi dasaxiGrebulia an beberi^~
(157, 277-9). TiTqos paradoqsia: saqoneli adami-
anis erTaderTi sarGoa, risTvisac kaci Tavs dadebs,
magram is ar ikvlis yoveldRiuri purobisaTvis; ufro
meti: misi dakvla uRvTo aqtia. swored imitom, rom
saqoneli Gveni saymos sicocxlis saxsaria, misi
imedi am wuTisofelSi, is ar ikvlis yoveldRiuri sak-
vebisTvis, aramed rogorc mesaqonle semiti tomebi
iqcevian, is ikvlis laSqrobis win jvarSi, jvaris
dResaswaulebze, jvarSi gayvanisas, qorwilSi, mic-
valebulis xarjebSi. saymos cxovrebis am
mniSvnelovan, gardamtex periodebSi SeiZleba
gaiwiros, Seiwiros saqoneli.
xari iwireba
saymos genezisSi, rogorc davinaxeT, adamianis
yofna-aryofnis zRurblze da es gasdevs mis cxovre-
clxiv
bas, Tavs iGens kerZo da saerTo mniSvnelovan
SemTxvevebSi. xari, Gven viciT, dgas kultis
dasabamSi: devebisgan Seuracxyofili, sasowark-
veTamde misuli kaci gaixsenebs Sesawiravad
yvelaze saukeTesos, rac ki gaaGnia qveyanaze _
TeTr xars, romelic aris pirvelgaRebuli msxverpli
Gvens andrezebSi (60, 119) _ pirveli dakluli
saqoneli adamianis Rirsebis gadasarGenad. gana
am zRurblze TeTrma xarma ar itvirTa religiis
dafuZnebis mTeli simZime, roca adamiani eZebda
xsnas uzenaesisagan? misi sisxli iseve wmidaa da
Zvirfasi, rogorc winapris daRvrili sisxli, Sewiruli
misi keTildReobisaTvis. xars angelozebi unTeben
rqebze sanTels, jer angelozebi, mereRa adami-
anebi, roca is samsxverploze mihyavT. sxva dros
xars rqaze mtredi azis da miuZRveba mas jvaris
sabrZanisisaken, romelsac adamiani TavisiT ver
miagnebda. xaris rqaze asvenia mTavarangelozis
an wmida giorgis xati da miuZRvis samSoblosaken
Svidi aTas Tavdaxsnil tyves. amis gamo xari ar ik-
vlis mxolod da mxolod sakvebis mopovebis mizniT.
is religiuri aqtia Tavisi warmoSobiT, aseve mizniT
da ritualuri formiT: xelxanjliani msaxuri kultisa
simZimes sZens am aqts, romelic ritualis gareSe
mkvlelobad GaiTvleboda saymos TvalSi; is dam-
wyalobnebis teqstis warmoTqmiT àkvrivebs~
drois monakveTs; roca saklavi ikvlis, am dros iq
Sekrebili saymo ecnoba Tavisi religiis mrwamss,
Tavis rjuls; mis cnobierebaSi erTxel kidev ibe-
Wdeba RvTisSvilTa saxelebi maTi dadgenili Tana-
mimdevrobiT. iseve, rogorc ludiT savse Tasi sad-
ideblis gareSe mxolod Rreobis niSans iZleva,
aseve _ analogiurad xanjali mdumare damkvlelis
clxv
xelSi, roca ar ismis damwyalobnebis sityvebi, mk-
vlelobis niSania. saklavi ikvlis, unda daiklas, yvelas
Tvalwin, sajarod, ara farulad; is potenciurad
ekuTvnis yvelas, mTels saymos. es sajaroba ritua-
luri qmedebiTurT aniWebs pirutyvs saklavis
statuss. rogorc religiur-zneobrivi realobis, daniS-
nuleba gamoxatulia saxelwodebaSi, romliTac is
damwyalobnebis teqstSi ixseneba: samsaxuri.
pirutyvi samsaxurSia _ xorciels eZleva saSualeba
misi meSveobiT emsaxuros jvars. saqoneli dgas
adamiansa da RvTisSvils Soris. amitom is ar
SeiZleba ar iyos wmida. siwmidiT aris Semosili
yvelaferi, rac masTan aris dakavSirebuli mis sam-
saxureblad moyvanisas: qsovilic, romliTac Subli
aqvs gakruli; zanzalakic, qedze rom hkidia, rac
jvarSi rGeba, da bolos, sisxli. `^ moxsenebuli sam-
saxuri Sena samTavroi as, Sena gasamarjod xTis
karze mosaxmarad^~ (56, 14). `wamoyenebuli
samsaxuri, moxsenebuli, RvTisad gindodes,
RmerTs maaxsenidi, kvireisad gindodes, kvires
maaxsenidi, ara _ TviTon miiTvaleT Rirsada, Ri-
rseulada, Svidada, Svideulada, xsnilada, kurTxeu-
lada^~ (38, #25449). saklavis suli, romelic mis
sisxlSia, adis dedamiwidan maRla, RvTisSvilze
maRla, morige RvTis karamde. gana amis Semdeg
es saklavi ar aris duranqi _ `kavSiri cisa da miwisa?
~ saklavi, romelic aris upiratesad xari, saymos
akavSirebs RvTisSvilTan, xolo RvTisSvilis meoxebiT
morige RmerTTan, radgan masTan aaqvs RvTisS-
vils `wamoyenebuli samsaxuri~. magram igive
saklavi, rogorc msxverpli, saymos konsolidaciis,
misi simtkicis erT-erTi pirobaa. es kargad Gans
`xar-qvabiT Seyrilobisa~ da mokveTilis Semori-
clxvi
gebis ritualebSi, sadac saklavs gadamwyveti roli
akisria. romelime susti gvaris warmomadgenlebi
gaZlierebis mizniT ekedlebian Zlier gvars,
risTvisac, wesis dayenebiT, aduReben luds
(`qvabi~), jvarSi daklaven saklavs (`xari~) da erT-
gulebis fics sdeben, rom ar uRalateben Tavis axal
gvareulobas, aRiareben ra mis salocavs da win-
aprebs. es wesi moqmedebda aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTianeTis TiTqmis yvela saymoSi, rac
dadasturebulia saeTnografio literaturaSi (54, 79;
51, 71; 49, 91). xariT SeyrilTa Soris, iseve rogorc
sisxliT naTesavTa Soris, qorwineba dauSvebeli iyo.
am wes-Gveulebis fonze, romlis drosac xaris dak-
vla aucilebeli aqtia ori gvaris sisxliT danaTesave-
baSi, niSandoblivad ikveTeba sapirispiro wes-
Gveuleba, romelic erTi gvaris orad gayris da am
gayrilTa Soris sisxlis naTesaobisa da misgan gamo-
mdinare valdebulebaTa gauqmebis dros sruldeba.
gudamayarSi gavrcelebuli andrezis Tanaxmad,
wiklaurTa da beqaurTa winaprebma _ wikvam da
beqam, im mizniT, rom erTmaneTSi qorwinebis
neba hqonodaT, dakles ZaRli, orad gaglijes da maT
Sua gaiares. Tu ucxoTa erTianobisTvis wmida sak-
lavi ikvlis, raTa ori gvaris warmomadgenelT
saSualeba hqondeT simbolurad eziaron saerTos
saklavis xorcis WamiT da amiT samudamod
daamowmon erToba, amis sawinaaRmdego
qmedebisas, roca gvari iyofa, klaven uwmidur cx-
ovels, anu, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ànti-saklavs~, ro-
melic ar iWmeva, rogorc usurmagi da, cxadia, ver
Seasrulebs ziarebis funqcias. analogiuria wesi,
romliTac yma ikveTeba saymodan: `^ZaRlis mok-
vliT moikveTen maSin, Tu naTesavi SeirTo colad,
clxvii
an Tu aRar emorGileba Tavis gvars da Gadis raime
uwesobas^ erTi vinme ZaRls moklavs tyviiT da iZ-
axebs: momikveTav am ZaRlis sisxliT (mokveTilis
saxeli), eg Gemi aRarai as dReis Semdega-d’ me
magis aRarai or^~ (66, 40). ZaRlis sisxliT mok-
veTili gvarSi Tu TemSi mxolod wmida saklavis sis-
xlis meSveobiT aRdgeba (iqve, agr. 61, 356). mok-
veTilis Serigebis ritualSi xarTan da ludTan erTad,
rogorc mniSvnelovani elementebi, monawileoben
qvabi da Tasi _ aseve qajaveTis nadavlis sagnebi.
`mokveTilma saTemo xats unda Seswiros erTi qv-
abi da vercxlis Tasi, agreTve unda dauklas erTi
xari da ludic auduRos^~ (54, 97). Tasi, qvabi, sak-
lavi, ludi _ ai, es aris TiTqmis yvelaferi, razec aris
dafuZnebuli kultis mTeli ritualuri mxare; es
yvelaferi exmareba mokveTils, aRidginos Tavi jer
jvarSi, mere saymoSi; aRidginos Tavi winaparTa
salocavisTvis, rom kvlav hqondes ufleba, moismi-
nos jvaris karze damwyalobnebis sityvebi: `^ Sens
karze sanTeli aunTia, Tasi auvsia, samsaxuri
wamouyenebia, RvTis karze maixmare, gamarjve-
bulo^~ (38, #25557). saklavad moyvanili xari, ro-
melic myar mdgomareobas uqmnis ymas saymoSi,
bunebrivia, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes mtris
Semorigebis da, sazogadod, Zveli samkvdro-sasi-
cocxlo mtrobis ganqarebis dros. xari am dros _
sagangebod aris gaxazuli misi feri da garegnoba _
Serigebis niSanic aris da ficis ganmamtkicebelic.
mkvleli, SurismaZiebeli, ase mimarTavs fSavis say-
moTa saxeliT gabudayebul TorRvas: samjer ma-
mixve, TrRvao, sami dagikal cxvario, meoTxed mo-
suls dagikal TeTri qorai Pario^ (88, #44). iyo
saubari, rom TeTri xari figurirebs kultis genezisSi,
clxviii
rom misi wamoyenebiT daedo dasabami samxve-
wro msxverplSewirvas, rogorc erT-erT um-
niSvnelovanes rituals sxva ritualTa Soris. roca is-
toriul xanaSi viTareba meordeba mcire masStabiT,
ganmeorebisas TeTri xari imave daniSnulebiT aris
`wamoyenebuli~. gansacdels gadarGenili TuSi
TiliZe, fSavelTa mosisxle da maTi araerTgzis
amklebi, aRTqmisamebr TeTr xars swiravs laSaris
wmida giorgis. `^TiliZes fSavelebisaTvis Serigeba
uTxovia da laSarobas zvarakad TeTrqora xari mi-
uyvania, sadac orive mxare Zmad gaficula da Seri-
gebis niSnad iqve samanic GausvamT da TuSebs
laSarSi Tavisi sajarec gaumarTavT~ (51, 200); `^
simtkicis niSnad TiliZes laSaris droSa TuSeTSi gad-
moutania da aq GiRos mTaze aRumarTavs, sadac
laSaris es xatic augia~ (49, 199-200). rogorc
vxedavT, TiliZe uarsebs TuSebs laSaris jvars, ro-
melic man Tavdapirvelad pirad salocavad airGia:
madroveT, fSavelT Svilebo, maloceT Tqveni jvaria,
movsulvar saxvewnelada, momiyvania Paria^ (49,
92). sagulisxmoa isic, rom Serigeba or saymos
Soris da salocavis daarseba erTdrouli aqtia da rom
TiliZe Tavisi TeTrqora xariTurT Sesulia dam-
afuZnebel andrezSi. xaris sakulto mniSvnelobis
gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg unda davaskvnaT, rom
sxva sakralur sagnebTan (Tasi, sakideli, zari^) er-
Tad qajaveTidan wamosxmuli naxiri sakulto daniS-
nulebis aris da is ekuTvnis jvars, kerZod, xaxmatis
jvars, romelsac istoriul xanaSi hyavda Tavisuflad
gaSvebuli kuratebi, daukodavni da uRelSi Seub-
melni, jvaris sakuTrebis niSnad. sagmiro leqsebSic
ki, sadac gmiri RvTisSvilTa arqetipul qmedebas
imeorebs, _ saqonels itacebs qisteTidan (qajaveTis
clxix
amqveyniuri oreulidan) _ motacebul saqonels ara
sakuTar saxlebSi, aramed laSaris gorze arekaven,
saidanac daiZra laSqari. ^ modian nasaxelarni,
gadmovlen sayaWisasa. xuTSabaTs dilas
Gamovlen, maabuqeben miwasa. Gamovlen laS-
aris gorsa, Gamaixdian binasa, xatis samRvTosa
Gadian xarisasa da RvTisasa, niSa xars rqaze
uWdeven pirdapir Tamarisasa (51, 86). saqoneli,
rogorc jvaris nadavli, raki misi ymebis xeliT aris
modenili, mis teritoriaze ikvlis. amas gulisxmobs
fSavelTa erT-erTi beladisa da xevisbris sityvebi:
gara var Turmanauli, me bevrgan miqnan ziani,
mixocavs laSaris gorsa qistis xarebi rqiani (51, 84).
da erTi xevsuruli leqsis fragmenti, sadac jvaris
saqonlis gamtaceblad uSualod RvTisSvili
gvevlineba: martuam gudanis jvarma daanaxevra
jaria, anadgurebda laSqarsa lurjais natotaria. mar-
tuam amaibruna TereTegoelT cxvaria, beRel-beRlis
kars uPdebis miTxoelT Paris rqania (62, 668).
samZimari `qajaveT viarebodidio, naxirs aiqiT
vadendidio~ _ am sityvebs aTqmevinebs Tavis
qadags, meenes, qajaveTidan wamoyvanili qajis
qali. xaxmatis wmida giorgim samZimari gamoit-
aca Tu gamoixsna qajaveTidan qajaveTur ganZTan
erTad. axla ki samZimari ambobs, qajaveTSi davdi-
odi da saqonels iqidan movdenidio. zmnis xol-
mebiTi kilo _ `viarebodidi~ _ TiTqos mowmobs,
rom samZimari xaxmatis jvaris msgavsad periodu-
lad mgzavrobs qajaveTSi. xom ase mimarTaven
am RvTisSvils _ qajaveT rad iarebi, giorgi mglisa
ferao? Gans, TiTqos, samZimari da wmida giorgi
drogamoSvebiT ìarebian~ qajaveTSi, magram an-
drezi da simRera gadmogvcems mxolod erTgzis
clxx
mogzaurobas xaxmatis jvarisas qajaveTisaken da
isic samZimaris gareSe, radgan am dros samZi-
mari qajaveTSia da, SesaZloa, elis mxsnels.
marTalia, wmida giorgi masTan erTad brundeba
ukan, magram ar Gans, rom qajis qali modenides
iqidan gamorekil naxirs, romlis mwyemsad
TqmulebaSi dasaxelebulia karatis jvari kopala da
ara samZimari. SeiZleba misi es sityvebi (`qajaveT
viarebodidio^~) misi biografiis romelime epizods
gulisxmobdes, romelsac ukve mouswria davi-
wyeba. dRevandel samZimars ki naklebi kavSiri
aqvs qajaveTis naxirTan da, saerTod, saqonelTan.
xaxmatis jvarSi mas sruliad gansakuTrebuli funq-
cia akisria da Taviseburi Tavgadasavali aqvs, rasac
is Tavisi qadagis piriT amxels. jer visaubroT mis
warmomavlobaze, romelic winaaRmdegobrivia da
ori urTierTgamomricxveli tradiciiT aris cnobili. erTi
tradiciis Tanaxmad, qajis qalebi _ samZimari,
mzeqali da aSeqali ZaliT arian motacebulni. Turme
ambobdnen: àqve dagvxoceT da TqvenTan (Rv-
TisSvilebTan) ar wamovalTo~; ar mohyvebodnen,
vidre xaxmatis jvarma ar aRuTqva maT saarso
wilis micema xaxmatis miwa-wyalze da `Zalisa da
SeZlebis~ ganawileba maTTvis; hpirdeboda maT,
rom RvTisSvilTa uflebiT iqnebodnen daarsebulni
xaxmatSi anu iqnebodnen jvarni. ai, am pirobiT
gamoatacebina Tavi xaxmatis wm. giorgis samma
qajma qalma samZimaris ufrosobiT (60, 107-8).
sxva tradiciiT, romelic TiTqos xucesTa sityvebis _
`tyveno, eajeT, naPsarno~ _ ganmartebas war-
moadgens, xaxmatis jvaris `modeni~ qajaveTis ty-
veobidan arian gamoxsnilni, rogorc nestani. asec
amboben: `qajeTis naPsroba kiden ase niSnavs,
clxxi
viTom datvevebulebi hyvandes da aPsnes am an-
gelozebm da wamaiyvanes~. magram rogor
moxvdnen tyveobaSi es qalebi, amis andrezi ar
Gans. zRaprebSi da sagmiro eposSi gamoxsnili
qali, mzeTunaxavi, rogorc wesi, gamomxsneli
gmiris sacolea. gmirs sacole mohyavs qajeTidan,
brolis koSkidan, qvesknelidan, sadac mzeTunaxavs
ar surs darGena da exmareba Tavis rGeuls, as-
wavlis gzasa da xerxs ucxo qveyanaSi. Gveni an-
drezi sakraluri Tqmulebaa, radgan is exeba kultis
dafuZnebas, amitomac gamoxsnili qali, Tundac is
iyos mzeTunaxavi (aseTadac aris miGneuli qajis
qali), ver iqneba sacole misi gamomxsneli gmirisa,
radgan es gmiri aris RvTisSvili, angelozi, uxorco
arseba. xaxmatis wmida giorgis tyve qalebi Tavis
modeebad mohyavs xaxmatSi, maT Soris pirveli
da mTavari samZimari, xolo samZimari ase
alaparakebs Tavis qadags: `wamamiyvana gior-
gimao, me xo qal viyav qajisao, mamanaTvliva
qriste RmerTsao, gavPe PorcielT salocavio~ (60,
113). rogorc vxedavT, qajeTidan wamoyvanas,
iqidan daxsnas, gansakuTrebuli aspeqti aqvs: is
niSnavs rjulis Secvlas, ufro sworad, mas mohyveba
gaTavisuflebuli qalwulis gaqristianeba. samZi-
marze kidev yvebian aseT ambavs: `^ is samZi-
mar qajT Pelmwifis qal yofil. iq gveleSap yofil. imas
Tu und SeeWam erT vin sofelSiiT, wylispirSi daus-
vemdes. is samZimar dausom. misul giorgi,
uTqom, ro gagaTavisuflebav Senav. mamas uTx-
ariv, ro wagiyvanav. cxrajer wyalSi gaibanev,
samiv saklav dakaliv^~ (67, 193). vavsebT am
epizods sxva Ganaweris mixedviT (versia igivea,
xaxmaturi, oRond odnav gansxvavebuli redaqciiT):
clxxii
`^maSin Gven giorgis daurtyams veSapisTvis Subi
da wamouyvania samZimari. moiyvana Tavis
jvarSi, mounaTlia samZimari Tavis rjulze. dasdva
safarveli da veRar naxa samZimari xalxma~ (6,
79). ar aris Zneli am monaTxrobSi wmida giorgis
umTavresi saswaulis danaxva. epizodi agebulia
sayovelTaod gavrcelebul motivze, romelic adreve
daukavSirda kapadokieli wmidanis saxels da myari
agili daikava mis biografiaSi. wmida mxedari daix-
snis warmarTi mefis asuls gveleSapisagan, ro-
melsac miuyvanes is msxverplad da am saswaulis
ZaliT qristes rjulze moaqcevs qalwuls, mefes da
mTel qalaqs. eWvi ar aris, rom samZimaris epizodi
qajaveTis TqmulebaSi wmida giorgis gmirobis
xevsuruli variantia; rom is wmida giorgis kan-
onikuri `cxovrebidan~ modis da ver GaiTvleba
saerTaSoriso siuJetis adgilobriv, damoukidebel
variantad. xaxmatis jvari _ xaxmatis wmida giorgi
imeorebs Tavisi mosaxele wmidanis arqetipul
qcevas, qajaveTi enacvleba im warmarTul qalaqs,
romelic wmida mxedarma gveleSapis Za-
ladobisagan ixsna, xolo qajis qali im usaxelo
ufliswuls, romelic man gveleSapis xaxas gamo-
staca da qristianul rjulze moaqcia. xsna am qristi-
anul andrezSi WeSmarit sarwmunoebaze moqcevis
tolfasia. qajaveTisa da warmarTuli qalaqis (lasiis)
igiveoba ufro TvalsaGinoa qajaveT-qisteTis igiveo-
bis fonze, radgan qistebs da, sazogadod, Grdilo
kavkasiis mezobel mahmadian tomebs qarTvel
mTielTa saymoebi upiratesad sarwmunoebrivi niS-
niT upirispirdebian, rogorc urjuloebs rjulianebi,
romlebic wmida giorgis religias aRiareben da amis
dasturad, Zveli mematianis TqmiT, `juaris msax-
clxxiii
urni arian~. gansxvavebiT wmida giorgis mier
moqceuli warmarTuli qalaqisagan, qajaveTi qa-
javeTadve darGa; amis sanacvlod qajTa xelmwifis
asuli samZimari xaxmatis wmida giorgis wyalobiT
RvTisSvilis rangSi amaRlda da sruliad unikaluri
adgili daiWira sxva RvTisSvilTa Soris; is xaxmatis
jvarma Tavis `moZmed~ wamoiyvana xaxmatSi
da ise Rrmad SeeTvisa mas, rom es axali moZme
saymos warmodgenaSi `giorgi’ samZimar erTni’ ~
(68, 42); saymos ar abrkolebs is garemoeba, rom
giorgi mamria, samZimari _ dedri: `giorgi’ samZi-
mar erTni’ , erT xTiSvili’ ~. roca axseneben
xaxmatis jvars, saymos cnobierebaSi Gndeba ori
piri erTi jvarisa, erTi RvTisSvilisa _ `giorgi naR-
varmSvenieri~ da `xeli samZimari, yel-Riliani~.
saymo Wvrets erT RvTisSvilSi, erT RvTiur arsebaSi
anima-animusis erTianobas. qajaveTisken gae-
marTa mxedari, `naRarSi meburTvali~, _ oboli an-
imusi da dabrunda iqidan animasTan erTad, raTa
samudamod gaerTianebuliyvnen xaxmatis jvarSi.
xaxmatis jvari yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
moqmedebs ara rogorc calke mamri da calke
dedri, aramed Tavisi mTliani bunebiT, dedrul-mam-
ruli erTianobiT; dedri Wvirvalebs mis mamakacur
gamocxadebaSi, rac TvalsaGinod ikveTeba sxva
RvTisSvilTa fonze, rogorc mag., am leqsSi: laRno,
sad mizdiT, Pevsurno, sad mixqriT qarebulasa. win
gidgasT gudanis jvari, yviroda Parebulasa,
mogyvebasT PaPmatis jvari, tiroda qaleburasa (88,
#171), mamri iGens Tavs raRac saxiT mainc mis
dedrul gamocxadebaSi, rogorc gvarwmuneben
samZimaris naqadagarebi, sadac misi ucnauri
Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili. samZimaris naqad-
clxxiv
agari da misi andrezi erTmaneTs avsebs; erTi da
meore sxvadasxva aspeqtiT gvimxels samZimaris
bunebas da misi movlenis, anu saymoSi misi
gamocxadebis arss. andrezi aseTi Sinaarsis aris:
vaJs samZimari sruliad konkretuli qalis saxiT
ecxadeba, cxovrobs mis saxlSi, diasaxlisobs. eWvs
aiReben, rom is ar aris Gveulebrivi qali, an sulac
qali ar aris; samZimari saswaulsac Gaidens da
saxlidan wava. mogvyavs T. oGiauris Ganaweri:
`PaPmatis jvar qalis aRiT SGvenebiv xoligas kistan.
imas sdobnivas saerboe kasris ZirSiiT oqro zaltisa
da beWdis gamaReba. Tavis nebiT masvlivas di-
acad, juaT elene viTom orav. dedamTils Rgonebiv
Gemis Svilis diaciav. is ki ar vic, ramTven xan yofil.
erTxan dedamTilisad uTqom _ Sin mindav was-
vlaiv, masanTon* miqneniv. TviTon qneniv, uTqom
dedamTils. Sautyvav, ro esiv qal ar TuklaR asav. i
dedamTil wasul; ro masul, did qvab idgav, oTx-xuT
Gareqamde Gadiodisao. xaviw duRdav, Gavxeneo,
ai saerboe kasrSiav TiTa iyvav amasmuliv. i za-
lteiod beWedaiv gverdi exsnesav. is aba ras etyod.
memr i masanTon ro uqnian, samjer Gaudgam
TiTi, uTqm _ eesr xqniTidav, eesiav Gem wesiv.
maSi qoo gamacxadebul. jer cixeSi misul lebaiskar,
masanTon maunTian, memr iqiT gamafrindal,
wovais wyal misul. iqac damjdara, iqiT gadamxtar
aq masul. i xoligas gastrelebivas _ esiv qal arTuk-
laR asav. RamiT gulzed Pel Gamausom, kaciviT
xqondav, qaloba ar etyobodav. uTqom dedisad, ro-
mav es qal ar unda iyvasav~ (68, 45). samZimaris
efemeruli, viTom qmari da dedamTili, rwmun-
*
`masanToni~ _ saweso namcxvrebi; naqadagarSi am sityvas enacvleba
`salaRobelni~.
clxxv
debian, rom es `juaT elene~ sruliadac ar aris juaT
elene; ufro meti: is arc aris Gveulebrivi diaci.
dedamTili mis uGveulobas imaSi xedavs, rom es
`juaT elene~ erTi TiTis amoweba erboTi acxobs
masanToebs; xvdeba raRacas, magram frTxili diaci
arafers ambobs. `qmari~, xoliga, ufro mets
xvdeba. is atyobs, rom misi `coli~ araTu juaT
elene ar aris, aramed, SesaZlebelia, diacic ki ar
iyos. ì xoligas gasatrelebivas~, e.i. xoliga
daeWvebula: misi coli qals hgavs, magram qalis
niSnebi ar atyvia. monaTxrobidan ar Gans, iyo Tu
ara maT Soris col-qmruli urTierToba; xoligas uk-
virda mxolod, rom mis cols ratomRac mkerdi ar
aGnda, `qaloba ar etyobodav~. es niSani tipiuria
samZimaris andrezebSi misi bunebis samxelad.
vinme buloelas samZimari uwveboda colis magiv-
rad: `^mausom Peli-d’ ara Rbadebiv imas gulzed.
kaciviT yofila-d’ gamatrialebul~ (68, 49). ès qal ar
unda iyvasav~, gamofxizldeba sabolood
gaognebuli qmari, romelmac ver moaxerxa, rac
col-qmars Soris unda momxdariyo. erT mon-
aTxrobSi aseTi viTarebaa: `^dedakacTan ro
dawvebian, is ro unda meqnisav, daikargisav. kac-
diac ro Sadgebian aisra, daikargisav^~ (68, 49)
`daikargisav~, _ ambobs gawbilebuli kaci, anu qre-
bodao, radgan samZimari mouxelTebelia kac-
diacis saqmisaTvis. gadmocemidan ar Gans, ra
mizniT maqcierobs xaxmatis jvari mokvdavis
ojaxSi. nuTu mxolod imisTvis trialebs iq nacnobi
diacis saxiT ramdenime xans, rom gaaognos deda-
Svili, an dautovos andrezad Tavisi wesi _ mas-
anToSi TiTis samgzis GaWdoba, rogorc naqad-
agarSi aTqmevinebs Tavis meenes _ salaRobelni
clxxvi
davacxvnidio, samkana TiTi Gavadgidio? nuTu
aseTi saqcieli mxolod qajuri naSTi da kvalia morju-
lebul samZimarSi? gavecnoT samZimaris naqad-
agar teqstebs. naqadagarebSi, romlebic T.oGiauris
mier aris gamovlenili da GarTuli samecniero
kvlevis sferoSi (68, 45-7), samZimaris Tavga-
dasavali mokvdavis ojaxSi sxva kuTxiT aris
danaxuli da gadmocemuli. Gven saqme gvaqvs po-
etur teqstebTan, sadac didi STambeWdaobiT, sak-
maod Zunwad, rac aZlierebs eqspresiulobas,
gadmocemulia samZimaris qcevebi, rasac is Tavis
arGeuli `qmris~ saxlSi sGadis. dedakaci trialebs
ojaxSi, saqmianobs: `sacersa, varclsa Gaujdidio~,
`Wima-laxtaras vzidevdio~, is Tavs imkobs da
keklucobs dedakacis wesisamebr: `naoWiani
Gavicvidio, qoqomon gavabrialnidio~, `yurze say-
ursa videbdidio, qoqomiansa vicomdidio~, `davi-
gruSnidi Tavmandilnio~^ cxadia, ra mizniT
irTveba da lamazdeba qali. mizansac aRwevs, ro-
gorc es Gans naqadagarSi: abuleTaurT saRirasao
qali sacoled mavswondidio, Gavexvividi, Gauwvi-
dio, ZuZu-mkerds* gamavixvividio^ magram am
dros araferi ar xdeba. samZimars zRurblamde mi-
hyavs Tavisi rGeuli, Tavad ki ukan ixevs; is ar
aZlevs uflebas xorciels, gadalaxos zRurbli. rogorc
ki vaJi amas Seecdeba, rac naqadagarebSi odnav
Sefarulad aris gamoxatuli _ `qali sacoled ma-
mindomao~ an `colad wayvana mamindomao~;
samZimari garbis, saxtad stovebs ra vaJs da
saidumlosac safarveli exdeba. cxadi xdeba, rom aq
samZimari iyo, ris dasturadac misi nabijebisa da
*
Tumca prozauli gadmocemidan viciT, rom samZimars mkerdi `kaciviT xqon-
dav, qaloba ar etyobodav~.
clxxvii
kidev sxva ramis kvali rGeba. momyavs erT-erTi
tipiuri naqadagari, sadac mokled aris gadmocemuli
es ambavi: abuleTaurT cixeSiao medges loginni
GardaxSiao. abuleTaurT xoligamao qali sacoled
mamindomao. im Gemsa gamonafrindobsao iqav
aGnian nakoWarnio. pur-satan mamGnes ReleSiao,
Pelis saponi wyaroSiao. momxyvebod Sanacodrob-
iTao (77, #27). aqedan cxadad Gans, rom samZi-
maris logini abudelaurT cixis GardaxSi srulebiT ar
aris gamzadebuli col-qmruli urTierTobisaTvis, is ar
aris saqorwino sareceli. samZimari gaurbis axlo
kavSirs vaJTan, imaze mWidros, ris uflebasac
Tavad qali iZleva, stumaric garbis ukan-
mouxedavad; maTi yovelgvari urTierToba wydeba,
xolo vaJs zedmeti vnebis gamoGena, rogorc zneo-
brivi kanonis darRveva, codvad da sircxvilad
eTvleba, razec migvaniSnebs teqstis bolo striqoni
`momxyvebod SanacodrobiTao~. ai, ras ambobs
mwyralad wasuli samZimari vaJze, romlisTvisac
ukve cxadia, rom Sescoda da amiT daarRvia
urTierToba; moindoma, risi ndomac gulSic ar unda
gaevlo. amitom ambobs samZimari mitovebul va-
Jze, _ codvis GamdeniviT momyvebodao. moralur
akrZalvas sqesuri urTierTobisas Tavisi gamoxat-
uleba aqvs am aqtis fizikur SeuZleblobaSi. prozaul
andrezebSi, rogorc davinaxeT, vaJi qalis niSnebs
ver atyobs samZimars an urTierTobis zRurblTan
misvlisas qali qreba (`daikargisav~). es fizikuri
ucnauroba Tavidanve gacxadebulia naqadagarSi
samZimaris piriT: `viarebodi qaliviTao^~, `memra
qalada maviqcidio^~, `qalura Gamauaridio^~,
`qalis fafanag Gavicvidio^~ da sxva, rac mxolod
imas niSnavs, rom samZimari, rogorc jvari, an-
clxxviii
gelozuri arseba, ar aris qali da mas, roca gare-
moeba moiTxovs, mxolod uxdeba qaliviT
moqceva. ras unda niSnavdes samZimaris es
ucnauri saqcieli, romelsac Znelia gamarTleba da
axsna moeZebnos Gveulebrivi, yofiTi TvalsazrisiT.
misi saqcieli iseve auxsnelia da bundovanebiT
moculi, rogorc xevsureTis saymoebSi erT dros
mtkiced gamjdari, TiTqos sazogadoebriv institutad
qceuli sworfrobis wes-Gveuleba, romlis iniciatorad,
damfuZneblad SeiZleba gvevlinebodes samZimari
Tavis naqadagarebSi.* SesaZlebelia, amiT ar ixsne-
bodes sworfrobis wes-Gveulebis gamocana (ar
vcdilob misi istoriuli fesvebisa da warmoSobis kvl-
eva-Ziebas), magram es analogia saSualebas
gvaZlevs gavdoT Sibi sworfrobis realur sinamd-
vilesa da mis miTosur sinamdviles Soris.
safuZvliani aRweriloba am wes-Gveulebisa, rome-
lic gamoricxavs zerele damokidebulebas mis mi-
marT da gareSe Tvalsazriss masze (4), gviGve-
nebs, rom is warmoadgenda, saymos arsebobis
dekadansSic ki, mkacrad dadgenili wesebis sis-
temas, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia yoveli wvrilmani
da mosalodneli kazusi. am GveulebaSi iniciativa
qals ekuTvnis, is iwvevs vaJs masTan Seyrisa da
saubris surviliT, da erTad yofnis (konkretulad,
wolis) drosac is ganagebs urTierTobas, udebs ra
zRvars vaJis vnebebs da sworfrobis wesiT akrZalur
gamoxdomebs. iqmneba STabeWdileba TiTqos am
Gveulebis wesebi qalis dadgenilia da mTeli Gveule-
bac misgan iRebs dasabams, iseve rogorc qali
dgas, xevsuruli andrezis Tanaxmad, jvaris qad-
*
aseTi Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia g.jafariZis TezisebSi `wminda dafebi~ (111,
11).
clxxix
agebis institutis genezisSi. sworferTa Soris _ es
gardauvali wesia _ ikrZaleba ara mxolod xorcieli
kavSiri, aramed kanonieri col-qmrobac. am Seuvali
kanonis SemSlelni rjulis gamtexebad Seiracxebian
da iseve moikveTebian saymodan, rogorc incestis
Gamdenni. erTad `wola-dgomis~ ganmavlobaSi,
rogorc adgilobriv uwodeben am Gveulebas
(sworfrobas), rogorc ki qali Seatyobs, rom mis
sworfer vaJs `sxva~ siyvaruliT uyvars igi, qali
stovebs sworfrobis sawols da midis, raTa aRar dab-
rundes ukan, aRar moixedos am vaJisaken. xorcieli
qali iqceva, rogorc samZimari, imeorebs mis arqe-
tipul saqciels, rom aRkveTos vaJis survili. vaJma ar
unda Seiyvaros Tavisi sworferi, rogorc dedakaci _
es kanoni gafrTxilebasaviT gaismis samZimaris
sityvebSi, romlebic daJinebiT gadadis naqadagar-
idan naqadagarSi: àbuleTaurT imedasao qali
sacoled mavswondidio~, `megrelaursa gaxuasao
sacoled vewonebodidio~, àbuleTaurT imedamao
colad wayvana mamindomao~^ aSkaraa am
sityvebis sayveduriani kilo, romliTac is krZalavs
sworferTa qorwinebas da maT uxvedrobas
awesebs. mas SeeZlo eTqva: èesiav Gem wesiv~,
rogorc kistneli xoligas ojaxSi misanToebze sami
naWdevis gamo Tqva, roca daawesa es Gveuleba:
èesr xqniTidav, eesiav Gem wesiv~, da moefara
Tvals. amiT amoiwureba qajaveTis ganZi, romlis
yvela sagani sakraluria Tavisi bunebiT da sakulto
daniSnuleba aqvs. daviwyeT TasiT da davasruleT
samZimariT, romlis mudmivi epiTeti `yel-Riliani~
qaluri niSniT TasTan iGens msgavsebas, da Tasi
xom qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli. droSa zogierT
saymoTa andrezebis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi im sam
clxxx
droSaTagani, romlebic aTangenobis dros
gamoaqvT sajarod, xevsurebs qajaveTidan
moutacniaT (58, 9). iseve, rogorc sakidlis
Gamogleja qajaveTis `keridan~ moaswavebda qa-
javeTis Suagulis dangrevas, aseve droSis mota-
ceba sruli gamarjvebis niSani unda yofiliyo. es niS-
ani axla jvaris umniSvnelovanesi atributia da gan-
sakuTrebul rols asrulebs saymos cxovrebaSi.
sakralurobis xarisxiT mas SeiZleba gavuTanabroT
mxolod Tasi, kerZod, saxuco koWobi, romlis Ses-
axeb iTqva, rom is qalis samkaulebiT aris Semkuli.
igive iTqmis droSaze, romelic Tumca ganwmedil da
xelmxar ganaTlul mamakacs uWiravs xelSi, ma-
gram qaluri warmomavlobis sagniT aris agebuli.
droSa aris sawmido-samamakaco sagani, is
brZolaSi win miuZRvis saymos da, SeiZleba, iRe-
bebodes sisxliT, magram mis SeqmnaSi monaw-
ileobs qalis xeli, romelic misi ganaTvlis Semdeg
kvlav verasodes Seexeba mas. droSas ebmis
qalTagan Senawiri, raime mizezis gamo Senawiri, _
beWedi, yelsabami, Sibi, magram, rac mTavaria,
droSas àSenebs~ sakadrisebi (an samkadroebi),
romlebic qalis Sesamoselis nawils Seadgens. qso-
vilis is naWeri, rasac Gven mandils vuwodebT,
droSis ZiriTadi elementia. `droSa Semosilia feradi
TavSaliT. droSis Sesamoss qalebi swiraven^~ (54,
262); `Sexvewilebi xats swiraven TeTrsa da Wrel
sadroSe xilabandebs, romlebsac dekanozi arTmevs
da droSaze Seabams~ (49, 199). erTi aqvT sam-
oseli droSasa da qals. qalis mandili potenciuri
sakadrisia da, sanam qali mas Tavze moixvevdes,
rogorc samZimari ambobs qadagis piriT _ `davi-
gruSnidi Tavmandilio~, is, SesaZlebelia, droSis
clxxxi
alami gaxdes. aq TiTqos paradoqsia: erTsa da
imave sagans vxedavT or, erTmaneTis sapirispiro
adgilze _ droSaze jvaris niSnad da qalis Tavze
pativis niSnad. ra ufskrulic ar unda iyos siwmidis
mxriv dedakacsa da jvars Soris, aris erTi viTareba,
sadac isini erTi da imave funqciiT gvevlinebian: es
aris SuRli saymoSi, rasac Tanabrad ver iTmenen
jvari da qali da, ai, mandili da sakadrisi maT xelSi
mSvidobisa da Tanxmobis niSania. sakmaod cno-
bilia eTnografiuli yofidan qalis mier mandilis Gag-
debis Gveuleba moSuRarTa Soris. ai, ras wers
vaJa-fSavela Tavis narkvevSi `xevsurebi~: `^ Tu
Gxubi gaZlierda da cudis Sedegis momaswavebeli
Seiqmna, moGxubrebs qalebi gadaudgebian
Suaze, mandilebs moixdian da imaT win gadisv-
rian: èmas dasdeviT pativi, geyoT, daSveldiT~^
xSirad xalxis gasaSveleblad xevisberebi droSebs
gamoitanen xolme~ (35, 49; ix. agreTve besarion
gabuuris `xevsuruli masalebi~, ori nakveTi
saTauriT `SuRli da droSa da SuRli da qali~ (17,
123-4). jvaris droSis Tavisebureba, Gveulebrivi
droSisagan gansxvavebiT, is aris, rom igi im saxiT
ar aris daculi, ra saxiTac mas moqmedebaSi
vxedavT, roca is gamobrZanebulia saymos win
dResaswaulis dros. yoveli gamobrZanebisas droSa
xelaxla unda àSendes~, àibas~, `Seikazmos~, _
moirTos da Seimkos rogorc dReobaze gamosuli
qali. misi samkaulebi inaxeba sagangebo za-
rdaxSSi, rogorc Tas-ganZi. droSis àSenebis~ anu
`Sekazmvis~ ufleba mxolod imas aqvs, visac xelT
unda epyras is dResaswaulze da brZolaSi. es Sedis
medroSes anu mkadris sakralur movaleobaSi. es
pirni, roca moawevs droSis abmis dro, fexSiSvelni
clxxxii
da qudmoxdilni, GoqiT mieaxlebian im adgils,
sadac droSis `samoseli~ da samkauli _ baRdadebi,
jvrebi, zanzalakebi, Sibebi da sxva. _ inaxeba, da
exvewebian RvTisSvils, visi droSis asaSenebladac
arian misulni: `dalocvilo wyaros gorisao, Senis dro-
Sais sabrZanisis karisa-d’ kamalais dalaPxvisa-d’
nu gagviwyrebi~ (63, 7-8); magram vidre mkadre
Tu medroSe droSis Sekazmvas Seudgebodes, is
samgzis unda iyos ganbanili wyaros wyalSi (62,
174). droSis abma saidumlo ritualia, romelic srul
mdumarebaSi mimdinareobs (62, 275). mkadreebi
TiTqos amzadeben, qmnian RvTisSvilis amqveniur
sxeuls, rom misi xilva yvelas SeeZlos; droSa
TiTqos jvarGenis saxea, romelsac adamiani amza-
debs, iwvevs Tavisi xeliT. droSis gamobrZaneba
saymosaTvis marTlac jvarGenis movlenaa, is ufro
mets xedavs jvarSi, vidre gareSe kacma SeiZleba
dainaxos: `Pmalais droSaiv iseT marTul iyvisav, ro
SoriT gaigonebdiTav imis zarebis Jrialsav. aisrav
baRdadebiT iyvisav marTuliv, ro Tvali ar iyridisav~
(62, 572). `TvalT ar iyridisav~ _ rogorc xdeba jvar-
Genis dros, roca RvTisSvili Tavisi brwyinvalebiT
acxadebs Tavs xorcielis Tvalwin: `^ auPdav kidob-
nisad Tavi-d’ kidobanSiiT amamxtar xati-d’
damjdar kidobnis Tavze tredis aRiT. ro dajdav, iseT
SuqT utevdisav, ro kaciv TvalT ver Saayridav~ (68,
192). rogorc vxedavT, saymos religiur SegnebaSi
droSa uTanabrdeba jvarGenis bunebriv sagans, ro-
melsac jvari irGevs Tavis manifestacisaTvis. say-
mos da jvaris msaxuris (medroSaes) mizanic es
aris: droSaSi dainaxos da ganicados jvaris Zala.
amitomac is ara mxolod sakraluri nivTia, aramed
cocxali arsebac aris, Tumca adamianis xeliT Seqm-
clxxxiii
nili, romlis mimarT xorcieli iseT sityvebs moix-
mobs, mxolod adamianebis mimarT rom ixmareba.
droSa ki ar gamoaqvT, aramed mas gamoabrZ-
aneben, ki ar dasdeben, aramed daabrZaneben da
a.S. analogiuri viTarebaa Zvel qarTul teqstebSi _
am niSniT erTmaneTs upirispirdeba sakraluri da
saero nivTebi: `da moiyvannes mijnaZorTa xatni
wmidaTa mociqulTa petresi da pavlesi da nawilni
wmidisa barTlome mociqulisani da moixunes
sigelni^~ (96, 8). droSas, rogorc cocxal arsebas,
romelSic suldgmulobs RvTisSvili, SeiZleba hqondes
Tavgadasavali, iqces andrezis gmirad, iyos sak-
uTari Tavis gamomxsneli tyveobidan, riTac mo-
gvagonebs wmida giorgisa Tu mTavarangelozis
saswaulebs urjuloTa qveyanaSi. aseTia droSa vaJa-
fSavelas moTxrobaSi `droSa~, sadac mcire
masStabiT is marTlac imeorebs RvTisSvilTa
saswaulebriv Tavgadasavals, Tumca nawarmoebi
savsebiT realisturia da erTgvarad publicisturic ki,
mimarTuli imaT Sesagoneblad, vinc am sakralur
saganSi ùbralo joxis~ mets verafers xedavs, ro-
gorc is moxeleebi, xevisbers rom ZaliT gamoglejen
xelidan droSas. avtori Tavis moTxrobaSi, rogorc
ambis gadmomcemeli da Tavad mTavari gmiris _
droSis Sinagani bunebis aRmwereli, saymos pozi-
ciaze dgas da Signidan ganicdis mis yovel sakralur
realias. momyavs amonawerebi `droSadan~, ro-
gorc saymos Tavisi siwmidisami damokidebulebis
pirvelwyaro. àrc erTi deda Svils ar ufrTxildeboda
ise, rogorc beki droSas ufrTxildeboda, mTeli Zala
da dideba xatisa _ da xalxisa _ bekis warmodgeniT
am droSaSi iyo SaerTebuli. droSis waRebasTan er-
Tad waRebuli iqneboda fSavis xevis iRbali, wasuli
clxxxiv
iyo imis saqme^~. `^ vidre droSa arsebobs qvey-
anaze, xevisberic unda iyos da xatoba-dReobebic
im saxiT, ra saxiTac dRes vxedavT; droSa Tavia,
xolo danarGeni yvelaferi da yvelani mxolod tani.
roca tans Tavi mohSordeba, maSin tanica kvdeba
usaTuod. maSasame, mRvdlisa da boqaulis sazrun-
avi iyo wartyvena droSisa. xalxi imas dasdevs Tan,
rogorc cxvris fara namarilevs~. droSis datyvevebis
Semdeg: `yvela grZnobda Tavs uTavouxelfexod, _
hgrZnobda ise, rom darajebma mohkveTes
naxevari aso da ise gauSves TviTeuli maTgani.
gzakvalareul weroebsaviT aRar icodnen, ra eqnaT,
saiT wasuliyvnen _ ganegrZoT gza, Tu ukan dab-
runebuliyvnen; droSam gaiyola Tan imaTi suli da
guli; droSa, rogorc Gangali masze mibmul Tevzs,
ise izidavda Tavisken xalxis ocnebas. saca droSaa,
RmerTic iq aris, Tunda boselSi Seitano. da amitom
mlocavT droSa rom GixaurSi daJangebul TofebTan
erTad dayudebuli daenaxaT, iseve muxls
mouyridnen, rogorc wmida giorgis salocavSi. dRes
es droSa mtrisagan Seuracxyofilia, javri ar amoi-
yares^ `Gven Turme Gvenis uZlurebis gamo
veraferi vuSveleT droSas, magram araferi uSavs.
is TavisTavs uSvelis~. _ es fiqri uelavda yvelas
TavSi da gulSi imedi esaxeboda, rom droSas, roca
iqneboda, daepatroneboda xevisberi da xalxic
Gveulebrivad gahyveboda Tan mis sadideblad da
sasaxelod^~. droSis Tavdaxsnis Semdeg: `xalxi,
rogorc kruxs wiwilebi, ise misdevda ukan xevis-
bersa, yvela didad bednierad hgrZnobda Tavis
Tavsa, rom eRirsa droSis gayolas^~. droSa _
xalxis winamZRoli, droSa _ gafantuli saymos Sem-
omkrebi da misi erTianobis sulis Gamdgmeli, droSa
clxxxv
_ vnebuli da gamarjvebuli, sakuTari Tavis mxsneli
tyveobidan, _ ai, rogorc aqvs warmosaxuli poets es
mniSvnelovani sakulto sagani, misi cxovelmyofeli
da dinamiuri buneba. aq iRebs sityvier gamoxat-
ulebas tradiciad qceuli religiuri gancda, romelic eu-
fleba saymos droSis gamoGenisas, roca is avlens
Tavisi sakralurobis maqsimums. poeti, cxadia,
gamoxatavs saymos cnobierebaSi gamomuSave-
bul warmodgenebs, magram is azrovnebs im sim-
bolikiT, romelsac mimarTaven adreqristianul
xanaSi religiuri WeSmaritebebis gadmosacemad
(igulisxmeba warmodgena qristeze, rogorc eklesiis
anu qristianTa `saymos~ Tavze da Tevzis simbol-
ika mamaTa nawerebSi da katakombebis kedle-
bze). arasakulto leqs-simRerebSi droSa gaTanabre-
bulia gmirTan, romelic brZolaSi miuZRvis saymos;
droSa ganuyrelia winamZRolis saxisagan, mas
xedaven mxarze droSagadebuls, xolo es iseTi
mdgomareobaa, roca adamians davlaTi dahbrun-
avs Tavze. davnatri dabadebasa xoSaras
xaxaisasa, aisxams iaraRebsa, angelozsa Rgav
cisasa, mxarze gadidebs droSasa laRis laSaris jv-
risasa, gamauZRveba fSavlebsa, saxels axsenebs
RvTisasa (37, 123). medroSe centraluri figuraa
laSqarSi da misi dacema laSqris damarcxebis tol-
fasia: RmerTma icodes, mewyina sikvdili ereklisao,
darGoma narovanzeda medroSe bRaraisao,
lekebisagan waReba bRarais borayisao (88, #60).
mefis sikvdili, medroSis daRupva, droSis motaceba
_ ai, sruli damarcxebis niSnebi. rogorc brZolaSi be-
dis simbolo, droSa gamoGndeba simReris bolos
brZolis dasasrulis sauwyeblad: yvelais sawyinaria
dadgoma borayisao, aRar xuodas droSai laRis
clxxxvi
karatis jvrisao (88, #59). aq laparakia karatis jvris
anu kopalas droSis dadumebaze, rogorc marcxis
niSanze. ai, ras gviamboben gudanis jvris salaSqro
droSaze: `Gveni laSqari gamarjvdisao, ahyvirdis,
ahyvirdis es droSaio da Tu PevsurT laSqari ver
imarjvebdao, dasGumdiso^~ (38, #23121). droSa
Zalas matebs mis xelSi damWers. vaJas imave
moTxrobaSi xevisberi, romelsac devebTan Widili
daesizmra, ase ambobs: `^ xanjalma Zalian miS-
vela da droSac rom mWeroda xelSi, iqneba
gavlaxavdi~. matebs ara mxolod Zalas, aramed
gansakuTrebuli siwmindiT mosavs mas, droSasTan
kontaqti sakralurs xdis pirovnebas. aleqsandre
yazbegis `xevisber goGaSi~ amgvarad aris
gadmocemuli es movlena: `xalxma gakvirvebiT
Sehxeda xevis beris xelis Semxebs, nametnavad
im dros, rodesac mas xevis siwminde, droSis Tavi,
xelSi eWira*~. erT fSaur andrezSi droSa monaw-
ileobs TasTan erTad da oriveni saerTo ZaliT
saswauls axdenen xevisberis xelSi**. cabaurTis
mTavarangelozis xevisberze, gamaxare xox-
ordaulze aseTi ambavia SemorGenili. momyavs
aleqsi oGiauris Ganaweri: èrTxel uZveles dros
mTawmindas mekvleT didi Tovli mouvida. litania
dRes cota Seicvala amindi, magram mekvleni
mainc avidnen mTawmindaze. yvela wesebi Sea-
srules. daiwyo Rame Tova, dilisaTvis yelamdin
Tovli daiqca da wamosvla aRar icodnen rogor mo-
exerxebinaT. sadReobo mTawminda iseT goraze
*
ix. g. jafariZis statia (110, 24-25).
* *
a. zisermanis gadmocemiT, dadanaSaulebul pirs ficis warmoTqmisas mar-
jvena xelSi droSa unda eWiros, marcxenaSi _ vercxlis Tasi (125,231). am
ritualSi Gans erTad Seyrili droSisa da Tasis sakraluri Zala, romlis winaSe ad-
amianis neba uZluria.
clxxxvii
aris, rom garSemo sul sazove adgilebi axvevia da
daqanebuli gverdali kldeebi. xan erT mxares
moemzaden da xan meores, magram wamosvla
ver gabedes. bolos Pevisberi gaaqadaga mTav-
arangelozma. Pevisberi gamaxare iyo xoxordauli.
aiRo xelSi sami vercxlis Tasi, mxarze droSa gaido
da qadagobiT pirdapir sazove kldeze daeSo pir-
Tavqve. xalxi ver gadayva, gatyda mTis didi zovi
da wamoiRo Pevisberi. zovma erTi didi klde wam-
oiRo, Tavze ganieri iyo es klde da Pevisberi am
kldeze zed moxvda damjdariviT. zovma klde ver-
snaxevarze ise waiRo, rom gverdi ar gadauqcevia
da Pevisberic Tan Gamoiyolia. Gamovida xatis
pirdapir adgilobriv mzilas. Pevisberi ise mSvidad
Gamovida, rom gulic ar SeSinebia. zovi da klde
gaGerda, Pevisberi mSvidad gadmovida zovis
Gamotanil kldezeiT da droSis wkaruniT gamovida
xatSi. droSac mxarze edo da Tasebic isev xelSi
eWira^~ (65, rv. 19) *. droSa Tavisi sakraluri Zalis
maqsimums xevisberis xelSi aRwevs, anu im piris
xelSi, romelsac jvarisagan aqvs ufleba miRebuli
xeli hkadros jvaris siwmides _ droSas. amitomac
medroSes meorenairad mkadre ewodeba.
`samkadreos droSas eZaxian^ mkadreeb
avleven~ (68, 109). amrigad, arsebobs garkveuli
analogia droSasa da im legendur mkadreebs Soris,
romelTac xelze samkadreo (anu sakadrisi) efinaT
RvTisSvilis dasabrZaneblad. `^roca gudanis jvari
modioda, nisliviT korianteli mohyveboda. am dros
ToTiac moemzadeboda, xelze gadaifenda samkad-
*
es cabaurTuli andrezi vaJas, romlis gvari cabaurTis mTavarangelozis say-
moSi Sedioda, gamoyenebuli unda hqondes moTxrobaSi `beriZe gautexeli~.
oRond moTxrobis finali tragikulia: xevisbers stovebs davlaTi, romelic arwivis
saxiT dahbrunavda xolme Tavze, da mas zvavi daitans.
clxxxviii
reos. gaidauri Tavs gverdze daiWerda, ise
elaparakeboda gudanis jvars^~ (60, 144). ase
iqceoda ToTia gaidauri, gudanis jvaris mkadre da
sxva mkadreebi, romelTa saxelebi SemorGa say-
moTa xsovnas. samkadreo qsovili maSin
amoqmeddeba Tavisi funqciiT, roca mkadre am-
oiRebs mas da xelze gadaifens. aseve droSis
samkadreo maSin iGens Tavis Zalas, roca amoRe-
bulia tagrucidan, sadac is inaxeba, da droSis tan-
zea Sebmuli. amrigad, mkadre, romelsac gawvdil
xelze samkadreo aqvs gadafenili, SeiZleba
SevadaroT imave samkadreoebiT Sekazmul dro-
Sas. maT Soris sruliad garkveuli analogia arsebobs
istoriul WrilSi; aq mxolod analogiaze SeiZleba iyos
laparaki. g.SaraSiZes, romelic sagangebod ikvlevs
droSis funqciebs, dasaSvebad miaGnia misi
gaigiveba rogorc mis mtvirTvel adamianTan, aseve
RvTisSvilTan, romlis manifestaciasac is war-
moadgens (149, 671). marTalia, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, droSa sakadrisiT aRWurvili kultmsax-
uris _ mkadris saxes warmoadgens, magram is
Tavisi sakralurobis maqsimumSi Tavad jvaris Sem-
cvlelia, rogorc es kargad Gans erT leqsSi: netavin
GamagviGinna baburaulni Zmanio, anamc is li-
qokelebi, erTis droSais ymanio (60, 152). `droSis
yma~ aq `jvaris ymis~ sinonimia. liqokelebi ko-
palas ymani arian. kerZod, kopalaze SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom droSa misi arsebiTi atributia. erT
TuSur leqsSi vkiTxulobT: nogiris wverze dabrZanda
giorgi dobiliani, mTis ZirSi Semoegeba kopale bov-
rayiani
(49, 34). rogorc xaxmatis wmida giorgia
dobiliani (`dobilSi~ samZimari igulisxmeba), aseve
clxxxix
kopala `bovrayiania~ (droSiania). mTels aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoebSi ganTqmulia
kopalas droSa, romelSic am RvTisSvilis Zalaa
daunjebuli. aris kidev erTi sagani, sadac samkad-
reos anu sakadriss Tavisi myari adgili aqvs mi-
Genili. es aris xe, romelic, iseve rogorc legenduri
mkadre, droSis rolSi SeiZleba mogvevlinos. wmida
adgilas mdgari xe iqceva marTlac droSad, uz-
armazar uZrav droSad, roca mis totebze
mlocvelebi sakadrisebs Seabamen; es maTi
mciredi, magram wmida Sesawiravia. amgvarad
Semkul xeebs mgzavri saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi
Sexvdeba. Gven viciT, rom droSis samkadroebi, ro-
gorc wesi, qalebis Senawiria; aseve qalebi
swiraven ubralo qsovilis naWrebs xats da hkideben
maT samudamod xis totebze. niSandoblivia, rom
qsnis xeobaSi Sesamosels (TavSals, yelsaxvevs da
sxv.), romliTac dedakacebi amkoben xatis terit-
oriaze mdgar xeebs, `droSas~ uwodeben (13,
130). xis totebi wmida SesawiraviT imkoba da es
Sesawiravi _ sakadrisi, raki is wmidaa da xatis sak-
uTrebaa, SeiZleba Seexsnas xes da droSis tanze
Seibas. is Tu moscildeba odesme xes, mxolod im
mizniT moscildeba, rom misgan droSa Seikazmos.
am dros saymo eswreba TiTqos droSis geneziss,
`mas Jamsa~, roca droSa ibadeba. v.bardaveliZes
naSromSi ìvris fSavlebSi~ vkiTxulobT: `^Tamaris-
admi Sewiruli feradi (TeTri, yviTeli/wiTeli da erTi
Savi) `sakadrisebi~, romlebic Tamaris xatis ga-
lavanSi totebze ekida, Gamoxsnes, droSis tarze
aabes, Semdeg tars zemodan Gamohkides da
Tavze oqrosfrad moelvare liTonis jvari daamagres.
ase gaGnda laSarobaze `xatis droSa~ (9, 134-5).
cxc
sakadriss Gven kidev erT adgilze vxvdebiT: sakad-
risiT rqebi aqvs gakruli jvarSi miyvanil samsxver-
plo pirutyvs. sakadrisi pirutyvis rqebze imis niS-
ania, rom pirutyvi jvaris aris da sakadrisic misi
dakvlis Semdeg iqve mdgar xeze gadainacvlebs,
an, SeiZleba, mas droSaze miuGinon adgili sxva
sakadrisebTan erTad. saklavs yelze zanzalaki aqvs
Sebmuli, romelic xmianebs imis sauwyeblad, rom
is jvarisaa; misi dakvlis Semdeg zanzalaki jvarSi
rGeba*, rogorc jvaris kuTvnileba. xatSi Sewirulma
zanzalakma SeiZleba droSaze gadainacvlos,
radgan is droSis erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia;
radgan is droSis xmaa, romliTac RvTisSvili
auwyebs saymos Tavis gamoCenas.
saymo
saymo jvris karze

