CONTENTS

I. Historical Context

A. Formation of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)

B. 2014 – The Year Everything Changed
C. 2019 – The Victory Fortified

II. Structure of the NDA Government

A. Composition of the NDA

B. Roles and Responsibilities of Key Ministries & Departments

III. Agenda Item: Reviewing the Performance of the NDA Government

A. Economic Policies & Performance

1. Fiscal Policies
2. Economic Growth & GDP Trends
3. Demonetization
4. GST & Other Reforms
5. Employment & Inflation

B. Social Policies & Welfare Schemes

1. Healthcare: Ayushman Bharat & NHM
2. Sanitation & Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
3. Education, NEP & Skill India Mission
4. Poverty Alleviation Programs
5. Rural Development & Awas Yojana
6. Women Empowerment
7. Marginalized Communities
8. EWS & Reservation Policy
9. Legal / Criminal Reforms

C. Foreign Policy & Diplomatic Relations

1. Bilateral Relations
 2. G20 Presidency
3. Multilateral Engagements & Global Influence
4. Global South
5. Regional Disturbances
6. Voice of India (Major International Disputes)

D. National Security & Defense

1. Surgical Strike
2. Balakot Air Strike
3. China Border Conflict
4. Naval Security & Indian Ocean Region
5. Defense Manufacturing & Overhaul

E. COVID-19 Handling & Response

1. Lockdown
2. Second Wave & Shortage of Medical Oxygen
3. Vaccination Program & COWIN
4. Economic Downfall & Recovery

F. Commerce, Industry & Environmental Action

1. Manufacturing & Make in India
2. Ease of Doing Business & Start- Up India
3. Financial Inclusion & Digital India
4. Privatisation & Disinvestment
5. Environmental Policy & EIA Concerns

G. Transport & Infrastructure Creation

1. Economic & Industrial Corridors
2. Expressways & Bharatmala Pariyojana
3. Urban Development & Smart City Program
4. Indian Railways Electrification & Upgradation
5. Vande Bharat, DFC, RapidX & Bullet Train
6. Port Development & Inland Waterways
7. New Airports & Upgradation

H. Core Issues
1. Article 370
 2. Ram Mandir
3. Anti-Corruption
4. Hindutva Revivalism
5. Cultural Nationalism
6. Administrative Reforms
7. Insurgency & Militancy

I. Controversial Decisions & Policies

1. Farm Laws & Subsequent Repulsion
2. Citizenship Amendment Act
3. Handling of Manipur Violence
4. Failure to Address Poor International Indicators & Rankings

J. Allegations & Criticisms

1. Political Vendetta & Misuse of Investigation Agencies
2. Religious Polarisation & Sidelining Secularism
3. Undermining Democracy & Dictatorial Tendencies
4. Disproportionately Favouring Billionaires
5. Curtailing Human Rights & Suppressing Freedom of Speech
6. Discrimination Against Specific States
7. Weakening of Democratic Institutions
8. Cultivation of Hate & Promotion of Violence
9. Ignoring Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare
10. Control over Media

K. Unfulfilled Promises
1. Uniform Civil Code
2. Population Control Bill
3. Ganga Rejuvenation
4. Housing for All
5. Extradition of Fugitive Economic Offenders
HISTORICAL CONTEXT

A. Formation of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA)

The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) stands as a prominent example of coalition politics within
India's democratic framework, embodying the complexities and nuances inherent in multi-party
alliances.

Origins and Genesis

The origins of the NDA can be traced back to the post-Emergency era in Indian politics, characterized
by a desire for political pluralism and a shift away from single-party dominance. However, it was not
until the 1990s that the seeds of coalition politics began to take root, spurred by the fragmentation of
the Indian polity and the emergence of regional parties as significant political players.

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a right-of-center party with roots in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak
Sangh (RSS), emerged as a key proponent of coalition politics during this period. Building on its
electoral successes in the 1990s, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, the BJP
recognized the strategic imperative of forging alliances with regional and like-minded parties to
expand its national footprint.

The pivotal moment in the formation of the NDA came in 1996, following the collapse of the United
Front government and the subsequent general elections. Faced with a fragmented mandate and the
prospect of political instability, the BJP embarked on a concerted effort to cobble together a coalition
of parties sharing its ideological moorings and policy objectives.

1996:

 In the aftermath of the collapse of the United Front government, the Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP) recognizes the necessity for stable governance amidst a fragmented political landscape.
 Commencing efforts to forge a coalition government, the BJP initiates discussions with
regional and like-minded parties to explore possibilities of alliance-building.

1998:

 The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is formally established ahead of the general
elections, signaling a paradigm shift in Indian politics towards coalition governance.
 Led by the BJP, the NDA comprises a heterogeneous coalition of parties sharing common
ideological and policy objectives.
  The coalition's formation is propelled by the BJP's commitment to Hindutva ideology, while
also accommodating partners from diverse regional and ideological backgrounds.

1999:

 The NDA secures a resounding victory in the general elections, forming the government
under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
 The coalition's electoral triumph reflects its ability to transcend traditional fault lines of caste,
creed, and region, presenting a formidable alternative to the dominant Congress party.
 With a robust mandate, the NDA embarks on an ambitious governance agenda encompassing
economic reforms, infrastructure development, and national security.

2002:

 The NDA government faces a severe test of its leadership and governance in the aftermath of
the Gujarat riots, which erupt in communal violence.
 Criticism and controversy surround the coalition's handling of the situation, raising questions
about its commitment to secular principles and minority rights.
 Despite these challenges, the NDA government manages to maintain stability and cohesion,
navigating through a turbulent political environment.

2004:

 The NDA suffers a setback in the general elections, failing to secure a majority in the Lok
Sabha and relinquishing power to the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
government.
 Electoral losses are attributed to a combination of factors, including anti-incumbency
sentiment, coalition management issues, and the aftermath of the Gujarat riots.
 Despite its defeat, the NDA retains its status as the principal opposition in the parliament,
advocating for its policy agenda and holding the ruling UPA government accountable.

2004-2014:

 In opposition, the NDA continues to play a pivotal role in shaping the political discourse and
policy debates, offering alternatives to the UPA government's governance and economic
policies.
 The coalition's performance reflects its resilience and adaptability, as it regroups and
strategizes for future electoral contests, including state assembly elections and local body
polls.
  Despite occasional internal disagreements and leadership transitions, the NDA maintains its
organizational coherence and electoral viability, positioning itself as a credible alternative to
the ruling dispensation.

B. 2014 – The Year Everything Changed

Elections to the 16th Lok Sabha were held from 7 April to 12 May 2014. In the annals of Indian
political history, few events have reshaped the landscape as profoundly as the 2014 general election.
Marking a departure from the traditional patterns of electoral outcomes, this landmark contest
fundamentally altered the dynamics of power and governance in the world's largest democracy. With
the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) securing a colossal victory, the election heralded a new era of
political dominance and transformative change.

Unprecedented Victory:

The magnitude of the BJP's triumph in the 2014 election

cannot be overstated. Led by Narendra Modi, the party
secured an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha, winning 282
out of 543 seats. This marked the first time in three decades
that a single party had achieved such a feat, signaling a
decisive shift in Indian politics away from coalition
governance towards single-party rule.

The BJP's landslide victory was the culmination of a

meticulously crafted campaign strategy, centered around the
charismatic leadership of Narendra Modi and a promise of
inclusive development and good governance. Capitalizing on
widespread public discontent with the incumbent Congress-
led government, the BJP presented itself as the harbinger of
change and progress, resonating with voters across the length
and breadth of the country.

Break from Tradition:

The 2014 election represented a break from the traditional dynamics of Indian politics, characterized
by coalition governments and fragmented mandates. Unlike previous elections, where alliances played
a crucial role in determining the outcome, the BJP's resounding victory underscored the appeal of a
strong, decisive leadership and a clear mandate for governance.
Policy Agenda:

Central to the BJP's electoral success was its vision for economic revitalization, infrastructure
development, and national security. The party's manifesto promised a slew of
reforms aimed at stimulating growth, creating jobs, and restoring India's position
as a global economic powerhouse. This resonated with voters disillusioned with
sluggish economic growth and rampant
corruption under the previous government.
The BJP's landslide victory in 2014 had far-
reaching implications for
governance and policy-making in India.
With a clear mandate and a strong majority in
the Lok Sabha, the Modi government became able to
push through ambitious reforms across various sectors.

Continued Dominance:

In the years since the 2014 election, the BJP has

continued to consolidate its political dominance,
winning successive state elections and expanding its footprint
across the country. The party's ability to mobilize support,
leverage technology, and communicate its message effectively has cemented its position as the
preeminent political force in Indian politics.