hegeli wers: àmgvarad moqmedebs xalxis suli:
is aris gansazRvruli suli, romelic Tavisi Tavidan
qmnis namdvil samyaros, romelic mocemul droSi
myofobs da arsobs Tavis religiaSi, Tavis kultSi,
*
ukan-axos (xevsureTi) fuZis angelozis sazareze da iqve mdgar xeze uricxvi
amgvari warmomavlobis zanzalakia Gamokidebuli.
cxci
Tavis GveulebebSi^ Tavis dawesebulebebSi, Tavis
qmedebebSi da Tavis saqmeebSi. es aris misi
saqme, es aris es xalxi~ (117, 71).
es xalxi, romelic qmnis Tavis Tavgadasavals,
Tavis istorias, Tavis andrezebs, saymoSia gaer-
Tianebuli, arsebobs rogorc saymo. cxadia, is er-
TianobaSi moqceuli sazogadoebaa, magram ter-
mini `sazogadoeba~ ver gamoxatavs am erTian-
obis azrs. es termini gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi
gaerTianebulni arian raRac zogadis safuZvelze,
magram es zogadi upirovnoa da, amdenadve, efe-
meruli. adgilobrivi termini `saymo~ gulisxmobs di-
namiur da pirovnul Zalas, romelic erT organizmad
kravs adamianTa jgufs. es Zala ar aris maTi
gamogonili an maTi miRweuli, is maT gareSea.
termini sa-ym-o imdagvaradve aris agebuli, ro-
gorc sa-Zm-o; maT Soris sruli morfologiuri da se-
mantikuri paralelizmia: yma-saymo-moyme: Zma-
saZmo-moZme. is Zala, romelic qmnis da azrs ani-
Webs saymos, aris patroni (an batoni), romlis
ymebic arian saymoSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi;
aseve, saZmoSi Zmebi erTiandebian mamis irgvliv,
mamis mfarvelobis qveS. rogorc ymebi gulisx-
moben patrons, aseve Zmebi gulisxmoben mamas.
sabolood, patroni da mama erTi da imave
mniSvnelobis Semcveli sityvebia (patroni pater
`mama~), iseve rogorc `ymis~ amosavalia
`yrma~ da `Svili~. avTandili _ rostevanis yma,
cxcii
imavdroulad Tavisi patronis Svilic aris, maTi urTier-
Toba mamaSviluria patronymulTan erTad:
patroni Gemi gamzrdeli, RmrTiTa da RmrTeebr
cxoveli,
mSobluri, tkbili, mowyale, ca wyalobisa
mToveli^
amasve ityoda yoveli jvaris yma Tavisi pat-
ronis, RvTisSvilis mimarT, radgan saymo, romelsac
is sisxlxorceulad ekuTvnis, RvTisSvilis Seqmnilia da
organizebuli, rogorc cocxali TviTSegnebiT avsili
arseba. saymos genezisSi, rogorc viciT, Zevs pat-
ronobisa da mfarvelobis idea; saymo gaGnda,
Gamoyalibda maSin, roca devebis Zaladobam
ukidures zRvars miaRwia, ufro sworad, roca adami-
ani mixvda, rom is kargavda adamianis saxes. am
dros moxda xorcielTa pirveli konsolidacia, maTi
Sekvriveba erT sxeulad, maTi gamoRviZeba jvris
saymod. rogorc kvrivi adgilebi Seqmna jvarma,
aseve Seqmna xorcielTagan Tavisi unji saymo, ro-
gorc jvaris ganZis (unjis) cocxali oreuli. jvarma xor-
cielni gamostaca devebs, rogorc ganZi, msgavsad
israelis RmerTisa, romelmac mTeli kacobriobidan
gamoarGia israeli da Tavis unj (ebr. segulah)
xalxad Seracxa: ìqnebiT GemTvis unjad yvela
xalxs Soris, radgan Gemia mTeli qveyniereba~
(gamosvl. 19,5); ìakobi TavisTvis gamoarGia
ufalma, israeli _ Tavis unjad~ (fs. 135, 4) *; `radgan
*
Zvel qarTul TargmanSi ikiTxeba: `rameTu iakobi Tvisad gamoarGia ufalman
da israeli _ sabrZaneblad Tvisad~.
cxciii
wmida xalxi xar Sen uflis, Seni RvTisaTvis; Sen
agirGia ufalma, Senma RmerTma, rom yofiliyavi
misi unji xalxi yvela xalxs Soris, vinc ki aris ded-
amiwis zurgze~ (me-2 rj. 7,6).
am ukanasknel muxlSi `me-2 rjulidan~ yurad-
Reba unda mieqces Sesabamisobas wmidasa da
unjs Soris: unjad anu ganZad arGeuli xalxi wmida
xalxia. Gven davinaxeT, rom adgilis siwmidis erT-
erTi piroba masSi Gamarxuli ganZia; aseve jvaris
mier arGeuli, saymod Seqmnili adamianTa
sazogadoeba wmidaa dasabamiT, Tavis pirvel
birTvSi. unji ymani, unji saymo _ istoriis genezisis
xanis qmnilebaa, im xanisa, roca jvari
anadgurebda adamianis mtrebs. es aris saymos
sakraluri istoriis umniSvnelovanesi faqti, iseTive,
rogoric aris israelisTvis misi egviptidan gamoxsna
da aRTqmul qveyanaSi damkvidreba. `da misca
qveyanaY maTi samkvidreblad, samkvidreblad is-
raelsa ersa Tvissa~ (fs. 134, 12). jvars gaRebuli
aqvs msxverpli Tavisi saymosaTvis da am msxver-
plis sazRaurad saymo unjis kategoriaSi gadadis.
da axla jvari icavs, ifaravs Tavis ganZs _ say-
mos, rom is ar moitacos devma, romelic yovelnairi
xerxiT cdilobs mis xelSi Gagdebas. jvari aris is
Zala, romelic ugeriebs saymos devTa Semotevas
da amave dros misi meoxebiT saymo ukavSirdeba
morige RmerTs, romelsac dedamiwaze, saymos
teritoriaze, arsad ara aqvs samkvidrebeli. jvaris es
cxciv
funqcia kargad aris gamoxatuli cnobil sakulto le-
qsSi:
beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa;
goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa.
Gem saymoT Samonazeni RmerTTan amqonda
iqiTa^
jvari Suamavalia saymosa da morige RmerTs
Soris. saymosagan Sewiruli msxverpli jvars aaqvs
morige RmerTis karze _ es aris Semwirvelis dav-
aleba, rogorc xsenebulia saklavis dakvlis win
xucesis piriT:
`wamoyenebulni macxovarni, buRaurni da rqa-
jangianni, danarGeni ZRveni, moxsenebulni, RvT-
isad gindodesT, RmerTs maaxseneT, kvireisad gin-
dodesT, kvires maaxseneT. ara _ TviTon aiReT da
miiTvaleT Rirsada, Rirseulada, xsnilada, kurTxeu-
lada^~ (38, #25450). `Tu ara da Tavad Tqven
aiReTo~, _ sTavazobs saymo jvarT, magram jvarni
arafers itoveben TavisTvis; rasac Seiwiraven,
maRla miaqvT, RvTisaken, raTa wyaloba da madli
gamoiTxovon misgan xorcielTaTvis. dedamiwaze
jvars emsaxurebian xorcielni samsaxuris wayene-
biT, rogorc ymani Tavis batons, maRla caSi ki,
morige RvTis karze, igive jvari Tavis saymos msax-
uria. rogorc xorcielni ikribebian jvaris karze misi
samsaxurisaTvis da erTgulebis dasadastureblad,
aseve jvarni ikribebian morige RvTis karze. `rogorc
Porcielni Gven gvloculoben, egre Gven vloculobT
marigesao~ _ ambobs RvTisSvili. safexurebriv adis
cxcv
locva da ZRveni uzenaesamde; dedamiwidan ze-
camde adis locva, gaivlis RvTisSvils da miaRwevs
morige RvTis smenas. RvTisSvilT ase mimarTaven
damwyalobnebisas: `^ Tqven Tqveni gamGeni
RmerTi ar mogiwyinesT, ar mogiZulebsT; Tqven
Tqven saymos nu maiwyenT, nu maiZulebT^~
(56, 24). xorcielTa saymo xedavs uxorcoTa sam-
yaroSi Tavis analogs _ jvarTa saymos, oRond maT
`saZmo~ unda vuwodoT, radgan jvarni erTurTis
moZmeni arian.
Zveli formaciis miTologiebSi adamians da mis
sacxovrebels Suaguli adgili uWiravs samsknelovan
samyaroSi. asea Suamdinarul, indur, alTaur,
skandinavur miTologiebSi; amgvarive dayofa uni-
versumisa gvxvdeba agreTve xalxur zRaprebSi,
sadac Suaskneli zRapris gmiris
samSobloa, magram mas sxva
sknelebSic uxdeba yofa. adamiani
cxovrobs SuasknelSi, saidanac
mas gza exsneba ori mimarTulebiT _ zecisaken da
qvesknelisaken. am gzas, xSirad samyaros RerZad
warmodgenils, ganasaxierebs samyarouli xe, ro-
melic msWvalavs sam sknels. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, es xe Tavisi aRmocenebiT, rogorc indra
Tavisi sami gadabijebiT, qmnis samsknelovan sam-
yaros. xis Ziri Suasknelia, adamianis sacxovrebeli;
xis fesvebi _ qveskneli, romelsac gveli ganasax-
ierebs; xis kenwero zesknelis xatia da mas frinveli
warmogvidgens. aseTia, kerZod, SumerelTa miTos-
cxcvi
uri xeebi (46,127-9) da skandinavelTa iggdrasili,
bumberazi ifani (131, 249; 133, 478; 134, 22).
Gvens samyaroSic dgas xe, magram misi Ziri ar
aris saymos sacxovrebeli adgili. xe, xSirad ifani,
kvrivzea aRmocenebuli, mis GrdilSi ikribeba saymo
sakulto dResaswaulebze da rac aq xdeba, yvelaferi
RvTisSvilis winaSe xdeba, mis teritoriaze, mis
ezoSi, rasac jvarTa enaze kari ewodeba. saymo aq
modis da moaqvs Tavisi samsaxuri im imediT, rom
mas daxvdeba jvari _ am adgilis patroni. saymo aq
stumrad modis Tavis patronTan, rogorc maspin-
ZelTan. ymis stumroba da RvTisSvilis maspinZloba
xis Ziras amgvarad aris gamoxatuli erT sakulto le-
qsSi:
Gvenis RvTisSvilis karzeda xe alva amosulao,
wverad mausxam yurZeni, saWmelad Gamosu-
lao.
magis uWmeli qal-vaJi udrood daSaulao.
saymo elis sawauls Tavisi RvTisSvilis karze,
saswauls, romelic andrezul xanaSia dadasturebuli,
roca xe-alva ukvdavebis nayofs isxamda. am nay-
ofis gemeba ver moswres adamma da evam,
pirvelma qal-vaJma, magram mas eziarebian qristi-
anul xanaSi, rogorc qristes sisxls, romelic sulier da
xorciel simrTeles aniWebs maT. es funqcia akisria
xis kenweroze saswaulebrivad mosxmul yurZens.
alvisxesTan dakavSirebuli realiebis safuZvelze,
romlebic gvxvdeba sakulto simRerebsa da an-
drezul prozaSi, SesaZlebelia, alvisxis simbolikis aR-
cxcvii
dgena (112). Tu zemoT motanil simReraSi alvisxis
kenweroze ukvdavebis ziarebis yurZens elis
saymo, sxva simReraSi is angelozebis budea,
saidanac maTi xmatkbili galoba moismis:
zed isxdes angelozebi, mParT ebnes oqros
Tbenia.
isen wvrili PmiT galoben, yureba sanatrelia
(88, #541).
xolo xis im nawilSi, sadac Zveli miTologiis
Tanaxmad xTonuri samyaro igulveba gvelisa Tu
gveleSapis saxiT, saymos mistiuri Tvali anu saymo
mkadres TvaliT xedavs mironiT savse qvevrebs,
saidanac angelozebi anawileben qristianebis
udides siwmides mTeli xevsureTis salocavebisa-
Tvis sakulto saidumlos warsamarTavad. mironi
wveTavs, rogorc viciT, am alvis xidan da, aha, is
im siRrmemde aRwevs, sadac qveskneli eguleba
Zvel miTologiebs. aq ar aris wyvdiadi, aq naTelia;
manZili wmida sinaTlis wyaroTi _ anTebuli sanTliT
izomeba: cxra-cxra fexi sanTeli sWirdeba iq Gas-
vlas da imdenive iqidan amosvlas. es aris kvlav jv-
ris samkvidrebeli da ara SaveTi, xTonuri samyaro.
amrigad, jvars xis mTeli vertikali uWiravs misi ken-
werodan fesvebamde da kenwerodan maRla,
morige RvTis karamde. xolo xe _ alvisxe, muxa Tu
ifani _ dgas kvrivSi, rogorc sveti, cisa da miwis
SemaerTebeli.
Tu alvisxesa da laSaris bermuxas andrezul war-
sulSi gadavyavarT, TiTqmis kultis genezisSi, istori-
cxcviii
uli xana icnobs ifans (Sdr. skandinavuri miTologiis
iggdrasili _ odinis ifani), romlis gareSe iSviaTad
SevxvdebiT jvaris kvrivebs. ifani wmidaa, mxolod
maSin, roca is jvaris teritoriazea aRmocenebuli, ro-
gorc viciT, jvaris iq myofobis niSnad. ara yvela
ifanze, aramed mxolod kvrivis ifanze xdeba saGino
mkadrisaTvis sakraluri realoba.
ifnze boinobs nasaxi, safarvel Gamodgeboda,
mesamsaxure gamZRoTad SuqiTa daadgeboda
(38, #1051).
naTqvamia erT fragmentul sakulto simReraSi.
`nasaxi~, srulad `RvTisnasaxi~, jvaris erT-erTi
saxelwodebaa _ `RvTisSvilis~ sinonimi. leqsSi
gadmocemuli suraTi _ ìfnze boinobs nasaxi~ _
gamoxatavs RvTisSvilis naTel da dinamiur bune-
bas da im saxes, rogorc is ecxadeba mkadres. nas-
axi, romelic Tavze dahbrunavs ifnis GrdilSi Sekrebil
Tavis saymos, mosalodnelia, gafrindes maRla,
morige RvTisaken, saiTkenac ifns, iseve rogorc laS-
aris muxas, awvdili aqvs totebi. magram, rogorc
leqsidan Gans, `moboine nasaxs~ safarveli aqvs
dadebuli am adgilis sakralurobisa da saidumloebis
niSnad. saymom icis, rom aq raRac uxilavi xdeba;
da rac xdeba, imis sityvieri xati gadaecema say-
mos. aseve laSaris bermuxas exdeba safarveli
mkadris winaSe da aGens Tavis saidumloebas, rac
xatovnad gaecxadeba saymos. es leqsic mkadres
mistiuri gamocdilebis Sedegia, es misi xilvaa:
beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,
cxcix
goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa,
Gem saymoT Samonazeni RmerTTan amqonda
iqiTa^
xe mTlianad ekuTvnis RvTisSvils, is misi gzaa
saymos sakulto Sesakrebeli adgilidan morige RvTis
karamde; isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xe RvTisSvilis,
anu jvaris tania, romelic miwidan zecamdea azid-
uli; is, rogorc sveti, cisa da miwis SemaerTebelia.
aqedan Gans, rom mas uWiravs Suaskneli adamia-
nur da RvTaebriv samyaros Soris.
yoveli xidan, romelic jvaris teritoriaze dgas,
iwyeba es gza, jvaris gza. es aris xis Ziri, rom-
liskenac miemarTeba yma `samsaxuriT~ (sak-
laviT) Tavisi soflidan, Tavisi karidan. xolo misi
sofeli, misi kari nalaxi adgilia; yvelaferi _ wuTisoflis
av-kargi, rac xdeba, aq xdeba. roca dResaswaulis
Jami dgeba, yma GamoiferTxavs wuTisoflis mtvers
da iwmideba imisaTvis, rom Rirsi gaxdes jvaris
karis dalaxvisa, radgan jvaris kari wmida adgilia.
am wmida adgilze erTad modian yma da misi
cxvari, misi samsaxuris cocxali gansaxiereba, misi
xorcSesxmuli samsaxuri. garedan ise Gans, TiTqos
adamians mohyavdes aq pirutyvi. magram sinam-
dvileSi, Tu jvaris mxridan gamovixedavT jvaris
karze amomaval mlocvelebisken, mivxvdebiT, rom
swored cxvars mohyavs Tavisi patroni, romelic am
samsaxuris gareSe ver warudgeba jvarsa da xu-
cess. yma codvilia, cxvari _ ucodveli. ucodveli itvir-
Tavs Tavisi codvili patronis ganmwmedelis rols. am
cc
pirutyviT, ufro misi sisxliT, moipovebs is jvaris
karze amosvlis uflebas.
aris kidev ufro wmida adgili, sadac mouwevs
ymas asvla Tavisi gamomsyidvelis samsaxuriT: es
aris mTawminda. mTawminda wmidaTawmidaa, aq
ymas da mis `gamZRos~ _ sacxovars daxvdebaT
zRurbli, romlis maRla iwyeba RvTisSvilis gza miR-
murisaken, sadac ukve morige RvTis saufloSi, mis
karze wardgeba RvTisSvili Tavisi ymis samsaxuriT.
mTawminda
fSavis xevSi sami mwvervali atarebs mTaw-
mindis saxels. arsebobs cabaurTis mTawminda,
WiGos mTawminda, axadis mTawminda. magram
Gven SegviZlia pirobiTad vuwodoT mTawminda
sxva mwvervalebsac, romlebic dahyureben Tav-
TavianT saymoTa teritorias da sadac maTi samTo
salocavia dasabamidan. es is adgilia, sadac pirve-
lad daarsda jvari, amitomac is yvelaze kvrivi
adgilia; iq asvla evaleba ymas `muxlis
dasaRlelad~, muxlis daRla ki aris misgan atanili
msxverpli mwvervalze wmida saklavTan erTad.
sadidebelSi Girdilis (xevsureTi) wmida giorgis jvari
(anu `qvena jvari~) amgvarad iwodeba: `saGales
svetad Gamosuli, samkibal(s) Suqis damkravi~.
am frazaSi lakoniurad, miTologemuri saxiT aris
gadmocemuli jvaris daarsebis anu jvarGenis mis-
teria. saGale Girdilisa da kidev sxva jvarTa pirvel-
Genis adgilia, is maTi mTawmidaa. svetad Gamo-
cci
sulma jvarma odesRac, sakulto cxovrebis
dasabamSi, romelic saymos preistoriaSia sagulve-
beli, Tavisi gamoGeniT wmida hyo mTa, aqcia ra is
sinaid, sadac moses gamoecxada Tavisi xalxis ufali
Weqa-quxilSi. Gvenc viciT, rom jvari etaneba
maRal mwvervalebs, rogorc mexi; Gven es davin-
axeT karatis jvarGenis andrezis magaliTze. is, ro-
gorc mexi, ecema umaRles mwvervals da misi Suqi
anaTebs qvemoT aremares. saGalidan wamosulma
Suqma dahkra samkibals da mTawmindis siwmides
aziara igi; samkibali ki adgilia sofel Girdilis terit-
oriaze, sadac jvaria daarsebuli.
aseve maTuris mTavarangelozze amboben,
rom is svetad Gamosula sayaWis wverze, aqedan
gamofrenila da `qusli moukravs~ eklesiaSi (adgilis
saxelia), sadac kvrivSi Gamarxula (38, #25502).
sayaWis wveri maTuris saymos mTawmindaa.
yovel mTawmindas aqvs Tavisi
wminda warsuli, romelic dRemde
fragmentulad SemorGa saymos
mexsierebas. is, rac dRes SeiZleba
Seikribos saymoSi, aris mxolod
naSTi erT dros arsebuli wmida andrezisa, romelSic
daculi iqneboda mTawmindaze kultis, sakulto cx-
ovrebis dasabamis ambavi. ai, gadmocema WiGos
Temis mTawmindaze, rogorc is v.bardaveliZes
aqvs Gawerili:
`mTawminda aris sul maRali mTa, misrianT da
WiGoelT zeviT, sul maRali mwvervali. TiTqmis iq
ccii
Tovli mkaTaTveSic aris da mariamobis TveSi ax-
alsac GamosTovs. rogorc gadmogvcemen, aq
yofila erTi beri, zamTar da zafxul iq ucxovria. hqo-
nia patara samlocvelo eklesiis msgavsi da
TviTonac Turme Sig cxovrobda. misi samlocvelos
xeebi da ficrebi isev ariso^ ficrebic da xeebic iseTi
wiTelia, rogorc cxvarT sisxlio. puri am berebs albaT
zafxulSi mihqondaT samyofio, Torem iq zamTarSi
misvla yovlad SeuZlebeliao. iq erTi qvevri yofila, ar
viciT wyali iqneboda Sig, Tu Rvinoo. imisi saxeli
daviwyebulia. daviwyebulia salocavis mfarveli an-
gelozis saxelic, xolo mTawmindas eZaxian da im
beris nadgomSi kacis misvla ar SeiZlebao~ (5,
179).
mTawminda da iq mcxvrebi martosuli beri
wmida andrezis saukeTeso elementebia, magram
andrezi TiTqos daviwyebulia, maSin tradiciac gaw-
yvetila; Tumca mTawmindas, viTarca wmida berTa
samyofels, siwmide mainc SerGenia, rac imas
niSnavs, rom tradicia raRac saxiT, safarveldadebuli
an faruli dinebiT, ganagrZobs arsebobas. siwmide
Zlierad da Rrmad aris Gafesvili mis niadagSi da
misi miwa atarebs siwmidis kvals, rac samudamod
SerGa mis saxelwodebas. zemoT motanili gadmo-
cema Tumca fragmentulia, magram is Seicavs
mTawmindis saerTo andrezis mniSvnelovan ele-
mentebs, romelTa Sinaarsi SeiZleba sxva monace-
mebis meSveobiT aRdges. rodesac laparakia
imaze, rom berebi mTawmindaze zamTar-zafxul
cciii
cxovroben, Gvens cnobierebaSi aRdgeba maradiuli
gazafxulis (Tu zafxulis) xati: mTawminda iseTi
adgilia, sadac an maradiulad grZeldeba zafxuli, an
zamTari ar avlens pirquS bunebas. crolis mTaze,
romelic ukan-xadus (xevsureTi) sanebis samTo
samkvidrebelia, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, zamTarSi
`sicive ar scodniv, iseT Tbil yofilaisav xalxiv, ro
mTel Ramesav ofl gadazdiodisav^~. aseTive
saswaulebrivia staruniSis mTa (svaneTSi), sadac
ZvelTagan agebuli jgragis saydari mdgara da Tovli
da sicive ar scodnia, maradiuli zafxuli yofila (59,
37).
zemoT motanil gadmocemaSi laparakia purze,
romelic berebs zamTar-zafxul samyofi hqoniaT. am
purTanac saswauli unda iyos dakavSirebuli:
marTlac, WiGos mTawmindis andrezSi, ufro
sworad, dakarguli andrezis fragmentSi,
naTqvamia, rom erT xevisbers mTawmindaze erTi
naWeri puris amara gamouzamTrebia: ramdensac
mostexda am purs naWers, imdeni emateboda.
mTawmindaze ori qvevris arsebobas mivyavarT
qristianuli sarwmunoebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
saidumlosTan, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakulto
cxovrebis cxovelmyofeli wyaroa: erTSi zedaSea,
meoreSi _ wyali, ziarebis aucilebeli nivTierebani.
magram is wyali, romelic ziarebis elementad
grovdeba erT-erT qvevrSi, ar aris Gveulebrivi
wyali; is ukvdavebis wyalia, romelic axadis mTaw-
cciv
mindis andrezis Tanaxmad kldidan mosGqefs, ro-
gorc macxovris gangmiruli ferdidan.
yovel mTawmindaze, saymos GvenebiT, berTa
nasaxlarebia, daxavsebuli muxis ficrebi an `cxvarT
sisxlis~ feri ficrebis naSTi, rasac veravin ekareba,
rogorc buxreuls. yoveli nasaxlari kvrivia, magram
kvrivze kvrivia is buxreuli adgili, sadac wmida
berebs ucxovriaT odesRac: es wmida miwaa,
radgan aq aris religiis dasabami; es aris saymos
sinai, rogorc iTqva, sadac mosem miiRo rjulis
gamocxadeba, ris niSnadac SemoisazRvra misi
Ziri, rogorc akrZaluli zona (es iyo, Tu ar vcdebi,
pirveli kvrivis Gena saRvTo istoriaSi): `moerideT
mTaze asvlas da nu miekarebiT mis kalTebs. vinc
ki mTas miekareba, ver gadaurGeba sikvdils ^~
(gamosvl. 19, 12).
mTawminda Zveli da axali aRTqmis religiebSi
amqveyniuri samoTxis xatia; aq amodis, aq
ikribeba samoTxidan gandevnili adamis STamo-
mavloba. Gveni mTawmindebic atareben am say-
ovelTao, msoflio mTawmindis anu samoTxis niS-
nebs; mTawminda daculia dro-Jamis gaman-
adgurebeli moqmedebisagan, aq ar SemouRwevia
wuTisoflis anu bunebis kanonebs; aq sruli
Sesabamisobaa adgilsa da am adgilze mcxovreb
berebs Soris _ oriveni siwmidiT arian mosilni. aq
unda gavixsenoT Tamaris samefo, romelic agreTve
samoTxis xats atarebs: Tamars taxti maRal mTaze
udgas da iqidan ganagebs Tavis samefos. maRal
ccv
mTaze maradiuli gazafxulia dasadgurebuli,
ganxorcielebulia sakraluri qronotoposi: maRali
adgili _ weliwadis maRali dro: adgilisa da Jamis
sakraluri erTianoba (43, 156); gazafxuli _ weliwadis
droTa dedofali batonobs umaRles mwvervalze da
es imis gamoa, rom Tamars dro-Jamisa da tarosis
momtani frinveli hyavs datyvevebuli. Tamari, ms-
gavsad mTawmindis berebisa, saswaulSi cxovrobs
da ar emorGileba bunebis kanonebs, is wuTisoflis
gareT dgas. magram sakmarisia Tamari barad
Gavides, rom frinvelma Tavi daixsnas da gaza-
fxulis dedofalma dastovos taxti, Tamaris samefoSi
zamTari dadges. aseve icvleba tarosi staruniSis
mwvervalze. Tumca svanur TqmulebaSi samoTxis
dakargvis miTosi Semofarglulia kerZo-sagvareulo
istoriiT, magram amis sanacvlod masSi religiuri
momenti monawileobs: jgragis mulzonma (wmida
kacma, sityvidan `monazoni~), romelic Tavisi
xalxiT staruniSis maRal mTaze jgragis eklesiis
gverdiT saxlobda, ver daicva misTvis mibarebuli
skivri, romelSic zamTris momyvani frinveli iyo
gamoketili; frinveli amofrinda skivridan da star-
uniSis mwvervalze pirvelad movida Tovli. mulzoni
Tavisi sagvareuloTi iZulebuli Seiqna daetovebina
staruniSi da barad Gamosuliyo. rogorc Tamaris, ise
staruniSis TqmulebaSi mkafiod ikiTxeba miTosi ad-
amianis dacemisa, misi gandevnisa samoTxidan.
ra moxda mTawmindaze? mTawmindac
daikarga adamianisaTvis da miuwvdomeli Seiqna.
ccvi
berebi gadaSendnen im saswaulebTan erTad, rom-
lebic maT cxovrebas axlda. maradiuli gazafxuli, uk-
vdavebis wyaro, zedaSis qvevrebi, dauleveli puris
arseboba _ es iyo umaRlesi religiuri cxovrebisa da
siwmidis gamoxatuleba. mTawmindaze Sewyda es
cxovreba da amis mizezad andrezi siwmidis dakle-
bas miiGnevs. andrezi gveubneba, rom adamiani
daeca, ris gamoc misTvis daikarga samoTxe
mTawmindaze. magram is ar gamqrala, is ar
STaunTqavs wuTisofels; is, marTalia, fizikuri TvaliT
ar ixilveba, magram cocxlobs mkadreTa da rGeul
pirTa xilvebsa da idumal gamocdilebaSi, radgan,
msgavsad jvaris saidumlo ganZisa, masac safarveli
aqvs dadebuli.
samagaliTod mogvyavs ukanxadus sanebis
mTawmindis _ croliswveris andrezi, rogorc is al.
oGiaurs aqvs Gawerili:
`winav crols yofil darbasic, saqvabeic sanebis
jvarisai. iq udenav PaduelTac, kalaTonelTac
zamTar-zafxul sadReobod. iq wasuls xalxsav arc
sciodisao-d’ arc zvav mauvidisav. iq tye ar asa-d’
zamTris SeSa vercaiT uzidav’ Porciv ucecxlod
duRdisav darbasSiav. saklav ro migvyvandisav,
Tovlzed isr gaiarisav, ro Tovl ar gautydisav. iq
wasayvan saklavi xalxs win Tu daudgisa-d’ Tao
SaPdis crols zamTris. sxvakan ro qarbuqv iyvisav,
iqav Tbil iyvisav, rosac dReoba iqnebod. iq yofil
gamarTul yvelai _ qvabi, saqvabe, darbasi,
suyvelai. weliwadSi (axal wels) mekvleTac iq ude-
ccvii
nava-d’ manamden iqiT mekvlen ar mavidodes,
xalx Sin yofilas patimari^ mekvleT mixqoniv marto
sanTeli-d’ Rame iq uTenebavis. sicive ar scodniv.
iseT Tbil yofilaisav xalxiv, ro mTels Ramesav ofl
gadazdiodisav. Pel migexlaTav, qvaic Tbil iyvisao-
d’ miwaicav. mixqonebiv sefeebi rogorc mekvleT
wesi asa-d’ sefeebze dakrul sanTlebsac Taod
gaekidisav. Tu vin an wmidad namyof ar mividao-
d’ an sofelGi namyofs naRalatar ra visad eqnebod,
imis sanTels ar meekidisav cecxlio-d’ mTel mek-
vlen Tu masTxovdes madlsa-d’ Saexvewebodes^
sanebis jvar raxan mavidisav, ganaTdisav
iqaobaiv, TvaliT ki verai vnaxidiTav, scodniv winaT,
naxisav an mkadremao-d’ an xucesmaod, imas
gamaucxadisav Tavis brZanebai. maSin Zalian
wameba yofilas, Zalian siwmide^ memr is
wameba TanTan daikarg, aRar swams xalxsa-d’
xTiSvilic TanTan axPd. aRarc Porcm daiwy
ucecxlod duRili, aRarc sanTlebs ekidebod cecxli.
xalxsac scioda-d’ qarbuqvisgan veRar dadiodesa-d’
daanebes Tavi wvers siarulsa-d’ gaaGines dabla
salocavi^ imis memr maikargnes darbasi, saqv-
abeic crol, ro aRarc vin icis sad iyvnes, verc vin mi-
diod iq, sadac eWvi iyvad^ mainc amobdes, ro sa-
farvel daedvav^~ (62, 203-4).
andrezSi aRwerilia saswaulebi, romlebic at-
areben amqveyniuri samoTxis niSnebs, amave
dros gvixataven saymos religiur yofas mis
umaRles arsobriv gansaxierebaSi. aq gadmo-
ccviii
cemulia kultis pirvelsaxe, misi Seuryvneli mdgo-
mareoba da yovelive es ymaTa rwmenaze da siw-
mideze dgas. siwmidisa da rwmenis daklebis Sede-
gad saswaulebi wyvets moqmedebas crolis wverze
da sakulto nagebobebs, rogorc graalis Tass an uw-
mides ganZs rasme, safarveli efareba. es ki imis
imeds iZleva saymos SegnebaSi, rom es yvelaferi _
wmida warsuli sabolood ar gamqrala da odesme
mainc iGens Tavs. saymo mudam elis jvarGenas, is
elis agreTve sakraluri warsulis Semobrunebas. ar
arsebobs dafaruli, rom ar gacxaddes. es xom mis
rwmenaze da siwmidezea damokidebuli. es icis
saymom. ai, es principi _ dafarulis saboloo
gacxadeba _ udevs safuZvlad andrezs guroel mon-
adireze, romelic sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze miRweuli,
Seiqna mxilveli saymos sakraluri warsulisa.
grZeldeba crolis wveris `mTawmindis~ andrezi al.
oGiauris GanaweriT:
èrT menadires guroels kananaT mangias
daRamebiyv nadirobaGia-d’ uGin Rame yofiliyva-d’
ar scodniyv, sad iyv. misuliyva-d’ ex Rgonebiyv.
Sasuliyv RamiTa-d’ damdgariyv. sizmarGi maSGve-
nebiyv kaci. Taodac TeTri iyvav, ro TvalT ar iyri-
dav. maTraP eWirav PelSiao-d’ wamamkrav maT-
raPis wveriv _ Senav aq ra gindodav, raad
Samaxvediv aqav. amav Rames unaxav sizmarSi
Tavis verZi oTxrqai. uTqom sizmarSi sxva kacs, ro
eg verZiv aq unda maiyvanao-d’ daxklav. ro
gamaRviZebiv mangias, isiT Tbilad viweviv, ro ofl
ccix
gadamdiodao-d’ gaTenebuliyvav kidevac. amdgar
maSiva-d’ mauTxovav madli-d’ SauTqom is oTxrqa
verZi, ro zafxulis aq maviyonao-d’ ro kargad gasin-
aTlebula, dauazreio-d’ darbasSi sadam ki vweorav,
Tqvis mangiam. yvela iyvav gawyobiliv skamebiv,
sacecxluriv, sakideliv, zedganic iyvav. suyvela
gamarTuloba iyvav spilenis qvab-tablebiv. gak-
virvebul davrGiv, aq mavsulorav. gamasul iqiTao-
d’ unaxav meore karni Sasavalni. Sasula-d’ aq
saqvabe yofil gamarTul, qvab-sakideli. did salude
qvabi, SeSanic iqav iyvnesav qvabis ZirGiav^
mapativev, ro Sens karGia-d’ kamalaSi
Samavvardnilorav Ramis sibnelis gamoTao-d’
aTengenas Gemi oTxrqaiT verZiT SamavPdebiv^~
(62, 205-6).
sizmari da cxadi gadadis erTmaneTSi da es ori
mdgomareoba qmnis monadiris, viTarca mkadris,
gamocdilebas. Gven viciT, rom monadireni xSirad
jvarGenis mowmeni arian: isini aRmoaGenen jvaris
niSnebs da axali jvari moaqvT saymosaTvis. es
imis gamoa, rom monadire Tavisi mowmidarobiT
TiTqmis mkadris statuss aRwevs. am andrezSi ki
vxedavT, rom mis winaSe garRveulia wuTisoflis si-
namdvile da sakraluri warsuli aGens Tavis realiebs,
rogorc im legendur mkadreTa winaSe, romelnic
RvTisSvilebs suliT aRtacebuli dahyavdaT jvaris sa-
farveldadebul siwmideTa saxilvelad. safarveli, ro-
melic adevs didi xnis winaT gauqmebul sakulto
nagebobebs, niSnavs, rom sakraluri sinamdvile ga-
ccx
nagrZobs arsebobas Tavis gansakuTrebul dro-
JamSi da Senaxulia im saxiT, rogori saxiTac is
moqmedebda warsulSi (monadirem ixila ara naS-
Tebi, aramed dauzianebeli, mrTeli sinamdvile kult-
isa) da rom iq SeRweva da iqidan ambis gamotana
SesaZlebelia; im sinamdvilis TviTmxilveli da ganm-
cdeli mkadre Tu monadire sakuTari gansacdelisa
da gamocdilebis safuZvelze qmnis mTawmindis
andrezs. mxolod am gziT iqmneba andrezi da
iZens sayovelTaobas.
saymo da ganZi
`^ aq fSavsa Sina ars eklesia laSasagan
aSenebuli, romelsa Sina arian mravalni xatni da
jvarni oqro-vercxlisani, WurWelni da wignni, da
uwodeben laSas jvars, da aquT sasoeba mas zeda
friad, rameTu verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri, ukeTu
iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ixmareben Tav-
isad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-jvarsa~ (75|, 533).
vaxuSti batoniSvilis es sityvebi zustad axasi-
aTebs fSavel-xevsurTa da sxva kuTxis saymoebis
damokidebulebas napovni ganZisadmi. ganZi jvars
ekuTvnis, iseve rogorc misi sakuTrebaa is teritoria,
sadac mkvidrobs saymo. jvarma saymos teritoria
moupova, devebs gamohglija miwa-wyali da ad-
amianebs gadasca; amitomac yvelaferi, rac ki am
miwa-wyalze moipoveba, jvaris sakuTrebaa. am
WeSmaritebis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa kvrivi
adgilebis arseboba saymos teritoriaze. adre iTqva,
ccxi
rom saymos teritoriis nebismieri adgili potenciurad
atarebs kvrivis gamovlinebis (kvrivGenis)
SesaZleblobas. da ai, aseTi SesaZlebloba Tavis
ganxorcielebas poulobs ganZis gamoGenis saxiT.
m.eliade wers: `ganZi aris sakraluris _ absoluturi
realobis grZnobadi xati~ (154, 135).
rogorc jvars hyavs Tavisi unji ymani, unji
saymo, aseve mas aqvs ganZi, nivTieri faseulobis
saxiT (Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfasi samsaxurebeli
WurWeli da sxv.); ùnji~ da `ganZi~ sinonimebia;
zogierT saymoSi RvTisSvili iwodeba ùnjis ya-
raulad~ an ùnjis angelozad~. ukanxadus mTavari
jvari moixsenieba rogorc `sajanges unjis angelozi,
gmiri saneba~ (62, 56); aseve qmostisa da Rulis
kopala iwodeba ùnjis angelozad~ (6, 103, 107);
SatilSi erT-erT jvars ase mimarTaven: `laRo ganZis
angelozo~ (6, 75).
jvari patronobs, yaraulobs Tavis saymosac da
ganZsac, romelic Tavis mxriv, rogorc kvrivi ma-
teriis umaRlesi gamovlineba, RvTisSvilis erT-erTi
niSania.
amitom aris, rom `verca fSavi, verca Pevsuri,
ukeTu iSovnos oqro anu vercxli, veraraid ix-
mareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas-
jvarsa~. vaxuStiseuli daxasiaTeba fSav-xevsurTa
imiTac aris sagulisxmo, rom igi gvimxels ganZis
sakralur aspeqts. am sakralurobis Segnebis ZaliT
ymas ekrZaleba ganZeulis gamoyeneba sayofacx-
ovrebo saWiroebisaTvis: is wmidaa da mxolod da
ccxii
mxolod jvarSi unda inaxebodes da jvaris samsax-
urs xmardebodes. es Seuvali kanonia jvaris say-
moSi. da ara marto jvaris saymoSi. `^Tu vinme
miwaSi raime samkauls ipovnida, eklesiaSi mi-
hqonda da iq xatTan debda~, adasturebs am
Gveulebas s.makalaTia qsnis xeobaSi (52, 8). am
dauwerel kanons, romelsac rogorc TavisTavad cx-
ads, asrulebs jvaris yma, akrZalvis saxiT vxvdebiT
saeklesio samarTlis dokumentSi `did sjulis kan-
onSi~: `WurWelTa oqroYsa da vercxlisaTa da
tiloTa nuRaramca vin miixueWs saPmarad Tvissa,
rameTu usjuloeba ars^~ (21, 146).
rogorc yvela sakralur realobas, ganZsac sa-
farveli aqvs dadebuli; is miuwvdomelia rigiTi
ymisaTvis; is saidumloebiT aris moculi da am
viTarebis gamoxatulebaa jvaris ganZis sama-
lavebis arseboba. is dafarulia ara mxolod gareSe
TvalisaTvis da ara mxolod mparavis SiSis gamo,
aramed TviT saymos TvalisTvisac, romelsac misi
xilva mxolod did dResaswaulebSi SeuZlia. adami-
anis mier dawesebuli samalavi warmoadgens
jvaris mier Tavis saganZurze dadebuli safarvelis
imitacias. ra mizeziTac ar unda SemoRebuliyo
samalavebi jvaris ganZisaTvis, es idumaleba, rasac
ganZs aniWebs samalavi, ganZis arsebiTi, miucile-
beli Tviseba Seiqna. jvaris ganZi saymos ver war-
moudgenia samalavis gareSe, romlis adgilsamofeli
saymoSi mxolod orma kacma SeiZleba icodes. es
ori kaci jvaris daniSnulia am samsaxurSi. maT
ccxiii
ewodebaT meganZurebi. aq, sxvaTa Soris, unda
SevniSnoT, rom arsebobs uTuo kavSiri meganZuris
daniSnulebasa da gudanis jvaris saymos Zireul
saxelwodebas Soris: gudanis jvaris saymos
ewodeba samaganZuro, albaT, imis niSnad, rom is,
rogorc Tavisi jvaris unji yma, jvaris ganZis mcvelia;
saxelwodeba TiTqos gvauwyebs, rom mTeli saymo
maganZurebisgan aris Semdgari, Tumca istoriulad
da realurad ganZTan siaxlovis privilegia jvaris mier
arGeul ramdenime pirs aqvs miniWebuli.
ganZi, rogorc sakraluri ram, gareSeTagan
xeluxlebeli da miuwvdomeli unda iyos. is ar unda
Gandes, is saimedod unda iyos daculi da dafaruli;
ar unda Gandes miwis zedapirze, ar unda iyos
gamoqveynebuli am sityvis pirveladi
mniSvnelobiT. rogorc saidumlo, is miwaSi marxia
da ar unda enaxvebodes mzis naTels, rogorc mze-
Tunaxavi. amitom ganZis miTosuri adgilsamyofeli
miwisqveSeTia an mdinaris fskeri (rogorc, mag.,
nibelungTa oqrosi), an gamoqvabulebi, xelovnuri
Tu bunebrivi, mitovebuli nasaxlarebi da
nacixvarebi, sadac amqveyniuri yofa-cxovreba
karga xnis Semwydaria. ganZi dafarulia, magram
ar arsebobs dafaruli, rom sabolood ar gamocx-
addes. oRond dafaruli yvelas ar gamoecxadeba,
ganZi yvelasaTvis ar iGens Tavs. Zvel eposebSi
Zieba ganZisa, misi xilva da mopoveba gansak-
uTrebuli warmoSobis gmirTa xvedria. xSir
SemTxvevaSi es epizodi ZiriTadi gamocdilebaa
ccxiv
maT cxovrebaSi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom `gil-
gameSianis~ prologSi sagangebod aris naxsenebi
`saunjis migneba da dafarulis gaxsna~ (aq
`saunje~ da `dafaruli~, rogorc vxedavT, sruliad
identuri realobebia). germanul-skandinavuri mi-
Tosis sigurd-zigfridi Tavis saxelovan Tavga-
dasavals swored ganZis xelSi GagdebiT iwyebs,
Tumca ganZis floba misTvis tragikuli aR-
moGndeba. aqedan unda dagveskvna, rom sigurdi
Tu zigfridi da nebismieri eposisa Tu miTosis gmiri,
romelsac Rupavs oqro, ar aris misi WeSmariti pat-
roni. farnavazma miagno uxsovari drois ganZs da
am ganZma gaamarjvebina mas, radgan is iyo
STamomavali `TavTa maT qarTlisaTa~.
Gveni saymoebis andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, ro-
gorc wesi, jvaris mier aris STagonebuli. jvaris
rGeulni _ mkadreni midian jvaris davalebiT saxi-
faTo laSqrobaSi ganZis wamosaRebad, romelic de-
vebis sakuTrebaSia (an, SesaZloa, devebisgan iyos
mitacebuli da misi dabrunebis dro dgeba). mkadre
Tavs swiravs jvaris davalebis Sesasruleblad, is
safrTxeSi igdebs sicocxles, Zlevs SiSs, romelic mas
eufleba im ucxo, araadamianur samyaroSi
moxvedrisas, rogoric SeiZleba iyos devTa saxli,
sadac devebis qorwilia, an qajTa cixis nangrevebi,
`cixei qajTa Zveleburi, eexla yoreni. iqiT
amasataneb Tvaleb asav, uTqom gaxuas, jvar
meubnebisav, ialgundebiav^~.
ccxv
mkadres gansacdeli
Tu ganZis qona aucilebelia jvarisaTvis, _ mkad-
risaTvis, raTa is jvaris mkadre iyos, aucilebelia
gansacdeli, romelic dakavSirebulia ganZis xil-
vasTan da mopovebasTan. es gansacdeli, romelSic
misi sicocxle bewvze hkidia, sadac is sikvdil-sico-
cxlis mijnamdea misuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris
mkadreobis skola da man es unda gaiaros, Tu
surs, rom iyos mkadre. man unda gadaabijos
zRurbls iqiT da gadavides sxva samyaroSi, jvris
samyaroSi. mas SemTxveva eZleva aRmoGndes
safarvelaxdili ganZis winaSe anu, sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, uxdeba gareSeTaTvis uxilavis xilva. adgili,
sadac kacma unda ixilos ganZi, gansakuTrebuli
adgilia; is, SeiZleba iTqvas, arc ki ekuTvnis im
sivrcul sinamdviles, romelSic cxovrobs saymo. misi
gansakuTrebuloba, rac axasiaTebs kvrivs, dauy-
ovnebliv iGens Tavs, rogorc ki adamiani dalaxavs
mis zRurbls. yvelaze gavrcelebuli adgili ganZis
Genis adgilTa Soris Zveli nacixvarebia. maTi mxo-
lod arsebobac ki warmoSobs Tqmulebebs, romle-
bic SeiZleba sruliadac ar asaxavdes sinamdviles,
raime kavSirs realur viTarebasTan. TiTqmis yvel-
gan, sadac ki nacixvaria, mis mezoblad mcx-
ovrebis SegnebaSi is raRac saidumlos inaxavs, rac
xSiroad ganZis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
nacixvari yvelafrianad, rasac is inaxavs, uxilav-
xilulianad, ara mxolod sxva sivrceSi mdebareobs,
aramed is sxva droSia moqceuli. es adgilebi, rom-
ccxvi
lebic soflis zemoT mdebareobs, buxreulia, rogorc
ganmdgari wuTisoflis sinamdvilisagan; amitomac
aq ikrZaleba yofiTi saqmianoba. es iseTi adgilebia,
sadac, vaJas sityvebiT rom vTqvaT _
iq xom xvniT aravina hxnavs,
arc vin ras sTesavs TesiTa^
isini mitovebulni, `dawirulni~ arian jvarGenis
molodinSi.
arxotions, vinme aliaT uSiSas aseTi ambavi
SeemTxva nacixvarSi. saymo ucvlelad inaxavs mis
monaTxrobs:
àliaT uSiSa ityoda: erTxel vxnavdi cixis kiserao
(nacixvari nasoflaris Tavze). saPnisi rasam
gamedo, da daJRarundao. Gavxene da qvabi idga
oqro-vercxliT savseo da zed wiTeli oqros feri Pbo
iwva da Tvalebs abobinebdao. mere aRaraferi
maxsovda, ra damemarTao da gonT ro movedi,
me da Gemi Par-guTani WalaSi GavsuliyaviT areul-
dareulio^~ (66, 61).
adgili, sadac oqro-vercxliT savse qoTani
emarxa, dakargula; unda vifiqroT, rom am are-
mareSi xvna-Tesva Sewydeboda da warmoiSoboda
akrZaluli sivrce. ai, sad ebjineba erTmaneTs an-
drezi da sinamdvile. kvrivma oqrosferi xbos
Tvalebis brialiT moisrola Tavisagan cnobamixdili
xorcieli, ucabedad mxilveli saidumlosi, romlis xilva
mokvdavisaTvis autanelia. nacixvaris ganZs, rome-
lic `qvesknelSi mavalma~ saxnisma aRmoaGina, _
saxnisma Tqva: qveSknels daval,
ccxvii
mzisa Suqi menatreba^
_ yarauloben ara devebi da qajebi, an qve-
warmavalni (skandinavelTa poetur enaze oqros
metaforaa `gvelis sawoli~), aramed gamoucnobi
xbo, romelic Tavzardamcemia swored Tvinieri
arsebisagan moulodneli Tvalebis bobiniT *.
ganZi, oqrosferi xbo, cnobis mixda _ am
motivebze agebuli kidev ori andrezia fiqsirebuli
aleqsi oGiauris GanawerebSi. Tu aliaT uSiSa
SemTxveviT, xvnis dros waawyda ganZs, qvemoT
motanil andrezebSi RvTisSvils mihyavs Tavisi
mkadre saSineli saganZuris saxilvelad. pirveli ex-
eba karatisjvaris mkadres omas.
òma jvaris Pel-kaci iyva-d’ rwmunebuli. oma
koWla kac iyvisao-d’ codviT davidodisav. magram
karatis jvarsav xan sad daxyvandisao-d’ xan sa-
dav. winav koWla ar yofilao-d’ gveleTSi dakoWle-
bulav. masvliv omas karatis jvari Pelzeda
gamaucxadebav, ro gveleT unda wavidaTav. iqav
samalaviao-d’ is unda amaiRav. gamaxyolios
omai-d’ win liqokis xati gamazRoliv. aragvze isr
Gamauvlav, ro vervis unaxav; safarvel zdebiv
omaisacao-d’ karatis jvaris xatsac. gveleT ro misul,
sadac samalav iyv, imis karze gaGerdav xativ, iwro
GasaZrom yofila-d’ GazRoliv xati-d’ Gasul omai.
Sig ro Sasulan, unaxav, ro didZal Tas-ganZ yofil
dadgmuli. Taro iyvao-d’ sru eWirav Tasebsav. ver-
*
oqros ganZi rom Tavisi Sesatyvisi feris cxovelis (Txis, xbos, xaris, cxenis,
Zroxis da sxv.) saxes iRebs, es dadasturebulia slavur folklorSi (113-a, 365-
6).
ccxviii
cxlis suraeb idgav erTs Tarozedav, sru Sibianebi.
erTiv vercxlis yavarjen uyudav erTs kuTxeSiav.
meores kuTxeSiav did qvab idgav saludei-d’ zedav
oqros feriv yviTel Pbo iwvav. raira asav am qvab-
Siav, aim qvabsav jox Samavxkariv, dadgav jRar-
jRuriv qvabSiacao-d’ raic Tas-ganZ iyvav, suyvela
Zirs daecao-d’ dadgav jRrialiv. im jRar-jRurze
maibrunav Tavi, zed ro iwvav, im Pbomao-d’
SamamibRvirav. oma SaSinebula-d’ gamavardnil
gareTi, gonT axPdiv, gamagorvil, gadavardnil
kldeTa-d’ damrGal aiq. gonT ro mavediv, icodisav
omamav, kldeT ZirSi vegdio-d’ erTs fePsac veRar
viyolebdiv. aRarc xati iyvav iqao-d’ aRarc an-
geloziv. memr mwyemsebs mauPelav omai-d’
gaugebiebav xalxisad^~ (62, 563)).
analogiuri gansacdeli gaiara xaxmatis jvaris
mkadrem SiSiam:
`êrTxel uTqom SiSiaisad PaPmatis jvars, ro
waedio-d’ ukanamSav (ukanafSavs) mamicadevo-
d’ miac iq maolav, iqav erT saqmei gvaqvav ga-
sakeTebelio-d’ is gavakeTaTav. wamasul SiSiaio-d’
masul ukanamSav. ucdav aq ors dResa-d’ arcad
masvliv jvari. mesames dRes Pelze masvliv tredis
aRiT. unaxavs ukenamSavlebsaca-d’ mauyvanav
kvamlis saklavi; saklaveb ro dauPocav SiSiaisad
gauwevav wyarosTaviske* jvars. wyarosTav ro mi-
sulan, erT beRel yofil, sadac arvin ar midiod. misul
*
adgili ukanafSavSi, sadac daarsebulia ukanafSavis saTemo xati giorgi
wyarosTauli.
ccxix
mfrinav xati-d’ mixyoliv, Sasul xat beRlis nan-
grevSia-d’ Saxyoliv SiSiaic. iqav erT did sip idvao,
jvarma saiT damiyenav, ro eg sip axPadev. auPdav
sipi-d’ erT qvab amaGenil oqro-vercxliT savse.
zedav erT Pbo iwvav yviTelio-d’ abobinebdav
wiTelT TvalTav. SiSias ro Pbo unaxav, daSinebula-
d’ gonT aPdiv. gonT ro mavediv, gamoveyvanev
mSavlebso, wyals masxemdesav. memr aRarc vin
mixParebiv am beRels^~ (62, 567-8).
erTi SexedviT, am mkadreTa Tavga-
dasavali TiTqos marcxiania: adamiani
ver uZlebs jvaris ganZisadmi Tvalis gas-
worebas da mis pirispir dgomas. Tumca
mkadre xelcarieli brundeba, magram
mis SegnebaSi samudamod aris GabeWdili jvaris
ganZis xati _ es aris am gansacdelis Sedegi.
gansacdelma unda aRzardos, Seqmnas mkadre.
amitomac gansacdeli, romelsac jvari SeamTxvevs
maT, ar aris SemTxveviTi. arc aliaT uSiSa wawydo-
mia xvnis dros miwaSi Gaflul ganZs SemTxveviT.
aseTi gansacdeli, rogorc Zlieri gamocdileba, jvaris
rGeulebis privilegiaa da mas TavisTavadi Rire-
buleba aqvs, imisgan damoukidebliv, Tu rogor
damTavrdeba Tavgadasavali. rasac mkadreebi
xedaven, sxvebisaTvis uxilavia an ekrZalebaT
dasanaxad. ras xedaven isini? oma liqokelis xilva
srul suraTs iZleva imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens
jvaris saganZuri: sakraluri sagnebi isea ganlage-
buli, rogorc asvenia isini dReobidan dReobamde
ccxx
samalavSi, sadac oma moxvda viwro GasaZvro-
miT, romlis siviwroves simboluri daniSnuleba aqvs.
erTis mxriv, samalavi gvagonebs darbazs da oma,
liqokis jvaris mkadre, nacnob garemoSia
moxvedrili, amitomac aq misTvis TiTqmis moulod-
neli da saSiSi araferi unda iyos. magram Tu gavix-
senebT, rom liqokis jvaris saarsodan viwro sama-
lavamde mTels gzaze xorciels safarveli aqvs dade-
buli, unda vifiqroT, rom oma miRma samyaroSia
moxvedrili. iseve rogorc gaxua megrelauris kvals
vkargavT mas Semdeg, rac RvTisSvilebma mas
suli amoarides da usxeulmyofeli gaiyolies qa-
javeTis gzaze, aseve omas fizikur sxeulze dadebuli
safarvelic migvaniSnebs mis gadasvlas sxva sam-
yaroSi.
omam, SiSiamac unda gadalaxon, dalaxon
zRurbli, romelic mijnavs erTmaneTisagan nalax da
sakralur sivrceebs. gasasvleli ki, anu, rogorc
gadmocemaSia naTqvami, `GasaZromi~, viwroa,
rogorc bewvis xidi da is Gven gvagonebs
qvesknels, sadac Gadian (es maTi aucilebeli
gamocdileba unda iyos) Zveli miTologiuri eposebis
gmirebi. Gveni mkadreebic maT ricxvs ekuTvnian,
e.w. `maZiebel gmirTa~ ricxvs, romelTa Ziebis
Sedegi, sabolood, raRac WeSmaritebis aRmo-
Genaa. maTgan gansxvavebiT Gveni mkadreebi
kultis msaxurni arian da Tu isini raime WeSmar-
itebis aRmomGenni xdebian, es WeSmariteba
jvarTan aris dakavSirebuli da isini mas miwis gulSi
ccxxi
daunjebuli ganZis saxiT Wvreten. ganZi, rogorc
WeSmariteba, saidumloebrivia da is ar Zevs miwis
zedapirze, is miwis siRrmeSia saZiebeli. es aris
jvaris WeSmariteba da is Tas-ganZSia ganivTebuli.
xaxmateli mkadre SiSia Tavis jvars sruliad sxva
sazogadoebis, sxva saymos teritoriaze mihyavs
ganZis saxilvelad. amasac Tavisi mniSvneloba
aqvs andrezSi: jvarma icis da SiSiamac unda ixilos
da icodes is, rac ukanfSavelebma ar ician, saxel-
dobr, ras imarxavs maTi mitovebuli, ukve nangre-
vebad qceuli beReli (èrT beRel yofil, sadac aravin
ar midiod~); beReli xom wmida nagebobaa, sadac
jvaris mkadre fexSiSvela GoqiT Sedis; masze ufro
wmidaa nabeRlari, sadac aravin ar Sedis.
saganZuris xilvas Tan axlavs SiSis gancda,
radgan mxilveli grZnobs, rom mas sakralur realob-
asTan aqvs saqme. aq Gven vawydebiT iseT
viTarebas, rodesac SiSi, saRvTo SiSi, religiuri Se-
mecnebis dasabamia. cnobil germanel mistikoss
iakob boemes aseTi gansacdeli hqonda siW-
abukeSi: samwyesurSi yofnisas is moulodnelad aR-
moGnda gamoqvabulis win, romelSic oqroTi savse
uzarmazari WurWeli idga. am saxilvelma iseTi
Tavzari dasca ymawvils, rom is ukanmiuxedavad
sirbiliT gaecala iqaurobas. mas Semdeg gamoqv-
abuli Ria aRarasodes unaxavs (141, 185). gamoqv-
abuls masSi daunjebuli ganZiTurT, mkadreTa eniT
rom vTqvaT, safarveli daedo. magram iakob
boemesaTvis es ganumeorebeli xilva mis momaval
ccxxii
mistiur gamocilebas, RvTiur WeSmaritebaTa
gamocxadebas moaswavebda.
mkadre jvaris saidumlos da WeSmaritebas gan-
Zis saxiT ixilavs, radgan jvaris WeSmariteba mis
ganZeulobaSia ganivTebuli. magram mkadris
gamocdilebaSi oqro-vercxli da sxva ganZeuloba _
materialuri faseulobani, ar aris erTaderTi realoba,
raSic daunjebulia jvaris sakraluroba. kidev ufro Rr-
mad, vidre ganZi, inaxeba mironi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
kultis uxrwneli esencia, romlis unikaluri andrezi
dakavSirebulia erTaderT jvarTan xevsureTisa _
xmalas mTavarangelozTan, odesRac bude-
xevsureTis SuagulTan, sadac ikazmeboda saerTo-
saxevsureTo salaSqro droSa, vidre gudanis jvari
gamoGndeboda asparezze da aRzevdeboda.
ai, es andrezic im saxiT, rogorc is Gawerili aqvs
al. oGiaurs:
`^ am PmalaSi mdgar erTi Zalian maRal alvis
xe. im alvis xes mironi gamazdeniv. am alvis xes
ZirSi darani xqoniva-d’ maRla alvis xis gverdze didi
cixei mdgar, alvis xis Ziri Sig am daranSi yofilasa-
d’ am darans safarveli zdebiv. gaxua ro yofil PeTa-
Sauri, is angelozTan wilnayar yofila-d’ imaTTan
uvlav. erTxan gudanis jvar miuyvanav gaxua
PmalaSia-d’ Gauxdenav daranSi. im siRrme
Gasaval iyvav, icodisav gaxuamav, ro cxra feP san-
Teliv Gasaes damWirdao-d’ cxra feP sanTeli
amaesasav. ro GavPediv, iqaobaiv sanTlebiT iyvav
garaprapebuio-d’ aTasis rigis xTiSviln ad-Gadiode-
ccxxiii
sao-d’ gaxqondiv mironiv. alvis xes daWkdeuli
xqondao-d’ iqiT gadmadiodav mironiv. ZirSiav
qoTan edgao-d’ Sig ewveTebodav ais mironiv. erT
angeloz edga Tavzedao-d’ romenic xTiSvil mavido-
dav, maxqondav samirone oqros boTlebio-d’ is an-
geloziv usxemdiv mironsao-d’ istumrebdav
yvelasav. oqros sawyavi xqonda-d’ imaT uwyev-
dav. mia-d’ gudanis jvarsac magvcesav mironio-d’
wamavediTav. sakvirvel sanaxaoba iyvav iqaobaiv,
ro sru raprap iyvao-d’ Pma amauReblad Sad-ga-
diodesav xTisnasaxniv^~ (62, 572).
xmalas salocavi da mironmdinari alvis xe
aGens Tavs mkadres Tvalwin, rogorc religiuri cx-
ovrebis Suaguli. es aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani
gamocdileba mkadresi, ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre
ganZis xilvaa. am dros mkadre Wvrets, rogorc mis-
tikosi, religiis dasabams _ mironis wyaros _ da Rv-
TisSvilTa saidumlo saqmianobas miwis gulSi,
saidanac maT amoaqvT Tav-TavianTi saymoebisa-
Tvis mironi, rogorc kultis macocxlebeli wmida
nivTiereba. andrezi inaxavs im xanis xsovnas,
rodesac mironi iyo ara mxolod niSani Tu simbolo
kultisa, aramed misi aucilebeli elementi, romelic
monawileobda mniSvnelovan saidumlo ritualebSi.
xmalas mironis andrezi qristianuli eklesiis wiaR-
idan iRebs dasabams. Zneli ar aris xmalas mironm-
dinar alvis xeSi gamovicnoT mcxeTis mironmdinari
sveti, romelic idga sveticxovlis pirvel taZarSi _ qris-
tianuli saqarTvelos sakralur SuagulSi; aq duRda
ccxxiv
mironi da aqedan nawildeboda is mTels
saqarTveloSi, rogorc xmalas mironi xevsureTis
salocavebSi. mirons, iseve rogorc Tas-ganZs,
vxedavT kultis genezisSi, rasac gvidasturebs erTi
xalxuri leqsi:
qalaqSi sion-saydari
bagrationT aagesa,
maRla caSi aiyvanes,
Tavs gumbaTi daadgesa.
qveS mironi gubed dadga,
ymawvilebi danaTlesa
(100, 13).
rogorc iTqva, mironis gamoyeneba saymos
realur sakulto cxovrebaSi preistorias ekuTvnis,
amitom istoriul xanaSi is iZens simbolur mniSvne-
lobas, gardaiqmneba ra jvaris ganZis sublimur
saxed. magram ganZis sublimacia Tavis umaRles
zRvars aRwevs, roca is mkadres jvaris saxiT
gamouGens Tavs. es aris jvaris niSani, romelsac
xevsurulad ewodeba xati. gudanis jvaris mkadris,
gaxua megrelauris samkadreo biografiaSi amgvari
gamocdileba dasturdeba. momyavs al. oGiauris
Ganaweri:
`^ gaxua wauyvanav xvTiSvils gergetis Tava-d’
Sauyvanav beTlemis saxlSi. ro Sevediv, Tqvisav
gaxuamav, _ savse iyvav is saxliv xatebiTao-d’
TamaSobdesav. zog xatebiv tredebiviT iyvao-d’
ireodav erTmaneTSiav. imTven iyvav xatebiv, ro
buzvebiviT gad-gamadiodesav. erTiv oqros akavan
ccxxv
idgao-d’ Sigav ymawvil iwvav. tredeb daRbrun-
nevdesav Tavzedao-d’ ifqlis marcvlebs aWmevde-
sav. gaxua iqiT ro wamasula, wamouyvanav erT
mfrinav xati. es xati nawiliani yofil, ro RamiTav
SuqT uSobdisav. ro mavidod gaxuai, xat Tav-
isTavad win mamiZRvebodisav, Tu icod gaxuam.
yoris wyalze ro mavediTav, icodis gaxuam, bibin
raim dadgao-d’ xatic kldis Tavze Sajdav. mavide-
sav tredis aRiTav reebimao-d’ SuqT ki utevdesav.
oqroqsoil maitanesao-d’ romenic gaxuas maxyve-
bod im xats Gaacves Tuad’ gamaxyv gzas. ukan
gaxua maxyvebod. iqiT wamasulT dRe da Ram vi-
areTao-d’ gaTenebisad gudan mavediTav. gudanis
jvaris beRelasTan ro mivediTav, is beRelSi
Savidao-d’ me karSi davrGiv^~ (67, 191).
mkadre, RvTis suliT ayvanili, msgavsad Zveli
aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa Tu qadagTa, Wvrets
_ es misi mistiuri samkadreo gamocdilebaa _ Rv-
TisSvilTa `samSoblos~, romelsac gergetis mTaze
aTavsebs Tqmulebebi: `^pirvelad morigem rom
RvTisSvilni zecidan gadmouSvna, maSin isini ger-
gets daabinava, gergetis mTis ZirSi^~ (60, 118).
SesaniSnavia mkadres suliT mogzaurobis
diapazoni _ miwis siRrmidan (`cxra feP sanTeliv
Gasaes damWirdao-d’ cxra feP sanTeliv
amaesasav~) da wyaros Tavis beRlis imave siRr-
midan, TiTqos miwis gulidan gergetis mTis mwver-
valamde, sadac saymos cnobiereba aTavsebs beR-
els, radgan `beTlemi~ niSnavs `saxls purisas~,
ccxxvi
imasve, rasac beReli. gergetis beTlemi is adgilia,
sadac xalxuri gadmocemebiT uwmidesi relikviebia
daculi, SeiZleba iTqvas, safarveldadebuli, raTa
gareSemoTa mzera ar miswvdes maT.
beTlemSi, xalxis warmodgeniT, marxia qristian-
uli dasabamieri siwmideni da saidumloebani, ro-
melTa xilva mxolod wmida berebs da mowmid-
arebs Tu SeuZliaT. aq aris qristianuli sarwmun-
oebis, mTeli qristianuli samyaros mTavari ganZi.
pirvelad werilobiT am sakralur andrezebs vxvdebiT
vaxuStis àRweraSi~: `^ myinvaris kldesa Sina
arian qvabni gamokveTilni friad maRalsa, da
uwodeben beTlemsa, garna saWirod asaval ars,
rameTu ars jaWvi rkinisa, gardmokidebuli qva-
bidam, da miT aRvlen. ityvian uflis akvansa mun
da abrahamis karavsa, mdgoms usvetod, usablod,
da sxvaTaca sakvirvelTa. aramed me vdumeb~
(75, 533). uflis akvani da abraamis karavi
metyveleben beTlemis mniSvnelobaze xalxis
SegnebaSi: isini qristianobis dasabamis sim-
boloebia. axla cxadia ra akvania xevsuruli andrezis
òqros akvani~ da vin aris Sig mwolare ymawvili,
romelsac mtredebi dahbrunaven Tavze da ifqlis
(beTlemi xom ifqlis beRelia) marcvlebiT kvebaven.
adre iTqva, rom gergetis beTlemi xalxur war-
modgenaSi jvarxatebis samSobloa; axla vityviT,
rom is RvTisSvilis, axali yrmis, mesiis samSobloa.
beTlemSi erTdroulad vxedavT dasabams da am
dasabamis nayofs abraamis karvisa da uflis akvnis
ccxxvii
saxiT, _ akvanSi mwolare yrma abraamis kara-
vidan aris gamosuli, rogorc gvamcnobs qristes
genealogia maTes mixedviT (àbraham Sva isaak,
isaak Sva iakob^~).
vaxuStiseul gadmocemaSi SesaniSnavia fraza
ìtyvian^ sxvaTaca sakvirvelTa. aramed me
vdumeb~. es is sityvebia, romelTac ambobs
mkadre, roca mas surs Tavisi samsaxuris sakralur-
obis gamoxatva; rom saidumlos xilva moiTxovs
dumils mxilvelisagan garkveul Jamamde, Semdeg
ki gacxaddeba dafaruli. roca jvari auSvebs xels
Tavis mkadres, ai, maSin eZleva mas saidumlos
gamocxadebis ufleba. am mistiur gamocdilebas
mkadresgan Tu Seityobs saymo, misi gadmocemis
bunebrivi forma pirvel pirSi monaTxrobia, rogorc
gaxua megrelauris magaliTze vxedavT.
gergetis beTlemi, rogorc saganZuris sublimuri
saxe, rogorc kvrivis kvrivi, gamouGens Tavis idu-
mal wiaRs mxolod mas, vinc mowmidarobis maRal
xarisxs aris miRweuli: gergetis simaRle moiTxovs
adamianisagan zneobriv simaRles. moxevur an-
drezebSi beTlemis wiaRis mxilvelebad dasaxele-
bulni arian wmida berebi da mowmidari mR-
vdelebi: ìoseb moxeve, mRvdeli. ese iyo friad siw-
midis moyvare da memarxule, romel yovelgan
ganiTqva saTnoeba misi. ese nebiTa RvTisaTa aR-
vida myinvarsa Sina, kacTagan Seuvalsa; da mun
ixila karavi da akvani abraamisa
ccxxviii
mamamTavrisa^~ (11, 210) *. Tqmulebis sxva ver-
siis mixedviT, beTlemis saidumloebaTa mxilveli
yofila vinme mamuka beri, romelsac beTlemis
wmida giorgi gamocxadebia da Rirs uyvia igi Tavisi
sabrZaneblis saxilvelad. mas unaxavs oqros ak-
vani, misi mrweveli mtredi da kidev iseTi sakvirveli
ram sakurTxevelSi, romlis gamxelis ufleba mas ar
hqonia (85). am siwmideTa xilvis dasturad Tu
rame moaqvT am wmida berebs, es aris an karvis
naWeri, an akvnis xis nawili, ZRvnad mefe
ereklesaTvis, rogorc nawili ganZisa, wmida relik-
viebi (11, 210-1; 129, 111, 66).
amrigad, jvaris ganZi, romelic sxvadasxva
saxiT aGens Tavs mkadris winaSe _ is xan oqro-
vercxlia, xan Zvirfasi Tvali, xan mironi, xan jvar-
xatebis gamosaxulebani, xan qristianuli religiis
simboloebi, _ damarxulia dedamiwis or, erT-
maneTis sawinaaRmdego sferoSi _ miwis siRrmeSi
da mTis mwvervalze; is qvesknelSiac aris da caSic,
orivegan miuwvdomelia gareSeTaTvis; dadebuli
aqvs safarveli, romlis wiaR mxolod mkadris Tvali
Tu ixedeba mistiuri WvretiT. am unars mkadre
wmida cxovrebiT ipovebs; sxvanairad, mkadre
arsebobis imave rigSi unda imyofebodes, raSic
imyofeba jvaris ganZi _ es aris siwmide anu
gamocalkeveba yofiTi sinamdvilidan. mxolod am
*
`kalmasobis~ avtors Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli: cnobilia da simbolur-alegori-
uli mniSvnelobisaa mxolod karavi abraamisa, akvani ki mxolod qristesia.
ccxxix
pirobiT Seeyrebian urTierTs mkadre da jvaris
ganZi.
mkadre mieaxleba ganZs mowiwebiT, an cnoba
exdeba misi Zlieri sakraluri `Zabvis~ winaSe, an is
garbis SeSinebuli, rogorc ymawvili boeme. Tumca
Gveulebriv mkadre, romelic daniSnulia jvaris mier
meganZurad, unda itandes ganZis metafizikur Za-
las: am SeZlebas mas jvari unda aniWebdes misi
mowmidaruli cxovrebis wil. an Tu is mkadre ar aris
da ar gauvlia mowmidarobis gansacdeli, maSin
samefo STamomavloba mas nebas aZlevs See-
yaros ganZs, romelsac safarveli exdeba mis
winaSe. Tavisi da qveynis cxovrebis sabediswero
Jams farnavazi mze-irmis wyalobiT miagnebs uxso-
vari droidan safarveldadebul saganZurs da miT ix-
snis sakuTar Tavs da, rac mTavaria, qveyanasac
(44). herodotes skviTur andrezSi mxolod umcrosi
Ze mSoblisa, umrwemesi sam ZmaSi, SeZlebs
miuaxlovdes da xelhyos cidan Gamocvenil oqros
nivTebi, romelTac cecxlis ZaliT ganirides ori Zma.
umrwmesis, kolaqsaisis, winaSe cecxli GCaqra da
oqros nivTebma `Tavi dauTmes~ mas; Zmebma
aRiares umrwemesi da mTeli Zalaufleba mas ga-
dasces. misgan daiwyo skviTebis samefo dinastia,
romlis saRvTo relikviad es oqros sagnebi gamocx-
adda (istoria, IV, 5, 7).
rogorc skviTuri Tqmulebidan Gans (amas Gveni
andrezebic adastureban), ganZi mxolod mas `neb-
deba~, visac is imTaviTve ekuTvnis anu mis kan-
ccxxx
onier mflobels _ an mefed Sobils, rogorc kolaq-
saisia an farnavazi; an jvars, romelic mis mosa-
poveblad gzavnis Tavis amorGeul mkadres, mow-
midars jvarisas. araRirsTa mimarT ganZi aGens
Tavis Sinagan, empiriulad gamouvlenel bunebas,
rac safarveliT aris dafaruli; am dros, roca mas
mparavi uaxlovdeba, ganZi brialebs da amiT icavs
Tavs; is cecxls isvris, radgan cecxlovani bunebisaa.
amitomac misi damarxvis adgilebSi, xalxis war-
modgeniT, Ram-RamobiT cecxlis naTebis xilva
SeiZleba (113-a, 363). Zvel miTologiebSi ganZs mi-
Genili hyavs gveleSapi, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi
cecxlismfrqvevelia da ganZis Sinagani cecxlovani
bunebis gasagnebas warmoadgens, imis
gamovlinebas, rac ganZSi saSinelia; ufro sworad,
ganZis saSineli cecxli iRebs gveleSapis saxes mo-
mxvduris winaSe da momxvduri ukan ixevs. Gvens
andrezebSi ganZis saSiSi buneba gasagnebulia
oqrosferi (yviTeli) xbos saxiT, romelic risxviT ab-
rialebs Tvalebs, cnobis mixdamde afrTxobs ra TviT
jvaris mkadresac. analogiuri warmodgena cnobilia
slavi xalxebis folkloridan: ganZi iRebs cxovelis _
xaris, Txis, cxenis saxes, im Seferilobisas, ra fer-
isac aris ganZi (Tu is oqroa, cxoveli yviTeli ferisaa);
ganZis Txris dros yviTeli ZaRli amoxteba da aS-
inebs adamians (113-a, 365-6).
aramiTologiur, yofiT sinamdvileSi gveleSapi _
ganZis modaraje drakoni gvelis saxes iRebs; xToni-
uri arseba icavs ganZs, radgan is mis samflobelo-
ccxxxi
Sia damarxuli, xToniuria. gvelisgan dacul sagan-
Zurebs xalxis cnobiereba aTavsebs nacixvarebSi,
nasaydralebSi, buxreul adgilebSi, sadac yofiTi Tu
sakulto cxovreba Semwydaria didi xnis winaT da,
rogorc viciT, maTi warmosaxviTi an realuri arse-
boba uqmnis am adgilebs siwmides, kvrivad xdis
maT. ìs unji sad inaxveba, mxolod ufrosebma
ician, TiTo-orolam. iq gveli sdarajobske~ (40, 104);
òqros guTnebia iq Galagebuli. isa Txares, fuZis-
kari, ro veZaxiT. ìq gveli mogveGvenao~,
daanebes Tavi^~ (40, 111), _ amboben mTiuleTSi.
Gven andrezebSi ganZis Zieba, rogorc wesi,
jvarTan aris dakavSirebuli. jvaris rGeuli mkadreebi
jvaris davalebiT midian saxifaTo eqspediciaSi gan-
Zis mosapoveblad, romelic devebis sakuTrebaSia;
mkadre devs gamohglejs ganZs, rogorc jvarma,
RvTisSvilma gamohglija erT dros Tavisi saymosa-
Tvis sacxovrebeli teritoria. am gziT mopovebuli
oqro-vercxliT da Zvirfasi TvlebiT ivseba an axlad
iqmneba jvaris saganZuri, romelic, rogorc Tavis
adgilze iTqva, kultis gulisguls Seadgens; ganZi qm-
nis Tavis garSemo jvaris kvrivs, romelsac mkadre
Tavisi siwmidis ZaliT uaxlovdeba. ganZi TavisTan
axlos uSvebs mkadres, radgan is jvaris mowmid-
aria. magram jvaris ganZis (saubaria jvaris terit-
oriaze dacul ganZze) paradoqsi is aris, rom misi
Sinagani cecxlovani buneba uZluria uwmiduri Zalis
winaSe. fSav-xevsureTSi da gudamayar-mTiuleTSi
gavrcelebuli rwmena-warmodgenis Tanaxmad,
ccxxxii
mparavi manam ver miekareba jvaris Tas-ganZs
amosaRebad, sanam katas ar daklavs da mis sisxls
ar asxurebs mas. al. oGiauris masalebSi moi-
poveba amis dasadastureblad Tavad mparavis
naambobi, aRiareba: `^ manamdin axlos ver mi-
udegiT amosaRebad im Tas-ganZs*, manam kata
ar davkaliT da sisxli ar davasxiTo. ase rom miviqe-
ciT, raRacam wivili waiRo da Gven neba mogveca
axlo misvlisa da ganZis amoRebisao. manamdin ki,
rom miuaxlovdebodiT, im Tas-ganZidan cecxli
amovardeboda da zed gadmogvefineboda alio da
dawvas gvipirebdao~ (62, 160).
aq moTxrobili ambavi Zlier gvagonebs skviTur
Tqmulebas, mTieli mparavi da kolaqsaisis ori Zma
msgavs situaciaSi arian moxvedrilni: ganZi Sin-
agani cecxlis GeniT iSorebs maT, radgan ganZi ver
Seicnobs maTSi Tavis WeSmarit patrons, aramed
xvdeba, rom isini mparavni arian: xelyofen imas,
rac maT ar ekuTvnis dasabamidan, SobiTganve, an
risi xelyofis dasturi jvarisagan ar miuRiaT. Gveni
andrezis mparavni ganZis xelSi Gagdebis mizniT
mimarTven Sav magias _ klaven uwmidur cxovels,
raTa misi sisxliT gaauwmiduron ganZi da mere
xelyon. analogiuri saSualeba ganZis mignebisa Tu
mopovebisa dadasturebulia germanuli da slavuri
modgmis xalxebSic: im adgilas, sadac ganZia
Gamarxuli, klaven Sav Txas an Sav qaTams, rac
Semdeg xToniuri sulebisadmi msxverplSewirvad
*
igulisxmeba bacaligos jvaris, pirquSis jvaris Tas-ganZi.
ccxxxiii
iqna gaazrebuli (113-a, 373). Gveni andrezebis
mparavni katas uklaven ara qvesknelis sulebs an
eSmaks, aramed klaven mas, rogorc àntimsxver-
pls~, romlis sisxlmac unda warxocos wmida sak-
lavis sisxli, riTac ganaTlulia, rogorc wesi, jvaris
Tas-ganZi. mparavi aq iyenebs im ZvelTaZvel
saSualebas, romelic moiSvelies laSaris muxis
moWrisas: zurab erisTavma manam veraferi
daaklo laSaris muxas, sanam mis ZirSi kata ar
dakles da misi sisxli ar asxures mis tans.
mparavi, romelic uwmidur cxovels, usurmags *
swiravs msxverplad, eTiSeba Tavis saymos da
jvars. ufro meti: is mtrobs, uaryofs jvars, eziareba
ra eSmakeul Zalas. man uari Tqva adamianobaze
da devur samsaxurSi Gadga. jvarisa da Tavis TavSi
adamianuris uaryofis gareSe is ver Gaigdebs xelSi
jvaris ganZs, is usaTuod danaSaulebrivi saqcielis
Gamdeni unda iyos. zogierTi xalxis warmodgeniT,
ganZis mopoveba mxolod iseT adamians SeuZlia,
romelsac garkveuli raodenobis kaciskvla aqvs Gad-
enili (113-a, 364), an suli aqvs eSmakisaTvis miyid-
uli (113-a, 374). aseTi adamianis bedi ki yovelTvis
tragikulia, rogorc murmanisa, romelmac Savi ma-
giis gamoyenebiT Gaigdo xelSi eTeri, romelic
abesaloms ekuTvnoda, rogorc nadirobisas mop-
ovebuli ganZi. Tas-ganZis mparavis ukuRmarToba
kargad aris gamoxatuli sityvebiT, romliTac is
*
usurmagi _ cxoveli, romlis xorci ar iWmeva (cxeni, ZaRli, kata da sxv.) (87,
410). usurmagi rom ar iWmeva, swored amitom ar SeiZleba misi msxverplad
Sewirva. usurmagi, rogorc msxverpli, uwmidurTa msxverplia.
ccxxxiv
saxuco teqstebSi ixsenieba: òqro-vercxlis Pe-
lukuRm gamtani~.
òqros Rili~
rogorc jvari aris morige RvTis Svili da amitomac
mas ewodeba `RvTisSvili~ (RvTisnasaxi, RvT-
isnabadebi), aseve yma aris Svili Tavisi jvarisa.
garkveuli azriT, yma xom Tavisi patronis Svilia;
avTandili rostevanis ymac aris da Svilic. SesaZle-
belia `yma~ gulisxmobdes `Svilsac~, rogorc
`yrmas~. SesaZlebelia, saymos enobriv cnobiere-
baSi jer kidev ar waSlila am ori terminis semantiuri
identuroba. akad. n.berZeniSivili varaudobda, rom
`Svili~, rogorc socialuri termini, Sesatyvisi unda
yofiliyo `ymisa~, romelic, misi azriT, gvian damk-
vidrda enaSi (15, 124). am azris dasturi SeiZleba
iyos is faqti, rom mTis leqsikaSi orive es termini
Semonaxulia erTi da imave ierarqiuli damokide-
bulebebis gamosaxatavad: damokidebuli wevrebi
ierarqiisa gamoxatulia terminebiT `Svili~ da
`yma~ (`RvTis Svili~ da `jvaris yma~).
`mamaSvilur~ urTierTobas jvarsa da mis ymas
Soris adasturebs Tavad rituali jvarSi miRebisa: say-
moSi dabadebul dediSobila vaJs droSis qveS
Seagoreben, saidanac is meored ibadeba (57,
261). droSa ki, rogorc viciT, jvars ganasaxierebs.
v.bardaveliZe am ritualSi samarTlianad xedavs
jvaris mier Tavis saymoSi dabadebuli bavSvis
Svilad ayvanis misterias (115, 61). rogorc Gans,
ccxxxv
fizikuri dabadeba saymoSi sakmarisi ar aris imisa-
Tvis, rom yrma saymos sruluflebiani wevri anu
jvaris yma Seiqnas. ufro meti: fizikuri Soba Svilis
statussac ar aniWebs Sobils. SatilSi ambobdnen da
es naTqvami nebismier saymoze vrceldeba:
`kistan Svils miubarebsav Svil nu giqvianav,
icodian Satil~ (38, #26085).
xatSi gayvaniT yrma Seiqneba Temis sakuTari
wevri da Temis salocavis yma, oqros Rili (106). am
sityvebis avtori fSavis sinamdviles agviwers. oqros
Rili fSauri terminia, romlis xevsuruli Sesatyvisia
vercxlis Rili. jvaris droSis sakadrisebidan Sobili
oqros Rilad iwodeba. droSidan is ibadeba srulufle-
bian ymad, `droSis ymad~, da mas am dros jvari,
misi `mSobeli~ `Rils~ uwodebs; is jvarisTvis aris
`Rili~, radgan yma TiTqos RiliviT unda iyos mikere-
buli kalTas Sevrdomebis niSnad. xolo
Rili oqrosia an vercxlis im azriT, rom
axladSobili yma amieridan aris jvaris
ganZi, RvTisSvilis unji yma, iseTive
Zvirfasi sakuTreba, rogoric mas aqvs jvaris sagan-
Zuris (Tas-ganZis da sxva `TeTreulis~) saxiT. ana-
logia, SesaZlebelia, Soreuli mogveGvenos, ma-
gram mainc aRsaniSnavia, rom indoeTSi ufro
maRali xarisxis mosapoveblad adamiani
sagangebo ritualis gavliT ubrundeba saSos, raTa iq
òqros embrionad~ Gaisaxos. òqros embrionad~
gardaqmniT adamiani oqros Tvisebebs eziareba
(152, 56). jvaris droSis saSoSi Gasaxuli oqros Rilic
ccxxxvi
aseve nawiliani xdeba jvarisa, romlis niSani aris
oqro.
`fSavelebs TavianTi Tavi am xatebis ymebad
miaGniaT, xatebi ki fSavelebs òqros Rilebad~
Tvlian~ (51, 184). aqedan Gans, rom saymoSi or-
jer Sobili ori mxridan aris gansazRvruli da saxel-
wodebuli: yma gulisxmobs ierarqiul damokidebule-
bas patronisadmi, rac upiratesad gamoxatavs ad-
amianis Tvalsazriss Tavis mdgomareobaze am
urTierTobaSi; oqros Rili ki is metaforuli saxea, rom-
liTac RvTisSvils surs gamoxatos es urTierToba. am
metaforiT ganelebulia is simkacre, rac SeiZleba
axldes patronymul damokidebulebas. roca RvTisS-
vili ambobs Tavis ymaze (qadagis piriT): `vercxlis
Rili me myavs ayvanili, Gem kalTas vafarebo~ (57,
262), yma ismens patronis mzrunvel xmas, ara
mkacrs, radgan Rili da kalTa mSobliur gancdas
badeben masSi. Gveni mizani ar aris am metaforis
warmoSobis garkveva, magram unda SeiniSnos,
rom Gven saymoebs gareT, sxva tradiciaSi, erT-
maneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba yma da oqros Rili, ro-
melic amjerad ymis samkaulia. xalxuri leqsi
Tamars aTqmevinebs:
aTasi kaba yma myavda, yvelani oqros RiliTa,
vaWmevdi dedal xoxobsa, vasmevdi brolis
WiqiTa.
vinc ki Semeba, Sevebi alaliTa da jiqiTa^
awi Tqven iciT, mefeno, vinc darGiT amas iqiTa
(81, #76).
ccxxxvii
cxadi unla iyos, rom oqrosRilkabian ymebSi
Tamaris unji saymo igulisxmeba, romelsac bagra-
tioni dedofali iseve patronobs da icavs
mtrebisagan, rogorc mTis saymoebs maTi RvTisS-
vili. xolo bagrationi, Gven viciT, moZmeobis
kavSiriT aris Sekruli mTis RvTisSvilebTan.
`Rili~ migvaniSnebs ymaTa Tanasworobas say-
moSi, radgan is gulisxmobs saerTo kalTas, ro-
melsac akeria Rilebi. `Rili~ emblemaa Tanas-
worobisa, romelsac gamoxatavs sityva mo-yme
Tavisi morfologiuri agebulebiT: TavsarTi `mo-~ at-
arebs ymaTa Soris Tanasworobis ideas. oqros RilTa
Soris jvari aravis aniWebs upiratesobas (yvela Rili
oqrosia), aravis anebivrebs, aravis amyofebs fu-
funebaSi; Tu vinmes gamoarGevs, es gamorGeu-
loba ufro tvirTia da sakmaod mZimec, vidre privile-
gia. jvari ar arGevs ymebs qonebrivi cenzis mixed-
viT; realuri gansxvaveba mdidarsa da Raribs Soris
gaqarwylebulia jvaris TvalSi. es Segneba asuldg-
mulebs saymos, radgan man icis, rom materialuri
dovlaTi da sulieri dovlaTi jvaris boZebulia ymisa-
Tvis imis pasuxad, rasac `samsaxuris wayenebiT~
anu msxverplis Sewirvisas moiTxovs: `^ rasac
wyalobas geTxoebodanT, gamGens moriges, dam-
riges RmerTs SaaxvewnidiT, winpira kacis
mexvewurni kacsa kas dros maumatidiT, Rone-
qones maumatidiT. velT vin gavidodas Tqvenis
mexvewuris yudroGi, bedsa-d davlaTs Tqvens ax-
senebdas, Tqven bedi davlaTi daaxmaridiT, Sors
ccxxxviii
myofn axlos dauxvdidiT, Tqvens kabis kalTa Gau-
faridiT, miwriel-qvecriel daulagmidiT, mterze,
nadirze gaumarjvidiT^~ (56, 19).
nivTieri dovlaTi, romelsac flobs yma saymoSi,
im Txovnis ganaRdebaa, jvaris SuamdgomlobiT
morige RvTisadmi rom aris mimarTuli. amitomac
mdidar ymas ara aqvs safuZveli da ufleba iamayos
SeZenili simdidriT. amgvari siamayis yoveli
gamovlineba da misgan gamowveuli survili
gamocalkevebis da gamorGeulobisa saymos
samarTlian guliswyromas da undoblobas imsax-
urebs, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saymos erTiano-
bas. dovlaTidan, rac upiratesad warmoadgens
pirutyvs, madlieri ymis mier gaiReba msxverpli, ro-
gorc sazRauri moniWebulisa, rogorc naTqvamia
erT sakulto simReraSi _
cxvarsaR umate, Tevdore, Tu ginda rqa-jangi-
anio
(77, #73).
sadac rqa-jangiani niSnavs sakuTriv im
pirutyvs, romelic saklavad aris miyvanili jvaris
karze. msxverpli msxverplia _ ymisgan Sewiruli
erTi cxvari Tu hekatomba Tanabari Rirebulebisa
aris jvarisaTvis, radgan is moelis TiToeulisagan
Tavisi dovlaTis mixedviT. hekatomba, rac àn-
drezad ar modis~, jvaris winaSe ampartavnobad
GaiTvleba; jvari risxavs gabudayebuls, vinc
gadadis Gveulebriv normas, gadalaxavs dasazR-
vrul (Tu damsazRvrel) zRurbls. jvari ar ìxdens~
ccxxxix
iseT ymas, romelic cdilobs qonebrivi upiratesoba
socialur da sakulto upiratesobaSi gadazardos, anu
qonebrivi dovlaTiT gamowveuli prestiJi aqcios
pativad da saymosagan zedmeti pativi moiTxovos.
saqciels, romelic mdgomareobs simdidris niSniT
saymosagan gamocalkevebis tendenciaSi,
gabudayeba ewodeba. es mTiuluri kilokavis
sityvaa da is amgvarad ganimarteba eTnografebis
mier:
`^ Temi ikveTda iseT wevrebs sazogadoebisas,
romelic qonebis dagrovebisaken miiswrafoda da
Temisagan gamocalkevebas cdilobda. Temi amas
g a b u d a y e b a s eZaxda da gabudayebuls imiT
sjida, rom srul izolaciaSi aqcevda^~ (102, 64). aR-
niSnulia, rom gabudayebulis mokveTa saymodan
aris `Temis SigniT Seqmnili prerogativebis win-
aaRmdeg brZolis erT-erTi saSualeba~ (iqve),
àseT sasjels Temi maSin mimarTavda, rodesac
Temis SigniT vinme ekonomiuri Tu sxva raime
upiratesobis mopovebas Seecdeboda~ (102, 67).
rogorc vxedavT, gabudayebuli Tavisive nebiT
emijneba saymos, _ oqros Rili Tavs iglejs jvaris ka-
bidan, _ rasac saymo misi mokveTiT adasturebs.
jvaris kalTas Tavisi nebiT aglejili Rili ukve mok-
veTilia, saymo mxolod ritualurad adasturebs amas.
gavecnoT oriode siuJets, romelic Seqmnilia
gabudayebis motivze. fSavSi (GargalSi), ivris
fSavelebSi (artanSi, arxalSi), gudamayarSi
gavrcelebulia Tqmuleba gamdidrebul kacze, rome-
ccxl
lic cxvar-Zroxas maRla mTaSi wvelis da rZe mile-
biT dabla sofelSi misdis. saymos cnobierebaSi
aseTi viTareba anomaluria; es aris ukiduresi sim-
didris niSani da gaiazreba jvrisadmi mtrobad,
risTvisac gabudayebuli pirebi isjebian sruli ga-
daSenebiT, saymos sasikvdilo ganaGeni gamoaqvs
maTTvis da es jvaris dasturiT xdeba. xma RvTisa _
xma erisa _ es Zveli devizi aq srul moqmedebaSia.
es kargad Gans sulasa da kurdRelas _ Garglel
ZmaTa andrezSi. `^ im sula kurdRelaT xalxi ar
uSobav aragvis Walaze, arc fSavelebi, arc
Pevsurebi^ im sula kurdRelaT ise Sauwuxebav
xalxi, ro amdgara luxumis Svili, cabaurTaSi wasula
da welwad dilas sasoveT Tavis maRalze saparavis
yelisas nabdis PluGiaT gadaulalav xalxi da RalatiT
dauPocnebav iseebi^ xalxi Gausafrebav, Tavad
mekvled misula. miiRes rogorc dediZmis Svili. roca
daiTvrnen, adga da Saatyobina im xalxsa, deeca
es ori sofeli im or kacsa. sulai axunis SasamarTs
mauklav, kurdRela gamahqcevia da Garglis karT
mauklav^~ (67, 116). niSandoblivia, rom
gabudayebul Zmebs erTobili sofeli klavs, mTeli
sofeli kisrulobs pasuxismgeblobas, rom iZulebulia
daarRvios zneobrivi kanoni _ axalwlis dilas RalatiT
daxocon Zmebi. Tumca sofeli unda grZnobdes
jvaris dasturs am sisxlian saqmeSi. jvaris neba
maT daRupvaSi iqidan Gans, rom sulasa da kur-
dRelas nasaxlars GargalSi jvari daepatroneba.
maTi, rogorc jvarisagan SerisxulTa da ganwirulTa,
ccxli
nasaxlari buxreuli xdeba. `GargalSi laSaris jvaris
niSia. sula-kurdRelaT eZaxian, imaT
nacixvarSia^~, `^ isen dauPocian laSaris jvaris
ymaTa da raki imis ZaliT momPdara, maukidebav
iq koWi da beReli dauarsebav iqa^ laSaris jvars
maadidebs (Pevisberi), laSaris jvarsa da Tamaris
jvars iq beRlebi aqv^~ (67, 122).
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gabudayebulebs, ro-
melTac mTaSi nawveli rZe dabla sofelSi GaudiT,
erTdroulad uswordebian Tav-TavianT saymoSi: `ro-
gorc sula da kurdRela GargalSi, ise arxalSi arxali
yofila, artanSi TaRlaura^ im axalwels suyvelani
samganve amouwyvetiaT fSavelebsa^~ (67, 116).
Tu Gargleli sula da kurdRela, artneli Tagva TaR-
laura da arxleli arxali saymos upirispirdebian Tavi-
anTi gamorGeuli simdidriT, uZilaurTeli vinme da
gogolaurTeli yartaula jvarTac aRar epuebian da
`metoben~ maTze. uZilaurTels dautrabaxnia: ko-
palas ymebs wyali ara aqvT sasmelad, Gemi
muSebi ki ludSi banaobeno. jvari ase uswordeba
mas: qvabSi sakidlidan gveli Gadis, kerZi iwamleba
da mis mWamels imsxverplebs yvelas; gadarGeba
mxolod deda-Svili (38, #25606). aseve iRupeba
gogolaurTeli yartaula, romelsac uTqvams, Gems
mamulSi ufro meti kaci muSaobs, vidre mTavar-
mowameSio (65, 34-35)*.
*
sxva variantiT, yartaula cabaurTelia, romelic `metobs~ mezobel saymoze,
gogolaurTis mTavarmowameze (18, #122).
ccxlii
roca dovlaTiT gabudayebuli saymosagan
damoukideblad grZnobs Tavs, is jvarsac uaryofs,
rogorc RvTiur patrons, da devnis mas. es aris
gabudayebis mwvervali, rac ukidures individual-
izmSi gamoixateba. am dros `Rili~ mowyvetilia mi-
was da cas da is ar SeiZleba ar ganadgurdes.
gudamayarSi aseTi andrezia SemorGenili:
`^ am wveris angelozis samkvidro aqa yofila.
soflis (igulisxmeba sof. gamsi, z.k.) Tavze. erTi kaci
_ mirianeuli gamdidrebula Zalian. es xati ar iPdens
Turme Rorebis yolas. mividnen es Rorebi (xatSi),
sTxrian, gadmoTxares iqauroba. is Zalian mdidari
kaci yofila. erT dRes ori qorwili unda hqondes.
amaitana kaxeTidan Rvinoebi, maaqvs da gzaSi
deeca didi qariSxali, gaafuWa yvelaferi. _ macale,
me mirianeuli varo, kidev viyidio. wavida da kidev
maitana. gzaSi aRara xifaTi ar mosvlia. gaamzada
es mayrebi. wavidnen. ori qali unda maiyvanon
ojaxSi da qorwili gadaixadon. roca modian mayrebi
da mohyavT qalebi, iseTi warRvna movida,
wamovida miwa, moimzRvla, moxvda da mTeli
waiRo mayrioni niaRvarma, xalxic, patarZlebica. is
xati imaze gajavrda, Rorebma rom amoTxares.
afrinda es xati, zeviT vloculobT, sagulebels eZ-
axian, iq daarsda. am mirianeulma gaigo da iqac
areka Rorebi. iqidan afrinda (xati) da su wverze
avida, WalisTavis wvers. yamiria, iqeTac da aqeTac
aravin gasTibs. ar aPsonT mama-papas, veravin
ver gasTibs. iq qvebia gaTlili, nasaydralia. iq
ccxliii
Rorebi veRar avidoda. imaze gajavrda da amitom
daRupa. roca eseni dauRupav, memre gameecx-
ada Tu rogor iqneboda da uTxra mirianeuls:
`gageride, zeviT wavedi da Samamyev, mirian-
eulo. migayeneb da mogayeneb, qalis qalze
dagayenebo. su gawyvetila is xalxi; marTlac qalis
qali damrGala, sxva naTesavebi su gawyvetilan~
(67, 195).
adre gavecaniT iseT andrezebs, sadac jvari ker-
aSi ifnis amosvliT an sxva ram saswauliT devnis
mosaxleobas mis adgil-samyofelidan, axla ki
vxedavT, rom Tavad jvaris yma gamodis jvaris
mdevnelis rolSi; Tu sxvagan, jvarGenisa da jvarT
daarsebis andrezebSi sakraluri ipyrobs profanul
teritorias, aGens ra adgil-adgil kvrivebs, gudam-
ayrul andrezSi mirianeuli kvrivebis dalaxviT ifar-
Toebs saarso teritorias im sazRvramde, sadamdec
ki fizikurad SesaZlebelia. ingreva jvaris Senebuli,
Sendeba adamiani, magram Tu adamianis aSene-
bas zRvari aqvs dadebuli, jvari usasruloa da mis
winaSe sabolood nadgurdeba adamiani. mirian-
eulis modgma saymodan amoiricxa (qalis STamo-
mavali, miT umetes, `qalis qali~ ver agrZelebs
gvars), gvarma ki `koWis mokidebiT~ gaaGina ax-
ali kvrivi, romelsac fizikurad veRar miswvdeba ad-
amianis xeli. `WalisTavis wveri~, sadac devnilma
xatma samkvidrebeli adgili amoirGia, fSavis mTaw-
mindaTa analogiuri mTa aris, aqac mTeli aremare
miukarebelia kacTagan (`yamiria, iqeTac da aqiTac
ccxliv
aravin gasTibs~) da mosaxleoba aqac adasturebs
nasaydralebs, sakulto yofis niSnebs.
gabudayebulTa aRsasruli tragizmis mwvervals
aRwevs, roca iRupeba cxra Zmisagan Semgari didi
ojaxi. cxra kurTxeulobis niSania, masSi Gadebulia
gamravlebis usazRvro potencia. marTlac, cxra
Zma, cxra patarZali, cxra vaJi _ es aris ukve sofeli
sofelSi. magram swored aq marxia gabudayebis
Tesli.
cxras avbediTi mxarec aqvs. Tumca qorwilSi
usurveben `cxra vaJi da erTi qalio~ (40, 75), ma-
gram am sakraluri da kurTxeuli ricxviT gamoxatuli
simravle sabediswero xdeba, roca cxra Zma ems-
gavseba im cxra gamxvivnebul anu gamravlebul-
gaZlierebul cxra Zma devs, romelTa uzomo sim-
didrisa da dausazRvreli eqspansiurobis niSani
`cxraTavianobaa~.
cxra Tava devi hyoliyo, cxra SvilT gamzdeli
qalia
(67, 151).
cxraSi marxia gabudayebulTa bediswera: kur-
Txeva wyevlad icvleba, roca cxra Zma upiris-
pirdeba sofels. isini uteven sofels, mis xarjze
ifarToveben TavianT teritorias; amiT eTiSebian
sofelsac da jvarsac, uromlisodac isini cdiloben
Seadginon sakuTari, jvarisagan damoukidebeli
`saymo~. gabudayebis, mZlavrobis da sxvaTagan
gamorGeulobis niSnad am cxra Zmas hyavs TeTri
xarebi (Tu ar eyolaT, TeTr mitkals acmeven), roml-
ccxlv
iTac xnaven TavianT yanas an anadgureben soflis
yanebs. es TeTri feri, romelic (msgavsad cxrisa)
SeiZleba kurTxeulobis niSanic ki yofiliyo, maTi
avbediTi niSania, da ai, gabudayebis mwvervalze
myofT, maT ecxadebaT sabediswero saswaulebi _
TiTqos jvarGenis niSnebi, romlebSic isini amoiki-
Txaven TavianT aRsasruls, saTibSi wyali eyinebaT,
saxlSi rZe, akvanSi bavSvis Sardi. `rZe gamyarda,
Gveni tazari (wesi) asruldao~. da albaT jvaris Se-
gonebiT, rom codvilianTa sarGo-sabadebliT sofeli
ar gauwmidurebuliyo, saTiTaod Sedian gamzade-
bul akldamaSi da cocxlad isamareben Tavs,
stoveben ra buxreuli adgilis xsovnas darGenilTa
TaobebSi (40, 100-1; 109-a, 150, 159; 67, 195-6).
sxva cxra Zma, kvlav mTiuluri andrezis
Tanaxmad, sofel gvidaqeSi cixe-koSks aSenebs
babilonis godlis mSenebelTa kvalze. èxla xo ga-
giswordiT, saRvToo!~ _ SesZaxeben TavianT jvars,
ris gamoc jvari pirwmindad gaswyvets cxra Zmas,
romelic mTels sofels Seadgenda. ase gadaSeneb-
ula gvidaqes erTi modgma (40, 101). aseve ga-
daSenebulan jaunarni lakaTxevSi (mTiuleTi); saRv-
Tos mexi daukravs cixis mSenebeli cra ZmisaTvis,
jvarTan gasworebas rom eswrafodnen, roca
uTqvamT _ èrTi SemovlaRa gvakliao~ (109-a,
192).
aseve cxra Zmis `dalevis~ ambavs mo-
gviTxrobs midelaurTa andrezi. xadaSi erTi sofeli
eWiraT gamdidrebul-gabudayebul cxra Zma mide-
ccxlvi
laurT. erT-erT Zmas droSiTa da anTebuli sanTliT
Semouvlia mTeli xadisaTvis teritoriis dauflebis
mizniT. es sakraluri moqmedebaa. ase iqceva
qadagi kultis genezisSi. roca is xatis wmida terit-
orias SemosazRvravs. gabudayebis gamovlenaa
midelauris mxriv sakralur sferoSi SeWra _ sakraluri
ritualis uzurpacia. (Sdr. aludas mier kuratis TviT-
neburad Sewirva jvaris karze) *. maT dasasjelad es
saqcielic sakmarisi iqneboda. magram andrezs
kidev sxva danaSauli aqvs Semonaxuli. andrezi
agebulia GvenTvis nacnob mtredisa da monadiris
motivze.
`^ yofila sofeli da cxra Zmani yofilan da erTi
monadire yofila. da wavida es monadire da saRa-
mos moida da iaraRi aiyara da dahkida boZze^
hoda, Gamacvivnila is iaraRi, kidev daukidnia,
Gamacvivnila da mamas uTqvia, ro sad iyav, Svilo,
dRes sad iareo? sada, ra naxeo da _ araferi ar
moutania _ da begoT xatis tyeSi viyavio da mtreds
vesroleo, davWer frTaSio da wavida isio. gagiwyra
RmerTio, begoT saRvTo dagiWriao^~ (gagonilia
xadaSi, ix. agreTve 40, 51).
jvarT daarsebis andrezSi monadires mohyavs
mtredi _ Tumca arc ki icis, rom is jvaris niSania _
Tavis saymoSi da Tavisda uneburad salocavis
daarsebis monawile xdeba. aq monadire ar
*
es iseTive codvaa, rogorc TviTneburad, jvaris dasturisa da mowodebis
gareSe dekanozoba. `Tavis mowadinebiT dekanozad wasvla cudia,
daiRupeba. xats Tavdidi kaci ar unda, Gven dabali varT~ (gagonilia gudama-
yarSi, 1982w.).
ccxlvii
moqmedebs, rogorc monadire _ is ar nadirobs,
Tumca wmida `nanadireviT~ brundeba ukan.
midelauris tragikul andrezSi ki monadire cdilobs im
frinvlis monadirebas, romelzedac ar nadiroben. is
Seeyreba mtreds (es misi bedisweraa!), magram
ver Seicnobs masSi xatis wmida frinvels (esec misi
da misi Zmebis bedisweraa!) da dasWris mas. es
sabediswero gasrola midelaurTa daqcevis niSania.
jvari maTive sakuTari xeliT uswordeba gabudaye-
bul ymebs.
metismeti simdidre ar aris gabudayebis erT-
aderTi mizezi. xSirad xdeba, oqros Rils aviwydeba,
rom materialuri dovlaTi, romelsac is flobs, jvaris
miniWebulia, rogorc nadirT patronis nawyalobebi
misi kerZi nanadirevi. magram saymoSi
SevxvdebiT iseT ymasac, romelsac ar axsovs, rom
jvaris kalTazea dakerebuli da misi davlaTiT (xar-
izmiT) aRwevs yvelafers, rasac aRwevs.
cabaurTis saymoSi SemorGenilia ambavi mTav-
arangelozis xevisbris, gamaxare xoxordaulis
saswaulebrivi gadarGenisa (es xevisberi erT-erTi
cxra gabudayebul ZmaTagania).
Gven es andrezi vaxseneT, roca
saubari iyo jvaris ZiriTad siwmidee-
bze. axalwlis dilas xevisberi, romelsac
xelSi droSa da Tasi (sxva variantiT:
droSa da wilobebi, romlebic jvarSi,
beRlis karze unda mietana xevisbers, rogorc axali
wlis mekvles) eWira, gamoitaca zvavma da
ccxlviii
uvneblad Gamosva soflis axlos, mzilas, sadac axla
kvrivia. cxadia, droSac da Tasic da Tavad xevis-
beric jvaris sakuTrebaa, misi unji, rogorc oqros Rili.
magram xevisberi ufro metia jvarisaTvis, vidre ri-
giTi oqros Rili. Tu rigiTi yma jvaris unjia, xevisberi,
rogorc misi daWerili, misi unjis unjia. amitomac
jvari daicavda gansacdelSi Tavis unjis unjs da
wmida sagnebs, romlebic xelT epyra mas. es icoda
xevisberma xoxordaulma, roca jvari axsena da er-
TaderTma jvarionidan gabedulad dadga fexi
sazvave adgilze. is gadarGa jvaris davlaTis ZaliT,
magram samSvidobos Gasulma es saswaulebrivi
xsna sakuTar Tavs miawera da daamadla mTav-
arangelozs: `mTavarangelozo, Gemma davlaTma
giSvela, Toro droSac dagekargeboda, Tasnic da
Pevisberic mogikvdebodao~ (65, 228).
aseTi suliskveTeba unda amoiZirkvos say-
modan mis matarebel pirovnebasTan erTad, miT
umetes, Tu is xevisberia da ara rigiTi oqros Rili,
kultis msaxuri, romelic warmarTavs saymos reli-
giur Segnebas da cxovrebas. andrezis erTi vari-
antiT, xevisbers mis ZmebTan erTad, romelTa
daRupva (`daleva~) daupirebia maT jvars,
cabaurTis mTavarangelozs laSaris jvari, rogorc
fSavis RvTisSvilTa Tavi, gamosarGlebia da erTi
koWli mWedeli miucia maT gamosasyidad. ase
moaSora isini im jvars da saymos, sadac
gabudaydnen. sxva tradiciiT, da es ufro damaxasi-
ccxlix
aTebelia, cabaurTis jvari Rupavs Tavis gadidgule-
bul msaxurs.
davlaTi
xoxordaulis ambavi adasturebs vaJa-fSavelas

sityvebs:
`^ fSavels zogi kaci zog xatze iRbliani hgonia~
(33, 12). es azri, romelic albaT raRac realur
gamocdilebas emyareba, aqa-iq bJutavs saymos
cnobierebaSi. zog pirovnebas Tavis saxelovan mo-
mavals sakuTari davlaTis cocxali gancda aw-
inaswarmetyvelebs. andrezad SemorGenilia laSaris
jvaris xevisberis, gara Turmanaulis Gveneba, ro-
melic mas siymawvileSi araerTxel unaxavs: nisla
xari erkineba wiTel xars da am SerkinebaSi
yovelTvis wiTeli xari gamodis gamarjvebuli. nislaSi
laSaris jvaris davlaTia gansaxierebuli, xolo wiTeli
garas gancdaSi misi davlaTis gansaxierebaa (19,
#121). rogor xdeba, rom laSaris jvaris davlaTs mis
ymis davlaTi sZalavs? laSaris jvari xom `zogi~
jvari ar aris? Tumca arc gara Turmanaulia ubralo
yma, magram is mainc ymaa. da mainc misi mo-
mavali am Gvenebam Tu gancdam gadawyvita.
aqedan iwyeba misi gabudayeba, romliTac aRbe-
Wdilia misi cxovrebis yoveli gadamwyveti wuTi.
am wuTebSi gabedvis gareSe, roca is endoboda
Tavis davlaTs, gara ver miaRwevda misaRwevs,
rom ar ganecada Tavis TavSi wiTeli xaris Zala, ro-
ccl
melic mis ymawvilur ocnebaSi Tavis davlaTad es-
axeboda. magram miuxedavad am gabudayebisa
da Tavis Tavze uzomo warmodgenisa, rasac amar-
Tlebda kidec, garas aRsasruli ar yofila tragikuli;
man Rrma da brZnul siberemde miaRwia _ laSaris
jvari Tavis nebas acxadebda misi piriT. laSaris
jvars ar dausjia Tavisi yma jvarTan gatolebaze
ocnebisaTvis. es gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa
gabudayebulTa istoriaSi. amis mizezs mivxvdebiT,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT garas warmomavlobas da im
imedebs, rasac sabediswero gansacdelSi mis
Sobaze amyarebda saymo.
gara TurmanaulTa gvars ekuTvnoda, xolo Tur-
manaulni Seadgenen gogolaurTa saymos erT-erT
gvars. TurmanaulTa sagvareulos saxelovani,
SeiZleba iTqvas, davlaTiani warsuli aqvs. misma
eponimma _ Turmanma, romelic, andrezis
Tanaxmad, batonis usamarTlobas gamoqcevia bar-
idan, daaarsa roSka-qmostis saymo xevisbereTSi
da jvaric àRmouGina~ mas. is, rogorc monadire,
jvarGenis mxilveli Seiqna WiuxebSi da jvari, mtre-
dis aRiT gamocxadebuli, mohgvara saymos (38,
#25434). es iyo misi davlaTi, romelic gadadis mis
STamomavlebSi, rogorc sakuTreba, da es xdeba
am gvaris gabudayebis safuZveli. rogorc gara aris
gabudayebuli TurmanaulT sagvareulodan, aseve
TurmanaulTa sagvareuloa gabudayebuli gogo-
laurTa saymoSi, romelic Tavis mxriv, gabudaye-
bulia mTels fSavis xevSi, laSaris jvaris Tormet say-
ccli
moSi. Gven ki viciT, rom jvari da saymo ar
`xdeniloben~ gabudayebas, amitomac jvarma
samgzis miiyvana calke Turmanaulni, calke gogo-
laurni `dalevamde~ (mizezad andrezi wmidobis
daucvelobas asaxelebs). saymo ìleoda~, magram
raRac saswauliT kvlav aRorZindeboda. andrezi mo-
gviTxrobs, rom Turmanaulni jvarma erT kacze
daiyvana, oTxmoci wlis berikacze, romelsac sxva
gvaris warmomadgenlebma maTdami gaweuli
sikeTis sazRaurad TavianTi qali SerTes. Turman-
aulebi mesamed aRorZindnen, kvlav gamravldnen
da im berikacisgan mesame TaobaSi iSva gara (65,
300), aSkarad gamoxatuli gabudayebis niSnebiT.
sxva gadmocemis Tanaxmad, raRac danaSaul-
isaTvis fSavis TerTmetma Temma gogolaurebs
Gaqolva gadauwyvita; moaquGes kidec saqolavi
qva, rom dReoba dRes yvelani erTad GaeqolaT.
am saqmeSi mTeli pasuxismgebloba garas ek-
isreboda, rogorc gansakuTrebuli metobis gamom-
Gens sagogolauroSi. (`metobas akeTebs, Tavs
wavida~ _ ase xasiaTdeba mTxroblis sityvebiT misi
qceva). pirveli dartyma mas unda mieRo, magram
garam Tavis gvarisa da gogolaurTis sxva ymebTan
erTad gastexa maisti, qistebis gautexeli cixe, rac
qajaveTis gatexas edreboda, da gamoreka iqidan
uTvalavi cxvar-Zroxa laSaris jvarisaken, rom wesis-
amebr jvarisaTvis SeewiraT naTavari da mere
gaenawilebinaT nadavli. garas da Turmanaulebs
da, saerTod, gogolaurebs, es qmedeba davlaTSi
cclii
GaeTvalaT da xevisberebma apaties garas da
mere gogolaurebs danaSauli: `raki maisti gatexao,
_ uTqvams maTuris xevisbers, _ gogolaurs me ki
virigebo, danarGen Temebma Tavad iciano~ da
gatyda. vercaRa sxva Temebma qnes~ (38,
#25451).
SesaniSnavia, rom maistis gatexa provocirebuli
iyo laSaris Tavxevisberis mier misda uneburad, ro-
melsac garasTvis, jer kidev pirtitvela yrmisTvis
uTqvams _ àqao, ra didi guliTa xaro, ra maistis
cxvar-Zroxa mamitaneo~ (iqve). am sityvebma
aanTo garas suli, gaaxela `wiTeli xari~ da, rogorc
Tqmuleba gadmogvcems, TxuTmeti wlis Wabukma
xeli daavlo laSaris jvaris droSas, aragvisaken
daeSva, samgzis ibana aragvSi da droSac gabana.
mere jvarSi avida da xalxs gamoucxada: qisteTs
mivdivar, maisti unda gavtexoo (38, #25457). es
sruliad dauSvebeli saqcieli iyo _ xevisberis funqciis
uzurpacia, droSis xelyofa (kvlav gavixsenoT aluda
qeTelauris analogiuri qmedeba). magram gara ar
isjeba; man Tavisi davlaTiT gaamarTla, rac
gabeda: droSiT xelSi, rogorc xevisberma da meo-
marma, gatexa maisti. Tumca gara gamonaklisia,
misi gabedva ar aris andrezad dadebuli; mis saq-
ciels veravin gaimeorebs dausjelad. garas saqcielis
andrezad amRebs igive Gveneba unda hqonoda,
rac garas; exila jvarTan morkinali sakuTari davlaTi,
an raRac sxva niSani gamocxadeboda, rac
gaabedvinebda.
ccliii
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi winapris saqcieli maga-
liTia, romlis mixedviT unda iqceodes STamomav-
loba. ras vityviT gara Turmanaulze? gara, cxadia,
andrezis gmiria, magram is srulebiT ar aris an-
drezuli, masSi aris raRac gansakuTrebuli, ganu-
meorebeli, rac gamoarGevs mas im
winaprisagan, romelTa qcevani
safuZvlad udevs STamomavalTa
qcevebs. garas SaTamomavali xevis-
beri ver daiwyebs Tavis sakulto moR-
vaweobas imgvaradve, rogorc
daiwyo garam _ TviTneburad ver daavlebs xels
jvaris uwmides sagans, da ver gamoacxadebs Tavs
sakuTari nebiT xevisbrad. aseTi saqcielis gambe-
davs unda esmodes davlaTis xma, rogorc xma
jvarisa, da albaT maSin SeiZleba xevisbrad
dadgomis tradiciuli wesisgan gadaxveva. ase
xdeba maSin, roca dgeba amis gardauvali aucileb-
loba, roca sxva gza ar Gans; roca ar Gans kaci, ro-
melic gabedavs gautexavi cixis gatexas, rom say-
mos ocneba aRasrulos. amis sakuTari nebiT, say-
mos dasturis gareSe aRmsrulebeli xarizmatuli
(davlaTiani) pirovneba unda iyos; masze unda gad-
movides xarizma _ madli, rac sruliad norG asakSi
aucilebeli, tradiciulad mimdinare ritualTa gverdis
avliT SeaZlebnebs xevisbrobas da saymos win-
amZRolobas. davlaTiani gara upirispirdeba tradi-
cias, magram is, SesaZloa, axal tradicias uyrides
safuZvels.
ccliv
garas upiratesoba is aris, rom gara saymos
genezisSi ibadeba, dalevamde miyvanili saymos
xelaxal genezisSi. iq aris misi fesvi. is bebris Svilia,
rogorc zamTris daleuli mzis Svili, romelic Tavis
droze dauval mzed iqceva. aRmavali Zala Gans
mis pirovnebaSi, mis rwmenaSi da imedSi davlaT-
isadmi. magram garaSi ar aris pirovnuli individual-
izmi, rasac ebrZvis jvari da saymo. gara iqceva ise,
rogorc sWirdeba saymos Tavis arsebobis gadam-
wyvet Jams, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRurblze. garas indi-
vidualizmSi ganaxlebuli da aRorZinebuli saymos
individualizmia, riTac is ucxo sazogadoebebs
upirispirdeba. aseT dros saymos sulieri Zalebi,
rwmena, imedi, davlaTian pirovnebaSia daunjebuli.
unda iTqvas, rom gara afuZnebs Tavis pirovnul an-
drezs, romelsac SeiZleba erTeulebi mihyvnen say-
mos istoriis gadamwyvet gansacdelebSi. magram
misi saqcieli ver damkvidrdeba sayovelTao wesad.
niSandoblivia, rom garas davlaTi misi sikvdilis
Semdegac etoqeba laSaris jvaris davlaTs. aseTi
Tqmulebaa darGenili: gara rom momkvdara, misi-
anebs veRar gaumarjvniaT erTxans. mere laSaris
jvars meenis piriT gamoucxadebia: gara amoeTx-
araT, marjvena beWi aeTalaT da laSaris droSisa-
Tvis SeebaT. asec moqceulan _ SeubamT droSaze
da kidec gaumarjvniaT (38, #25458).
pirovnebani, romlebic mkveTrad gamoxatuli
davlaTiT arian aRZrulni, mwvervalebiviT Ganan
saymoSi. isini davlaTis meoxebiT arian atyorcnilni
cclv
oqros Rilis Gveulebrivi, yofiTi donidan. mwvervalze
yofna gansacdelia da davlaTis paradoqsi is aris,
rom davlaTi kacisa cxaddeba mxolod da mxolod
ukidures gansacdelSi, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze,
roca kacis arseboba bewvze hkidia. ai, am dros iG-
ens Tavs davlaTi, rogorc saswauli. rogorc jvari
ecxadeba mkadres gadamwyvet viTarebaSi, aseve
gamouqrolebs davlaTi kacs cdaSi, gansacdelSi da
maSin mixvdeba kaci, rom is davlaTiani yofila.
Gveulebriv, wynar àmindSi~ davlaTi ar Gans, mas
TiTqos safarveli aqvs dadebuli.
fSav-xevsuruli davlaTi imave tipis movlenaa,
rogorc aris islandiuri hamingja, romelic xSirad ix-
senieba islandiur sagebSi, roca konungis gabedul
nabijzea saubari. ai, rogor ganmartavs am cnebas
a.gureviGi:
`mefeTa sagebSi iRbali (óäà÷à), bedi _ aris
Tviseba, romelic, pirvel yovlisa konungs, belads
miewereba. sazogadod, rac ufro warGinebuli da
keTilSobilia kaci, miT ufro meti iRblis mqonea is,
miT ufro advilad ixveWs gamarjvebas da sim-
didres^ yoveli konungi flobs Tavis sakuTar
ìRbals~, `nawils~ (äîëÿ), amave dros is yvela
Tavisi winapris iRblis memkvidrea^~ (120, 55).
ìRbali vlindeba adamianis moqmedebebSi,
amitom aqtiuri, uyoymano moqmedeba misi saq-
cielis imperativia. yoymani da zedmeti gansja Se-
fasebulia, rogorc iRblis uqonlobis niSani. amas
garda, da es arsebiTia, iRblis kategoriis gagebisa-
cclvi
Tvis skandinavelebTan, iRbali ar warmoadgens in-
dividis iseT ganuSorebel da marad Tanmxleb
Tvisebas, rom is ar saWiroebdes ganmtkicebas da
sistematur gamocdas moqmedebaSi. iRblis xar-
isxze, mis xasiaTzea damokidebuli adamianis
qcevis sasikeTo bolo, magram mxolod moraluri da
fizikuri Zalebis mudmivi daZabviT SeuZlia mas mi-
aRwios Tavisi iRblis cxadyofas^~ (120, 52-3).
aq Tqmuli savsebiT gamoxatavs davlaTis cne-
bas; amave dros, davlaTis cneba aris is sasinji qva,
romelic amxels Zireul gansxvavebas Zvel skand-
inaviur sazogadebasa da Gvens saymoebs Soris.
skandinavuri davlaTi mxolod konungTa da war-
GinebulTa Tvisebaa, ubralo mokvdavs, rigiT
mebrZols is ar SeiZleba hqondes. Tavis genezisSi
konungoba swored davlaTzea damokidebuli. mas
moaqvs adamianisTvis warGineba da mefoba,
xalxis winamZRoloba.
Gven saymoSi, ramdenadac jvarma moymeni
oqros Rilad SobiT gaaTanaswora erTmaneTTan,
yoveli maTgani potenciurad atarebs davlaTianobis
SesaZleblobas. yvela SeiZleba iyos davlaTiani _ ri-
giTi ymac da mefe ereklec, RvTisSvilis moZme,
Tundac erTxel Tavis sicocxleSi gamoavlens rigiTi
moyme davlaTs da es yofnis mas saxelisTvis:
`WabukaT GaGaurasa davlaT daajda mParzeda^~
mefis davlaTi marTlac grandiozulia Tavisi masStab-
iTa da ZaliT, magram mainc davlaTia _ zeadamia-
nuris SemoWra mokvdavis dasazRvrul sicocxleSi
cclvii
da SesaZleblobebSi, roca RvTiuri gaarRvevs ad-
amianuri SezRudulobis farglebs. èrekle batoniSvili
RvTisgan as davlaTiani~, ambobs simRera.
WabukaT GaGauras an vinme uTurgaT giorgis dav-
laTi (àrdots uTurgis giorgi, giqris davlaTis qario~,
88,#100), Tumca viwrod SemosazRvrul asparezze,
sadRac miyruebul xevSi vlindeba, magram Tavisi
arsiT is sruliadac ar gansxvavdeba mefuri davlaT-
isagan.
davlaTma SeiZleba yvelas gamouqrolos, oRond
mxolod maSin, roca moyme moqmedebs, xolo misi
moqmedeba brZolaa anu cda. es aris misi
mniSvnelovani saqmianoba, sadac Tavs iGens misi
egzistencia. moymis davlaTi Tavs ver iGens mS-
vidobiani Sromis dros, gansxvavebiT bibliuri
iosebisa, romelsac Tavis egvipteli batonis saxlSi
`yvelaferSi xeli hqonda momarTuli~ (dab. 39, 2).
SesaniSnavia, rom saymos enaze brZolas ewodeba
cda, sadac moyme cdis Tavs, sadac unda ganica-
dos davlaTis qrolva, romlis molodini arasodes
stovebs mas. am molodiniT elis is Jams, rodis
Gaebmeba cdaSi da swuxs mTeli arsebiT, roca ar
eZleva cdis saSualeba:
bralia mindiaisad, xan ro ar eqna cdisao
(88, #103).
is sizmrad xedavs cdas da mouTmenlad elis
gaTenebas, rom ar gauSvas xelidan cda, romelic
misi davlaTis saunjea:
kldis ZirSi daZinebulsa sizmar unaxavs cdisao,
cclviii
meelis gaTenebasa, masvla uxaris mzisao
(88, #193).
magram moymem isic icis, rom cdaSi mxolod
Tavganwirvisas modis davlaTi, romelsac sikvdilis
sunTqva moaqvs Tan; is Tavs iGens iseT
gansacdelSi, sadac moyme sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvar-
zea, magram gadarGenaze ar unda fiqrobdes,
radgan `Wkvians~ gaurbis davlaTi; misi fesvi
iracionalurSia. is zena samyarodan aris mofrenili
da, rogorc jvaris mtredi, mxarze ajdeba moymes,
rom Tavisi uxilavi frTis SexebiT erTi wamiT mainc
aswios wuTisoflidan da maradiulobas aziaros.
vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `martooba~, romlis dasaw-
yisi sityvebia àRar mestumra arwivi~,
gvecnaureba xalxuri warmodgena davlaTis bune-
baze, Tumca xalxur poeziaSi versad dava-
dasturebT, rom davlaTi frTosani arwivi iyos. albaT
es vaJas piradi warmosaxvis nayofia. amasTanave
isic SesaniSnavia, rom davlaTi brZolis velidan mis
leqsSi STagonebisa da Semoqmedebis (am sityvis
farTo azriT) asparezzea gadanacvlebuli. poeti eZ-
axis arwivs, rogorc mkadres SeeZlo miemarTa
jvaris macnisaTvis:
modi, arwivo, sada xar?
SoriTve gicnob xmazeda.
Sens mosvlas roca ki vigrZnob,
gamovicvlebi wamzeda;
myis vtoveb dedamiwasa,
gadavsaxldebi cazeda.
cclix
xan fandurs SavaJRaruneb,
xan davamRereb Tarzeda.
xan vtiri, xana vloculob,
xan brazs, Sxams vanTxev
Sxamzeda.
roca arwivi Tan maxlavs,
mizis marjvena mxarzeda, _
mefisa madga gvirgvini,
vzivar samefo taxtzeda!
Seuracxyofas vin mkadrebs?
salams miZRvnian cdazeda.
roca arwivi wamiva,
Gvari var mcire Gvarzeda.
dammaleT, nu gamomaGenT,
ar SescdeT, damsvaT jarzeda.
poeti sakuTar cdaSi ganicdis davlaTis
mimoqcevas; am mimoqcevaSi, romelic edareba
zRvis ritms, gadis misi cxovreba. zogjer es Sin-
agani cda sivrcul-droJamul gamoxatulebas poulobs
mTa-barisa da gazafxul-zamTris monacvleobaSi
(42). mTa da gazafxuli gancdilia, rogorc sulieri aR-
zevebis da STagonebis dro da adgili; am dros da
aq davlaTis frinveli arwivi aRwevs Tavis mwver-
vals. xolo bari da zamTari dacemaa, miwier tyveo-
baSi yofna, roca arwivi uGinardeba; SesaZlebelia,
samudamod gauGinardes.
davlaTi tragikuli fenomenia.
davlaTis gauGinarebis, misgan ganwirulobis
mudmiv safrTxeSi gadis davlaTianis cxovreba, ro-
cclx
melic mTavrdeba tragikulad, radgan davlaTma ar
SeiZleba ar gaswiros, an ar daayenos gabudayebis
gzaze da daRupos. an is ver aitans davlaTis ganc-
das da gabediTebamde midis, radgan adamianis
buneba SezRudulia da ver uZlebs davlaTis usasru-
lobas, Tumca misi moqmedebis dro wamisyofaSia
moqceuli.
ai, TorRva, romlis davlaTianobis amomwurav
daxasiaTebas iZleva masze Seqmnili xalxuri le-
qsebi da prozauli gadmocemebi.
oblobiT amaizarda TorRva Zaganis gvario,
amaes amaiyola navTi da nakvercxalio.
iorSi amaiGqvifa, SoriT vin uga Tvalio.
didebuloba dauTqves, beWebs unaxes jvario.
marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvaris
nalio^
oblobaSi imaleba misi gansakuTrebuloba, misi
davlaTi. es Zveli xalxuri warmodgenaa _ oblebad
daizardnen amirani da Zmani misni, oboli iyo
farnavazi, romelic Semdeg didebas ewia Tavisi
davlaTiT, obolia zRapris bevri gmiri, romelic
sabolood xelmwifebas aRwevs. magram TorRvas
obloba faravs mis warmoSobas bagrationisagan
(gadmocemiT, is aleqsandres Tu romeliRac baton-
iSvilis nabiWvari yofila); amaTgan gamohyolia
mas, rogorc zemoT moyvanil nawyvetSi Gans,
sagvareulo didebulebis niSnebi, romelTa Sesaxeb
qristofore kasteli laparakobs Tavisi naxatebis
minawerebSi (41, #3, #9). es aris saidumlo daRi,
cclxi
romelic mSobeli dedis garda aravis ar unda exila;
magram viRacam Tvali mohkra (`vin uga Tvalio~),
roca nabanavebi TorRva ivris wylidan dedaSobila
amodioda. Tu adre `xTisagan davlaTian~ TorRvas
tyvia ar ekareboda, am saidumlo niSnebis
gamoaSkaravebis Semdeg Svid weliwads
naavadari kacis mier nasroli isris msxverpli xdeba.
meore versiiT, TorRvas ifaravda ara saidumlo
niSnebi, aramed gveleSapisgan naGuqari jaWvis
perangi, romelic albaT misma davlaTma Gaagde-
bina xelSi:
sanadiroSi TorRvama TeTr jiPvs maxkida Tavlio,
fePi gausxlta TorRvasa, myinvarm gauRo kario,
veSap myinvarSi namyofi gauxda megobario,
TorRvasa Gasacmelada aGuqa samanqanio
(88, #44-d).
TeTr jixvs , rogorc irems farnavazi, mihyavs
*
TorRva im adgilamde, sadac dasabamiTve eloda