Link to the BJP 2014 Election Manifesto:

https://www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/full_manifesto_english_07.04.2014.pdf
C. 2019 – The Victory Fortified

The 2019 Indian general election stands as another pivotal moment in the country's democratic
journey, reaffirming the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) political dominance and signalling continuity
in the trajectory of transformative change initiated in 2014. With Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the
helm, the BJP secured a resounding victory, further solidifying its position as the preeminent political
force in India.

Election Dynamics:

The 2019 general election was marked by intense campaigning, polarization, and high voter turnout.
Spanning over seven phases, the election witnessed a fierce contest between
the
BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) and the
Indian National Congress- led United Progressive Alliance
(UPA), as well as regional parties vying for influence in their
respective states.

BJP's Electoral Triumph:

The BJP's performance in the

2019 election surpassed even its
remarkable
showing in 2014. The
party secured
303 seats in the Lok
Sabha,
the NDA
winning a total of 353
with coalition
This overwhelming
seats out of 543.
reaffirmed the public's
mandate
Prime Minister Modi's
endorsement
BJP's vision for

of
leadership and the
inclusive development and national security.

Campaign Narrative:

Central to the BJP's campaign was the narrative of 'Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas' (Collective Effort,
Inclusive Growth), emphasizing the government's commitment to serving all sections of society and
ensuring the welfare and prosperity of every citizen. The party highlighted its achievements in areas
such as economic reforms, infrastructure development, and social welfare schemes, appealing to
voters' aspirations for a better future.
Policy Agenda:
Building on the momentum of its first term in office, the Modi government outlined an ambitious
policy agenda for its second term. Initiatives such as the Ayushman Bharat healthcare scheme,
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi income support program for farmers, and the ambitious goal of
'Housing for All' by 2022 reflected the government's commitment to addressing key challenges facing
the nation.

Impact on Governance:

The BJP's landslide victory in 2019 provided the government with a

strong mandate to pursue its policy agenda and implement reforms
across various sectors. The abolition of Article 370, which granted
special status to Jammu and Kashmir, and the passage of the
Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) were among the significant
legislative measures undertaken by the government, sparking
debates and controversies but underlining its resolve to address
long-standing issues.

Continued Momentum:

In the aftermath of the 2019 election, the BJP has continued to

consolidate its political dominance, winning successive
stateelections and expanding its influence in regions where it had
previously been relatively weak. The party's organizational strength,
effective communication strategy, and focus on grassroots
mobilization have contributed to its electoral success and continued
popularity among voters.

Link to the BJP 2019 Election Manifesto:

https://www.bjp.org/files/2019-10/BJP-Election-english-2019.pdf
 STRUCTURE OF THE NDA GOVERNMENT

A. Composition of the NDA

Recent developments in favour of the NDA include the return of Nitish Kumar led JD(U) and
subsequent formation of an NDA government in Bihar, the speculated and yet-to-be announced
inclusion of Rashtriya Lok Dal (RLD) a key party representing the Jaat and Farmer community of
Western Uttar Padesh, the faction of Ajit Pawar led Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) being allotted
the official party name and symbol.

There is speculation that in the coming days BJP will pursue Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in Andhra
Pradesh and Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) in Punjab to join the NDA. However the snapping of ties
between AIADMK and BJP in Tamil Nadu seems to be a jolt for the NDA, although there is
speculation that the alliance may rekindle before the Lok Sabha elections.
B. Roles and Responsibilities of Key Ministries & Departments