mas jaWvis perangis saxiT ginivTebuli misi davlaTi.
misi es gamocdileba amgvarad aris gadmocemuli
prozaul TqmulebaSi: `TorRva sanadirod yofila, erT
alagas yinulSi Gavardnila, iq veSapi wolila da imas
dascemia. Turme siciviTa da simSiliT kvdeboda
TorRva. Seecoda veSaps, amoiRebs Tvals, alokebs,
gaaZRobs da gaaTbobs. gauZmobildeba. im
veSaps miucia jaWvi, _ begTari, _ tanze Gasacme-
lad. Turme iseTi Tviseba hqonda im jaWvs, sadac
*
amave epizodis amsaxvel sxva leqsSi TeTr jixvs enacvleba TeTri yorani, ro-
melic Tan Gayveba miwis napralSi gauGinarebul jaWvis perangs (88, #44-
v).
cclxii
xmals daartyamdnen, an tyvia da isari moxvde-
boda, sul iq miixveteboda Turme da veRarafers
aklebda iaraRi^~ (88, 351).
didebuloba, davlaTianoba, saswaulebrivi jaWvis
perangi _ es yvelaferi pirad siGauqesTan erTad
avalebda TorRvas, rom daecva fSav-xevsureTis da
TuSeTis saymoebi, rogorc icavdnen maT maTi kan-
onieri patronebi _ bagrationebi, raki is imaT naSi-
erad aRiarebda Tavs. poeturi fragmentebidan
Gans, rom TorRva cdilobs Tavisi didebuli war-
moSobis ganaRdebas xevsureTis sinamdvileSi _ is
TiTqos ikrebs Tavis garSemo saymos, is batonobs;
is cdilobs teritoriis dapatronebas:
vaJkacni eegeTani TorRvasa xyvandes ymanio
(88, 44-d).
gamigonian Pevsurni, TorRvas ro xyvandes
ymania,
TorRva ikvlevda adgilsa, batonis nabiWvaria
(88, #44-v).
TorRva cdilobs daiWiros bagrationi batonis
adgili mTis saymoebSi da, raki bagrationi RvTisS-
vilTa moZmed aris Seracxili, TorRvac TiTqos
`jvarobs~ Tavis TanamemamuleTa Soris, rac
SeumGneveli ar darGenila. xalxuri poezia gansak-
uTrebiT ar aviTarebs am Temas, magram zogierTi
detali TorRvas garSemo Seqmnil leqsebSi aSkarad
metyvelebs am suliskveTebaze:
SamoZugZugebs TorRvai, ro ZuZauri jvario,
cclxiii
romelsac, rogorc marTlac jvars*, sauflo saklavs
uklaven:
meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai Pario^
magram nacvlad imisa, rom davlaTian-nawiliani
da Seuval-jaWvis-perangosani TorRva yofiliyo Tav-
isi saymos patroni da mcavi-mfaravi, rogorc bagra-
tionT naSieri da RvTisSvilTa moZme, is xdeba maTi
mtarvali da moZalade; is vardeba gabudayebaSi,
risganac misi saxelis sadidebel leqsSic ki afrTx-
ileben:
Sagaqi, nu gazdiddebi, mama meca myav Pm-
liani,
samT Saxkravs SenisTanaTa jaWvianT perangi-
ani
(88, #43-g).
`maTqvami~ qali am ukanaskneli sityvebiT
gaaxsenebs TorRvas, rom davlaTi ar aris misi
pirovnuli Tviseba, rom mis gareSe is ubralo mokv-
davad iqceva da misi momrevic moiZebneba say-
moSi.
roca TorRvas gabudayeba mwvervals aRwevs,
is iTxovs damatebiT begars, TiTqos umniSvnelos
erTi SexedviT:
mSavleb, umateT begarsa TiTo tarigi cxvario,
TiTo nacrian tomara, mTaze davyara mSralio.
sakar-ymod SamikrifodiT laRis arwivis mPario
(88, #44).
*
`koSki dgas ielovanSi, TorRvais naburTvalio~ (88, #44-b) _ rogorc vxedavT,
TorRvasac gauGnda `koSki~, rogorc jvaris kvrivi, sadac `burTaobs~ jvari;
gavixsenoT jvarTa gavrcelebis epiTeti `moburTvali~.
cclxiv
TiTqos ra aris erTi tarigi, tomara nacari da ar-
wivis frTa, magram es gaxda ukanaskneli wveTi
moTminebis TasSi, _ swored am dros iwyeba misi
dacema da is, davlaTwarTmeuli, xdeba msxverpli
iseTi kacisa, romlis xeliT srulebiT ar moeloda
daRupvas. SesaZlebelia, im kacis mxarze gadain-
acvla davlaTma, rom gabeda da TorRvasTana kacs
daumizna isari. mkvleli ase mimarTavs mokluls:
TorRvav, nu damemdurebi, Zalisa moge Zalio.
Svid wels var naavadari, samsa ki _ nacivario.
muPliT movziden boZalsa, _ PelSi ara maqv
janio^
(88, #44-T).
naavadari da aqamde usaxelo GonTa, ase er-
qva TorRvas mkvlels, marTlac ver SeZlebda am
saqmes, rom misi msxverpli maT Sexvedramde ar
yofiliyo ganwiruli davlaTisagan. davlaTma gawira
gabudayebuli* iseve, rogorc aRTqmis gamtexeli
gvelismWameli mindia, romelsac waerTva ze-
bunebrivi sibrZne, rac sabolood misi tragikuli
daRupvis mizezi Seiqna.
ucxo Tvali, romelic yovelTvis mtrulia, Sen-
iSnavs TorRvas beWebze aRbeWdili jvris, mzisa da
mTvaris gamosaxulebebs _ misi nawilianobis pikto-
grafiul niSnebs, romelTa arseboba mis tanze
saidumlod unda darGeniliyo sikvdilamde. es niS-
*
gabudayebas erTvis Ralatic: `Zmobilis moRalatesa RmerTm giyvas
samarTalio~ (88, #44-T). oRond gaurkvevelia, vin aris es Zmobili. jaWvis
perangis mGuqebeli veSapic mis Zmobilad ixseneba (Ralatis epizodi ucno-
bia).
cclxv
nebi, rogorc Tilisma, icavda mas gansacdelSi, vidre
dRis sinaTle ar ixiles maT. TorRva hkargavs veS-
apis naGuqar `samanqanur~ jaWvis perangsac, ro-
melSic msgavsad vaxtang gorgaslis vigris tyavisa,
arc isari da arc tyvia ar atanda. SesaniSnavia, rom
es orive sabediswero danakargi banaobis dros
SeemTxva TorRvas: erTxel iorSi àmoGqvebisas~,
roca `Tvali uges~ mis SiSvel tans; meored, roca
arWilos wyalSi sabanaod Gasulma uyuradRebod
miatova jaWvi. ai, rogor gamoiTqva leqsad es epi-
zodi:
Gamodidnen andaksa monadireni rvania.
TorRvaic amand Gamaxyva, ro yvirilobis Paria.
beGavad rasam maRbijavs, emGnevis natiralia.
_ `jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, Zmobilis naGuqaria?
~
_ `sanadiroGi gadavel, nadirT movavle Tvalia;
Gavedi arWiloSia, movPele Tbili wyalia.
me Gaved sabanaoda, jaWvs gavanebe Tavia.
maSin davkarge tiali, veRar movxkide Tvalia.
egre gacurda e jaWvi, rogorc mdinare wyalia.
gamauyene mdevari, ver mauPeles kvalia.
wamoved, raRas viqmodi? imad var natiralia~
(88, #44-z).
banaoba Zveli miTologiuri motivia; mobanave
TorRva, romelic kargavs SobiTgan boZebuls Tu
gansacdelSi mopovebuls, Zveli miTosebis persona-
Jebs enaTesaveba, mag., gilgameSs, romelic bana-
obis dros kargavs uyuradRebod migdebul siWabu-
cclxvi
kis balaxs, didi wvalebiT rom amoitana okeanis
fskeridan. aseve evfratidan SiSvlad amosul
gmirebs _ gilgameSsa da enqidus _ daadga Tvali
qalRmerTma iSTarma, rac erT-erTi maTganisTvis
sabediswero Seiqna (ix. kari VI). qaosis frinvelma,
anzudma, banaobis dros mohpara samyaros ufals,
enlils, bedisweris dafebi (46, 90).
wodebulni da rGeulni
Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,
mTibelni gixarianRaeo?
mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao
dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?
bevrais jiPvis gamgoresao,
Tofsa Pirimsa zidavRaeo?
mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao,
welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?
stumris bevrisa masaxursao,
tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?
bevrais mtrisa gamrigesao,
enasa bWeSi zidavRaeo?
(79, #149).
am xevsuruli xmiT natiralSi paradigmulad aris
aRnusxuli yoveli saqmianoba, romelTa aRsrulebaSi
gadis TiToeuli ymis wuTisofeli. motirali saTiTaod
GamoTvlis maT daRupulis cxedarTan Sekrebili
xalxis gasagonad da sagulisxmoa, rom yovelive
amas saymo, TiToeuli moyme, diacis piriT ismens.
romc ar ganmeordes naTqvami, am sityvebs Rr-
cclxvii
mad ibeWdavs maTi maxsovroba. SromaSi, nadiro-
baSi, brZolaSi, maspinZlobaSi, saymos
TanxmobisaTvis zrunvaSi gadis cxovreba Sarman-
aulisa. natirali Tavisi lakoniurobiT da amomwura-
vobiT arqetipul mniSvnelobas iZens rigiTi ymis am-
sofliuri yofierebisaTvis, Tumca is, rogorc natirali,
damwuxrebuli gulis uSualo amoZaxilia: dai tiris
Zmaze, dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris moqceul erT
sicocxleze, rogorc wuTisoflis dasasrulze, romlis tra-
gizms itvirTavs oriode TiTqosda umniSvnelo mar-
cvali _ Rae.
aq GamoTvlil xuTi rigis saqmianobas unda
eweodes adamiani, Tu mas surs (da ar SeiZleba es
ar surdes) iyos saymos sruluflebiani wevri _ yma
saymoSi, moyme moymeTa Soris. es niSnavs: say-
mos warsulSi (ufro dasabamSi) Seqmnil yaidaze
unda warmarTos man Tavisi cxovreba. am
TvalTaxedviT, es natirali mamaTa andrezis
saukeTeso gadmomcemia, is saymos kodeqsia,
sasowarkveTili diacis piriT Tqmuli; amoZaxebuli
usasoo mwuxarebaSi. ai, es andrezia STabeWdili
Svilis cnobierebaSi, mas unda asrulebdes is, Tuki
surs, ekuTvnodes mamaTa saymos. is unda
fiqrobdes, moqmedebdes, ibrZodes, maspin-
Zlobdes, saklavs klavdes, qorwindebodes, kvde-
bodes, imarxebodes^ imgvaradve, rogorc
iqceodnen `mas Jamsa Sina~ mcxovrebi mis win-
aprebi anu `wina Jamis gmirni~, rogorc saymoSi
uwodeben maT. rac moxda erTxel da xdeboda
cclxviii
winaT, xdeba axlac da momavalSic unda moxdes,
is aris namdvili; is unda xorciedebodes ganuwyvet-
liv, rogorc mouwodebs simReris striqoni:
ar xkargavT, berdiSvilebo, naqnarsa mam-pap-
isasa!
(78, #61).
naqnari ymis moRvaweobis yvela sferos gulisx-
mobs, magram yvelaze mkveTrad is brZolaSi
gamoixateba. es `naqnari~, upirveles yovlisa, aris
cda, romelic mama-papas aqvs gancdili da rac
misma STamomavalmac unda ganicados.
baraqal, PevsurT Svilebo, winaTac egre qniano!
Pmalni nacadni winani, franguleb ufro Wriano
(78, #440).
is, rac ar aris nacadi, rasac cdaSi ar gamouvlia,
saymosTvis moklebulia mniSvnelobas an arc ki
arsebobs. xmali aq maRldeba Tavis pragmatul
daniSnulebaze; is aris ara mxolod brZolis iaraRi,
aramed ganuwyveteli tradiciis, modenilobis mater-
ialuri gamomxatveli, rogorc mamaTa cdis matare-
beli. is anivTebs saymos tradiciulobas. xmali iseT-
ive niSania saymos saero aspeqtisa (Tumca
brZolac saRvTo xasiaTs iRebs xSirad), rogorc
droSa da Tasi _ sakraluri yofisa. rac ufro Zvelia
xmali, rac ufro metis xelSia gamotarebuli, miT ufro
mWrelia _ `Pmalni nacadni winani, franguleb ufro
Wriano~; an roca mas lesaven, yvela sxva axal
xmalze ufro mWrelia:
winaTa mamaT naqonni dalesnes, ufro Wriano
cclxix
(78, 186).
am `dalesvaSi~ Gans aucilebloba Zveli mod-
enilobisa, tradiciisa, drodadro ganaxlebisa. xmali,
gamoWedili `wina Jams~, mas Jamsa Sina, mom-
devno Taobebma unda leson da leson. es aris
TaobaTa saqme dro-Jamis denaSi. `winaTa mamaT
naqoni~ xmali ara mxolod imarjvebs, aramed qm-
nis istorias. is aris droTa kavSiris niSani, amave
dros is unda iyos niSani saymoTa konsolidaciisa,
rogorc gvicxadebs erTi cnobili simReris striqonebi:
xmalo, xevsureTs naWedo, alvanSi TuSma gag-
fera,
mefe ereklem dagloca, saomrad jvari dagwera.
es xmali aris istoriuli xmali, am sityvis Rrma
gagebiT.
saymo gamsWvalulia im suliskveTebiT, rasac
m.eliade xedavs tradiciul sazogadoebaSi, rogorc
mis arsebiT safuZvels: rom òbieqti an
moqmedeba imdenad aris realuri an namdvili,
ramdenadac is hbaZavs an imeorebs arqetips^~
rom tradiciuli kulturis kaci Seicnobs Tavis Tavs, ro-
gorc realurs, mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac is
wyvets TavisTavadobas da hbaZavs an imeorebs
sxvis qcevebs^~ (153, 64). es `sxva~ aris ara
viRac sxva, aramed misi winapari, romelic man
unda aRiaros Tavis TavSi, Tavis fiqrebSi, Tavis
moqmedebaSi, qcevaSi. winapari mas
akeTebinebs, rasac is akeTebs da rogorc akeTebs.
saymo savsebiT, Tavis mTlianobaSi, gamouklebliv
cclxx
patriciulia anu iseTi sazogadoeba, romelmac icis
mama (155, 273). yovel SemTxvevaSi, is eZebs
mamas: `GvenSi ician kacisai: rkinis sakidliT dab-
muliao. gind sawyal kac iyvas, mainc maPelavs
Tavis Gamamavlobis sityvas^~ (22, 60). romelime
Zlier sagvareulos Sekedlebuli, masTan xar-qvabiT
Seyrili susti gvari aRiarebs naTesavad ara mxolod
Tanamedrove naSierT am gvarisas, aramed mis
winaprebsac, Tvlis ra maT pirvel-mamas Tavis win-
aprad. axali mamis aRiareba gulisxmobs, unda
gulisxmobdes, sagvareulo andrezebis gaTavisebas,
maT GabeWdvas cnobierebaSi da, albaT, qcevaTa
gardaqmnas am sagvareulos zne-GveulebaTa
mixedviT.
zemoT motanil xevsurul Tqmas kacze da
sakidelze, romelic winaprisagan modenilobis
uwyvet jaWvs gamoxatavs simbolurad, exmaureba
erTi cnobili gamoTqmis a.gureviGiseuli parafrazi,
riTac man scada daexasiaTebina Zveli germanelis
(am terminis farTo gagebiT) TviTSegneba: `miTx-
ari, vin aris Seni winapari da getyvi, vina xar Sen~
(121, 140). sazogadod, a.gureviGis dakvirvebebi
Zvel germanelTa Tu skandinavelTa, kerZod, island-
ielTa sazogadoebisa da maT warmomadgenelTa
cnobierebis struqturaze, Tavisuflad SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT Gveni saymoebis dasaxasiaTeblad.
is wers: ìslandieli ar aris mowyvetili Tavis organul
koleqtivs da misi gageba SeiZleba mxolod rogorc
am koleqtivis wevrisa. misi cnobiereba (Segneba)
cclxxi
ar aris individualisturi, is azrovnebs mTlianis _
Tavis jgufis kategoriebiT, is xedavs sakuTar Tavs
TiTqos garedan, sazogadoebis TvaliT. radgan ar
SeuZlia Seafasos Tavisi Tavi sxvagvarad, Tu ara
ise, rogorc mas sazogadoeba afasebs~ (iqve).
òrganuli koleqtivia~ swored Gveni saymo, ro-
melic iqmneba vercxlis (an oqros) RilTa dabadebiT
jvaris droSis sakadrisebidan, saerTo wiaRidan, ro-
gorc wiaRidan abraamisa. jvarSi gayvanis ritualis
azric swored is aris, rom ymebi gaTanaswordnen
patronis winaSe erTmaneTis mimarT, rom
gamarTldes maTi saxelwodeba _ mo-ym-e.
marTlac, isini ar ganirGevian erTmaneTisagan
damwyalobnebis teqstSi, romliTac xucesi _
Suamavali saymosa da jvars Soris _ akanonierebs
maT wamoyenebul samsaxurs, da romlis erTaderTi
misamarTi aris jvari; romelsac ismens jer jvari,
mereRa mis karze Sekrebilni. yvelasaTvis erTia
warmosaTqmeli, upiratesoba aravis eniWeba. jvars
surs, rom misi ymani Tanasworni ibadebodnen da,
raki es ase ar xdeba, is Tavis karze saRvTo ritualiT
aTanasworebs maT. misTvis mis karze yvelani
wodebulni arian, magram maT Soris jvari
gamoarGevs Tavis rGeulT, raTa Tavisi samsaxuris
mZime tvirTi daakisros.
a.zisermanma mTis saymoebs `meomruli
sazogadoebebi~ uwoda (125, 208). magram es
calmxrivi daxasiaTebaa. saymoebi, pirvel rigSi,
sakraluri sazogadoebebia, radgan maTi erTianobis
cclxxii
uzenaesi gamoxatuleba aris sakraluri realoba _
jvari, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs meomrul as-
peqtsac. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebis
meomrul mxares, esoden aucilebels da bunebrivs
mis cxovrebaSi, sanqcias aniWebs jvari _ Tavad
meomari, ris gamoc brZola aRqmulia saymos cn-
obierebaSi rogorc wmida saqme: is iwyeba jvaris
karze jvaris gadawyvetilebiT da mTavrdeba jvaris
karzeve, sadac jvaris droSasTan erTad brundebian
nabrZoli moymeni. jvari iRebs monawileobas maT
brZolebSi, rogorc RvTiuri sardali, romelic cxenze
amxedrebuli win miuZRvis maT da Telavs mtris ri-
gebs. Tu jvaris karze jvari uwyinari mtredis aRiT
ecxadeba mkadres, velze, moymeTa cdaSi is cxad-
deba rogorc uwyalo mxedari, romlis saxiT saymo
cnobs Tavis mfarvels _ wmindans Tu angelozs: Zl-
evamosil wmida giorgis da miqael mTav-
arangelozs. es ar aris subieqturi Gveneba, romelic
mxolod saymos warmosaxvaSi asebobs; ara, Gve-
neba sayovelTaoa, obieqturi: jvars mxedris saxiT
saymos mtrebic xedaven brZolis qar-cecxlSi, ro-
gorc didgoris omSi orive mxare _ Zlevamosil
wmida giorgis (73, 341).
ar dagcildaa, RilRvlebo, samans ro dgemdiT
Zvlisasa,
TeTrtaiWosans xedevdiT saxes arxotis jvrisasa?
jvari saymos genezisSi, roca is gamouGnda pat-
ronad saymos, xom meomari iyo; is axlac, istoriul
xanaSi, asrulebs am saqmes: ebrZvis saymos
cclxxiii
mtrebs, rogorc `mas Jamsa Sina~ ebrZoda devebs,
da saymos mtrebi xom im devebis saxes war-
moadgenen sakraluri sazogadoebis TvalSi.
mterTan brZola Tu gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba,
jvaria am gamarjvebis sulisGamdgmeli. magram
uSualod cdaSi, romelic aRniSnavs ukanasknel,
sabediswero Setakebas, monawileoben rGeuli
moymeni, `kai ymebi~, romlebic jvaris `saRvTo
laSqris~ mowinave razms warmoadgenen. isini
jvaris raindebi arian, iseTive Tavganwirulni, rogorc
Tavad jvarni iyvnen `mas Jamsa Sina~. vaJa wers:
`gmiri imdenad Tavis TavisTvis ara cocxlobs da im-
dens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisTvis, magram
am samsaxurisaTvis saxelis meti araferi hrGeba.
mxolod xatobis dros xevisberi gansakuTrebul didis
TasiT gmirs sakargymos (kai yma) asmevs. sik-
vdilis Semdeg mTeli Temi hglovobs, xatobis dros
oficialurad ismis gmiris Sesandobari. jer xevisberi
ityvis da mere didi da patara moayolebs Sesando-
bars. diaR, gmiri msxverplia soflisa: sxvas aZRobs,
TviTon mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis TiTon sikvdils
eZleva pirSi~ (26,87).
cdaSi saxelmoxveWilni, rogorc saymodan
gamorGeulni, sakraluri pirni arian da maTi es
sakraluroba kidev ufro matulobs, roca isini sak-
uTari sisxliT gainaTlebian, rogorc `msxverplni
soflisa~. maSin isini axlos dganan jvarTan. sxvisi
sicocxlisaTvis Tavganwirul moymeTa apoTeozi,
maTi amaRleba Gveulebrivi donidan, kargad Gans
cclxxiv
laSaris jvaris `piroflianTa~ SemTxvevaSi: pirofli-
anni arian cdaSi daRlili moymeni, sulieri STamo-
mavalni im Svidi piroflianisa, romelTac gara Tur-
manaulis xanaSi daRvares cdaSi ofli da TavianTi
daRupviT ixsnes laSqari. es aris erTaderTi
SemTxveva, roca jvari iTmens (ìxdens~) adami-
anis ofls, radgan is dadenilia brZolis velze Tavgan-
wirulis mier, mas sisxlis fasi aqvs miniWebuli;
radgan es ofli ar aris adamianis sxeulis zedapiruli
gamonadeni; is iRvreba misi arsebidan, romelic
mis ZvalSia SenivTebuli; is aris misi mironi, rogorc
mefe erekleze gvamcnobs Tqmuleba, rom `mironi
nefe erekles Zvlebs Gamohdiso~ (82, #10). rigiT
kai ymebze ki vaJa idumali gancdiT ambobs `bax-
trionis~ SesavalSi, rom
aRar SfoToben saflavSi
gmirT oflis mRvreli Zvalebio.
`kai yma~ rom jvaris wmidaa, amis dasturia
ara mxolod misTvis gankuTvnili sakargymo Tasi si-
cocxleSi da Sesandobari sikvdilis Semdeg, romle-
bic xatobaze Seismis; aseve laSaris piroflianTa
saxsenebeli sasmisi, moyolebuli uSualod `Pelm-
wife-laSaris jvris~ sadideblis Semdeg (87, 438),
aramed qalTa sqesisadmi maTi damokidebulebac,
rac gamoxatulia erT-erTi maTganis, `sisxlis
wvimebis~ droindeli gmiris, mamuka qalundauris
saxelSi: qal-undauri, anu kaci, romelic qalis un-
cclxxv
domelia, ùndauri~*. moviSveliebT vaJas dakvirve-
bas gmiris bunebaze:
`Tumca kargad viciT, rom qalis siyvaruli gmirs
gmirobas ar uSlis, aramed umatebs kidec mxneo-
bas da simamaces, magram xalxi diacis miyolas
uSlis gmirs, rogorc misi Rirsebis damamcirebel
saqmes. amgvars Sexedulobas xalxisas sakuTari
mizezi aqvs, romelic sul sxva saTavidan momdin-
areobs. vgoneb, rom fSavlis romantiuli buneba
qristianul elements dauZlevia. gmiri erTsa da
imave dros mtris sixlis mqcevelic aris da
wmindanic, rogorc mfarveli Tavis Temisa. raki igi
madlis momqmedia, bevrs sikeTesa da madlsa
sTesavs qveyanaze; rogorc vaJkaci wmindani,
Tavis siwmindisa da vaJkacobis dasagvirgvineblad
qalebsac unda eridos~ (25, 86).
SesaniSnavi sityvebi aqvs Tqmuli vaJas Gveni
gmiris dasaxasiaTeblad: `gmiri erTsa da imave
dros mtris sisxlis mqcevelic aris da wmindanic^~
TiTqos paradoqsia: rogor SeiZleba iyos wmindani
sisxlis, Tundac mtris sisxlis, damRvreli; gaman-
adgurebeli sicocxlisa, romelic sisxlSia (lev. 17, 11-
14). magram siwmide mebrZoli gmirisa ar aris
zneobiTi kategoria; siwmide aq unda gavigoT Zveli
aRTqmis sakraluri eTikis azriT: wmida aris is, vinc
yoveldRiur yofas da adamianis bunebriv Gveule-
bebs aris ganridebuli; is, vinc Tmobs am cxovrebas
da siameTa ama soflisa, rom saRvTo saqmis
*
Sdr. `qmar-undauri~ (88, #654).
cclxxvi
aRsrulebis ufleba moipovos. sakralur sazogadoe-
baSi saRvTo saqmea omi, RvTismsaxureba da nad-
iroba, rac sisxlis daRvrasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
amitom am saqmes unda asrulebdes an Seudges
iseTi kaci, visac GamoferTxili aqvs wuTisoflis
mtveri da gaTavisuflebulia miwier vnebaTagan.
xolo erT-erTi uZlieresi vnebaTagan dakavSirebulia
qalis sqesTan, rasac gaurbian meomarni da mon-
adireni TavianTi saqmis aRsrulebis win ara ubralo
kdemamosilebis an zneobrivi patiosnebis gamo,
aramed im mizniT, rom sqesma, rogorc bunebiTma
stiqiam, ar Seryvnas, ar `dalaxos~ saRvTo saqme,
radgan es saqme _ msxverplis Sewirva iqneba is,
mtris kvla Tu nadiris xocva _ saSiSia, rogorc yoveli
sakraluri. aseTi wmidani, mowmidarni iyvnen Zveli
aRTqmis gmirebi _ samsoni, gedeoni da sxvani,
msajulni da mxsnelni israelisa gasaWirSi. aseTive
mowmidarni arian Gveni `kai ymani~, Zveli
`piroflianni~, romelTa cxovrebis wesSi
`qalundauroba~ Sedis, rogorc erT-erTi ZiriTadi
Tviseba. am sferoSi `kai ymani~ baZaven RvTisS-
vilT, romelTa wreSi araTu sakraluri andrezi,
aramed xalxis laRi fantaziac ki ver warmoidgens
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs. piriqiT: erT-erTi RvTisS-
vilis biografiaSi aris epizodi, roca is, misi silamaziT
moxiblul diacTagan daRwevis mizniT, morige
RmerTs SesTxovs saxis damaxinjebas, rasac us-
rulebs kidec dambadebeli da amgvarad, ulamazesi
angelozi `pirquSad~ gadaiqceva (am saxels at-
cclxxvii
arebs fSavSi axadisa da xevsureTSi bacaligos
jvari). jvaris saxeli, ufro sworad, fsevdonimi
`pirquSi~ SeiZleba kai ymis epiTetadac gamodges,
radgan is garegnuli silamaziT ar aris gamorGeuli.
gmiri garegnobiT ar hgavs mzesa da mTvares. igi
Taviseburad aris lamazi: `svilisferi,
Savgvremiani~, _ wers vaJa (26, 83). `svilisferi~
ki, rogorc cnobili leqsidan viciT, wmida giorgis
saqebari epiTetia:
qajaveT ras iarebi, giorgiv, svilisferao?..
`kai yma~ da `cudai~ yvelaze ufro mkveTrad
swored diacur sawyisTan damokidebulebiT upiris-
pirdebian erTmaneTs xalxur SairebSi.
kai yma laSqar mokvdeba,
sworebis mjobinobasa.
cudai _ boslis yuresa,
qalebTan loginobasa.
xiluli paTosi, rac zedapirulad ganicdeba, am
striqonebisa aris `kais~ da `cudas~ zneobrivi
saxis Gveneba; magram mis miRma gamokveTilia
am zedapiruli dapirispirebis ufro Rrma da
mniSvnelovani safuZveli: erT mxares vxedavT kai
ymas brZolis velze, cdaSi, sadac is sikvdils elis,
sadac wmida sisxli iRvreba; meore mxares
vxedavT `cudas~ boselSi, mireul adgilas, sadac is
gancxromaSia, sadac uwmiduri sisxlia daRvrili. er-
TaderTi RvTisSvili, romelTanac romanuli epizodia
dakavSirebuli xalxis warmosaxvaSi, laSaris jvaria.
magram samarTlianoba moiTxovs imis aRniSvnas,
cclxxviii
rom laSaris jvaris `romanuli~ buneba srulebiT
gamoricxavs niSansac ki xorciel-vnebiTi
siyvarulisas. andrezi ambobs, rom laSas dauwese-
bia sworfrobis wes-Gveuleba. SesaZlebelia,
sworfrobis wesi, romelsac ritualis cxadi niSnebi
aqvs, swored `mowmidari~ (am terminis pirobiTi
gagebiT) kai ymebisaTvis iyo dawesebuli da droTa
viTarebaSi gavrcelebuliyos mTels saymoSi.
SesaZlebelia, am wes-Gveulebis idumalebiT moculi
genezisi kai ymis anu jvaris raindis `kults~
ukavSirdebodes*. sworfroba unda yofiliyo mowmid-
aris gamocda, romelsac jvari uwyobs mas; jvarma
gansacdelSi unda gaataros Tavisi raindi, rom
moamzados im cdisTvis, romelic mas brZolis velze
moelis. sworferTan urTierToba unda davsaxoT
cdad, romelic win uZRvis im sabediswero, samk-
vdro-sasicocxlo cdas (brZolas), rodesac man Tavisi
davlaTis gamovleniT unda daRvaros sxvisi sisxli an
gaiRos sakuTari. sworferTan moqcevis dadgenili
wesebis darRvevis (daulaxavi zRurblis dalaxvis)
SemTxvevaSi is gaiuwmidurebs Tavs da usaxelo
damarcxebas hpovebs am cdaSi. sworfrobis yofaSi
cnobilni arian `dRiani~ sworferni (4), rac cxadi
analogi unda iyos brZolis cdaSi gamoGenili davlaT-
isa da saxelianobisa. sworfrobaSi SemTxveul mar-
cxs aranaklebi sircxvili unda moetana moymisa-
Tvis, vidre brZolis cdaSi damarcxebas. Tu erTgan,
erT cdaSi, Tavganwiruloba unda gamoeGina jvaris
*
sworfrobis sxva aspeqtebze mkadreebTan dakavSirebiT ix. naSromis 11,7.
cclxxix
rainds, meoregan, sxva cdaSi, mas jvari ukidures
TavdaWeras (am sityvis Zlieri azriT) avalebda.
ai, jvaris rGeuli mamuka qalundauri, romlis
metsaxeli (gvarad is gogoWuri iyo, guroeli)
gvicxadebs kaiymis erT mniSvnelovan niSans,
namdvili mowmidari, msgavsi israelis nazorovelTa,
romlis xanmokle sicocxle saswaulebSi gadis.
oRond es saswaulebi Tavs iGens mxolod da mxo-
lod cdaSi da ara yoveldRiur yofaSi, sadac is rigiTi
yma iyo jvarisa, ojaxis gamosakvebad `xifxolais~
(veluri sakvebi mcenare) mTxreli. misi xmali iseve
gamorGeulia sxvaTa xmlebisagan, rogorc Tavad
aris gamorGeuli sxva ymebisagan; xmali aris xiluli
niSani misi nawilianobisa*. besarion gabuuri gad-
mogvcems:
`^ rosac qalundaurs gamarjvebis dRe mauidod
mterze, maSin Tu qalundauris Pmali _ nawilian
yofilas da _ qarqaSGigiT Tu amaiwevd, amiT
gaagebiebd patrons gamarjvebis dRes. Pmal rosac
amaiwevd, im dros qalundauri sada ginda
saqmeze namyof gaigebs Pmlis amowevas, sxon-
airad gaxdebod^~ (17, 158).
gadmocema gveubneba qalundaurze, rom xm-
lis amoweva qarqaSidan, _ rac leqsadac aris aRbe-
Wdili _ `qalundauris frangulma qarqaSiT
amaiwiva~, _ omis dawyebis niSans aZlevda Tavis
patrons da isic `sxonairad gaxdebod~. Tu rogor
unda gavigoT es `sxonairad~ gaxdoma anu
*
nawilianobis Taobaze ix. a.arabulis sadisertacio naSromi (1).
cclxxx
feriscvaleba misi, movitan kvlav besarion gabuuris
Ganawers: `mamuka qalundaur nawilian yofilas:
rosac salaSqrod sad geemarTebod, win mask-
vlaviviT Tu gauZRvebod sveti, anu Suqi~ (17,
159), rogorc uflis rGeul xalxs miuZRoda win gzis
saGveneblad naTlis sveti. qalundauric jvarisagan
daculia am Seuvali SaravandiT, rogorc naTqvamia
leqsSi:
Samaubrunda, faravda pirze mze, beWebs faria
(81, #152).
am fernacvali saxiT Sedis is cdaSi:
Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni
mzisani (81, #125),
ambobs leqsi.
aseTni arian rGeuli moymeni, cdis kacni, ro-
melTa ofliTa da sisxliT jvari icavs Tavis vercxlis
RilTa Tavisuflebas da erTianobas. isini jvaris
rGeulni arian, raki vercxlis RilTa dacviT jvars em-
saxurebian da aucileblobiT inawileben mis siw-
mides.
kai ymis saxeli garegan cdaSi vlindeba; misi
sarbieli aris veli, xolo Jami rbolisa _ is xana, roca
velad gasvlaa SesaZlebeli (amitomac uwodeben
saymoSi salaSqrod gasvlas `velobas~); es aris
brZolis qronotoposi: dro gazafxul-zafxuli, asparezi
_ gare sivrce. es viTareba aris aRbeWdili erT xalxur
leqsSi WormeSion kai ymaze, martia misuraulze:
gazafxul raxan movidas, martia velad gagviva
(88, #29).
cclxxxi
jvaris patimarni
kai yma cdaSi sikvdilis Tu sisxlis daRvris wil
saxels ixveWs, magram arsebobs iseTi cdac, sadac
saxeli ar aris saZiebeli. piriqiT, aseTi cdis wiaR gav-
lilT aravin miiGnevs saxelian adamianebad. aseTi
cda ar aris SemozRuduli weliwadis droiT da arc
sivrciT; is SeiZleba iTqvas, droisa da sivrcis gareSe
mimdinareobs. es aris Sinagani cda, romelsac gan-
icdian jvaris msaxurni. mkadre an qadagi; jvaris
msaxurTa ierarqiis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli, cx-
ovrobs Sinagani cxovrebiT, misi moRvaweobis
wyaro _ dasabami Sinagan cdaSia; is SigniT aris
Sebrunebuli, risi garegani gamoxatulebaa misi
gza-savali beRlisaken an darbazisken, saiTkenac
mas gza exsneba zRurblis dalaxvis wesis Ses-
rulebis Semdeg. GvenTvis cnobilia, rom mkadreTa
xilvebi beRelTan da siRrmeebTan aris dakavSire-
buli: xaxmateli SiSia wyarosTauli xatis beRelSi
Sedis jvaris ganZis mosaxilavad; aliaT uSiSa jvars
Gamohyavs miwisqveSa maranSi mironiT savse
qvevrebis saxilvelad. beReli, rogorc jvaris erT-erTi
nageboba, cxadia, SemozRudulia sivrceSi, magram
sakraluri azriT misi sivrce ganusazRvrelia; manZili
iq ar izomeba iseve, rogorc xmalas salocavis mi-
wisqeSa daranSi, sivrculi sazomiT. manZilis erTeu-
lad aq aRebulia anTebuli sanTeli, romelic erTsa da
imave dros zomavs da anaTebs kidec mkadris gzas
sakraluri siRrmis Suagulisaken; wmida sanTeli zo-
cclxxxii
mavs sakralurs da ara fizikur sivrces. ai, sad aris,
ra siRrmeebs swvdeba mkadris Tu qadagis cda.
maTi gza-savali iseve uxilavia, rogorc gaxua
megrelauris gza daTvisjvaridan qajaveTis sam-
Wedlomde.
gaxua megrelaurze da sxva legendarul mkad-
reebze amboben, rom isini angelozebSi iyvnen
`garTulni~ da rom isini maT TavianT wreSi Se-
hyavdaT da daatarebdnen. esec maTi sulieri cx-
ovrebis amsaxveli andrezuli faqtebia. rogorc maT
beRlidan da mironis daranidan gamoaqvT jvar-
xatebis saidumlo, aseve ucxadeben isini saymos
angelozTa saidumlos. maTi amgvari gamocdile-
bidan modis yvelaferi, rac saymom icis Tavisi pat-
roni RvTisSvilebis samyaroze. mkadre Tu qadagi,
Tavad STagonebuli jvaris mier, andrezebis
STamagonebelia saymoSi; mas moaqvs is dvrita
sakraluri sferodan, romelzedac `fuvdeba~ siuJeti
da iqmneba andrezi. naTqvamia: èg andrez as
(aris) naqadagari~, (22, 15).
mkadris moRvaweoba savsebiT sulieria, maS-
inac ki, roca mas jvaris siwmide _ droSa upyria
xelSi. is ar gamoirGeva fizikuri ZaliT, am `beGav~
da `Gixa~ kacis, rogorc saymo moixseniebs maT,
sidiade uxilavia, iseve, rogorc uxilavia misi cdis as-
parezi. am mxriv mkadre, romelic ar eZebs saxels
da verc hpulobs, kidec rom eZebos, rom hqondes
amis ufleba, sruli antipodi unda iyos kai ymisa.
mkadre Tu qadagi sisxls ar Rvris da arc aravin
cclxxxiii
moiTxovs misgan Tavganwirvas, magram misi cda
aranakleb saxifaToa velobis cdaze, imdenad saxi-
faTo, rom is, miuxedavad jvaris mxardaWerisa,
cnobas kargavs jvaris siwmideTa WeSmariti saxis
xilvisas, roca idumalebiT moculi òqrosferi xbo~
Tvalebs risxviT ubrialebs mas; is drkeba sakralur-
obis winaSe. mkadris cda-gansacdeli, romelSic
gadis mTeli misi cxovreba mowifulobis xanidan sik-
vdilamde, erTi satanjvelia; masSi TiTqos tanjuli ka-
cobriobis drama ixateba.
erT-erTi saxelwodeba jvaris samsaxurisa, rome-
lic miesadageba am samsaxuris ierarqiis yovel
wevrs, gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc axlos arian
jvarTan, aris patimari. `dideba Senda qveynis
gamaGinaro, wyalTa da PmelTa damdgmelo,
dideba Senda, giorgiv wyaros gorze daarsebulo,
giorgi, Sen uSveli SenT patimarTad^~ (63, 4).
patimari sabas ganmartebiT aris `Seukravad
Sepyrobili~; raki jvaris msaxurs `patimari~
ewodeba, es imas niSnavs, rom jvaris msaxuri
jvaris mier pyrobilia Seukravad, jvaris patimrebs ar
aGneviaT fizikuri niSnebi borkilebisa, riTac Se-
borkilni unda yofiliyvnen isini. jvars patimrad
hyavs ayvanili Tavisi msaxuri, raki jvaris samsax-
uris aRsruleba mxolod im adamians SeuZlia, rome-
lic gamocalkevebuli iqneba sazogadoebidan, saero
yofidan; romelic ar iqneba gareuli sxvebSi, anu
mireuli, romelsac nalaPSi ar eqneba fexi dadgmuli.
qristianuli terminologiiT rom gamovTqvaT, patim-
cclxxxiv
ari aris igive beri, gandegili, romelic RvTis samsax-
uris daubrkoleblad aRsrulebisTvis ganmdgaria
wuTisofels da udabnos gamoqvabulebSi ìpatim-
rebs~ Tavs. aq is ufro axlos aris Tavis salocavTan,
mxolod aq aris misi cda, mxolod aq gadis is au-
cilebel gansacdels.
sakralur patimars aqvs erTi gadamwyveti niS-
ani, romelic ucxoa saero tusaRisaTvis. es niSani
kargad Gans sityva `patimaris~ im mniSvnelobaSi,
romelic dadasturebulia qarTlur dialeqtSi: patimari
niSnavs wmida, sufTa Rvinos, wyals an erbos (76,
348). Zneli ar aris axsna semantikuri gadasvlisa
patimridan wmidisaken: is, rac gamocalkevebulia
saerTodan, saerodan an sajarodan, wmidaa. raime
nivTi rom wmida gaxdes an SeinarGunos siwmide,
mas unda moSordes wuTisoflis mtveri. is ar unda
iyos `sawuTros fexiT nalaxi~ (guramiSvili); is pati-
mari unda iyos. patimroba acilebelia imisTvisac,
rom jvaris msaxurma moipovos Sinagani cdis
SesaZlebloba, radgan namdvili patimari Sinagani
cxovrebiT cxovrobs; is Tavis SigniT unda iyos Gab-
runebuli. patimrobaSi ecxadeba adamians Tavisi
jvari da salocavi, rogorc guramiSvils _ xaroSi,
sadac is Tavisi RvTaebrivi patronis STagonebiT
WeSmarit gzas poulobs; aq ibadeba is sulis kacad
da poetad. xolo vin aris mkadre an qadagi, Tu ara
bibliuri sulis kaci~ (ìS ha-ruax~, osia, 9, 7), rome-
lic swvdeba saymosaTvis miuwvdomel realobebs
cclxxxv
da sityvis ZaliT gareSeTaTvis misawvdoms xdis
maT.
`patimari~ Tavisi xevsurul-qarTluli
mniSvnelobiT zusti adekvatia ebraeluri sityvisa
nazir (qarTuli bibliis `nazoroveli~), romlis Ziri nzr
Seicavs gamocalkevebis, gandgomis ideas,
saidanac viTardeba konsekraciis da Sewirulobis
mniSvneloba, ase rom `RvTis naziri~ (nazir ha-elo-
him, msaj. 13, 5) imasve gulisxmobs, rasac `RvTis
patimari~, gina `RvTis mowmidari~, rogorebic
iyvnen samsoni, gedeoni da sxvani, msajulTa
epoqis èrismTavrebi~, romlebsac mowifulobis
asakidanve sulier-xorcieli siwmidis dasacavad (Tu
mosapoveblad) akrZalvebSi unda gaetarebinaT cx-
ovreba. isini, rogorc mowmidarni, nazorovelni,
marTlac, patimarni iyvnen (ufro sworad, unda yi-
filiyvnen), ar unda gadaelaxaT is sazRvrebi, romle-
bic maT mSoblebs hqondaT maTTvis dasazRvruli
jer kidev maT dabadebamde RvTisadmi aRTqmis
dadebisas. bibliur `RvTis patimars~ mSoblebi Tav-
isi nebiT swiraven RmerTs, romelic xangamoSve-
biT avsebs maT Tavisi suliT da amarjvebinebs is-
raelis mterze; RvTis sulis gardamosvla aris erT-
aderTi jildo maTi patimrobisa, maTi dasazRvrul-
SezRuduli mowmidaruli cxovrebisa. magram amis
sazRaurad aris wamebi maT cxovrebaSi, Tumca
arcTu xSiri, rodesac isini ganicdian davlaTis qaris
qrolvas, silaRes da Tavisuflebas, radgan Tavad
suli, romelic maTze gardmodis am wamebSi, Tav-
cclxxxvi
isuflebis sulia. gandgomili, TiTqos gariyuli, akrZa-
lvebiT Seborkili, wuTisoflis siameTa mTmobeli, mx-
olod aseT wamebSi ganicdis Tavisuflebas da mis-
gan gamowveul netarebas.
bibliuri nazoroveli aris nebayoflobiTi msxverpli,
mSoblebisgan gaRebuli (yovel SemTxvevaSi, es
ase Gans Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi SemorGenili
cnobebis mixedviT); jvaris patimars ki Tavad jvari
irGevs sakuTari nebiT; mkadre rom rGeulia, is
jvaris nebiT aris rGeuli. yma Tavisi nebiT ver
Gadgeba jvaris samsaxurSi, Tavisi nebiT ver
mouwodebs Tavs am samsaxurisTvis, radgan es
sakraluri samsaxuria, rogorc mRvdelmTavrobis
pativi, ris Sesaxebac wers pavle mociquli erT-erT
epistoleSi: `da arvin TaviT TvisiT miiRos pativi,
aramed romeli wodebul arn RmrTisa mier, viTarca-
igi ahron. egreTca qriste ara Tavisi Tvisi adida
yofad igi mRvdelT moZRvrad, aramed romeli-igi
etyoda mas: `Ze Gemi xari Sen da me dRes miS-
obie Sen~ (ebr. 5, 4-5).
yma daWerili unda iyos jvaris mier _ mxolod am
gziT Gayenebuli mis samsaxurSi. daWeras, romelic
adgilobrivi terminia sakraluri mdgomareobis
gamomxatveli leqsikidan, kvlav `patimrobis~
ideamde mivyavarT. es termini jvaris moqmedebis
ufro farTo asparezs unda moicavdes, vidre
pirovnebis sazRvrebia; radgan Gven viciT, rom
jvari Tavis sakralur Zalas bunebaSic avlens;
GvenTvis cnobilia jvarGenis faqtebi, rac sxva
cclxxxvii
araferia, Tu ara jvaris mier im teritoriis `daWera~,
sadac is iGens Tavs. jvarGenis mizani swored es
aris: gamoacalkevos adgili sirceSi da SemozRudos
is uxilavi sazRvriT, romlis yarauladac dgeba jvari.
jvaris kvrivi anu `daWerili~ adgili jvaris `patimari~
adgilia am sityvis qarTluri gagebiT. iseve, rogorc
saymos teritoriaSi iWreba jvari da iWers am terit-
oriis adgils, `patimar-hyofs~ mas, aseve iWreba is
saymoSi, saidanac gamoarGevs Tavis rGeuls, rom
Tavis `patimrad~ gaixados. Tu kvrivi adgili aris
Sedegi jvarGenisa saymos miwa-wyalze, mkadre
an qadagi jvarGenis anabeWdia saymoSi. rogorc
adgilia daWerili jvaris mier da am daWeriT wmid-
aqmnili, aseve adamiania daWerili da wmidaqmnili
anu ganridebuli yoveldRiur yofas. ai, ras ambobs
Tavad jvari (isev qadagis piriT, radgan qadagia
misi moene) Tavis `patimarze~:
`^ Gem ayvaniliav vercxlis Riliv, ar vaZlevav
sxvis ojaxSi Sasvlis nebasav, ar vaZlevav gareT
myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav^~ (58, 19).
sxvisi ojaxi da gare samyofeli, rogorc nalaPi
adgili, jvaris patimrisaTvis akrZaluli zonaa, romlis
zRurblis gadalaxvasac mas ar anebebs jvari, misi
`damWeri~; jvari ukrZalavs mas Signidan gareT
anu ùlaPidan~ `nalaPSi~ gamosvlas ara mxolod
gauwmidurebis safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad,
aramed im saidumlos saimedod damarxvis mizn-
iTac, romelsac qadagi, jvaris gamocxadebis Wur-
Weli, unda inaxavdes `rioSi~ xalxis uqmi cnobis-
cclxxxviii
moyvareobisagan. àr vaZlevav gareT myofebsTan
aZraxdomis nebasav~, _ brZanebs jvari.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jvaris patimari iseTive
idumalebrivia xorcielTa Soris, rogorc jvaris ganZi
gareSe saganTa Soris. radgan ganZic, rogorc jvaris
ayvanili kaci, jvaris patimaria da saidumlod aris
dacul-damarxuli sagangebo samalavebSi, rom
gareSem ar hkidos Tvali. Tu xorcielni erTobliv Tavi-
anT patroni jvaris unji ymebi arian anu mis saunjes
Seadgenen, am saunjeSi jvaris uSualo msaxurni
misi unjis unjni arian.
jvaris patimars, rogorc Tavisuflebadakargul
ymas, marTalia, akrZaluli aqvs gareT gamosvla da
yvelgan yofna, is erTi mniSvnelovani upiratesobiT
sargeblobs saymoSi: mas SeuZlia Sevides iq,
sadac mis garda yvelas ekrZaleba Sesvla; da
Seexos iseT sagnebs, romelTa xelyofas mis garda
veravin bedavs. es `Sesvla~ da es `xelyofa~ asim-
boliurebs mis mowodebas Sinagani cxovrebisaken
da jvaris saidumloSi monawileobas. es aris misi
Tavisufleba, rasac jvaris garda veravin waarTmevs
mas, radgan jvarisagan aqvs miniWebuli, rogorc
mis rGeuls. patimari, daWerili, rGeuli _ sinonimuri
saxelwodebebia im pirovnebaTa, romlebsac jvari
iaxlovebs, raTa amsaxuros Tavis kults. amitomac,
cxadia, jvaris saidumlo adgilebis dalaxva ar aris
uqmi cnobismoyvareobis sagani; es samsaxuria,
upirveles yovlisa, anu begara, jvaris mier Tavis
ymaze dadebuli, romlis mosaxdelad is mTeli Tavisi
cclxxxix
cxovrebiT aris momzadebuli. es mzadeba ki misda
uneburad iwyeba, rogorc wesi, mowifulobis
asakidan, roca adamiani fsiqo-fiziologiurad da so-
cialurad axal stadiaSi Sedis, gadalaxavs ra zRurbls,
romelic or asaks mijnavs erTmaneTisgan. swored
am gardatexis Sualedur xanaSi GasWidebs Zlierad
jvari xels da daiWers adamians. adamianSi xdeba
jvarGena da is miyenebulia zRurblTan, sadac pro-
fanuli da sakraluri erTmaneTs emijneba. gardam-
texi asakis siZneleebs da mniSvnelobas da erTgvar
satanjvels, rasac grZnobs yoveli adamiani, aZ-
lierebs da mkveTrad warmoaGens jvari Tavisi
GeniT adamianSi. jvaris rGeulSi erTmaneTis
paralelurad mimdinareobs fsiqo-fiziologiuri mom-
wifebisa da jvaris msaxurad Gamoyalibebis pro-
cesi. iseve, rogorc kvrivTan miaxloeba, kvrivSi Ses-
vla amizezebs adamians, aseve jvaris Sesvla ad-
amianSi iwvevs Zvrebs mis sulier samyaroSi; ad-
amiani gadis mZime gansacdels, romelic
grZeldeba iqamde, vidre adamiani sabolood ar
gadalaxavs asakobriv zRurbls da amasTan erTad
jvaris msaxurad ar igrZnobs Tavs. T. oGiaurs mop-
ovebuli aqvs unikaluri da uxvi masala jvarisagan
daWerilTa gamocdilebidan. momyavs zogierTi
amonaweri:
ùfroc balRobidge daiWers. daiwyebs avado-
bas, tanjvas, Ronobas, itanjebis, gulis wuxili. vinc
xucesi*, is qadagisgan gaigebs. vinc qadagi as,
*
e.i. vinc xucesad unda jvars.
ccxc
imas imTvnad Saawuxebs, ro TviTon unda gaaqad-
agos isi. balRs daiWers, magram rosac imTven
iqnebis, ro yvelafer gaigas, jvarisa da xalxis
Jamkar ro SauZlav, maSi gaaqadagebs imas. man-
amde sru itanjebis. sizmarGi ecxadebis, awvalebs _
ise unda maiqcav, me unda damyvav. is ise
daiwyebs, ro vervin gaigebs tanjvasa Tu sxva
rame SWirs imas. is SaiZlebis, ro TviTon icodas, ro
jvarn awuxeben, magram Taod ar ityvis. arc jvarT
swadiana, arc Taod und, ro Tqvas, ar swadian~
(68, 17-18).
ìs giJdebis, is qadagobas daiwyebs, RabuSo-
bas. is gonT aRar iqnebis, is iqnebis areuli. ras iZ-
axebs, Tao ar icis iman. rasac aZaxebiebs, imas iZ-
axebs. pirvelad iman araferi ar icis, ras iZaxis~
(68, 18).
ùTurgam iambis: aod viyvidiv, Zalian cudad
viyvidiv. sru gamecale Tavzedav Tmaiv, sru
meGvenebodianav. arafer ar mtkiodisav, _ eegr
aod viyvidiv. dRe-Rames ver vigebdiv, goni mPde-
bodav, naxevarTxan ar viyvidiv gonTav, sru ugonT
viyvidiv. kopala meGvenebodisav, sacxadac
meGvenebodisav, ZilGiacav. sru imaTTan, _ an-
gelozebsTan viyvidiv. mZinaricav sru imaTas viZ-
axdiv. ocis wlisav viyvidiv. diac ar myvandav
mayvaniliv. winwinav ro angeloz gameGvenav,
maSi diac ar myvandav~ (68, 18-9).
`manam enas gamaiRebs, daiwyebs sizmarSi
xedvnas, sizmarSi qadagobas. maSiadav gaaw-
ccxci
midebs. Sin as, nalaPSi ar gaivlis, arc sworfroba
SaiZlebis. colis moyvanamde as sawamebeli~ (68,
19).
avstraliisa da afrikis Zveli formaciis sazogadoe-
bebSi srulwlovanebas miRweul ymawvilebs, romle-
bic tomis sruluflebiani wevrebi unda gaxdnen,
xelovnurad uqmnian `miTosur garemos~, soflis
gareT, sadme wmida tyeSi Tu tramalze, sadac isini
tomis mfarvel sulebsa da winaprebs Soris arian
`garTulni~, raTa eziaron maT sibrZnes (126, 251).
am sazogadoebebSi iniciacia koleqtiuri Ron-
isZiebaa da masTan mravalferovani wes-Gveule-
bebia dakavSirebuli. Gvens saymoebSi ìniciacia~
individualuria, is ukiduresad pirovnul xasiaTs at-
arebs, is iwyeba sruliad spontanurad pirovnebaSi
da grZeldeba sxvis Gaurevlad; am dros adamiani
martod aris darGenili angelozTa Tu RvTisSvilTa
winaSe. rituali mxolod maSin Semodis Tavis Za-
laSi, rodesac yvelaferi ukan aris: Widili damcxralia,
gansacdeli ganvlilia, gadatanilia. es rituali cnobilia
saxelwodebiT _ zRurblis dalaPva, romelic zustad
gamoxatavs mis arss, radgan zemoT gadmocemuli
gansacdelebis gmiri ori samyaros zRurblze cxov-
robs: xorcielad fizikur samyaroSi myofi cnobierebiT
is im samyaroSi gadadis, romelic angelozebiT gina
RvTisSvilebiT aris dasaxlebuli. is ganuwyvetel Gve-
nebebSia, misTvis waSlilia zRvari cxadsa da siz-
mars Soris, dResa da Rames Soris. es aris gardam-
avali mdgomareoba Tavis ukidures gamoxatule-
ccxcii
baSi, roca adamianis cnobiereba qaoss moucavs,
rac sulieri SeSlilobis niSans adebs mis pirovnebas.
am dros gamZafrebulia mozardis gardamtexi
asaki, roca masSi iRviZebs uGveulo SegrZnebani
da gancdebi, sxva samyarodan SemoWrili
realobebi xdebian xilvis obieqtebad, rac sxva
SemTxvevaSi, roca saqme gvaqvs mkadris
gamocdilebasTan, mistiur xilvad miiGneva, xolo
am dros, Wabukis maWrobis periodSi, sigiJed da
ùgonTobad~ ganicdeba. orive SemTxvevaSi
saymo jvarGenis Zalas xedavs adamianSi. cn-
obierebis aseT viTarebas Tavisi dasasruli aqvs da
zRurblis dalaPvis rituali simbolurad gamoxatavs
qaosis dasrulebas, roca isev gamoGndeba ori sam-
yaros gammijnavi zRurbli, realuri zRurbli darbazisa
_ ìq darbaz as, saca ufro angelozebi sxdebian~
(22, 16), _ raTa erTxel da samudamod moipovos
masSi Sesvlis ufleba.
am gardamaval asakSi myofs, SeSlili cn-
obierebis mqone ymas, romelic jvars tyved hyavs
Gagdebuli da awvalebs, RabuSi ewodeba. es
adgilobrivi teqnikuri terminia jvarisagan
gamowveuli SeSlilobis *
gamosaxatavad _ ìs
giJdebis, is qadagobas daiwyebs, RabuSobas~.
magram RabuSobis xana, rogorc yoveli gardam-
avali xana, efemerulia da is unda daiZlios, ga-
dailaxos ise, rogorc garkveuli asaki gadailaxeba.
*
es problema Seswavlilia pirvelad n.mindaZis monografiaSi `qarTuli xalxuri
medicina~, Tb., 1981.
ccxciii
es xdeba maSin, roca, rogorc T.oGiauri SeniSnavs,
àvadmyofobisagan Sewuxebuli RabuSi bolos far-
xmals yris da RvTisSvils morGildeba. amis Semdeg
igi ènas gamoitans~ (gaqadagdeba).
avadmyofoba sustdeba, axlad `damdgari~ qadagi
TandaTan ukeT Seiqneba da dakisrebul movaleo-
bas jvaris karze sikvdilamde asrulebs~ (68, 20).
RabuSoba dionisuri mdgomareobaa, romelic
miiswrafis apolonurisaken, sulieri wonasworobisa
da plastiurobisaken. es aris mdgomareoba
maWrisa, romelic duRilSi cdilobs Rvinod qcevas; is,
rac aRar aris `tkbili~ da jer ar aris Rvino _ maWari
sruliad gamousadegaria sakulto daniSnulebisaTvis,
magram warmoSobs wmida sasmels, romelic
ibadeba vnebuli dionises sxeulidan.
RabuSi gvagonebs e.w. `mfrinav jvrebs~,
moxetiale xatebs, romelTac jer kidev ver aRmou-
GeniaT TavianTi mudmivi saarso adgili, jer kidev ar
damagrebulan kvrivze, fesvi ar gaudgamT miwis
wiaRSi. amgvari jvar-xatebis `Gveulebaa~ mud-
mivi xetiali adgilidan adgilze, ris gamoc isini
jaWviT arian dabmulni, rogorc, magaliTad, xevis
sionis xati, romlis Tavgadasavali moTxrobilia s.-
makalaTias `xevSi~ (53, 217), an eceris (svaneTi)
eklesiaSi daculi erTi xati, romelic ùbiaT ZewkviTa
oqrosaTi da ityvian: ùkeTu auSvaT, dalewavs
yovelsave aqa myofsa xat-jvarTa~ (75, 788).
aseve daudgromeli xasiaTisa iyo anatoris mTav-
arangelozis xati, `mfrinavi jvari~, romelsac fexiT
ccxciv
dasdevda qancgawyvetili misi mkadre, vidre
lursmniT ar dauWeda frTebi, ris gamoc jvari Se-
moswyra mas da gauGinarda.
RabuSobis, rogorc gansacdelis, gavla aucilebeli
wesia sakraluri Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad jvaris
karze. magram isic aucilebel wesad aris qceuli,
TiTqos ritualad, rom adamiani gaurbodes Tanam-
debobas jvaris karze, radgan is mZime da sapas-
uxismgeblo movaleobad miaGnia; radgan mas
mouxdeba jvarTan da mis kvrivebTan siaxlove,
rac, SesaZlebelia, misi daRupvis mizezi Seiqnas,
Tu sakmarisad wmidad ar Seinaxa Tavi; Tu ar iw-
mida da mireuli miuaxlovda siwmides, mas
ueWveli ganadgureba moelis. gaigonebT xucesad
dadgomaze uaris Tqmis mizezad, _ vicodi, wmido-
bas ver SevZlebdi, amitomac vuZaliandebodio
jvars (38, #25386). jvaris mier niSanSi amoRebuli
xSirad mzad aris gadaitanos jvaris risxva, vidre
dahyves mis nebas da daudges msaxurad.
gansacdeli, romelic zemoT aRiwera, mxolod mowi-
fulobis zRurblze rodi elis adamians; is, Gveulebriv,
am asakSi iGens Tavs, magram jvari, Tu mas
sWirdeba, ar dagidevs asaks adamianisas, romelic
man Tavis rGeulad gamoacxada. potenciurad ad-
amiani, jvaris yma, nebismier asakSi unda elodes
jvaris Zaxils, mis Genas; xSirad jvari sulierTan er-
Tad fizikuri avadobis saxiTac iGens Tavs adami-
anSi; yma xvdeba batonis niSans, magram urGobs,
misTvis `sikvdili da Pevisbroba bedena ar aris~
ccxcv
(38, #25456). ai, xevisberis naambobi, romelic
tipiuria am movlenisaTvis:
`^ avad viyav sami weli. arc wamali mamidga,
araferi. da miTxres, ro unda iyo dekanozadao. meti
gza ara mqonda ra. me ki ar mindoda, magram ras
vizamdi. Gavardi loginad. Gavardnili viyavi da arc
wamali mamidga, araferi ar mamidga. giorgi ro
iyo, dekanozi, naxulobda sizmars: samjera Sen
gadmogabare droSao. sizmari vnaxeo, ro samjera
Sen gadmogabareo. me sizmari ese vnaxe, ro
xatSi mivdiodi da xalxi mxvdeboda gzaze da ver
miWerdnen gzaze, mainc mivdiodi^ mere cecxli
gamiGnda fexebSi. fexebSi ro gamiGnda cecxli, ali
wamovida da gadamiara da veRar gavige memre,
ra vqen, rogora vqen. memr gonT mamivida.
memre wavedi, meti gza ara mqonda~ (38,
#25545).
`^Rame sizmarGi dekanozoba daviwyidi. i
xatGi unda vyofiliyavi da mexuca, martua veyudi.
damiwyo TvalebSi kleba. eqvs wels brmad viyavi.
madloba angelozebs, Tvali amexila. dekanozi unda
vyofiliyavi. aravin iyo aq dekanozi^ xucoba mes-
izmreboda xatSi _ sufra, Tas-ganZi, anTebuli san-
Tlebi^~ (38, #25386). Rameul GvenebaSi is dgas
garigebuli Tasebisa da anTebuli sanTlebis win
dekanozis pozaSi; jvari Tavis msaxurad asizmrebs
Tavs, magram dRisiT rigiT ymobas arGevs jvaris
karze adgils da gaurbis mis nebas, rogorc sakuTari
Tavis uRirsad Semracxveli qristiani beri gaurbis
ccxcvi
mRvdelmTavrad kurTxevas, rac TiTqos tradiciad
aris qceuli qristianul sinamdvileSi.
qadagad an xucesad daWerilis urGoba jvaris
mimarT, amboxi xorcielisa Tavisi batonis win-
aaRmdeg da Semdeg Widili ori, erTmaneTisadmi
Seuwonadi nebisa aucilebeli momentia jvaris
msaxurad dadgomis dramatul siuJetSi, namdvil
dramaSi, romelic sabolood xorcielis damarcxebiT
mTavrdeba. jvari mainc miiyvans daWerils Tavisi
darbazis zRurblTan.
zemoT naxsenebi iyo SesaniSnavi adgilobrivi
(xevsuruli) termini _ zRurblis dalaPva, romlis sim-
boluri azri sanaxevrod miviwyebulia saymoSi. mis
ganmartebas mxolod tavtologiurad an ritualis em-
piriulad aRweriT Tu axerxeben. `zRurblis dalaPva
is aris, rom kaci an gabeGavdeba, an gairyvneba;
mkiTxaveebTan gaikiTxaven, isini etyvian,
Pelosnad ginda misvla, zRurbl unda dalaPoo^~
(24, 47). am ganmartebaSi mainc mkrTalad Gans,
rom zRurblis dalaxva mdgomareobis Secvlis mo-
maswavebeli ritualia; rom is akanonebs ritualad
saero mdgomareobidan sakralurSi Sesvlas. zRurb-
lis dalaPva TavisTavad simboluria, rogorc yoveli
ritualuri qmedeba, magram mas Tavis mxriv aqvs
simboluri gamoxatuleba sxva qmedebaSi. zRurblis
dalaPvis rituals, romelsac asruleben piraqeT
xevsureTSi, Seesatyviseba piriqiT xevsureTis say-
ccxcvii
moebSi gavrcelebuli saPeloSi Gadgomis* rituali, ro-
melic SemdegSi mdgomareobs: `saPelos purebs~
wriulad daawyoben `bortvze~, jvaris teritoriis
wmida adgilze, da erT adgilas am wres Riad
dastoveben Sesasvlel `karad~. purebze `Pelosnis
samxvewrod~ dakluli saklavis xorcis naWrebs aw-
yoben, dadgamen ludis Tasebs zed damagrebuli
sanTlebiTurT. xelsanTliani xucesi da is piri, vinc
`saPeloSi~ unda Gadges, Sesasvleli `kariT~ Se-
dian wreSi da sanTlebs anTeben. yovelive imis
mniSvnelobis dasturad, rac aq xdeba, mamakacebi
quds ixdian, jvarisagan moSorebiT mdgari
dedakacebi fexze wamoiSlebian, `mesaPeloes~
mSoblebi ki muxlmoyriT arian, vidre maTi Svili
wreSi dgas. xucesi xucobs, wamoTqvams Tavis
saTqmels (24, 43-4).
cxadia, rom am ritualSi samsxverplo purebiTa
da saklavis xorciT Semoxazuli wre jvaris bortvze
sakralur sivrces moicavs. Tu jvaris bortvi, rogorc
kvrivi, wmida adgilia, wreSi moqceuli sivrce
wmidaTawmidaa, rogorc jvaris darbazi, sadac ufro
angelozebi sxdebian. am wmidaTa wmidaSi Sedis
mesaPeloe. es aris misgan zRurblis dalaPva*.
*
`saPelo~, iseve rogorc `Pelosani~ feodaluri saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
aparatis terminebia, romlebic mTaSi sakralur Tanamdebobas da mis
matarebels aRniSnavs. qarTulidan nasesxebi es sityva formiT `Palsuan~
svaneTSi `salocavis msaxurs~ niSnavs (8, 43, 60, 62)
*
`zRurblis dalaxvis~ wesi vainaxTa saqorwino ritualSi sruldeba: roca siZe
pirvelad Sedis sacolis saxlSi anu gadalaxavs karis zRurbls, valdebulia sam-
wliani cxvari dauklas ojaxs (1456 5). siZisTvis sacolis saxli sakraluria
ccxcviii
im saymoebSi, sadac jvaris samsaxurSi
Gadgomis rituals zRurblis dalaPva ewodeba, dar-
bazis realur, fizikur zRurblTan ikvleba saklavi _
zRurblis samlaPao, romlis sisxliTac unda gainaTlos
darbazis zRurbli. mxolod amis Semdeg aqvs ufleba
axalbeda jvaris msaxurs dalaxos zRurbli da
Sevides darbazSi, romelic, vaJas ganmartebiT, war-
madgens ìerusalimis wmida-wmidaTas, sadac
Tavi xevisberi weliwadSi mxolod erTxel Sedis, ro-
gorc mRvdelmTavari wmida-wmidaTaSi~ (33, 27).
poeti, SesaZlebelia, aWarbebdes, _ xevisberi weli-
wadSi ramdenjerme, dReobebis dros, Sedis dar-
bazSi, _ magram arsobrivad is zustad warmoaGens
darbazis mniSvnelobas saymos jvaris kultSi. ai, aq
Semodis jvaris daWerili, patimari. zRurbli sim-
bolurad gamoxatavs xiluli da uxilavi samyaroebis
sazRvars, darbazi _ uxilav samyaros, romelic an-
gelozebiT aris dasaxlebuli.
magram zRurblamde mosvlas da mis
gadalaxvas win uZRvis simboluri qmedebani, rom-
lebic mis pirovnul gardaqmnas, mis axal adami-
anad Sobas gamoxataven. is TiTqos eTiSeba gare
samyaros, gadis sawmidarSi anu wmidobs, icavs
akrZalvaTa mTel wyebas; am dros is cxovrobs
jvaris teritoriaze an Tavisi saxlis WerxoSi, romelic
yovelTvis wmidad aris daculi da TiTqos
jvaris adgils warmoadgens adamianis
sacxovrebelSi. xatobis dRes is cxra
wyaros wyalze ganibaneba cxragzis,
ccxcix
Seimoseba axalSekerili, uxmari samoseliT da us-
mel-uWmeli (ùnayro~) midis jvarSi (24, 40-1),
raTa iq darbazis zRurblis dalaxviT ritualurad moi-
povos sakraluri statusi.
jvaris mkadreebze amboben, rom isini an-
gelozebSi arian garTulni (67, 188); maTive gadmo-
cemiT isini mkadreobis mowodebas an-
gelozebisagan iReben. iqidan modis STagoneba,
saxeldobr, xucobis dros warmosaTqmeli sityvebi.
sizmrad xedaven garigebul tablas _ ludiT savse
Tasebs da anTebul sanTlebs, magram duman,
radgan jer ara aqvT gamoRebuli `sakraluri ena~.
ecxadebaT `gaTeTrebuli kaci~, romlis saxeSic
xSirad gamoicnoba gardacvlili xucesi, awvdis Tass
da GasGurGulebs xucobis sityvebs (38, #25456).
iRviZebs mkadre da sizmridan gamoiyolebs am
sityvebs, romlebic ukve GabeWdilia mis mexsiere-
baSi. `zogjer Zaxebas ver vaswreb, damartyams
raRac~ (38, #25402). es dartyma iqidan, im
STagonebis wyarodan modis.
boslidan jvaramde
jvaris msaxuri sakralurobis maqsimums maSin
avlens, roca misi samsaxuris Jami dgeba; roca is
dgas iq, sadac unda Seasrulos es samsaxuri. arse-
bobs SesaniSnavi adgilobrivi termini Jam-kari, ro-
melSic SeiZleba vigulisxmoT jvaris Jami da jvaris
kari; Jami, rodesac sruldeba kultmsaxureba, da
kari anu adgili, sadac sruldeba igi. es aris sakraluri
ccc
qronotoposi, erTianoba sakraluri droisa da sivrcisa;
aq, am adgilze da axla, am dros unda xorcielde-
bodes es samsaxuri, xelaxla ibadebodes `Jami igi~
anu cocxldebodes is dro, rodesac pirvelad
dafuZnda kulti. Jam-karis gareSe kulti ar arsebobs,
magram is mxolod konkretul Jam-karSi isxams
xorcs.
wmida Jam-kari, imisaTvis rom kultis potencia
amoZravdes, aucileblobiT moiTxovs mesame ele-
ments _ es aris msaxuri, romlis zogad saxelwode-
bad Gven Tavidanve viyenebdiT arqaul mkadres,
romelic Tavis TavSi iTavsebda istoriuli xanis da
dRemde arsebuli qadagis, xucesis da medroSis
funqciebs (68, 113). mkadre, iseve, rogorc Jam-
kari, wmida unda iyos. Gven viciT, rom man, gan-
aTlulma da gawmedilma, dalaxa darbazis zRurbli,
romlis miRma is transcendentur samyaros eziara,
angelozebis wreSi Sevida. am aqtiT xorcieli jvaris
siwmidesTan xdeba naziarebi; siwmide ar aris misi
Sinagani da mudmivi mdgomareoba, amitomac
jvaris msaxuri Rirsi rom Seiqnas wmida Jam-karisa,
is periodulad unda ganiwmidebodes; Tu ar gani-
axla Tavisi siwmide, is ver miva dReobis dRes
jvaris karze Tavisi sakraluri movaleobis Sesas-
ruleblad. is unda dadges jvaris teritoriis yvelaze
wmida adgilas, sadamdec ki xorciels miesvleba.
aseTi adgili jvaris teritoriaze aris jvaris beReli, rom-
lis zRurblze gadabijeba da Sig Sesvla mxolod jvaris
gamZRoT anu xucesebs SeuZliaT, Tumca iq Zilis
ccci
neba ara aqvT (62, 655). beRels mxolod ukiduresi
gansacdelis Jams miaSurebs rigiTi yma: baca-
ligvelma vaGem devi mokla; sxva devebisagan
devnili vaGe pirquSis beRelSi afarebs Tavs, sadac
devebi ver bedaven Sesvlas (62, 588); Tumca
vaGes uwmiduri Zalisagan jvaris galavanic da-
icavda, magram devnilma uwmides adgils miaSura
_ is uSualod jvaris ubes Seexvewa.
qadagis, rogorc umaRlesi mowmidarobis
matarebeli piris, funqcia jvaris beRelTan aris
dakavSirebuli: `qadags Saiyvanen, saca kvrivi;
beRelSi dasmen~ (68, 66). aq, beRlis wiaRSi
ecxadeba jvari qadags da ucxadebs Tavis nebas.
jvaris gamocxadebis scena aRwerilia `baxtrionis~
V TavSi, sadac qadagi uambobs xalxs Tavis mistiur
gamocxadebas:
win momegeba siciliT,
beRlis kars modga mzebura,
tanT ecva lurji beqTari,
Tavze GaGqani exura.
didia Gveni batoni^
beRlis kari jvaris wmida nagebobis konkretuli
saxec aris da amave dros bevr saymoSi is jvaris
karis aRmniSvnelicaa, riTac misi siwmidea
gamoxatuli. rogorc sabrZolo poeziidan Gans, mteri
swored beRlis kars utevs, rogorc zurab erisTavi
laSaris bermuxas da gudelas alvisxes:
maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRlis kario
(109, 35).
cccii
ai, am wmida beRelSi Sesasvlelad, romlis misti-
uri siRrme cxra fexi wmida sanTlis SuqiT izomeba,
qadags sWirdeba pirvelmopovebuli siwmidis
xelaxla mopoveba, rom kvlav aRorZindes jvaris
mkadred.
sauflo dRis dadgomamde, roca msaxuri jvaris
karze unda gamocxaddes, is ramdenime kviriT
adre iwyebs wmidobas. is sawmidarSi gadis,
iwyebs cxovrebas jvaris teritoriaze, kerZod, saber-
oSi, marxulobs, ekrZaleba dedakacTan araTu si-
axlove, galaparakebac ki; is dadis misTvis
gankuTvnili savali bilikebiT, romlebic ùlaP~
adgilebze gadis; sxvis ojaxSi saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi misvlisas (wesiT ki ekrZaleba: `âr
vaZlevav sxvis ojaxSi Sesvlis nebasav, ar vaZlevav
gareT myofebsTan aZraxdomis nebasav^~ (68,
19) bans an Werxos miaSurebs, rogorc saxlis
wmidad Senaxul adgilebs; wmida wyaros, ara md-
inaris, wyalSi ibaneba yoveldRe, ragind civi
zamTari iyos. zog saymoebSi sawmidarSi gasulni
sruliad wyveten ojaxTan kavSirs da jvaris koSkSi
gadasaxlebulni umanko bavSvebis mitanili sakve-
biT ikvebebian (53, 209). winasadReobo periodi
Tormetjer (Tu wliur dResaswaulTa maqsimalur
ricxvs aviRebT) unda modiodes weliwadSi da jvaris
msaxuric am dros, rogorc beri da gandegili, Tmobs
wuTisofels da TiTqos udabnoSi gadis gansawmede-
lad. is fizikurad cxovrobs saymoSi, saymos terit-
oriaze, magram sulierad sxva samyaroSia gada-
ccciii
suli; saymo nalaPSi cxovrobs, is ulaPSi; saymo
xsnilia, is marxuli; saymo Tavisufalia, is patimari.
is Tmobs bevr rames mTeli wlis manZilze, rom
jvarTan axlos misvlis ufleba moipovos; sulierad
emzadeba, ìpatimrebs~ Tavs, rom Sevides jvaris
wmidaTa wmidaSi.
akrZalvebSi, marxulobaSi, patimrobaSi, gande-
gilobaSi gadis jvaris msaxuris cxovrebis meti wili.
is ar aris Semosili sagangebo talavariT, romelic
mas rigiTi ymisagan ganasxvavebda; magram mas
uxilavi samoseli, rogorc sqima monazvnisa, gada-
farebuli aqvs jvaris mier. Tu mis miwmidarobis
reJims mis ukiduresobaSi warmovidgenT, jvaris
msaxuri am periodSi gareSeTagan uxilavi unda
iyos da mxolod Jam-karze unda Gndebodes Se-
mokrebili da misi momlodine saymos winaSe
xelxanjliani, Tu is xucesia, damwyalbnebis
sityvebis warmosaTqmelad da wamoyenebuli sam-
saxuris (anu saklavis) Tavis gzaze dasayeneblad.
aq unda iTqvas, rom rac ufro mniSvnelovani mova-
leoba akisria jvaris msaxurs jvaris karze, miT ufro
mkacri unda iyos mis cxovrebis wesi. xucesi Tu
dekanozi, igive xevisberi, romelsac akisria wmida
da saSineli samsaxuri _ sisxliani msxverplis
Sewirva saymosa da calkeuli ymebis saxelze, cxa-
dia, meti siwmidiT unda iyvnen mosilni, vidre
dasturebi, romlebsac evalebaT sadReobo ludis
moxarSva da amave dros sawmidarSi gasuli xevis-
brisaTvis saWmelis momzadeba, radgan xevisbrebi
ccciv
mxolod ganaTluli xeliT momzadebul saWmels Wa-
men. dasturs Tavisi arcTu xangrZlivi mowmid-
arobiT ufleba aqvs mopovebuli zvarakis dakvlisas
miexmaros xevisbers (fexebi gaukavos saklavs,
darbazSi Sehyves xevisbers da sxv.). amitomac is
garkveul xans gandegilobs ojaxidan da sagangebo
SenobaSi, sadasturoSi cxovrobs.
dasturi ver Seasrulebs Tavis funqcias, Tu Sul-
tam (Tu GanGxma) ar moutana mas salude qeri da
SeSa. raki am naklebad mniSvnelovani Tanamde-
bobis pirebsac uxdebaT monawileoba
dResaswaulis, wmida Jam-karis momzadebaSi,
isinic wmidoben, magram maT ar evalebaT gan-
sakuTrebuli akrZalvebis dacva da maTi mowmid-
arobis vadac xanmoklea.
rigiTi ymebi, romlebic jvars ar amourGevia
raime samsaxurisaTvis jvaris karze an arc wilisyriT
evalebaT samsaxuri, an arc raime aRTqma aqvT
dadebuli, Tavisufalni arian akrZalvebisagan
yoveldRiur yofaSi, magram swored es Tavisufleba
arTmevs maT uflebas Tavisuflad moiqcnen jvaris
karze _ idgenen da Sevidnen iq, sadac dastur-
xelosnebs da xevisbrebs uxdebaT yofna. jvaris
karze aSkaravdeba patimris upiratesoba Tavisuflis
mimarT _ rigiTi ymisTvis dafarulia saidumlo, is mx-
olod garedan Sescqeris wmida sanTlebis cimcims
beRelSi Tu darbazSi an kvrivis sipebze da ar SeuZ-
lia uxilavad Semowerili sazRvris gadalaxva, radgan
mas ar daulaxavs simbolur-realuri zRurbli dar-
cccv
bazisa. es uTanasworoba, rac jvarTan mimarTe-
baSi aSkaravdeba, gawonasworebulia imiT, rom
jvarisagan Tavisufal rigiT ymas, magram profanuli
yofis patimars, sxva realobaSi aqvs upiratesoba
daTmobili. ai, ras wers d.xizaniSvili: `xevisberi
Tumca xatis maxlobeli piria da xalxisagan pat-
ivcemuli, magram kargi iRbalis mqoned, `davla-
Tian~, bednier kacad is mainc ver GaiTvleba
fSavelebSi. xevisberi da mowmindarebi xatis
`tusaRebi~ da `monebi~ arian, iRbali ki ver am-
oirGevs TavisTvis xevis-brad da mowmindarad ver
daamonavebs, radgan misi winaaRmdegi kacis
mosarGle am SemTxvevaSi isev kacis iRbalia.
fSavlis azriT, yvela xevisberi, qadag-mkiTxavi da
sazogadod xatisagan damonavebuli kaci uiRbloa
da Tavisufal xalxze nakleb bednieri~ (108).
marTlac, ra davlaTi da yismaTi uSvelis mas, vinc
jvarTan siaxlovis gamo mudmiv xifaTSi imyofeba,
visac misi samsaxuris mZime tvirTi awevs, xolo
sazRaurad saklavis tyaviRa rGeba xelSi. yofacx-
ovrebiTi TvalsazrisiT jvaris msaxurze ubeduri ad-
amiani ar moiZebneba mTels saymoSi. SesaZle-
belia, mas ifaravdes kidec jvaris davlaTi, adamia-
nur davlaTze ganuzomelad Zlieri (rogorc cabaurTis
mTavarangelozis mkadres, romelic zvavidan
uvneblad gamoiyvana jvarma), magram jvarive
anadgurebs mas an `dalevs~ monagariTurT
mciredi ampartavnobis gamoGenisa Tu siwmidis
uneburi SebRalvisaTvis. `rodis iyo, jvaris tyve-
cccvi
tusaRni kargad iyvnen da kargad kvdebodnen? _
kiTxvas svamda qadagi da Tavadve pasuxobda, _
arasodes. radgan jvarni uyismaToni iyvnen da maT
varskvlavze dabadebulebma kargi ra unda naxon?
~ (38, #25468).
saymo ar Sedgeba dedrovanTagan, magram
saymoSi cxovrobs dedrovani da mas garkveuli
damokidebuleba aqvs jvarTan. jvari icavs ded-
rovans, Tavis biJionas, rogorc Tavad jvari uwodebs
mas (rogorc mamrovans _ vercxlis Rils), magram
icavs ara iseTi TavgamodebiT, rogorc mamrovans,
romelic qmnis saymos `sxeuls~. dedakaci, mow-
midaric ki, ver utoldeba siwmidiT aramowmidar
mamakacs (107). ase rom, sawmidarSi yofna
savsebiT ver warxocavs bunebiT uwmidurebas,
rasac dedakacSi xedavs tradiciuli kulti. dedakacis
saSodan mravldeba saymo, magram swored saSos
gamo, romelic Sobs, mas ekrZaleba jvarTan si-
axlove. jvaris mTels samyaroSi dedrovani calke
sazogadoebas, biJionaTa calke krebuls qmnis, ro-
melic Jam-karze garidebulia mamrovanTa krebuls.
magaliTad, laSaris jvarSi yvela saymos dedrovani
erT sajareSi iyris Tavs, maSin roca mamrovanT
Tav-Tavisi sajareebi aqvT saymoebis mixedviT. zo-
gierT jvarSi, mag., xaxmatis wmida giorgis (naR-
varmSvenieris) jvarSi, dedakacebis sajare da maT-
Tvis nebadarTuli teritoria bunebrivi sazRvriT,
stequras xeviT aris gamijnuli jvaris teritoriis im
nawilisagan, sadac maT gadasvlis ufleba ara aqvT.
cccvii
dedakacs ekrZaleba araTu jvaris siwmideTa xel-
isxleba (mis xelSi ki gadis sadroSe baRdadi, ma-
gram mas Semdeg, rac is droSaze Seibmis, mis-
Tvis miuwvdomeli xdeba), aramed jvaris saxelis
xsenebac ki: saubarSi mas SeuZlia Tavis Tu xelis
moZraobiT migvaniSnos jvarze, an gansazRvros is
Tavisi qmris an mamis saxeliT (`Gemi kacis jvari~,
`Gemi mamis jvari~), an zedwodebiT (`qvena
jvari~, `zena jvari~), an nebismieri narTauli gziT.
dedrovanSi gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvT ori
ukiduresi asakis qalebs _ moxucebulT, romlTac
Semwydari aqvT dedaTwesi da gogonebs, ro-
melTac ar miuRweviaT mowifulobamde. maT ar
ekrZalebaT xevisberTa da mowmidarTa samyofelSi
Sesvla (51, 181); ufro metic: isini saWironic ki
arian jvarSi. rogorc davinaxeT, zogierT saymoSi