S. No. Minister Portfolio

Note: This list
1 Narendra Modi Prime Minister
2 Amit Shah Home Minister may not be up to
3 Cooperation
date with respect
4 Rajnath Singh Defence Minister
5 Nirmala Sitharaman Finance Minister to the
6 Corporate Affairs
resignation
7 Subrahmanyam Jaishankar Foreign Minister
8 Nitin Gadkari Road Transport & Highways / reallotment of
9 Smriti Irani Women & Child Development
several
10 Jyotiraditya Scindia Civil Aviation
11 Kiren Rijiju Law & Justice portfolios. This
12 Narayan Rane MSMEs
list has been
13 Narendra Singh Tomar Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
14 Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Jal Shakti made in a
15 Pashupati Paras Food Processing Industries
manner to show
16 Virendra Kumar Khatik Social Justice & Empowerment
17 Mahendra Nath Pandey Heavy Industries the Minister
18 RCP Singh Steel
incumbent for
19 Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Minority Affairs
20 Arjun Munda Tribal Affairs the maximum
21 Parshottam Rupala Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries
period in that
22 Dharmendra Pradhan Education
23 Skill Development & Entrepreneurship particular
24 Mansukh Mandaviya Health & Family Welfare
ministry since
25 Chemicals & Fertilizers
26 Hardeep Singh Puri PNG
27 Housing & Urban Affairs
28 Anurag Thakur I&B
29 Youth Affairs & Sports
30 Giriraj Singh Rural Development
31 Panchayati Raj
32 Sarbananda Sonowal Ports, Shipping & Waterways
33 AYUSH
34 Bhupender Yadav Environment, Forest & Climate Change
35 Labour & Employment
36 Raj Kumar Singh Power
37 New & Renewable Energy
38 Ashwini Vaishnav Railways
39 Electronics & IT
40 Communications
41 Piyush Goyal Commerce and Industry
Consumer Affairs, Food & Public
42 Distribution
43 Textiles
44 G. Kishan Reddy Culture
45 Tourism
46 Development of North East Region
47 Pralhad Joshi Parliamentary Affairs
48 Coal
49 Mines
 AGENDA ITEM: REVIEWING THE PERFORMANCE
OF THE NDA GOVERNMENT

A. Economic Policies & Performance

1. Fiscal Policies

Since its ascension to power in 2014, the BJP government has steered India's fiscal ship through
turbulent waters. Its policies have garnered strong opinions, lauded for fostering economic stability
and criticized for exacerbating inequalities. Let's examine both sides of the coin, analyzing the
achievements and criticisms surrounding the BJP's fiscal maneuvers.

Achievements:

 Macroeconomic Stability: The government boasts a reduction in fiscal deficit from 4.8% in
2013-14 to 3.9% in 2022-23. This stability inspires investor confidence and promotes long-
term economic growth.
 Formalization and Tax Revenue: Initiatives like GST and demonetization, despite initial
hiccups, have pushed towards a more formal economy, potentially widening the tax base and
boosting revenue.
 Targeted Welfare Schemes: Programs like Jan Dhan Yojana and PM Ujjwala Yojana have
brought financial inclusion and essential services to underprivileged sections, alleviating
poverty and improving living standards.
 Infrastructure Development: Increased public spending on infrastructure projects like
roads, railways, and digital connectivity aims to improve connectivity and boost economic
activity.

Criticisms:

 Slowdown and Job Creation: The economic slowdown in recent years, coupled with high
unemployment, raises concerns about the effectiveness of fiscal policies in stimulating job
growth and inclusive development.
 Impact on Small Businesses: Critics argue that GST implementation and demonetization
disproportionately impacted small businesses, leading to job losses and economic hardship.
 Rising Inequality: Concerns exist that increasing wealth concentration might negate the
gains from some welfare schemes, widening the gap between rich and poor.
 Fiscal Sustainability: High dependence on borrowings and concerns about rising debt levels
raise questions about long-term fiscal sustainability and potential risks in the future.
A Balanced View:

Evaluating the BJP government's fiscal policies requires a nuanced approach. While some
achievements, like improved macroeconomic stability and targeted welfare schemes, are undeniable,
concerns about job creation, impact on small businesses, and rising inequality cannot be ignored. The
true effectiveness of these policies will ultimately be judged by their long-term impact on inclusive
and sustainable growth, addressing concerns of rising inequality, and creating a robust job market for
all sections of society.

2. Economic Growth & GDP Trends

Since 2014, the BJP government has steered India's economic engine through a dynamic landscape.
Growth figures have fluctuated, sparking both praise and criticism for its economic stewardship. Let's
delve into the highs and lows of the BJP's performance on economic growth and GDP trends.

Achievements:

 Maintaining High Growth Rates: Despite global headwinds, India maintained an average
GDP growth rate of 7% during the first Modi term (2014-2019). This placed it among the
fastest-growing major economies globally.
 Improved Ease of Doing Business: Reforms like GST rationalized taxation, and initiatives
like "Make in India" aimed to attract investment and boost manufacturing.
 Digital Push: Schemes like Digital India and Aadhaar pushed financial inclusion and digital
infrastructure development, potentially fostering transparency and efficiency.
 Infrastructure Focus: Increased government spending on infrastructure projects like roads,
railways, and ports aimed to improve connectivity and stimulate economic activity.