uasako gogonebis xeliT misdiT sawmidarSi gasul
xevisberebs sakvebi (mag., xevSi), sxvagan ki
(arxotisa da gudanis jvrebSi) dasturebis damx-
mared jvari xnier dedakacebs moiTxovs (62, 693).
dedrovanTa Soris arian or mdgomareobaSi my-
ofi qalebi _ dedaTwesSi myofni anu mebosleni,
romlebic sagangebo SenobaSi (samreloSi) an
boselSi ganiwmindebian; da ukanasknel TveSi
cccviii
Gamdgarni, romlebic aseve sagangebo qoxSi imy-
ofebian mSobiarobamde da mSobiarobis Semdeg.
Tavad isini da maTi samyofeli adgili usasrulo man-
ZiliT (sakraluri azriT) arian daSorebulni jvars, ro-
gorc misi antipodebi.
boslis gamoGena aseT viTarebaSi ar aris
moulodneli. misi funqcia, rogorc uwmidurobaSi
myofi dedakacis droebiTi sadgomisa, erT-erTi
uZvelesi da mTels dedamiwis zurgze farTod
gavrcelebuli realiaa, romelsac miTosur-simboluri
gaazrebebi aqvs. amave dros is SeiZleba kulturaTa
ganmasxvavebeli erT-erTi niSanic iyos. Suamdin-
areTis sakralur yofaSi da miTosSi boseli wmidaTa
wmidad aris Seracxili swored imis gamo, rom is
Sobis adgilia, sadac ibadeba ara mxolod taZris
wmida naxiri, aramed mefec da, sabolood, es
Senoba RvTis saxlis mniSvnelobas iZens miTosSi,
ramdenadac kosmiuri boseli RmerTebis saSod aris
warmodgenili (46, 77, 212, 186). is sakraluri rea-
lobaa. aseTive sakraluria, oRond sawinaaRmdego
niSniT (laTinuri sityvis sacer `wmida~ meore
mniSvneloba _ ùwmiduri~) * boseli Gven say-
moebSi, sadac mas simboliuri datvirTva aqvs, ro-
gorc siwmidis nulovan adgils, saidanac iwyeba
ganwmedis gza, mimarTuli jvarisaken, romelic siw-
midis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa. boseli imis gamo,
rom is Sobis adgilia an momSobiarebulis droebiTi
samyofeli, uwmiduria; magram misgan, rogorc
*
ix. 147, 187-9.
cccix
dedis muclidan, gamomavali jvarisken aris mimar-
Tuli.
yma ibadeba `qoxSi~, romelsac zogierT
sazogadoebaSi `boseli~ ewodeba, Tumca zogan is
realuradac boselia. momSobiarebuli qali ram-
denime xnis Semdeg axladSobili yrmiTurT (is jvaris
momavali ymaa) gamodis samSobiaro qoxidan da
Sedis saqonlis sadgomSi, sadac xans dahyofs
axladSobilTan erTad, vidre ar ganiwmideba da
samyof saxlSi Sesvlis ufleba ar miecema. gan-
wmedis Semdeg is stovebs bosels da Sedis saxlSi,
magram jer kidev ekrZaleba WerxoSi asvla,
radgan Werxo sawmidari adgilia, rogorc jvaris
adgili jvaris ymis (is SeiZleba dekanozi iyos) sacx-
ovrebel saxlSi. es gza, romelsac gaivlis dedakaci
axladSobilTan erTad boslidan Werxomde, sim-
bolurad gamoxatavs jvarisaken mimaval gan-
wmedis gzas, aRmaval gzas Sobis adgilidan jvara-
mde, sadac unda mivides Tu unda miiyvanon say-
moSi dabadebuli yvela vercxlis Rili. boseli, rogorc
saSo, dedrulia _ aq dedakacebi trialeben da wve-
bian dasaZineblad; Werxo mamrulia da wmidaa,
rogorc jvari _ aq iZinebs mamakaci (54, 136; 55,
187). aqve imyofeba ojaxis `jvari~ anu
mekeziswvre angelozi. siwmide moemarTeba Wer-
xodan qvemoT, rogorc emanaciis naTeli, da iklebs
uqvemoes sarTulSi, sadac jvaris msaxurT da mow-
midarebs Sesvla ekrZalebaT.
cccx
adamiani roca ibadeba, is uwmiduri ibadeba;
roca kvdeba adamiani, is kvlav uwmiduri xdeba.
`civi~, rogorc micvalebuls uwodeben tabuirebul
enaze, jvarisagan ganridebulia; iseve Sors aris
jvarisagan, rogorc boselSi Tu qoxSi axladSobili
yrma. uZilaurTis saymoSi `civs~ araTu jvaris
xelkaci, rigiTi ymac ki ver ekareba; micvalebuli
sxva soflidan mosulma xalxma unda miabaros mi-
was (65, 202). dammarxvelni tans ganibanen, ro-
gorc axladmologinebuli da axladSobili iwmidebian.
zogierT saymoSi, mag., arxotSi, `micvalebuls asve-
neben boselSi~ (59-b, 44). Gans, saymo raRac
saidumlo kavSirs xedavs adamianis Sobasa da sik-
vdils Soris.
qadagi qalebi
dedrovani, marTalia, uwmidurad aris Seracxili
da Sors dgas jvarisagan, magram zogierTi saymo
swored masSi xedavs sakulto cxovrebis dasabams.
xevsuruli andreziT, Tamar mefes xaxmatSi augia
eklesia da Seuwiravs misTvis qristianuli religiis
upirvelesi niSani oqros jvari da vercxlis Tasebi.
erTi leqsi ambobs:
qalma Tqva Tamar mefema: xaxmats avage
saydari,
vercxlis Tasebi SeviRe, Sig davayene ber-mR-
vdeli (143, 97).
gadmocemiT `PaPmatis jvari winaT ar iyovo da
Tamar mefem eklesia aaSena wminda giorgis
cccxi
saxelze da bolos gaGnda giorgis locva da
gadakeTda Pevsurul religiur sadReobod^~ (60,
116). Tamari, saeklesio wmindani, xevsureTSic
wmindanad aris Seracxili da misi nasadgomaris,
rogorc wminda adgilis xsovna, ukanasknel dromde
iyo SemorGenili xaxmatSi. XIX saukunis dasasrulis
mogzauri aseT epizods mogviTxrobs xaxmatSi
agebul axal eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT: `^ PaP-
matSi kacebi da dedakacebi ris vai-vaglaxiT
Sevidnen saydarSi; dedakacebs kenWebi GaedoT
pirSi. imitom ar Sedian, rom TviT adgili, razedac
saydari dgas (saydari iqve xatis gverdzea),
wminda adgilad miaGniaT: àq Tamar mefis nas-
adgomari asav^~ (39). rogorc vxedavT, Tamaris
nasadgomari jvaris teritoriaze egulebodaT da iseve
ekrZalebodaT misi, rogorc jvaris `daWerili~, kvrivi
adgilebisa. Tamari aGens saymoSi kvriv adgils, es
ki kultis dafuZnebis badalia.
Tumca Tamari kultis damaarsebelia ara rogorc
sakuTriv qali, aramed rogorc RvTiuri warmoSobis
mefe; is axorcielebs Tavis TavSi princips bagra-
tionTa modgmisa, romelic RvTisSvilTa moZmed iyo
dasaxuli garkveuli xanidan dinastiis mTeli arse-
bobis manZilze vidre ukanasknel mefe ereklemde.
amrigad, is afuZnebs Tu ganaaxlebs Tavisi RvTiuri
moZmis religias mTaSi, ukve arsebul kults, romlis
àRmoGenaSi~ ar miuRia monawileoba, ar yofila
jvarGenis mxilveli da ganmcdeli, rogorc am rjulis
cccxii
pirvelqadagni, romelTac jvari irGevs Tavisi
WeSmaritebis saqadageblad.
xevsureTsa da fSavSi arsebobs andrezebi, ro-
melTa mixedviT jvarGenad gamzadebulma RvTisS-
vilma mTels saymoSi qali gaixada Tavis rGeulad
da patimrad. jvarGenis erT-erT andrezs qalis mon-
awileobiT Gven ukve gavecaniT; es iyo karatis
jvaris anu kopalas liqokSi gamoGenis andrezi. misi
gmirebi iyvnen ubralo mwyemsebi _ mowifulobis
zRurblamde misuli qal-vaJi, romelTac ubiwo
siyvaruliT uyvardaT erTmaneTi. eseni iyvnen jvar-
Genis mxilvelni da uSualo ganmcdelni, maT
fsiqikaSi gaiara jvarGenis faqtma da erT-erT maT-
ganze _ es iyo qali _ samudamo tvifari aRbeWda.
andrezi ambobs, rom qal-vaJi ver iqneboda jvar-
Genis mxilvelni, rom ubiwoni ar yofiliyvnen (60,
127); qali imyofeboda sulier-xorcieli siwmidis im
mdgomareobaSi, romelSic uqorwinebeli andrezuli
Tamari imyofeboda, roca is Tavis siwmides lev-
itaciis unariT da mzis sxivis saswauliT amowmebda
(43). Tu jvarGenis pirvelxilvisaTvis saWiro iyo siw-
mide, is aucilebeli unda yofiliyo Semdegac da ar
unda wabilwuliyo qalSi, raki jvarma is airGia Tavis
mkadred. qalSi unda gagrZelebuliyo sulier-xorcieli
siwmidis asaki, masSi ar unda eGina Tavi im niS-
nebs, romlebic jvarisa da saymos TvalSi uwmidur
arsebad xdis qals. andrezi sagangebo yuradRebas
aqcevs am moments: `^ im qals arc meTveurobis
wesn xqonivas, arc qmrianobisa, arc mebosleo-
cccxiii
bisa^~ (67, 162). mxolod aseTi qali SeeZlo aetana
RvTisSvils Tavis mkadred; meore mxriv, mxolod
aseT qals SeeZlo èkadrebina~ (gaebedna) jvaris
siaxlove.
xeli me mkadra minanma, zaltian-saTiTianio
(60, 135),
ambobs karatis jvari erT sakulto leqsSi, sadac
aRwerilia jvarisa da minanis _ ase erqva pirvel
qadag qals, karatis jvaris àRmomGens~ _ mogza-
uroba mTis TemebSi begaris asaRebad, rac axali
rjulis ganmtkicebis niSania (iq, sadac jvari begaras
awesebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi misi kultic aris
dawesebuli). am striqonSi aRsaniSnavia, rom jvaris
mkadre qals qalurobis niSnad mxolodRa samkauli
_ `zalte~ (salte, samajuri) aqvs SerGenili samZi-
mariviT, romelic aseve daclilia qalurobis xorcieli
niSnebisagan (68, 45).
jvars surda, rom `zaltian-saTiTian~ diacs
gamocxadeboda da misi xeliT daefuZnebina Tavisi
salocavi; magram qalSi aRmofxvrili unda yofiliyo
sqesi. es aris jvaris paradoqsi. jvari ar eZebs Tavis
rGeuls anomaliebSi, magram Tavis `daWerilSi~ is
waSlis fiziologiur niSnebs, riTac dedakacs ga-
daiyvans im kategoriaSi, sadac mowmidari ma-
makacebi da jvaris xelkacebi iricxebian. mxolod
amgvarad ganwmedili qalis xeliT, romelsac ar
emuqreba uwmiduroba, jvari avrcelebs Tavis reli-
gias urjulo mosaxleobaSi, raTa gaixados is Tavis
saymod.
cccxiv
pirvel qadag qalze andrezi gadmogvcems: `^
pirvel imas autexav qadagoba mTel PevsureTSi,
gudanac, PaPmatac. im qals sru mudam xatSi
uvlav salocavad. memr eklesia daudgam, darbas
gaumarTebav, memr dReobeb dauwesebav: aTen-
gena, amaRleba, sxvai^ im qals ar uxucebav, eegr
saqadago uubnav~ (67, 162). rogorc vxedavT,
qali, romelmac Seqmna religiuri cxovrebis
safuZvlebi, ar yofila uflebamosili
xucesis movaleobis Sesasruleblad;
is SeiZleba qadagi yofiliyo, ma-
gram ver iqneboda xucesi, Tumca
qadagis religiuri statusi gacilebiT
maRalia da sakraluri xucesisaze, radgan kultis
genezisidanve mTels istoriul xanaSi mas jvari
swored qadagis piriT irGevs saymodan. ìm qals ar
uxucebav^~, iseve rogorc wmida ninos, romelmac
mxolod uqadaga qristes sityva mcxeTis ers da
misca saxe pirveli eklesiisa, magram misi
momnaTvleli mRvdlebi saberZneTidan gamoiTx-
ova, raki mas, rogorc qals, naTliscemis ufleba ar
hqonda.
andrezis sityvebi, rom ìm qals ar uxucebav,
eegr saqadagod uubnav~, garda imisa, rom qad-
agobis pirveladobas da xucobis meoradobas
adasturebs (radgan jer gamocxadebaa, mereRa
warmarTva kultisa), sxva mxrivac aris sagulisxmo:
is faqti, rom qali qadagobda, xolo xucoba ar
SeeZlo, rac mamakacs unda ekisra istoriulad,
cccxv
migvaniSnebs qadagobis unaris dedrul, xolo xu-
cobis funqciis mamrul warmomavlobaze, risi
safuZvelic dedakacis pasiur da mamakacis aqtiur
bunebaSi unda iyos Gamarxuli.
qadagsa da xucess Soris Zireuli gansxvaveba,
cxadia, jvarTan maT mimarTebaSi unda Gandes;
maTi warmosaTqmeli teqstebi da funqcia sruliad
gansxvavebuli warmomavlobisaaa. maTi
SedarebisaTvis SesaniSnav masalas iZleva al. oGi-
auris Ganaweri mowmaos (xevsureTi) mTav-
arangelozis jvarSi, sadac xucesi da qadagi erTi da
igive piria.
mimdinareobs kultmsaxureba jvaris karze axali
dasturebis dasayeneblad. àm dros xucesi gaina-
Tleboda-d’ daakrevd anTebul sanTlebs darbazSi.
Tan SasZaxnebd: `dalocvilo mTavaro angelozo,
SamaZaxilze nu gamiwyrebi, uti-d’ umecari or, Por-
cieli or. Sen uSveli SenT ymaT, Sen nu maiwyen,
nu maiZuleb Send samsaxurad, Tavis samS-
vidobod^~. am SaZaxils ro gaaTavebd, gamava-d’
xalxis saTaveSi dajdebod. cotaixniTges daiwyebd
mTqnarebas. xalxi daGumebul dasxdeboda-d’
elodes gaqadagebas^ amTqnarebd mal-maled,
Tan creml dauwyebd madenas. bolos daikivlebd:
`hai, hai, me or mTavarangelozi, me maqv Zali-d’
SaZlebai. Gem maT aRaraad gavaGnior. mPari
mPars gamisworesa-d’ kiser kisers. maTreven
simurSia-d’, roSianSi. aRaraad vis gavaGnior, ma-
gram me aisiv mTavar-angeloz or, me aisiv Zali-d’
cccxvi
SaZlebai maqv. Gem ymaT urGev, ro WkviT
iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben, Tore vanan; Gems
wess me ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv malocvili^~
(68, 68-69).
saymos Tvalwin xdeba xucesis gardaqmna qad-
agad; am saxecvlilebis garegani niSani aris mTqn-
areba, rogorc transis pasiur mdgomareobaSi ga-
dasvlis simptomi. roca is, rogorc xucesi, war-
moTqvamda saTqmels, misi sityva qvemodan ze-
moT iyo mimarTuli; es iyo xorcielis mimarTva Rv-
TisSvilisadmi, adamianuri warmoSobis sityva, ro-
melsac warmoTqvamda xucesi sruli SegnebiT Tav-
isi piriT, rogorc xorcielTa saymos warmo-
madgeneli, jvarisagan sakraluri uflebebiT aRWur-
vili, rogorc Suamavali saymosa da jvars Soris. xu-
cobaSi xucesis mosaxsenebelia is, rac saymom icis
Tavis Tavze _ rac uWirs, rac trialebs saymoSi,
Tavis sibriyvesTan erTad, rom is ùtia da
umecari~, rom mas wamoyenebuli hyavs samsax-
uri imisaTvis, rom jvarma ixsnas is `laRis mtrisgan,
mwaris sikvdilisgan~, rom miiRos es sacxovari
`xsnilada, kurTxeulada~; yvelaferi es _
warmTqmulic da wamoyenebulic, roca daiRvreba
misi sisxli, adis maRla, ufro sworad unda miaRwios
jvaramde, radgan is mis karze warmoiTqmis da
keTdeba, rom jvarma uxilavi SibiT Tu kibiT morige
RmerTTan aitanos. ase dgas xucesi _ xorcieli uxil-
avi jvaris winaSe da Tavisi saxeliT laparakobs;
Tumca misi warmosaTqmeli sityvebi misi SeTxzuli
cccxvii
ar aris, is Seiqmna mas Jamsa, sakulto cxovrebis
genezisSi da mis SeqmnaSi am xucesis winaprebi
iRebdnen monawileobas. es xucesi swavlobs xu-
cobis sityvebs cxadSi Tu sizmarSi Tavis win-
amorbedisagan; sityvebi jvarisagan ar aris
STagonebuli, xucesi warmoTqvams adamianur
saTqmels, rogorc xorcieli, da es procesi xucobisa
savsebiT aqtiuria da cnobieri.
Tu xucesis sityvebi RvTisSvilis gasagonad iyo
warmoTqmuli, qadagis naTqvams sawinaaRmdego
daniSnuleba aqvs: is saymom unda Seisminos, mis
gasagonad aris naTqvami. xucesis sityvebi, rogorc
yoveli locva-vedreba, xorciel samyaroSi ibadeba
da aRivlineba sulierisaken; naqadagari ki Tavisi
arsiT jvaruli warmoSobis aris da zemodan gar-
damodis saymoze, xorcielze. raki uxorco jvars ar
SeuZlia warmoTqvas saymos xorcieli yurTasmen-
isaTvis gasagoni sityva, Tavis saTqmels is qadagis
sametyvelo organoebiT warmoTqvams; war-
moTqvams imas, rac ar icis saymom da verc
Seicnobs Tavisi WkuiT, radgan xorcieli ùtia da
umecari~, misTvis momavals, mosaxdens Tu
mowevnads safarveli aqvs dadebuli. Tavad RvTisS-
vili rasac xedavs momavalSi, morige RvTis karze
xedavs, roca mas iq asvla mouwevs; amitomac
naqadagari xSirad gaismis rogorc gafrTxileba:
`gamimTxildiTav, ymano, cud saqmei maqvav xTis
karzedav maxiluliv. mTxilaT iyveniTav, Gemno
ymano^~ (68, 70). jvari, rogorc `preistoriuli~, im
cccxviii
Jamis gmiri, mistiris Tavis warsul didebas da qada-
gis piriT amxnevebs saymos: `sadaR maqv Zali-d’
SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Gamameyar suyvelaferi, _
qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRven-ulufanic, Par-
kuretnic. maSin mqond Zali-d’ SaZleba, rosac dev-
dedaberT vlagmevdi, cxra adl miwa-myars
vaxviebdi. magram eexlad ymaT saSvelada
saxoiSnod iqav xTis karze davdior imiT ro mim-
iZvirdes ymani. qer-oqron ver gamaviRen srulad.
mzeqal Sagvijd maRalzed, magvayoln cis xorxoSni,
gaminadgurn Gem xodaburni, Gem ymaT qer-
oqronic. merigem RmerTm damiZrn bageni da
jiPvis Tav-rqan gadmamayoln sam pirad. umTxildiT
Tavs, ageb gadavicil Gemma gamarjvebamaca da
meriges RmerTisamac. Savesrev Par-maniST, ageb
gadavilocav, davimProb kviraes, davxqrTamav
bnel-siskris TeviT, zRven-samsaxurT SasroliT. gior-
gis Savexvewebi, giorgis mode yel-RilianT _ dax-
mareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav laqardianniv.
giorgim PaPmatis jvarm Saxkazm Tavis nislisferi,
cis gidel-gidelT daawyvit, gaSal wyalobis mask-
vlavni. nuRar geSinisT, imedianad iyveniT^~ (68,
70).
rasac saymo ismens qadagisgan, ar aris mo-
cemuli qadagis cdaSi; mTeli naqadagari war-
moadgens RvTisSvilis cdas, mis xilvas morige
RvTis karze. es xilva rom misawvdomi gaxdes xor-
cielTaTvis, jvarma is unda Gaagdos xorcielis
wiaRSi, rogorc Tesli, da aSobios mas, rogorc
cccxix
sityva. es wiaRi aris qadagis mTeli arseba da ara
mxolod misi sametyvelo organoebi, radgan jvari
aris Gasaxlebuli qadagSi da Signidan metyvelebs
misi bageebiT, rogorc delfuri misani piTia (150,
70), romelTanac Gveni saymoebis qadags bevri
ram aqvs saerTo, Tundac is, rom apolonis
winaswarmetyveleba Gveni naqadagaris ms-
gavsad, rogorc wesi, pirveli piriT aris gadmocemuli
(150, 70-1). es piri delfoSi apolonia, GvenTan jvari.
qadagi instrumentia, sayviria jvris xelSi, romliTac
jvari axmianebs Tavis xilvebs. amitomac qadagi,
Tundac igi mamakaci iyos (da esec aris istoriul
xanaSi), pasiuria, rogorc saSo, saidanac jvarma
dedruli keriidan aRmocenebuli ifniviT unda amouS-
vas Tavisi sityva.
wmida ninos, romelic misdami miZRvnil
kondakSi naxsenebia rogorc `qadagi sityvisa RvT-
isa~, troparSi mimarTaven `sulisa wmidisa
qnaro~, rac niSnavs, rom wmida nino aris qnari
suliwmidis xelSi, romliTac is axmianebs Tavis
WeSmaritebas. es metafora sxva ramesac gulisx-
mobs, oRond albaT ar aris gacnobierebuli troparSi,
saxeldobr, qadagobasa da poetur STagonebas
Soris Zireul kavSirs, rasac kvlav dedrul sawyis-
amde mivyavarT. naqadagari ar aris ubralo proza-
uli gadmocema imisa, rasac jvari xedavs morige
RvTis karze an risi cnobebac mas surs Tavisi say-
mosaTvis; qadagi midrekilia leqsiTi metyvelebi-
saken, rogorc yoveli eqstaturi metyveleba, romlis
cccxx
fesvi aracnobierSi Zevs (mag., yuranis ukanaskneli
surebi, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, transisa Tu
Sepyrobilobis mdgomareobaSia warmoTqmuli
muhamedis mier), magram GvenTvis
mniSvnelovani is aris, rom tradiciul naqadagarebSi
igive sazomi dasturdeba, rac xmiT natirlebSi; es
aris uriTmo cxramarcvliani leqsi, `mTiblurad~
wodebuli. xolo xmiT natirlebi, romelTa Soris bevri
poeturi Sedevria, dedakacebis mier aris Seqmnili,
iseve rogorc es Zvel civilizaciebSi aris dadasture-
buli (mag., Sumeris qalRmerTis, inanas natirlebi
dumuzize, 46, 244-5).
naqadagarTa formismieri igiveoba xmiT natir-
lebTan, cxadia, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos da Gven
sruli ufleba gvaqvs vilaparakoT, ara mxolod analo-
giis gziT, maT dedrul warmomavlobaze; miT ufro,
Tu andrezic qadagobis àmtexad~ mTels
xevsureTSi qals asaxelebs. bunebrivia, qadagoba
ukve gulisxmobs garkveuli teqstis realur arse-
bobas `mas Jamsa~, romlis kvali, albaT, dResdRe-
isobiT gamovlenil da cnobil tradiciul naqadagareb-
Sia saZiebeli. sanimuSod momyavs naqadagaris
teqsti, sadac qadagis piriT laparakobs arxotis jvari
(miqiel mTavarangelozi), romelic aq ymisa da
masze gamwyral RvTisSvils Soris Suamavlis rolSi
gamodis:
gexvewebio, miqielio,
apativeo, autieo,
uti asa da umecario,
cccxxi
Sen gexvewebis Porcielio,
Sen apative umecarsao,
me gamaviTxov buRaursao,
Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,
nu GauPureb sagebelTao,
Tor dagWirdebis miqielio,
rosac SavPdebi xTis karzedao,
iq me maqv Zali SaZlebaio,
iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio
(60, 11).
(am sazomis _ mTibluris _ sakulto warmomav-
lobaze isic unda mowmobdes, rom karatis jvaris
daarsebis andrezis erTi variantis Tanaxmad im
vaJs, romelic Tavis `modesTan~, pirvel qadagTan
erTad, kopalas jvarGenis damswre Seiqna, mT-
ibluri erqva saxelad: `^ im kacs mTiblurs Zaxnilan,
qals minan qvivnebul^~ 67, 180).
sanaTa. dedakacis saxels ukavSirdeba erT-erTi
saerTo-fSavuri salocavis jvarGenac. d.xizaniSvili
aseT andrezs gadmogvcems:
`Relis gorze, sadac Tamar mefis salocavia,
vidre igi `Tavs iGenda~, gabidaurebis Temis
fSavlebs ucxovriaT. roca Tamar mefem `Tavi iG-
ina~, gabidaurebi sxva sofelSi, xoSaraSi
gadausaxlebia. salocavis gamoGena sanaTas ùn-
ari~ yofila. pirvelad mas dauwyia sanTlebis
anTeba am adgilSi da Tamar mefis xevisbrulad
dideba, mas urGevia aq mcxovrebTaTvis, daeT-
moT es adgili Tamar mefisaTvis da sxvagan ga-
cccxxii
dasaxlebuliyvnen. maT ar daujerebiaT sanaTa-
sTvis, ris gamoc Tamar mefe ganrisxebula: erT-
maneTi irmebad mouGvenebia da SvildisriT
amouwyvetia. ramdenime komli gadarGenila, ar
gasaxlebulan, uTqvamT: sanam gasalewad gaSlil
kalos TavisTavad cecxli ar waekideba, fiwlis tote-
bze da xaris rqebze kelaptris aliviT ar
gamoGndeba, ar gadavsaxldebiTo. Tamar mefes
es saswaulic mouxdenia, maSin iZulebuli gaxdnen
gadasaxlebuliyvnen~ (108). igive andrezi, oRond
jvaris àRmomGeni~ dedakacis saxelis moux-
senieblad, gadmocemuli aqvs al. oGiaursac (65, 8).
soflis mTels mosaxleobaSi erTaderTi qali
grZnobs, rom sofeli kvriv adgilzea gaSenebuli; rom
is adgili, sadac sofeli dgas, wmida miwaa (rogorc
moses afrTxilebda uflis xma sinas mTaze,
mayvlovanSi); kvrivis anu sakraluris gancda aris
swored is ùnari~ sanaTasi, rogorc dedakacisa.
karatis jvaris daarsebis andrezisagan gansxvave-
biT, fSavuri Tqmuleba soflis axal teritoriaze
dasaxlebis andrezic aris. ase rom, dedakaci _ san-
aTa dgas xoSaris dasaxlebis genezisSi. mis mier
àRmoGenili~ jvarisagan gabidourTa soflis
dakavebis Semdeg mosaxleoba gadadis xoSaraSi,
romlis teritoria saimdrood wmida giorgim (xoSaris
`saxuTmetom~ an `saxuTmeto Zelis angelozma~)
devebisagan gaaTavisufla (65, 1). Tamaris jvar-
Gena uSualod mosdevs xoSaraSi saymos daarse-
cccxxiii
bas da am dasabamier aqtSi lomis wili udevs san-
aTas.
xevsur minanisgan gansxvavebiT fSaveli qali ar
kmayofildeba imiT, rom is qadagebs Tamaris kults
da afrTxilebs sofels _ winaaRmdegoba ar gauwion
axladGenil jvars; sanaTa itvirTavs xevisberis funq-
ciasac _ anTebs sanTlebs, adidebs RvTisSvils,
rasac ver `kadrulobda~ (ver bedavda) minani,
Tumca is karatis jvarisagan arGeuli pirveli mkadre
iyo. SesaZlebelia, aq cxaddebodes fSavis tradicia,
romelic dedakacebs gansakuTrebul Rirsebas ani-
Webs, rac maT gamoarGevs xevsureTisa da mTis
saymoTa dedrovanTagan. vaJa wers: `Tumca
dedakaci daGagruli iyo, magram zog-zogis
sagvareulos qalebs sapatio adgili sWeriaT. zepir-
gadmocema mogviTxrobs, rom laSaris `sabWeo~
skamze ori Taoba mjdara goderZaulebis gvaris
qali: `sabWeo~ skami Tavxevisbers ekuTvnoda^~
(35, 75). am tradiciis Suqze, Tumca `sabWeo
skami~ mainc saero samsaxurSia, moulodneli ar
unda iyos, rom sanaTa iWreba sakralur sferoSi da
TiTqos misi saxelic (sanaTa) sanTlis danTebiT
gamoxatul kultmsaxurebaze migvaniSnebs. ma-
gram unda vifiqroT, rom mamakacis roli _ saero Tu
sakraluri _ dedakacs mxolod kritikul viTarebaSi ek-
isreba.
xalxuri poezia icnobs xoSarel sanaTas _ èniT,
sityviT gamamxnevebel diacs~ (vaJa), romelic va-
Jasave TqmiT, èkuTvnis im Savsa da bnel dros,
cccxxiv
roca fSavelebi da TuSebi erTi meoresa
hlaSqravdnen, ar iyo maT Soris Zmoba da
Tanxmoba~ (31, 322). es aris xoSarisaTvis
sabediswero xana, roca saymo `saxuTmeto Zelis
angelozisa~ dalevis zRvaramde iyo misuli; saymo
ixsna ramdenime gmirma, romelTa Soris leqsi ax-
senebs sanaTas:
dagvlivna xoSaris gorma,
iq wylis ar gamodenama,
viwro-viwroma xev-xuvma,
mokled fSavlebis denama,
wowkoraulis isarma,
sanaTaisa enama^
arc leqsi, arc prozauli andrezi ar azustebs, ra
sityvebs wamoTqvamda xoSareli qali moisarTa Tu
xmliT mkveTebelTa gasamxneveblad, romelTac al-
baT esaWiroebodaT gamxneveba, rogorc erT dros
israelis msajuli qalis, deboras TanamemamuleT.
`sicocxle Gakvda israelis daba-soflebSi, Gakvda,
vidre ar aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me,
deda israelSi!~ (msaj. 5, 7). ai, am kritikul Jams,
roca yvelaferi Gamkvdaria, gamoGndeba deboras
ùnari~, rogorc xoSareli sanaTasi, romlis enam
`daliva~ mteri.
aris kidev erTi sanaTa, `baxtrionis~ gmiri,
marTlac `deda fSavSi~, romlis gmiruli ojaxi _
brZolaSi daRupuli aTi Svili da qmari _ ganasax-
ierebs xoSaris `daleul~ saymos. `sicocxle Gakvda
israelis daba-soflebSi!~ es sityvebi zustad
cccxxv
gamoxatavs xoSaris (anu fSavis, ganzogadebulad)
mdgomareobas da sanaTas suliskveTebas. sico-
cxle Gamkvdaria xoSaraSi da es yvelaze ufro cxadi
xdeba dResaswaulis dRes, roca
aq arc xevisbris xma ismis,
arsad fSauri Rreoba,
vin giJi ityvis imasa,
rom dRes aq iyo dReoba?!
bralada bJutavs sanTeli^
es erTaderTi sanTeli danTebulia sanaTas mier,
qmarSvilamowyvetili diacis mier, romelic kisrulobs
sakulto cxovrebis aRorZinebas uymod darGenil
jvarSi:
martos aunTav sanTlebi,
da xatic udidebia,
martos dauklav saklavi,
TviTonve utyavebia,
martodmartosa diacsa
xat-RmerTi uxsenebia.
sanaTa sGadis iseT saqmes, romlis ufleba mas,
rogorc dedakacs, tradiciulad ara aqvs; misi saqcieli
gaugonari saqcielia saymos TvalSi, romlis
Tvalsazriss aq gamoxatavs avtori poemisa da am
uGveulo scenis erTaderTi Semswre _ kviria. avtori
gakvirvebiT kiTxulobs _ `sajares diacs ra unda, ar
Tu eSinis davisa?~ kviria ki qveynis dasasrulad
aRiqvams am viTarebas, roca yvelaferi
Tavdayiraa:
diacs vin mogca is neba,
cccxxvi
saqme akeTo mamrisa?
vfiqrob, droeba damdgara
im meormosvlis wamisa.
kviria ar cdeba: xoSaraSi katastrofis Semdeg
damdgaria `meormosvlis wami~, roca yvelaferi
Tavidan unda iwyebodes, unda ganmeordes im
pirvel sanaTas qmedeba, romelmac jvari da sacx-
ovrebeli adgili aRmouGina `dalevamde~ misul
xoSaris winaprebs. `baxtrionis~, am esqatologiuri
poemis, dasawyisSi am sanaTas es erTi SexedviT
uGveulo, magram andrezulad Gveulebivi, arqetip-
uli saqcieli imeds iZleva, rom xoSaraSi aRdgeba
saymo.
`sisxlis wvimebis droebi~
saymos Tavgadasavali _ warsuli cxovrebis

mTeli gamocdilebis rGeuli, rogorc ganZi, andrezeb-
Sia daunjebuli. es aris winaparTa, `wina Jamis~
gmirTa, jvaris unj ymaTa Rvawli, upiratesad, saq-
meni sagmironi, romelnic maT Gaidines ukidures
gansacdelSi, roca saymo _ da es periodulad xde-
boda _ dalevis pirze iyo misuli. am dros Tavs iG-
enda Zala, romelic mtruli garemocvis mimarT
winaRdgomiT ixsnida da kvlav aaRorZinebda say-
mos. es is Zalaa, romelmac Tavis droze, `mas
Jamsa Sina~ Seqmna saymo; is jvaris saxiT iyo
cccxxvii
maSin gamoGenili. saymos SeqmnasTan erTad, ro-
gorc davinaxeT, iqmneboda kulti _ sakralur-zneo-
brivi Suaguli, romlis, rogorc keriis irgvliv, Tavs
iyrida adamianTa sazogadoeba. ar aris paradoqsi _
es saymos istoriul cdaSia mocemuli, _ rom am
Suagulis SenarGunebas an xelaxla ganmtkicebas
xels uwyobda misi dangrevis mowadine mtruli
Zala, perioduli Semotevebi. adamiani fxizlobda, is
ar iZinebda `magari ZiliT~, rom keraSi cecxli ar
Gaqroboda. ai, aseTi mRviZarebis periodebi aris
aRbeWdili andrezSi. aq ver naxavT mSvidobian
droebas _ isini ar Semounaxavs saymos cnobiere-
bas, ar aRubeWdavs andrezSi, radgan am dros
samagaliTo araferi xdeboda. saymosaTvis, misi
momavlisaTvis, mniSvnelovani da STambeWdavi
mxolod didi velobis periodebSi xdeboda, cdebSi,
romlebic mwvervalebiviT mosGans maT warsul
TavgadasavalSi.
saymos mexsiereba gadaarGevs warsuli cx-
ovrebis mniSvnelovan faqtebs da maT safuZvelze
qmnis andrezul istorias, romelic Zlieri epoqiT aris
aRniSnuli. Zlier xanas safuZveli realurad momxdar
movlenaSi aqvs, moqmedi pirebic savsebiT
realurni da istoriulad cnobilni arian; magram an-
drezuli istoriis droJamul-sivrcul asparezs kvebaven
sxva xanidan moxmobili pirovnebanic da realiebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnebis gamo veRar etevian
TavianT warmaval epoqaSi. yoveli saukeTeso ad-
amianuri aqti, rac odesme Gaudenia saymos er-
Tobliv da mis calkeul warmomadgenels, gadmodis
cccxxviii
am Zlier xanaSi da kidev ufro aZlierebs mas. Ses-
aniSnavia, rom saymos mexsiereba ar gaurbis da
ar iSorebs, aramed samaradisod, SesaZloa
sagangebodac, aRbeWdavs marcxsac da Ralatsac,
rac ki odesme SemTxvevia da Gaudenia moymes;
rasac Tavisi bedisweruli niSniT SeuZravs odesme
saymos Segneba da sinidisi, da warmosaxva. war-
sulis faqtebis SemarGeveli, magram obieqturi
mexsiereba saymosi inaxavs mtris saxels, rogorc
Seunaxavs adamis Zis mterTa _ dev-kerpTa _
saxeli da sruliadac ar cdilobs mis damcirebas, rom
ar gaufasurdes momavlis TvalSi mis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi daRvrili sisxli.
dRemde SemorGenil zepirsityvier masalaSi
SeiZleba sami Zlieri xana gamoikveTos:
I. RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebis xana,
roca RvTisSvilni morige RvTis gangebiT
gandevnian devebs adamianTaTvis
gankuTvnili miwa-wylidan da aarseben jvaris
TayvanismcemelTa anu rjulianTa saymoebs
gaTavisuflebul teritoriaze. am xanaze ukve
iyo saubari.
II. zurab erisTavTan brZolebis epoqa; xana,
rodesac saymoebs uxdebaT maTTvis mop-
ovebuli miwa-wylisa da rjulis dacva. zurabisa
da misi laSqris saxiT isini TiTqos preistoriidan
movlenil devebs igerieben.
III. xana Tavganwiruli brZolebisa mefe ereklesa-
Tvis; xana, roca sisxliT mopovebul Tavisufle-
bas da sicocxles saymoebi uangarod miuZR-
cccxxix
vnian bagration batons, romelsac isini Tavi-
anT RvTisSvilTa moZmed Tvlian.
samive es xana `sisxlis wvimebis droa~. pirvel
xanaSi iRvreba RvTisSvilTa sisxli, adamianTa
xsnisaTvis morige RvTis gangebiT daTxeuli. meore
xanaSi saymo Rvris sisxls sakuTari Tavis gadasar-
Genad; saymo am xanaSi dgas adamianis saxiT
movlenili imave Zalis winaSe, romelTanac preis-
toriaSi omi hqonda RvTisSvils gamarTuli. mesame
xanaSi sisxli wmida msxverplia, sazRauris umo-
lodinoT gaRebuli, radgan unda gasworebuliyo pre-
istoriuli vali RvTisSvilTa winaSe. am sisxlis san-
acvlod, romelic daRvares RvTisSvilebma saymos
Sesaqmnelad. saymo Rvris Tavis sisxls erekle me-
fis saSvelad, radgan is, maTi rwmeniT, mfarveli Rv-
TisSvilis moZmea.
devebis mobruneba
zurabis Semosevebi mTis saymoebSi orm-
niSvnelovania: erTis mxriv, isini safrTxes uqmnida
saymoTa damoukideblobas da maT fizikur arse-
bobasac ki; meore mxriv, da es gadamwyvetia
amgvari movlenebis Sefasebisas, isini xels
uwyobda saymos Sinagani struqturis ganmtkice-
bas da calkeul saymoTa konsolidacias. am `sisxlis
wvimebis~ xanas ufro naklebi mniSvneloba ar
hqonia saymoTa istoriaSi, vidre RvTisSvilTa
brZolebis upoqas. Tu maSin RvTisSvilebs awvaT
mTeli tvirTi devuri Zalebis mogeriebisa, axla maTi
ymebi istoriul xanaSi igerieben devur Semotevebs,
cccxxx
swored devurs, raki saymos aRqmaSi zurabis saxiT
devebi emuqrebian jvaris saymos. preistoriaSi jvari
ebrZoda devs, istoriul epoqaSi misi xorcieli ymebi
imeoreben batonis saqmes, icaven ra RvTisSvilTa
monapovars _ saymos. zurabTan brZolebis parale-
lurad mimdinareobs saymos konsolidaciis procesi,
analogiuri im aqtisa, romelic devebis damarcxebis
Semdeg saymoTa daarsebaSi gamoixata.
zurab erisTavi aragvisa imave batonis ymaa,
visac xevsurebi da fSavlebi arian Sevedrebulni, vis
saymosac isini Seadgenen. es aris bagrationi mefe,
romelic Tavis Tavs Tvlis gudanis saRvTosa da laS-
aris jvaris moZmed tradiciulad, rac saistorio wer-
ilobiT dokumentebSic aris asaxuli. ase rom, zurab
erisTavi da saymo saerTo batonis mimarT ierarqiis
Tanabar safexurze dganan. da ai, saymoTa an-
drezul istoriaSi zurab erisTavi Gawerilia, rogorc
Tavisi batonis winaaRmdeg aRmdgari yma,
gabudayebuli yma, romelic cdilobs Tavi gauTanab-
ros batons. gabudayebuli ymis janyi gamoixateba
imaSi, rom is cdilobs Tavis gavlenaSi Semoiyvanos
samefo domeni, `saxasoni mefisani~.
`zurab erisTavi uZlieresi feodali iyo Teimurazis
samefoSi. Zlieri safeodalo zurabma memkvidreo-
biT miiRo. jer kidev misi mama nugzar erisTavi
Zlivs cnobda patronad qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs.
zurab erisTavi kidev ufro gaZlierda.
1618 wels erisTavis winaaRmdeg mTiuleTi da
xevi ajanydnen (ZvelTaganve mefe am qveynebs
Tavis sakuTrebad sTvlida da erisTavi aq mefis did-
cccxxxi
moxele iyo. Tavisuflebis moyvare mTielebi aqam-
disac araerTxel ajanyebuliyvnen, araerTi erisTavi
gaestumrebinaT `saiqios~ da batonobis uReli Tavi-
anT ficxeli qedidan araerTxel gadaegdoT, magram
arc mefis feodaluri xelisufleba cdilobda naklebis
daJinebiT am mniSvnelovani qveynebis damorGile-
bas. gvianfeodalur xanaSi mefis xelisuflebis
dasustebasTan dakavSirebiT aragvis erisTavebma
mTiuleTisa da xevis dasakuTreba ganizraxes).
ajanyebul mTis winaaRmdeg zurab erisTavma
did Tavads baraTa baraTaSvils sTxova daxmareba.
feodalis laSqarma gatexa mTis winaaRmdegoba.
zurabma daimorGila, mZimed daxarka da sabolood
gaisakuTra mTiuleTi da xevi.
1620 wels zurab erisTavma fSav-xevsureTis
damorGileba ganizraxa. mrisxane feodali sastik
winaaRmdegobas waawyda. zurab erisTavi Tavisi
aznaurebiT SeiWra fSav-xevsureTSi, dabuga
soflebi, daangria salocavebi, magram ar iqna da
fSav-xevsureTi ver daimona. sastiki brZola ramod-
enime wels grZeldeboda. mravali lomguli vaJkaci
Seawyda zurabis xrova-aznaurebs, magram Tav-
isuflebis gmirebma mters aranakleb àwiTlebines
qviSani~.
mediduri erisTavi advilad ar daexsneboda
Seupovar mTielebs, rom TviT ar gadahyoloda
dausrulebel SfoTs~ (15, 248).
ai, sul es aris, rac SeiZleba arsebiTad iTqvas
zurab erisTavze, rogorc istoriul pirovnebaze.
saqarTvelos istoriis masStabiT misi movlena epi-
cccxxxii
zoduria, magram mTis, gansakuTrebiT, fSav-
xevsureTis saymoebisaTvis mas sabediswero
mniSvneloba hqonda. zurabis brZolebi, rogorc ad-
reve iTqva, Seadgens am saymoebis istoriis birTvs,
mis Suagul nawils, romlis Semdegac bevri ram
ganisazRvra maT momaval cxovrebaSi. mefis say-
moSi gabudayebuli erisTavi mefes utolebs Tavs _
is cdilobs misi unji ymebis damorGilebas da maT
batonad Tavis gamocxadebas. unji saymoebis
SegnebaSi ki es niSnavs imas, rom erisTavi upiris-
pirdeba ara mxolod xorciel batons _ mefes,
aramed uxorco batonsac, angelozs, jvars. erTi os-
uri andaza ambobs: `mTaSi bevri jvrebia, barad _
bevri batonebio~ (136, 300); mTieli Tayvans
scems da emorGileba jvars, da ar scnobs baridan
amosul batons, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola mas
rjulisaTvis brZolad miaGnia. zurabis èrisTaoba~
am bZolebis konteqstSi iZens ufro Rrma mniSvne-
lobas, vidre mas socialur planSi aqvs miniWebuli;
saymos Segnebuli aqvs, rom èrisTaoba~ profanuli
Zalauflebaa, romelic lamobs sakralur saymoSi
damkvidrebas anu jvaris kanonieri morige RvTis
gangebiT dadgenili Zalauflebis dasakuTrebas.
PevsureTia, zurabo, ver iqam erisTobasa.
gagiwvrildebis kiseri, ver SesZleb qveiTobasa
(81, #114),
_ mimarTavs zurabs saymo. zurabi ver Ses-
Zlebs èrisTobas~, radgan saymoSi erisTaobas ax-
orcielebs ganuzomlad Zlieri batoni, _ is erTaderTi,
vinc am tituls imsaxurebs warmomavlobiT, _ vidre
cccxxxiii
baridan amosuli uzurpatori. dapirispireba Seuwon-
adia, magram erisTavi ar aris warmodgenili ususur
mtrad. ara, zurabi imdenad Zlieria, rom saymo
mzad aris TiTqmis `jvarad~ daisaxos is, Tumca
WeSmariti jvaris teritoriaze SemoWrils mainc
`gauwvrildeba kiseri~. gamoTqma gulisxmobs,
rom erisTavi msxvilkiseraa anu Zlieri qedis
mqonea, rogorc himnebSi arian daxasiaTebulni
SuamdinareTis mbrZaneblebi (`msxvili qedi~
Zlierebis metaforaa Sumerul-aqadur enebSi);
zurabs, rogorc jvarsa da mefes, hyavs Tavisi
saymo: `rogorc erekles Pevsurn, egr zurabs: osi da
moPeve zurabis yma yofila~ (88, 316). es sityvebi
sagrZnobi mowiwebiT aris naTqvami zurabze:
visac sakuTari yma hyavs, visac eymobian (nebiT
Tu daZalebiT), is pirovneba vercxlis Rilis TvalSi ar
aris ubralo mokvdavi. leqsebSi salaSqrod mimaval
zurabTan erTad misi ymebic arian naxsenebi:
zurab Gamojda roSkis gors, Tanaxyon Tavis
ymania
(81, #140-b).
damarcxebuls (jvaric xom marcxdeba) Tan mi-
hyveba Tavisi saymo:
adga, wavida zurabi, morTuli Tavis ymiTao
(81, #143).
zurabis gamoGena saymos teritoriaze marTlac
jvaris, oRond mtruli jvaris, gamoGenaa, rac
SeiZleba saymos TvalSi aRqmuli iqnas devuri Za-
lebis Semobrunebad preistoriidan _ devTa Genad:
cccxxxiv
roSkis gor zurab Gamojda, Suq Gamutivna
mzisani.
roSkas awiwdes cixeni, blos banni qviTkirisani:
~gveSinos, dagvecemian nazlobni saZelisani~
(81, #125).
mtruli jvari devuri niSnebiT, rogorc aremaris
damangreveli Zala, ecxadeba roSkas da mezobel
saymoebs, sadac, andrezis Tanaxmad, saxlobdnen
isini, vidre maT iaxsari, kopala, wmida giorgi Tu
mTavarangelozi ar ahyrida. zurabi cdiloba jvaris
nebiT dasaxlebuli saymoebis ayras da maTi
adgilebis dakavebas; is iqceoda rogorc jvari, ma-
gram is antijvari iyo: is ver aGenda Tavis fexis
danadgamze kvrivs, misgan gabuxreulebuli adgili
sakralurobas ver iZenda, iseve rogorc misi efemer-
uli ymebi ver gardaiqmnebodnen unj ymebad mis
xelSi, im batonis xelSi, romelsac mxolod sabat-
onod hyavda isini daWerili, ara sapatroneblad. ai,
sad iyo gansxvaveba WeSmarit jvarsa, romelSic
bagrationi mefec igulisxmeba, da zurabs _ anti-
jvars Soris.
antijvarma ahyara ukanaxovlebi _ beqaurTa da
wiklaurTa winaprebi, romlebmac Tavi Seafares
gudamayris xeobas; aseve aoxrebul buGukurTidan
gadarGenilni zurabis veragul xmals, gaifantnen
xevsa da mTiuleTSi; magram verc erT buxreul
adgilze zurabma ver moikida fexi, ver Gaasaxla
Tavisi damonebuli ymebi, anu ver misca teritoria
Tavis antijvarul saymos.
cccxxxv
am wris sagmiro poeziaSi is xanaa asaxuli,
rodesac saymo `dalevis~ zRvaramdea misuli; zur-
abis perioduli (`zurab ratisSvils samjer daulaSqrav
PevsureTi meSvide-meSvide wels^~ 88, 298) Se-
motevebisagan Sewuxebulni imgvaradve mi-
marTaven mas, rogorc SeiZleba miemarTa saymos
Tavisi mrisxane jvarisTvis, romlis `magari xeliT~ is
dalevamde iqneboda misuli. saymos sityvebi
samarTliania:
dadeg, dagvexsen, zurabo, narGomn orT Senis
Pmlisani.
magram am sityvebSi _ `narGomn orT^~ _ ga-
ismis tragizmic da muqaris xmac, muqaris garda
siamayec saymos ukeTesi nawilisa. narGomni Pml-
isani warmoadgens, SeiZleba iTqvas, sisxliT
gadarGeul da Seqmnil erT muWa unj saymos, nar-
Goms anu rGeuls. tragikulia, magram amave dros
samomavlod imediani `narGomni xmlisani~. es ex-
maureba im esqatologiur viTarebas, roca RvTis
rGeulebSi sisxlis wvimebis dros mravalTa dacemis
Semdeg rGeulTa Soris rGeulni rGebian. ezekielis
wignSi ufali mimarTavs Tavis ers: `da daecemian
daxocilni Tqvens Soris da gaigebT, rom me ufali
var, magram dagitovebT maxvils gaarGenilT^~ (6,
7-8).
`maxvils gadarGenilni~ (feliteY xereb) aris Seu-
musvreli nawili saymosi, romelsac vera Zala ver
sZlebs am wuTisofelSi, romelic gastans wuTisoflis
dasasrulamde. ai, misi unjobis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi.
magram es narGomni Pmlisanic mzad arian daixo-
cccxxxvi
con, oRond darGnen unj saymod TavianTi jvarisa
samaradisod. l.m. gumiliovs gamoTqmuli aqvs
azri: `yvela eTnosi rodia Tanaxma SeinarGunos si-
cocxle mtrisadmi morGilebis fasad~ (119, 87).
aseT eTnosad Gamoyalibda da ganmtkicda jvaris
saymo. aseTi iyo narGomTa suliskveTeba zurab
erisTavis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi.
jvari, romelic saymos genezisSi anadgurebda
mosaxleobas, aRar erGis Tavis gamorGeul nar-
Goms RvTiuri kanonis ZaliT, saidanac dasabams
iRebs adamianuri kanonic: rogorc erTi TofiT asi
jixvis mokvlis anu azaris Sesrulebis Semdeg Tofi
imarxeba, rom codva ar daedos mis patrons,
aseve ikrZaleba erTi Setakebisas Tormetze meti
mtris mokvla; mecamete mokluli codvad
daawveba meomars, Tundac es iyos qalundauri _
begengoris gmiri (17, 160). magram zurabi, rogorc
antijvari, ar exsneba misgan daleul saymos; is mis-
devs ara RvTisSvilur da kacur, aramed devur kan-
ons, romlis Tanaxmad kacma kacs Zmis xorci unda
aWamos mis dasaZlevad, an niSnad Zlevisa. es
aris ukiduresi RonisZieba, rasac mimarTavs anti-
jvari. kacis xorcis Wama kacisaTvis devuri stumar-
maspinZlobis wes-Gveulebaa, romelic sruldeba
maT qorwilSi:
devebsa hqondaT qorwili, simRera amodioda.
SegvipatiJes, SevediT, amirans puri hSioda,
dedobilebis nacxobi qada kecebSi Sxioda,
SamahWres, Samaayenes, kacis Tav-fexi
dioda^
cccxxxvii
(93, 318).
ufro Zlierad es jojoxeTuri viTareba gadmo-
cemuli aqvs vaJas erT leqsSi _ `devebis qorwili~,
romelsac safuZvlad mTiuluri warmodgenebi
dasdebia, rogorc leqsis qvesaTauridan
(`mTiuluri~) Gans; devebis stumari mogviTxrobs
Tavis jojoxeTur gansacdels:
^devebsa aqvis qorwili, didi darbazi zrialebs.
mec dampatiJes, Sevedi, _ ra mqise suni
trialebs?!
sam pirad cecxli daenToT, zed sami qvabi Sxi-
oda,
stumrebis wina xonGebzed kacis Tav-fexi di-
oda,
ukvenas yureSiiTa kvnesis xma gamodioda:
`Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo?~ _ yma vinme
gamohkioda^
T.Gxenkelis ganmartebiT, msgavsi gansacdele-
bidan is azria gamosatani, rom devebi adamians
ugvano da saSineli saqmis aRsrulebas aiZuleben,
raTa daTrgunon maTSi kacuri da miT devurs azi-
aron (94, 116). zurabSi devi moqmedebs, roca is
Zmis xorcis WmeviT xevsur buGukurTa motexas
cdilobs (72, 511); amasve Gaadeninebs erT fSavel
moymes _ laSaris muxis moWris saidumlos
gacxadebaze uaris mTqmels, riTac es moyme
Tavis kacur Rirsebaze maRla jvaris saidumloebas
ayenebs.
zurabs misi xmlis narGomni ebrZvian. nar-
Gomni imasac niSnavs, rom saymo saboloo Zalis
cccxxxviii
xmeviT ebmis ukanasknul brZolaSi. es sabedis-
wero momenti _ narGomTa tragikuli suliskveTeba
gamoxatulia saymosave sityvebiT, romliTac is mi-
marTavs momxdurs:
amagiT giTxar, zurabo, `Pevsuri kaci utia~,
ager begen-gors gaxene, futkar Rgav,
gamautia (81, #126).
sagulisxmoa, rom saymo am muqaris sityvebSi
imave saxiT _ ùti~ _ warmoudgens Tavs mosisxle
mters, rogorc mas surs aGvenos Tavi Tavis jvars,
roca xucesis piriT mimarTavs mas jvaris karze: `^
Gven Porcielni orT, utni, umecarni, Gvens ucodro-
bas nu Saafereb, magivec rGeva-darigebani^~
(64, 743); saymo ùtad~ da ùmecrad~ war-
mosaxavs Tavs, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom saymo
Tavze xelaRebulia, SeiZleba iTqvas, da savsebiT
ixsnis pasuxismgeblobas: jvars is SesTxovs apatios
mas utoba-umecrebiT Gadenili codva; mters
emuqreba, rom Se-utevs, rogorc u t i , rogorc
TavzexelaRebuli.
saymos sityvebSi `gaxene, futkars Rgav~, rom-
liTac is asuraTebs Tavis Setevas, `futkari~ sim-
ravles ar gulisxmobs, _ xevsurTa laSqari mcirericx-
ovania zurabis, SeiZleba iTqvas, urdos (rogorc is
Gans saymos TvalSi) winaSe, _ futkari niSnavs
maT Tavganwirulobas, rom isini mzad arian ug-
miron nestari da Seakvden mters.
futkari niSnavs agreTve saymos wevrTa
mWidro kavSirs da mimarTebas saerTo Suagulis-
admi, magram garkveul zRvaramde: sakmarisia
cccxxxix
futkari gadascdes am Suagulis gavlenis zonas, is
iRupeba. aseve saymo _ gamova Tu ara Tavisi
jvaris mfarvelobis zonidan, is eqceva zurabis mom-
nusxavi gavlenis qveS da maSin Zlevs mas zurabis
davlaTi. saymo Zlieria iq, sadac vrceldeba misi
jvaris kvrivebis Zala, berZenTa anteosiviT, romelic
mSobel dedamiwasTan SexebiT ikrebs Zalas. jvari
Tavis teritoriaze, Tavis dedamiwazea Zlieri da is
uZlurdeba, roca Sordeba mas. jvaris mfarveloba
klebulobs, Zlierdeba mtris davlaTi. ase moxda
TrusoSi, jvaris kvrivebidan Sors, roca sanadimod
mipatiJebul xevsurebs, rogorc stumrebs, RalatiT
iaraRi aaxsnevina da amoxoca. xevsurebma iaraRi
Seixsnes, TiTqos jvaris karze yofiliyvnen saRvTo
sufraze, rogorc iqcevian jvaris stumrebi; maT yuri
ar aTxoves mrGevels, romelic winaTgrZnobda zur-
abis Ralats:
gaxua keTeSauri PevsurT kargs eubnebao:
_ `Pmlebs nu daiPsniT, Pevsurno, zurab ar dain-
dobao~.
ar daijeres, SaiPsnes, etli zurabis revdao (82,
#141-l).
ètli zurabis revdao~ _ igulisxmeba, rom zur-
abis etli anu davlaTi, sZlevda saymos etls anu dav-
laTs, rac igive jvaris etli da davlaTia. Trusomde
veRar swvdeba xevsurTa jvaris gavlena. aq sxva
Zala moqmedebs, aq antijvaria mbrZanebeli.
ai, es Trusos narGomni uweven winaaRmdego-
bas zurabs, ibrZvian sanam dganan maTi
salocavebi: xevsureTSi xmalas mTavarangelozi da
cccxl
fSavisxevSi _ laSari. zurabma icis, rom is ver
daimorGilebs saymoebs, sanam am salocavebs ar
SebRalavs:
zurabs javri klavs orisa: zen mTisa, qvemoT
barisa,
PevsureTs WormeSavisa, fSavSi laSaris
jvarisa^
(81, #113-b).
an, rogorc ambobs is sxva leqsSi:
ageb javrs amoviyridi fSavSi laSaris jvrisasa
(81, #136).
Gven viciT, ras niSnavs jvari, mfarveli RvTisSvili
saymosaTvis; axla warmovidginoT, ra aris, kerZod,
laSaris jvari fSavis Tormeti saymosaTvis.
Tu calkeul saymoebSi jvaris TayvaniscemiT,
roca dgeba mis karze misvlis da mis winaSe sam-
saxuriT wardgomis Jami, roca srulqmnilia Jam-kari,
moymeni adastureben TavianT erTianobas da
cocxlad, TvalnaTliv ganicdian, rom Seadgenen da
ekuTvnian erT saymos, aseve xmel gorze `Sax-
domili~ fSavis Tormeti saymo, saidanac ar unda
iyvnen isini mosulni, Tavisi uzenaesi patronis
winaSe adasturebs Tavis erTianobas, rom Tormet-
ive saymo laSaris wmida giorgis did saymoSi aris
gaerTianebuli. saTemo jvaris mfarveloba vrceldeba
mxolod misdami morige RvTis mier gangebiT rw-
munebul saymoze, magram laSaris jvari, rogorc
ierarqiulad masze maRla mdgomi, Tavis mfarvelo-
bas da Zalauflebas avrcelebs fSavis xevis Tormet-
ive saymoze da im teritoriaze, sadac isini daasaxla
cccxli
maTma RvTisSvilma. laSaris jvari, igive wmida
giorgi, mTeli fSavis xevis patronia, ris gamoc
ewodeba mas `xelmwife laSaris jvari~, rogorc is
moixsenieba fSavis xevisberTa sityvebSi. amrigad,
is fSavisxevis saymoebis Suagulia, rogorc ierus-
alimis taZari, rogorc sioni, israelis Tormeti tomisa-
Tvis da misi miwisaTvis; Tumca laSaris adgili ar
aris raRac gansakuTrebuli, raime niSniT
gamorGeuli masze daqvemdebarebul saymoTa
jvarebis adgilebisgan, _ is arc maRalze mde-
bareobs, rogorc calkeul saymoTa mTawmindebi da
arc fSavisxevis geografiul centrSi; is erTi xrioki
adgilia, sruliad SeumGneveli gareSe TvalisaTvis,
rac Tavad mis saxelwodebaSia asaxuli _
`xmelgori~ (aseTive xriokia anu xmeli gori sinais
mTa, sadac moses hqonda uflis gamocxadeba da
sadac miiRo rjuli. es sixmele mis erT-erT saxelSi
Gans: xoreb). rogorc erTi avtori wers, `laSaris jvars
Tavisi xriokoba sayvedurad miaGnia. igi xSirad
ubrZanebs Tavis `ymas~, rom man ar daiviwyos
laSaris jvari da erTs an ors welSi mainc `Sexdes
imis xmel gorzed~ (106). `Tu dagiviwye, ierusalim,
damiviwyos marjvenam Gemma!~ _ Tundac kedlis
nangreviRa iyos darGenili misgan. am amoZaxilis
suliskveTebiT unda yofiliyo gamsWvaluli TiToeuli
yma Tavisi diasporis mxareSi. is yma Soridanac
modis, brundeba rogorc futkari Tavis skaSi, radgan
is aris misi ierusalimi.
laSaris xmelgorze, rogorc ierusalimSi, ikribeba
Tormeti saymo; es xdeba axalkviras. am dros Tavs
cccxlii
iyris Tormeti saymos Tormeti droSa, romelTac laS-
aris droSa egebeba, rogorc maspinZeli. magram
vidre xmelgorze `Saxdebodnen~, isini gzadagza
xvdebian erTmaneTs erTurTis salocav adgilebSi.
xmelgorze àmomxdarni~ kvrivSi dabrZandebian,
sadac adastureben rogorc TavianT erTianobas, ise
erTianobas laSaris jvarTan (65, 359). laSari saerTo
Sesakrebelia, droSiT aq warmodgenilia RvTisSvili
da misi saymo. xolo TiToeul saymos am Se-
sakrebelSi Tavisi sajare aqvs. `sajareebi ise iyo
moyolebuli, mrgvlad, rogorc Temebi aris moyole-
buli fSavis_Pevis gaRma-gamoRma mrgvlad~ (65,
369). xmelgorze, rogorc aqedan Gans, mTeli fSav-
isxevis topografia iyo asaxuli. aq uxilavad, weli-
wadis yvela dros aris warmodgenili mTeli fSav-
isxevi; xmelgorze misi tvifaria aRbeWdili.
laSari aris ara mxolod is Suaguli, sadac erTiano-
bas ganicdian fSavis saymoebi, aramed,
qveynierebis Suagulic, sadac garRveulia ca morige
RmerTsa da saymos Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad.
erTxel kidev gavixsenoT leqsi _ legendur mkad-
reTa xilva, sadac es zebunebrivi realobaa asaxuli:
beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa,
xmel gorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kib-
iTa,
Gem saymoT Semonazeni RmerTTan amqonda
iqiTa^
am sakulto leqsis yoveli elementi mowmobs,
rom xmelgori im adgilad aris warmodgenili, sadac
gadis samyaros RerZi. aq gamavali RerZi imas
cccxliii
niSnavs, rom am adgilas Seiqmna samyaro da
samyarosTan erTad fSavis Suagulic. ase rom,
qvenierebis Suaguli fSavis Suagulic aris, sadac
Gamarxulia laSaris jvaris kultis saidumlo. laSaris
bermuxasTan, rogorc misi kultis simbolosTan, aris
dakavSirebuli es saidumlo, romelsac inaxavs
saymo Tavisi simtkiciTa da daurRvevlobis
sawindrad.
Tu laSaris jvari Tavisi bermuxiT avlens Suagulis
ideas, xmalas mTavarangelozs xevsureTSi udgas
alvisxe, romlis wveri agreTve cas aris gamobmuli
oqros SibiT angelozebis anu RvTisSvilTa samimos-
vlod. Suagulis idea kidev ufro Zlierdeba imiT, rom,
andrezis Tanaxmad, am alvisxidan Gamonadeni
mironi mis ZirSi Gamarxul qvevrebSi grovdeboda,
raTa Semdeg mTeli xevsureTis salocavebs ganaw-
ileboda. mironi kultis saidumloa da amitomac mis
miwisqveSa darans `safarveli zdebiv~ (62, 572).
laSari, misi xmelgori, fSavis xevis centria, rogorc
sazogadoebrivi, ise sakraluri; aseTive centria
xevsureTis TemebisaTvis gudela, sadac es `mir-
vnis xe~ izrdeba. magram xevsuruli andrezebisa-
Tvis es Sori warsulia, imdroindeli xana, roca
gudani, samaganZuros adgili, jer kidev ar iyo
gamoGenili xevsurTa istoriis asparezze. gudela,
xmalas alvisxe, _ winarewarsulia, romelic uSualod
ebmis am adgilebSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis dan-
ergvas, rac mironis simboluri xiT aris gamoxatuli.
aq aris mironis wyaro, rogorc sveticxovelSi da, ro-
gorc sveticxovelia qristianuli saqarTvelos Suaguli,
cccxliv
aseve gudela Tavisi mironmdinari alvisxiT aris
xevsureTis Suaguli. àqiT Tu ebmod winav
salaSqro droSaic, manam gudanis jvari gaZrivlde-
boda--d’ is gadaiqceod saerTo xevsureTis
salocavad~ (62, 570). Jami Seicvala da axla
gudanSi daiwyes saerTo saxevsureTo droSis abma,
axla gudanis wmida giorgis jvari (ufro cnobili
saxelwodebiT: gudanis saRvTo) uZRveboda
laSqars, radgan xmalas salocavma Sewyvita arse-
boba, rasac andrezi zurabis laSqrobebTan, ufro
sworad, erT gadamwyvet laSqrobasTan da Sinauris
RalatTan akavSirebs.
am sakralur Suagulebs _ xevsureTSi xmalas da
fSavisxevSi xmelgors _ utevs zurab erisTavi, kacis
saxiT gamocxadebuli devi Tu qaji, Tu antijvari,
raTa misi dangreviT daangrios saymo da aiRos
misi miwa-wyali. vaJa wers amis Taobaze: `yvela,
visac ki fSavis damorGileba edva gulSi, rogorc
sxvadasxva zepirgadmocema gveubneba, brZolas
usaTauod Tavdapirvelad laSaris jvarTan iwyebs.
ase moiqca zurab erisTavi; iman ganizraxa xatis
Semusrva, maSasadame, umTavres mowinaaRm-
dege Zalad imas laSaris jvari miaGnda, risTvisac
mosWra didi muxa, romelsac hqonda kenweroze
`cidan mosuli oqros jaWvi angelozebis asavlel-Gas-
asvlelad^~ (28, 236).
mteri fiqrobs da xSirad mas umarTlebs fiqri,
rom Tu is daesxmis sakralur Suaguls
sazogadoebisas, brZola mogebuli aqvs. es mo-
cccxlv
menti gaielvebs TiTqos naklebmniSvnelovani Sin-
abrZolebis amsaxvel leqsSi, epizodurad:
maS cabaurTas GavideT, vamtvrioT beRlis
kario^
(82, #148).
sad unda miemarTa saymos ganadgurebis
msurvel mters Tavisi maxvili, _ maSinac ki, roca
mteri calkeuli moymis kar-midamos esxmis Tavs,
is pirvel rigSi saxlis sakralur Suaguls _ Werxos
utevs:
nakveTauris Werxosa Sen Sexsen rkinis kario
(82, #146),
_ ras unda dascemoda pirvelad, Tu ara beRels,
romelic, rogorc viciT, jvaris kvrivis kvrivia, sadac
araTu ucxo kaci, Sinauri rigiTi ymac ki ver bedavs
Sesvlas. raki beRlis daxSuli kari simbolurad
gamoxatavs kultis saidumlos, gasagebi unda iyos,
ras niSnavs beRlis karis mtvreva.
mosaxleobis dasamorGileblad mteri ise iqceva,
TiTqos ucxo miwaze ucxo rjulis xalxs eomebodes:
jimSer, aragvis patroni, Saubralebi ymisao,
PevSi cixeebs mtvreveli, aragvze saydrebisao
(40, 70).
saydris mtvreva ukiduresi saSualebaa saydris
saymos dasamorGileblad; mteri am gziT eZebs
gamarjvebas. is SeiZleba imarjvebdes kidec, ma-
gram imarjvebs gadarjulebis fasad, radgan am
dros mteri hkargavs adamianur saxes: is devur
gzas adgas. jimSer aragvis erisTavi zurab erisTavis
gzas misdevs, magram zurabis ltolvaSi laSaris
cccxlvi
muxisaken sxva Suri Gans. zurabi Tavisi `javriT~
fSavisxevis siwmidis mimarT mogvagonebs aqadel
naramsins, romelmac Sumeris damoukidebel
qalaq-saxelmwifoTa (`saymoTa~) xelSi Gasagde-
bad Seutia qveynis Suaguls nipurSi, romlis mTavar
taZarSi, SumerelTa rwmeniT, msoflio uxilavi RerZis
niSnad didi sveti (dim-gali) iyo aRmarTuli. erTi
Sumeruli poemis Tanaxmad aqadis mefem sax-
uravi axada SumerelTa taZars, `gaaSiSvla~ is,
raTa aqadels, gareSe kacs, Gaexeda mis saidum-
loSi (46, 29). niSandoblivia, rom SumerelTa Segne-
baSi aqadis dinastiis dacema am uRvTo aqts _ siw-
midis Selaxvas daukavSirda.
laSarisa da xmalas xeTa (muxisa da alvisxis)
simtkice, rogorc kultis simtkice, sazogadod,
saidumloebasTan aris dakavSirebuli: vidre
saidumlo ar gasula saymos farglebidan, am xeebs
mteri ver moereva. saidumlo saymoSia daculi, ro-
gorc saidumlo Tas-ganZisa, misi samalavisa, rome-
lic mxolod maganZurma icis. ase mTels saymos
SeiZleba scodnoda bermuxis Tu alvisxis saidumlo,
rogorc zRaprebSi ician romelime personaJis sulis
saidumlo adgil-samyofeli, Tu sad inaxeba misi suli.
ai, dgas saymos SuagulSi _ fSavSi muxa,
xevsureTSi alvisxe, romelTa arseboba, rogorc
sakralur xeTa, mxolod saymom icis: maTi arse-
boba saidumloebrivia, gareSe Tvali ver xedavs
maT, ver unda dainaxos, TiTqos mas safarveli aqvs
dadebuli. magram, rogorc erTi xalxuri leqsi am-
bobs, `Jami moalis, kar gaiRebis Tavada~, aseve
cccxlvii
dgeba dro am saidumloebriv xeTa gacxadebisa.
maT arsebobas Tavad maTive foToli gascems.
fSauri andrezis Tanaxmad, laSaris muxas foTolic
sxvanairi hqonia; aragvis mier Gamotanili foToli
zurabs JinvalSi unaxavs da mimxvdara, rom xeze
oqros Sibi iyo da moundomebia xis moWra^ (65,
251). aseTive Tqmulebaa dadasturebuli xevsurul
alvisxeze: `^ am alvisxes sTvelT rom foToli
Gamauyrav, erT foToli aragvGi Gavardnila-d’
qalaqGi wauRav wyals^~ (62, 573).
mironmdinari da oqrosSibiani xeebi, romelTa
saidumlo arsebobas maTive foToli gascems, _
kultis sasicocxlo simboloebia, _ mtrisaTvis xelSi
Gasagdebi ganZia. is cdilobs mis mopovebas,
radgan, Gven viciT, qveynis dapatronebis mowad-
ine mis ganZs unda eZiebdes, rom misgan dacari-
elebiT daauZluros qveyana.
magram zurabi fizikuri ZaliT ver aiRebs ganZs,
muxaSi Tu alvisxeSi daunjebuls; man SeiZleba fiz-
ikuri ZaliT `dalevis~ zRvaramde miiyvanos saymo,
magram is ver moWris sakralur xes. `daxkrianav
xesad culio-d’ iqav gaikurnisav~ (62, 573), am-
bobs xevsuruli gadmocema xmalas alvisxeze.
amitom zurabi cdilobs gamostyuos saymos kultis
saidumlo, risTvisac is laSaris saymoebs saTiTaod
sabediswero gansacdelSi agdebs. zurabis `xmlis
narGomni~ unda gamoicadon laSarisadmi erTgule-
baSi _ gascems Tu ara saymo muxis moWris
saidumloebas , Tu rogor unda moiWras aTa-
swlovani xe. muqus RvTismSoblis ymebi _
cccxlviii
wowkoraulni umal gvelis Wamas arGeven, oRond
ar gascen saidumlo; zurabi gvelis xorcs aWmevs
maT, risTvisac `mucelgvelianebis~ saxeli daimsax-
ures. cabaurni mzad arian ZaRlis xorci Wamon,
vidre uRalaton jvars; jvaris erTgulebaSi gamocdilni
arad agdeben damcinav Sairs:
iqiT mimideg, cabauro,
ZaRlis mWamelo gogoWuroo,
mesamed romeliRac _ andrezi ar asaxelebs _
saymos ymas, tragikuli dilemis winaSe mdgars,
araadamianur saqciels _ Zmis xorcis Wamas
aiZulebs devuri qorwilis wesiT (65, 309). aseTi
arGevanis fasad ujdebaT ymebs laSaris bermuxis
saidumlo.
saidumlos gascems Sinauri kaci; Sinagamcemi
aRmoGndeba axadis TemSi, pirquSis saymoSi,
vinme Salikauri, romelic muxis moWris xerxs afci-
aurs aswavlis (65, 251). swored misi saxeli
Semoinaxa simReram:
sul-krulma afciaurma amamibruna ZiriTa^
mainc ra iyo es saidumloeba, romlis gareSe
zurabis razmeli _ gudamayreli afciauri ver axer-
xebda oqrosSibiani muxis, xolo xevsureTSi sxva
vinme mironmdinari alvisxis moWras? ra saidumlo
gasca fSavSi axadelma Salikaurma da xevsureTSi,
rogorc andrezs Semounaxavs, vinme berma are-
Saulma, jvaris xelkacma?
xevsuruli andrezi mogviTxrobs:
èrT Rulel kac yofil gvarad areSauli, xnieri-d’
jvaris Pelkaci. masulebs gaugav, ro magan icisav
cccxlix
rogor meeWrebisav eg xeio-d’ dauqrTamav es are-
Sauli. imas uswavlebav: erT cica maiyvaneTav,
imiT ganaTleTao-d’ xTiSvil axPdebisao, memr mee-
Wrebisav. Tore manam xTiSvili xpatronobsav, ma-
gas sul ar gaSWrisav~. mauyvanava-d’ dauklav ci-
cai xis ZirSi. axPdomiv xTisSvili-d’ mauWrav xei. xe
ro waqceul, wverze gambul jaWv gawyvetila-d’ wi-
viliT caSi wasul^~ (62, 573.
es ambavi amgvarad aris gamoTqmuli sim-
ReraSi:
^ erTic etana Ruleli, ariSauli beria.
saxels sumeljas etyodes, andrezSi egre sweria.
angelozT ecxadeboda, gasTeTrebiyo wveria^
albaT aswavla Rulelma alvis xeT dasaWrelia:
`Tqven maiyvaneT katai xeT ZirSi dasakvlelia!
~
xeni danaTles sisxliTa, eg ufro sakvirvelia.
alvisxe gadaaqcies, Zir ar gawires, wveria.
Sib gawyda, ciske wavida, wioda rogorc gvelia^
(88, #541).
analogiur andrezs yvebian fSavSi laSaris
muxaze:
`^ bolos axadelma Salikaurma aswavla (afci-
aurs): muxis qveS cica dakali da mere moiWrebao.
dakla cica. oqros Sibi moswyda muxas da zecaSi
wivili waiRo. muxa waiqca da wveri gaRma mxares
sakviraos dakra^~ (65, 251).
zurab erisTavi (radgan is aris maTi saqcielis
wamqezebeli da maiZulebeli, mTels pasuxismgeb-
lobasac is unda kisrulobdes) iseve iqceva, rogorc
cccl
jvar-ganZis mparavi, roca is wmida ganZisa da kv-
rivi adgilis `gamonaTvlis~ mizniT, _ raTa misi xely-
ofa SeZlos _ usurmag cxovels swiravs msxverplad.
erT-erTi usurmagi cxoveli kataa, romlis sisxli, ro-
gorc antimsxverplisa, Zalas ukargavs siwmides, is
àfrTxobs~ jvars, im angelozs, davanebuls mis kv-
rivSi; usurmagis sisxli ganaqarvebs im Zalas, ro-
melic wmidad xdis wmidas da kvrivs _ kvrivad.
katis sisxlnasxurebs muxas stoveben angelozebi,
wydeba Sibi _ kavSiri cisa da miwisa da morige
RmerTs ubrundeba, raki is, rogorc religia, zeciuri
warmoSobisaa. Sibis gawyveta religiis, kultis
gauqmebis simboluri gamoxatulebaa, radgan Sibi,
rogorc duranqi, Tavad religiis simboloa, cisa da mi-
wis kavSiris ganmaxorcielebeli. sakulto cxovrebis,
Tavad kultis Gaqrobasve gamoxatavs simbolurad
mironis wyaros dawyveta xmalas alvisxis moWris
Semdeg; am aqtma gaauqma kulti gudelaSi,
xevsureTis Tavdaripirvel SuagulSi.
laSaris muxis mosisxle zurab erisTavi
moqmedebs, rogorc Tas-ganZis mparavi. magram
is kidev gvagonebs im qajebs, romlebic `cicas~
Tav-fexiT igerieben Semoteul RvTisSvilebs qa-
javeTis misadgomebTan, da warmatebiTac, radgan
RvTisSvilebs afrTxobs da auZlurebs usurmagis mi-
kareba, rogorc maTgan sxurebuli sisxli. usurmagi
qajTa (da albaT devTac) iaraRia angelozTa win-
aaRmdeg. amitomac, raki zurab erisTavi usurma-
gis msxverpls swiravs, eweva Sav magias, rogorc
qajTa samyarodan movlenili, fSav-xevsureTis say-
cccli
moTa warsawymdelad, mis winaaRmdeg brZola
saRvTo omia, sadac unda gaimarjvos jvaris Zalam.
zurab erisTavi unda damarcxdes, rogorc mar-
cxdeba andrezuli mteri, magaliTad imave `sisxlis
wvimebis~ droindeli Sah-abasi, romelic zurabiviT
Tavs esxmis fSavis siwmides, laSaris ganZs, raTa
misi dapatronebiT saymos batoni Seiqnas (51, 23).
marTalia, andrezis Tanaxmad, zurab erisTavi
eweva sawadels _ Wris laSaris muxas da xmalas
alvisxes, magram is mainc ver imorGilebs RvTisS-
vilTa saymoebs. is mainc ver Gaigdebs xelSi oqros
Sibs, verc alvisxisas da verc muxisas, religiis
wmida niSans; xis wvers mowyvetili Sibi Tumca
daubrunda cas, saidanac is, rogorc karatisjvaris
andrezi mogviTxrobs, iyo warmoSobili (msgavsad
osuri andrezebis sakidlebisa, romelTac caSi amza-
debs RvTaebrivi mWedeli safa); Tumca Sibi
gauGinarda, rasac unda moeswavebina religiis
gaqroba am miwa-wyalze, da masTan erTad say-
moebis dacema, magram mis garSemo Semokre-
bili xalxi darGa isev saymod, radgan im muxis kun-
ZSi, `narGomi~ zurabis xmlisa (msgavsad ymaTa)
iqve darGa, rogorc wmida, Tumca daxavsebuli
naSTi samyaros Suagulisa da kultis simbolosi, ro-
melsac kvlav Zvel pativs miageben, rogorc TviT-
mxilvelis Ganaweridan Gans (125, 231), laSaris
gorze amxdarni `narGomni~ zurabis xmlisani anu
gamarjvebuli (es RvTisSvilTa cnobili epiTetia),
aRmdgari saymo. laSaris kultis aRorZineba, an-
drezis Tanaxmad, ukavSirdeba bermuxis nafotebs,
ccclii
romelTagan erTi ivris kudebisken gadavardnila,
sadac man dasabami misca laSaris xatis jvarGenas
ivris fSavlebSi; meore iqve dacemula, adgilobriv,
rogorc Tesli, romelic unda aRorZinebuliyo; mes-
ame nafotis bedi ucnobia, gadmogvcems andrezi
(9, 106), magram cxadia, im ucnob nafots sadRac
unda mieca dasabami axali salocavisaTvis. ber-
muxis nafotebis andrezi imis gamomxatvelia, rom
miuxedavad sakulto muxis moWrisa, saymos ar
daukargavs kulti, rom sakulto cxovreba ar
Sewyvetila da, rogorc TviTmxilvelis sityvebidan
Gans Zveli laSaris kultis ganuwyvetlobis simboluri
niSani yofila muxis nafotebi, romlebic wmidad iyo
Seracxili da didi sasoebiT, rogorc saidumlo, xatSi
inaxeboda (125, 232). zurab erisTavma laSaris
muxis moWriT, marTalia, ver daangria saymo, ma-
gram misi gafantva mainc moaxerxa. Tu birTvi
isev laSaris teritoriaze darGa, rogorc moWrili
muxis kunZTan davardnili mTavari nafoti, rogorc
sawindari saymos aRorZinebisa, danarGeni nawili
am saymosi muxisgan asxletil sxva nafotebs
gahyva fSavisxevis gareT; Tumca sxva miwaze
gadatyorcnilni mainc ar kargaven kavSirs Zireul
salocavTan da, rogorc vaJa wers, `mudam wels
barelebis mosvla salocavad laSaris jvarisa umizezo
ar aris. aSkaraa, rom isini gadasaxlebaSi arian
fSavidan da ar iviwyeben Tavisis mama-papis
Zvels salocavs. es daujerebelia miT umetes, rom
fSavSi aris sof. yvara. gadasaxlebulT Tavisis soflis
saxeli Tan wauRiaT. xalxic amtkicebs am ga-
cccliii
dasaxlebas da mizezad zurabs asaxelebs, ro-
melsac dauwiokebia xalxi da gaubnevia,
dauqsaqsia^~ (29, 57).
sxva andrezis Tanaxmad zurabis mier muxis
moWra aris is mijna, romlis Semdegac axali sak-
ulto cxovreba iwyeba xmelgorze: Tqmuleba am-
bobs, rom laSaris gorze jvaris muxis moWramde
mxolod berebi cxovrobdnen, gareSe kaci iq ver
adioda da dablidan ilocavda jvars (65, 251). axal
epoqaSi laSaris gorze, sadac aRar dgas oqrosSibi-
ani Zveli muxa, magram RvTisSvilis gza jvaris
karidan morige RvTis karamde mainc arsebobs
(Tumca safarveli aqvs dadebuli), gareSe kacic adis
Tavisi samsaxuris misatanad da Tavis saymosTan
erTianobis dasadastureblad.
verc xmalas alvisxis moWriT daimorGila
xevsureTSi zurabma saymoebi, sabolood ver
amoZirkva kulti; Tumca aqac moswyda oqros Sibi
da caSi gauGinarda, safarveli gadaefara mironis
wyaros, romlis xilva mxolod da mxolod jvaris
mkadreTa mistiur gamocdilebaSi gaxda SesaZle-
beli; magram saerTo saxevsureTo (igulisxmeba
bude-xevsureTi) sakulto cxovrebis Suagulma
gudanSi gadainacvla, sadac keriaSi amosulma
ifnma auwya RvTisSvilis jvarGena axal adgilze.
axla gudanSi ibmis salaSqro droSa da aq
muSavdeba, raTa gavrceldes sxva saymoebSi
savaldebulo rjuli.
miuxedavad ngrevisa da ganadgurebisa, rasac
samgzis yoveli Svidi wlis gamoSvebiT mohyveboda
cccliv
xolme saymoTa nawilis an zogierT saymoTa mT-
liani gafantva, zurabis laSqrobebma saymoTa Soris
dabada solidarobis Zlieri Segneba, romelic Zun-
wad, ara myvirala sityvebiT gamoiTqmoda im `sis-
xlis wvimebis~ epoqis amsaxvel simRerebSi,
Tumca kerZod, ara ganzogadebuli saxiT, rac,
SesaZlebelia, met Zalas da sarwmunoebas ani-
Webda naTqvams:
uTurgi mewyinaisZe xevsurT gulisad kvdebao,
amRas esxdian colSvilni, magas ra wauxdebao
(81, #124).
arxotioni, vis saymosac ar emuqreba zurabi,
Tavs swiravs aragvel xevsurTa gadasarGenad;
uymo yma sisxls Rvris im saymos jvarisaTvis, ro-
melic ar moiTxovs misgan Tavganwirvas da sisxls.
aseTi gmiri, rogoric aris naklebad gamoGenili
uTurgi, amRioni, romelic sxva saymosaTvis swiravs
Tavs, ar aris gamonaklisi am epoqaSi, am
brZolebSi. iyo qalundauri, guroeli, romlis saxl-kars
guroSi, mTis iqiT, albaT ver miswvdeboda zurabis
xeli; swored is gaxda am epopeis gmiri, gmiri be-
gengorisa, sadac mterze gamarjvebis niSnad
aragvidan motanili riyis qva `Gaayuda~ samanad,
_ es ki rogorc istoriul-andrezuli aqti, simReris
sityvebiTac aRibeWda samaradisod:
Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni
mzisani,
begengor Gamoewiva, yman GaWrna zurabis-
ani.
ccclv
amandiT amabrunvilma samann Gaxyudna
qvisani (81, #125).
ccclvi
Sewirulni
is epoqa aRbeWdili iyo mtris niSniT, amas ki,

romelzedac axla iqneba saubari, patronis beWedi
adevs; patronisa, romlisTvisac Tavs swiravs gadar-
Genili saymo. es epoqebi saymos SegnebaSi ar
emijnebian erTmaneTs qronologiuri niSniT; isini,
SesaZlebelia, erTdroulad arseboben andrezul war-
sulSi. Gven ganvixilavT maT droul monakveTebad,
raki viciT, rom erekles xana mosdevs zurab eri-
sTavis xanas; magram saymosaTvis es epoqebi,
erTmaneTSi SeRwevadni, ufro modaluri mdgo-
mareobebia saymosi, romelTac qmnis devurisa da
RvTaebrivis (T.Gxenkeli) urTierTmonacvleoba say-
mos TavgadasavalSi. roca RvTaebrivi, jvaris saxiT
warmodgenili, ukan ixevs, maSin wamoiweva `mas
Jamsa Sina~ daTrgunuli devuri Zala. zurab erisTavi
maSin aRzevdeba, roca bagrationis xelisufleba
dauZlurebulia. jvari _ batoni ukan ixevs da stovebs
saymos bedis an misi adamianuri davlaTis ana-
bara.
zurab erisTavi imave batonis ymaa, visac fSav-
xevsurni arian Sevedrebul-Sexvewilni. is aris yma
ccclvii
bagration mefisa, romelic Tavis Tavs Tvlis (rasac
saymoc adasturebs) gudanis saRvTosa da laSaris
jvaris moZmed, romelsac konkretul istoriul peri-
odSi mefe Teimurazi warmoadgens. zurab erisTavi
sxva aravinaa, Tu ara gabudayebuli yma, romelic
cdilobs Tavisi batonis adgilis daWeras, rac mxolod
misi dauZlurebis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli:
dalivna bagrationni, Tavad batonad zisao (88,
#54).
es sityvebi sxva istoriul viTarebazea naTqvami,
magram isini kargad miesadageba gabudayebuli
ymis suliskveTebas da saboloo survils.
zurab erisTavis batoni (yofacxovrebaSi misi
simamri) Teimuraz mefe amgvarad aris Seqebuli
erT xevsurul poetur fragmentSi, romelic zustad
gamoxatavs saymos SegnebaSi arsebul war-
modgenas Tavis xorciel batonze:
aim adgilis Wirime, sad Teimurazi bzandeba:
daicems wiTlis karavsa, zed oqros sveti
dadgeba
(98, #34).
es òqros sveti~ aris gamoZaxili im `naTlis
svetisa~, romelic RvTisSvilTa jvarGenis erT-erTi
saxea. Teimurazs, rogorc bagration mefes da Rv-
TisSvilis moZmes, Tan axlavs RvTisSvilTa anu
jvarTa, `ciT svetad GamosulTa~, atributebi. wiTelic
xom RvTisSvilTa gansakuTrebuli niSania:
saneba xkazmebs zerdagsa, samwyarsa, samis
wlisasa,
daaxvevs masarTavebsa wiTelis atlasisasa^
ccclviii
(6, 97).
`wiTeli atlasi~ jvaris upirvelesi siwmidis _
droSis masalad gvevlineba erT xmiT natiralSi:
droSaT qve vinaR agvibemdao,
Pmalas wiTliTa atlasiTao^
(79, #157).
cxadia, atlasis wiTeli ar aris ubralo, bunebrivi
feri, romelic Gveulebriv sagnebs mosavs; is
sakraluri feria, rogorc Zoweuli.
Teimurazi, zurab erisTavis batoni (da mere sim-
amri misi), erTi warmomadgenelia im modgmisa,
romlis Zirs bagrationTa dinastiuri legenda israelis
mefeSi _ daviTSi xedavs. am modgmaSi iSva
qriste, ase rom bagrationebi Tavad macxovris
naTesavebi arian. am legendas, romelic werilobiT
aris dadasturebuli qarTul saistorio wyaroSi (70,
371-2), exmaureba erTi xevsuruli epizoduri andrezi
mefe erekleze, romelic sveticxovlis taZarSi sulis
ZaliT zeatacebuli loyiT exuteba gumbaTze
gamosaxul qriste-pantokratoris loyas (38,
#25401) . saistorio wyarom Semoinaxa xalxuri
*
warmoSobis gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli

bagrationi guarami, èrisTavi qarTlisa da mama
bagrationTa~, irmis ZuZunawovaria, msgavsad
Sumeris legendaruli mefeebisa, romlebic
RvTaebrivma furebma gamozardes TavianTi
`madliani rZiT~ wmida boslebSi Tu mTebSi. vax-
uStis àRweraSi~ es legenda amgvarad aris
*
locvis dros levitaciis unars miaweren qristianobis istoriaSi wm. ekaterines,
wm. Toma aqvinels da sxv., xolo qarTul andrezebSi _ Tamar dedofals, vidre
is qalwulobas inaxavda.
ccclix
gadmocemuli: `vgoneb, viTarca sityva ars iverielTa
Sina, rameTu iremman ganzardao bagrationi; iyo
ese guaram raJams moukles mama da miuRes
berZenTa bolo klarjeTisa, amas eZiebdnen da da-
males gamzrdelTa da mwirobasa Sina yrma ese
Seegua iremsa, awovebda da aRivsis da avlinebda.
Semdgomad ixiles sakvirveli ese klarjTa, hscnes
bagratovaneba misi, miiyvanes da hyves kvalad
erisTav-erisTavad^~ (75, 694, Sen.1).
gadadis bagrationTa Taobebi _ legenda rGeba
ucvleli, oRond icvleba saxeli dinastiis damaarseb-
lisa, irmis ZuZunawovari yrmisa, ikargeba xsovna
gvaramze, `bagrationTa mamaze~, da xalxis cn-
obierebaSi Tavs iGens laSa-giorgi pirvel bagra-
tionad, romelsac Sobs Tamari ubiwo GasaxviT mzis
sxivisagan; Tamari Sobs yrmas, romelsac aseve
gamozrdis iremi _ mziuri cxoveli (gavixsenoT mze-
irmis simbolika farnavazis gamefebis andrezSi
(44). pirveli bagrationis mziur warmoSobas,
saidanac xalxuri andreziT dasabams iRebs
saqarTvelos istoria da, sazogadod, dro-Jami (43),
adasturebs Tamaris mematianis (ìstoriaTa da
azmaTa~ avtoris) sityvebi, rom `laSa~ afsarTa
enaze `soflis ganmanaTlebels~ niSnavs (74, 58).
legenda bagrationTa rGeulobaze dasturdeba
kastelis GanawerebSi, sadac vxvdebiT RmerTTan
maTi wilnayarobis ideis gamoxatulebas. italieli beri
imereTis mefeTa (aleqsandre III da bagrat IV) nax-
atebis qveS aTavsebs warwerebs, romlebic Tavise-
burad gadmoscemen dinastiur legendas: `yovel
ccclx
qarTvels sjera, rom rodesac mefe bagrati qud-
moxdili loculobda taZarSi, cidan GamoeSva xiluli
Suqi da Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili oqros gvirgvini
Tavze daadga^ imasac amboben, rom marjvena
beWze jvris niSani aqvso, rasac sajarod acxadeben
am samefoebSi^~ (41, 75); aleqsandre mefeze is
wers: `dabadebisTanave mas zurgis orive mxares
jvari hqonia gamosaxuli^ amboben, rom beWebze
patara jvari aqvso~ (41, 76). beWebze gamosaxuli
jvari aris erT-erTi xiluli niSani bagrationi mefis wil-
nayarobisa Tavis RvTiur naTesavTan; es aris misi
nawilianoba, rac naxsenebi iyo TorRvasTan
kavSirSi, romlis Sobas xevsuruli andrezi
akavSirebs erT-erTi bagrationis yofnasTan Satilis
Tu mucos saymoSi. Tavisi mamisgan hqonda mas
gamoyolili sagvareulo niSani nawilisa _ jvari da
heraldikurad ganlagebuli mze da mTvare beWebze
_
didebuloba dauTqves, beWebs unaxes jvario,
marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvaris
nalio^
bagrationis moqmedebis kvals vxedavT fSav-
xevsureTis saymoTa kultis genezisSi, saxeldobr,
roca samefo taxtisgan ganmdgari fxovelni, ro-
melTa religiuri aRmsarebloba amgvarad aqvs
gamoxatuli XIII s-is meistories _ `fxovelni juaris
msaxurni arian da qristianobasa iGemeben~, kvlav
daimorGila Tamarma, rasac unda mohyoloda maTi
xelaxali moqceva qristes rjulze _ maT mier aRiare-
buli jvaris TayvaniscemaSi jvaris WeSmariti religiis
ccclxi
aRdgena (74, 111). am istoriul-politikuri aqciis
gamoZaxili unda iyos tradiciuli cnobebi Tamaris
mier xevsureTis sazogadoebebSi eklesiis agebaze
da Tas-ganZis Sewirvaze, rac kultis daarsebas
niSnavs; an mis nabinavarze zogierTi jvaris, mag.,
gudanSi naxarelas RvTisSoblis daarseba (38,
#25967); da gansakuTrebiT, Tamaris kultis _
Tamar-aqim-dedoflis saxeliT, da laSa giorgis jvaris
arseboba fSavis xevSi, sadac isini centraluri
salocavebia, romelnic Tavis garSemo ikreben
fSavis Tormet saymos. fxovSi waruSlel kvals
stovebs bagrationi _ mis erT nawilSi (xevsureTSi) is
kultis damafuZnebelia, xolo fSavSi Tavad aris
gadaqceuli salocavad, RvTisSvilad, jvarad, romelic
hpatronobs fSavis xevis saymoebs, rogorc erT mT-
lian saymos.
fSav-xevsureTis saymoebi pirovnulad icnoben
erTaderT warmomadgenels bagrationTa
dinastiisas _ es aris mefe erekle meore. erekle
savsebiT realuria maT warmodgenaSi, is maTi xor-
cieli batonia, romelsac dahyvebian brZolebSi, ma-
gram misi warmoSoba iseve legendarulia, rogorc
laSa-giorgisa. isic SobiTganve gadagdebulia tyeSi
da irmis ZuZuTia gazrdili:
batoniSvils ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia,
wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia,
dakargula saGaleSi, monadires upovnia
(82, #1).
yrma erekle araTu imeorebs Tavis winapris,
laSa giorgis andrezul Tavgadasavals, aramed mis
ccclxii
adgilsac ki ikavebs, gvevlineba ra, xevsuruli an-
drezebis Tanaxmad, Tamaris Zed da pirvel bagra-
tionad (82, ##43-i, 43-k). is aris pirveli da amave
dros ukanaskneli: is iwyebs istorias da isve
amTavrebs mas; Tamarsa da erekles Soris
ukiduresad SekumSulia wuTisoflis dro-Jami; ise
rom, erekles garda, bagrationTa dinastiis sxva
warmomadgenels ar rGeba adgili. saymos cn-
obierebaSi Tamari da erekle erTJamobaSi arian
moqceulni: `xalxs swams, rom mefe erekle da
Tamar-mefe cocxlebi arian RmerTTan da roca
gauWirdeba saqarTvelos, mieSvelebiano^~ (88,
365). Tamari da erekle erTi RvTaebrivi siwmidiT
arian mosilni da erTgvarad adastureben am siw-
mides; Tamarze amboben, rom locvisas iatakze ar
idga, aramed naxevari adlis simaRleze haerSi iyo
gaGerebuli (81, 239), rom `misi tanisamosi ekida
sarkmlidan SemonaTebul sxivze~ (81, 81); aseve,
èrekle roca locvaze dadgeboda, xmals mzis Suqze
dahkidebda xolmeo da locvas roca gaaTavebda, i
sxividgan iseve aiRebda Pmalsa~ (88, 365); svet-
icxovelSi locvisas is zeaRitaceboda da macxovris
xats exuteboda (38, #25468).
sveticxovlis taZari, kultis genezisis adgili, sadac
misi saflavia, aris is adgili, saidanac mefe cad am-
aRlda:
cxeTas dgas TeTri saydari, Sig naTobs
kelaptario,
Sig idga oqros kuboi, gamoxatuli jvario.
Sig iwva nefe-erekle, bagrationTa gvario.
ccclxiii
zecas wavida erekle, qristesTan wilnayario
(88, #58-g).
`Sig iwva~^ axla zecas aris wasuli da dab-
rundeba, rogorc mesia _ amgvarad unda gamoxat-
uliyo bagrationTa RvTiuri warmoSoba, maTi qrist-
esTan naTesaoba im konkretul warmomadgenelSi,
romelsac, rogorc ukanasknels, unda etvirTa Tavisi
dinastiis mTeli simZime.
ar mokvda, RmerTTan wavida, Zma ari, wilna-
yaria
(88, #58-i).
mefis, rogorc RmerTTan wilnayaris, arseba war-
modgenilia mironis wyarod _ `mironi nefe erekles
Zvlebs Gamohdiso~*, gvauwyebs xalxuri
Tqmuleba, romelsac istoriuli mefe sveticxovlis an
kultis dasabamSi gadahyavs, im andrezul xanaSi,
roca sauflo kvarTze aRmocenebuli xidan mironi
wveTavda, am adgilas ki axla misi saflavia. xolo
xevsuris religiur SegnebaSi sveticxovels swored
am saflavis gamoc eniWeba sakraluroba, rogorc
salocavs. laSa giorgisa da Tamar mefis saflavebze
aRmocenda, fSavelTa rwmeniT, laSarisa da Tamar-
Relis salocavebi; isini iq marxian, amitomac iq aris
daarsebuli maTi jvrebi. `kalmasobaSi~ es
Tqmuleba amgvarad aris gadmocemuli: beri ioane
ase eubneba fSavlebs, gaaxsenebs maTsave an-
drezs, rac maT unda scodnodaT: `^ iman (laSa
giorgim, z.k.) mogaqcivaT Tqven, romelic axla iq
*
qristianobis istoriaSi cnobilni arian mironmdinareni _ wm. dimitri Tesalonik-
eli (III-IV ss.) da Rirsi svimeon serbeTis mTavari (XII-XIII ss.).
ccclxiv
fSavSi marxia da Tavis unj ymaT gamogelodaT^~
(10, 82).
erekle, rogorc RvTis cxebuli mefe, xevsureTisa
da fSavis saymoebSi RvTisSvilis RirsebaSia
ayvanili. misi povnac iseTivea, rogorc RvTisSvilis
jvarGena.
batoniSvil ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia,
gadugdiaT saGaleSi, monadires upovnia.
saGale (xevsureTSi) cnobilia rogorc jvarGenis
mTa, sadac daarsda erT-erTi jvari wmida giorgisa _
`saGales svetad Gamosuli, samkibal Suqis
damkravi~. monadiris xsenebac ar aris am frag-
mentSi moulodneli: gavixsenoT is monadire, ro-
melsac, rogorc mkadres, Gamohyavs napovni jvari
Tavis saymoSi. asevea napovni erekle RvTisSvilad
xevsureTisa da fSavis saymoebisaTvis.
erekle napovnia, rogorc andrezuli patroni say-
moebisa, magram mas Tavad hyavs mopovebuli
saymo, is Tavad qmnis Tavis sapatronebel say-
mos, rac realuri istoriuli faqtiT aris gapirobebuli.
`qronikons umg (443) = 1755 w. ama xanTa
Sina xevsuris qveyana aRar daemorGila kaxs bat-
ons da pirvelisamebr aRar monebdnen. GamobrZ-
anda kaxeTidam kaxi batoni erekle qalaqs da
mosTxova farvani mamasa Tvissa qarTvels batons
mefes Teimurazs, ineba xevsureTisa dalaSqvra,
gaistumra mamaman cxebulman Zei Tvisi mefe
erekle da gasca brZaneba TavadTa qarTlisaTa,
raTa iaxlnen Tan: mobrZanda mefe erekle ana-
nurs, Semoeyarnen iq qarTvelni amorGeviT dide-
ccclxv
bulTa Svilni da aznaurSvilni zemo qarTlisani da eri-
sTavebi orive daviT da jimSer, wabZanda ananur-
idam, mibrZanda TianeTs, iq Semoeyarnen jari
kaxeTisa. zamTari iyo, Tovli didi da gza saWiro.
daiqveiTes yovelTa, Tvinier mefisa da imanca
bevrjer iaris qveiTad. mividnen, fSavni miegeben,
fSavelni daxvdnen, rac im qveyanas gaewyoboda,
moarTves mosarTmevi. enebaT iqidam gadasvla
qveyanaSi xevsureTisa. ra Seityves xevsurT, Se-
moexvewen xevsurni da iTxoves danaSaulisa
miteveba. Seundo cdoma maTi da Semoiriga.
iaxlnen ufrosni kacni da moarTves jorni, Zroxani
da cxvarni feSqaSad da daidves Tavs samsaxuri,
raca ZvelTagan kax batonebisagan sdebodaT,
gamoarTo mefeman mZevlebi da ganuteva
xevsurni mSvidobiT~ (54, 39).
mefe erekle _ Tamaris andrezuli memkvidre
realuradac imeorebs Tamaris qmedebas, rogorc
arqetipul saqciels winaprisas: meordeba XIII s-is
viTareba, roca Tamars mouxda fxovis Semo-
mtkiceba da iq jvaris sarwmunoebis ganaxleba,
rasac Tavis mxriv arqetipuli magaliTi aqvs IV s-Si,
roca wmida nino gaemarTa mTielTa (kerZod, fx-
ovelTa) mosanaTlavad.
erekle ganaaxlebs, xelaxla qmnis qristianul
Tems xevsureTSi, aRadgens saymoebs, rac
bunebrivad religiuri aqtiT aris ganmkicebuli: am
laSqrobis dros erekle (jer kidev ufliswuli) naTlavs
ormocdaoTx xevsur bavSvs (54, 40) da, amrigad,
naTlis mamad evlineba kvlav Semomtkicebul say-
ccclxvi
mos. is uwesebs maT yofa-cxovrebis sakralur
reJims; tradiciiT, erekles dauwesebia xevsureTisa-
Tvis orSabaTis uqme _ `kvirais sapatio dRe~ (37,
59) da Tavisi wili daudevs maTi kultis uwmides
saganSi: igi zars Seabams gudanis saRvTos dro-
Sas. arsebobs gadmocema, rom erekles gudanis
wm. giorgis jvarisaTvis miuZRvnia ganTqmuli
droSa _ `gaJekauri~, romlis xma aragvis WalaSi is-
moda sanedan (4, 6).
erekle, rogorc sakulto cxovrebis amaRorZine-
beli xevsureTis saymoebSi (rac andrezuli xanis
pirveldamfuZneblis Rvawlis ganmeorebad unda
davsaxoT istoriul xanaSi), Seracxilia gudanis jvaris
moZmed, rac imas niSnavs, rom xorcieli mefe ier-
arqiulad RvTisSvilisa da jvaris safexurze dgeba. is
axorcielebs RvTisSvilebsa da bagrationebs Soris
adriTganve dawesebul moZmeobas, rasac, Tavis
mxriv, RvTisSvilTa moZmeobis institutSi aqvs
safuZveli (7). zemoT iTqva, rom am urTierTobas
Tamarisa da laSa giorgis xanaSi daedo safuZveli,
rac asaxulia andrezul gadmocemebSi. mogviano
xanis werilobiTi dokumentebi mowmoben am
tradiciuli moZmeobis sicxoveles bagrationTa dinas-
tiur SegnebaSi. kaxeTis mefeebi wyalobis wignebSi
laSaris jvars TavianT moZmed, xolo laSaris jvaris
ymebs, fSavlebs, TavianT ymebad ixsenieben,
riTac adastureben TavianT Tanasworobas RvTisS-
vilTan, laSaris wmida giorgisTan, romelTanac
pirvelad, `mas Jamsa Sina~, laSa-giorgim daam-
yara moZmeoba. am tradicias kaxeTis TviT
ccclxvii
gamahmadianebuli mefeebic ki inaxavdnen: `^
Gvensa didaT erTgulaT Wirnaxulad namsaxursa
Gvenis Zmis laSaris-jvris ymaT, erTobiT fSavelT^~
vkiTxulobT erekle pirvelis Zis daviTis (imamyuli-
xanis, 1703-1722) wyalobis wignSi (5, 400); kon-
stantine erekles Ze (mahmadyuli-xani, 1722-1732)
mimarTavs laSaris jvars: `^ mouSleli ZRveni da
Sesawiravi mogarTviT da SemogwireT Tqven
yovlad didebulsa da yovlad qebulsa mxedarsa Ru-
Tisasa, moZmesa Gvensa wmidasa giorgis laSaris
jvarsa da kvalad miuboZeT moymeTa,
molaSqreTa, dekanozTa, qadagTa da sruliad
fSavelTa^~ (5, 42).
erekle II fSavis salocavs Tavisi `moZmis kars~
uwodebs: ès ganaGenis wigni dagvidvia Gven,
mefe erekles: ase rom grigol saxlTuxucesi gavgza-
vneT fSavs, Gveni moZmis karze iyo da fSavelT
stumari iyo^~ (5, 44)).
kanonzomieria, rom laSaris jvars, rogorc mefis
moZmes, Tavis batonad aRiarebs mefis yma, qve-
Sevrdomi erisTavi:
`^ Tqven didsa da amaRlebuls da aRmate-
bulsa, zRviTi zRvamde gaTqmulsa, mTisa da barisa
salocavsa, patiosansa da mravaljer mesasoesa,
keTilad gamarjvebulsa didsa laSaris jvarsa giorgisa
da sul erTobiT Tqvens salocavsa da Tqvens kargs
ymaT fSavelTa: ase rom Gveni mama-papamdin
Tqvenis erTgulebisa da samsaxurisa me da Seni
vyofilvarT^ arc Gvens sicocxleSi manamdin Gvenis
mamis Tesli am qveyanas viyvneT, arc Tqvens
ccclxviii
samsaxurzed da erT-gulobazed Peli aviRoT^~ (5,
41).
bagration mefeTa moZmea agreTve xevsureTis
(kerZod, samaganZuros) Zlieri salocavi gudanis
wmida giorgis jvari, ber baadurad wodebuli
adgilobriv tabuirebul enaze. Tumca cnobili ar aris
maTi moZmeobis amsaxvel-damadasturebeli
samefo werilobiTi dokumentebi, magram saymoSi
Tavis droze Zlierad hqonda fesvi gadgmuli am
rwmenas da, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, bagration
mefeTa Soris erTaderT erekleSi xedavdnen
gudanis wmida giorgis xorciel moZmes. erekles
pirovnebaSia daunjebuli dinastiuri krebiTi
pirovneba, romelic axorcielebs moZmeobis prin-
cips. rogorc sakraluri pirovneba, erekle zedroulob-
aSi myofobs, erTis mxriv, TamarTan erTad, ro-
melTa Soris gasuli realuri dro-Jami warxocilia an
ukidures zRvramdea SekumSuli; meore mxriv,
gudanis wmida giorgis gverdiT, romelTanac morige
RvTis gangebiT wils hyris. `RTis nasaxT batoni ro-
meni viyoT, da xorcielTi romenio. xorcielT bat-
onoba erekles rgebia da RTisnasaxTi (xatebisa)
ber baadurs^~ (77, 303), ambobs andrezi.
rogorc vxedavT, TiTqos SemTxvevis (wilisyris)
wyalobiT gadawyvetila, rom erekles rgeboda
gudanis xorcielTa saymos batonoba. wilisyris faqti
maT Soris adasturebs saymos TvalSi maT poten-
ciur Tanasworobas, kerZod imas, rom erekle po-
tenciurad flobda RvTisSvilTa batonobis unars, ro-
gorc Tavad RvTisSvili. erekles, rogorc xorcielT say-
ccclxix
mos patronis, bedi caSia gadawyvetili; aq Gaab-
ares da miiRo man Tavisi unji saymo _ Tavisi
wmida mxedroba, laSqari.
mefe periodulad adis gudanSi, da, rogorc
qadagi, Sedis jvaris wmidaTa wmidaSi Tavisi
moZmis winaSe pirispir Sesayrelad. al.oGiauris
GanawerebSi amgvarad aris gadmocemuli xorciel-
uxorco moZmeTa urTierToba:
`xevsurebs mefe iraklic ise miaGnda, rogorc
RvTaeba da eZaxodnen gudanis jvaris moZmes.
igic amodioda xevsureTSi, xevsurT gudanis jvarSi
mouyrida Tavs da TviTon beRelSi Sevidoda da is-
moda xmamaRali laparaki. xevsurebs egona,
gudanis jvars irakli piradad elaparakebao, Gven
ver vxedavT gudanis jvars, radgan safarveli
aZevso da rogorc misi moZme da TviTonac wmida
kaci, rogorc RvTaeba, irakli TvaliT xedavs da erTad
baasobeno^~ (60, 143-4); `^ is rom xevsureTSi
movidoda xevsurT gasayvanad jarSi, maSin pirve-
lad gudanSi avidoda, Sevidoda gudanis jvaris beR-
elSi da iqidan saubari ismoda iraklisa da gudanis
jvarisa erTad. igini saubrobdnen xevsurT saWir-
boroto da agreTve saqarTvelos sakiTxebze.
gudanis jvars xevsurni ver xedavdnen, iraklis ki
piradad ecxadeboda da rogorc moZmes esaubre-
boda. saubars rom gaaTavebdnen, irakli
gamovidoda da gudanis jvaris survils Seyril
xevsurT uambobda. xSirad yofila SemTxveva, rom
gamosuli gamoacxadebda irakli: `gudanis jvari
brZanebs, Gemni ymani xevsurni moemzadeniT,
ccclxx
Gemi droSa aabiT, saqarTvelos mteri Semoeseva,
unda davexmaroT. xTisgan gamarjveba viTxove da
miboZa. me Gems fxasisxlian xmals Semovirtyam
da TqvenTan erTad omSi viqnebio. rogorc dam-
badebelma miboZa, gamarjveba da davla me da
Gem ymaT dagvrGebao~ (62, 662).
xorciel da uxorco batonebs erTi saerTo saziaro
saymo hyavT: gudanis wmida giorgis saymo
imavdroulad erekles unji saymoc aris da iseve em-
saxureba mas, rogorc jvars. unji yma valdebulia
miaSuros, gahyves Tavis patrons pirvelsave
daZaxilze; magram es valdebuleba patronis nebiT
ar aris nakarnaxevi, is bunebrivad, raime gansjis
gareSe ibadeba saymos SegnebaSi, rogorc misi
Sinagani moTxovnileba. is ivalebs, sisxli daRvaros
Tavisi patronisaTvis da saxelis garda ar elis sxva
sazRaurs daRvrili sisxlis wil. am suliskveTebiT aris
gamsWvaluli fSav-xevsuruli sagmiro poezia im
`sisxlis wvimebis~ droebisa, roca maTi sagmiro cx-
ovrebis sulisGamdgmeli da maTi istoriis warm-
marTveli mefe ereklea; roca is, rogorc jvari, gars
ikrebs Tavis unj saymos da gahyavs igi Tavisi mx-
aris viwro sazRvrebidan ucxo qveyanaSi
saqarTvelos mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad; isini,
rogorc wmida mxedrebi, uangarod emsaxurebian
batons da ar kadruloben, rom raime nivTier
dovlaTze mihyidon mas TavianTi erTguleba. ai,
epizodi patron-ymis urTierTobisa, romelic gul-
marTlad gamoxatavs saymos uSualo gulispasuxs:
ccclxxi
`miSveleT, Gemo Pevsurno, unjni ymani xarT
Gemnia.
fuls magcemT magodenasa, ro ar zidavdes cx-
enia~
PevsurT swyenios es sityva, romav `Gven me-
femav es raad gviTxrav, ro `fuls magcemTav~?
Gven gana fulis gulisad vomobTav~? maSin erT-
Pmad uTqom xalxs:
`Tavs ver gagixriT Pevsurni, _ unjni ymani varT
Sennia;
TeTrs vinc aiRebs Pevsuri, vinac maxkidas
Pelia,
gauwyras, nefev ereklev, is salocavi Gvenia!~
(17, 162-3).
am dros is sruliad qarTvelTa jvarisaTvis ibrZvis,
jvarisaTvis, romelic saymos istoriis am epoqaSi
erekles saxiT warmoudgeba mas; is am dros ar
ibrZvis Tavis gadasarGenad, radgan mas arc de-
vebi da arc gabudayebuli feodali ar emuqreba; is
gadarGenilia winamaval `sisxlis wvimebis~
xanaSi; is `laRis mtris~ maxvilisagan aris `nar-
Gomi~ da swored aman gaxada Tavisi jvaris unj
saymod , romelsac amieridan mfarvelobs misi
RvTaebrivi patroni. patronis vali saymos mimarT
gadadis erekle mefeze, uxorco patronis moZmeze,
da isic ar stovebs maT gasaWirSi: `gafrindi, Gemo
cxeno, sadac ymani iPocebian, ereklec iq iyos!~ _
uTqvams mas. bagrationi mefe Tavisi moqmedebiT
saymos cnobierebaSi aRviZebs Tavisi moZmis da
ccclxxii
naTesavis, laSaris wmida giorgis xats, romelic
amgvarad aris aRbeWdili erT xalxur leqsSi:
laSarelais lurjasa fafar asxavis giSlisa,
Sajdeba, gaemarTeba, kotor gahyveba nislisa,
Tavis ymaT mieSveleba xan rom ar iyos misvl-
isa^
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ccclxxiii
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ccclxxiv
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ccclxxv
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41. kasteli don kristoforo, cnobebi da albomi
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ccclxxvi
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ccclxxvii
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ccclxxviii
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ccclxxix
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86. yubaneiSvili sol., vaJa-fSavela, saxelgami,
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ccclxxx
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ccclxxxi
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ccclxxxii
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Sesavali

jvari da saymo _ es ori realoba Seadgens aR-

jvarGena (ifani keriaSi)

beTlemi _ jvarTa samSoblo

mtredi _ eklesiis maSenebeli

saymo jvris karze

xoxordaulis ambavi adasturebs vaJa-fSavelas

TorRva im adgilamde, sadac dasabamiTve eloda

arian jvarSi. rogorc davinaxeT, zogierT saymoSi

`sisxlis wvimebis droebi~

saymos Tavgadasavali _ warsuli cxovrebis

is epoqa aRbeWdili iyo mtris niSniT, amas ki,

warmoSobis gadmocema, romlis Tanaxmad pirveli

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