Criticisms:

 Recent Slowdown: Growth dipped to 4.1% in 2019-20 and further to 7.3% in 2021-22 due to
the pandemic. Critics argue pre-existing vulnerabilities were exacerbated by policy decisions.
 Job Creation Concerns: Despite growth, unemployment remains a critical concern, raising
questions about the inclusivity of economic expansion.
 Impact of Disruptions: Demonetization and GST, while aiming for long-term benefits, faced
initial implementation challenges, impacting some sectors and small businesses.
 Rising Inequality: Income inequality continues to be a concern, with critics arguing that
some policies might have disproportionately benefited wealthier sections.
A Balanced View:

The BJP government's economic track record is a mixed bag. While high initial growth rates and
certain reforms are achievements, the recent slowdown, unemployment concerns, and inequality raise
questions about sustainability and inclusivity. The true impact of its policies will be judged by their
long-term effects on creating sustained, equitable growth and tackling unemployment.

3. Demonetization

In November 2016, the Indian government, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, made a bold move
by demonetizing high-value banknotes of Rs 500 and Rs 1000. This unprecedented decision aimed to
curb black money, counterfeit currency, and terrorism financing. Nearly seven years later, the debate
on demonetization’s achievements and criticisms continues to rage, with strong opinions on both
sides.

Claimed Achievements:

 Reduced black money: Proponents argue that demonetization flushed out a significant
amount of unaccounted wealth, forcing it into the formal economy. This, they claim, could
lead to increased tax revenue and reduced corruption in the long run.
 Curbed counterfeit currency: Demonetization aimed to invalidate existing counterfeit
notes, making it harder for illegal activities to be financed with fake money.
 Promoted digital payments: The move encouraged people to adopt digital payment
methods, potentially leading to a more transparent and efficient financial system.

Criticisms and Concerns:

 Economic disruption: The sudden withdrawal of a large chunk of cash led to severe cash
shortages, disrupting daily life and impacting small businesses heavily. Critics argue the
economic slowdown that followed was partly due to demonetization.
 Impact on informal sector: The informal sector, which relies heavily on cash, was
disproportionately affected, impacting millions of livelihoods. Critics argue the long-term
benefits haven't outweighed the immediate hardships.
 Limited impact on black money: Studies suggest that a large portion of demonetized cash
was re-deposited into the banking system, raising questions about its effectiveness in tackling
black money.
 Data privacy concerns: Aadhaar, a unique identification system, played a role in tracking
and exchanging cash during demonetization, raising concerns about data privacy and misuse.
Looking Ahead:

The long-term impact of demonetization remains debatable. While achieving some of its stated goals,
it also came at a significant cost to the economy and certain sections of society. The continued
analysis and evaluation of its effects are crucial for understanding its legacy and informing future
policy decisions.

4. GST

Goods and Services Tax, Modi government‘s biggest reform push, with the greatest impact to public
finances, and the strongest tool against tax evasion and arguably the most complex law in the history
of Independent India‘s — the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) —was launched on 1st
July, 2017. The enabling mechanism was provided by the enactment of the Constitution (One
Hundred and First Amendment) Act, following which Parliament enacted four Central laws.

Further, all the 29 States enacted enabling laws in their Assemblies, while the Centre notified it for all
the seven Union Territories. The GST replaces eight Central taxes and nine State taxes, but leaves five
petroleum products and alcohol for human consumption out of its ambit. In tune with indirect taxes in
140 other nations, Modi has brought to completion one of India‘s longest reforms — the GST story
began more than three decades ago, in 1985.

The structural reform over, minor tinkering will continue, though criticism about its implementation,
particularly the huge compliance burden for small enterprises in its initial launch was needless,
bureaucratic and not thought through.

5. Employment & Inflation

Unemployment and inflation are two critical barometers of an economy's health, directly impacting
people's lives and influencing their perception of the government's performance. Examining the Modi
government's record on these fronts reveals a complex picture, marked by both achievements and
criticisms.

Achievements:

 Reduced Inflation: Compared to the previous UPA government's tenure, inflation has been
kept relatively under control, averaging around 5.5% in recent years. This stability in prices
helps people manage their budgets and promotes saving.
  Targeted Schemes: Initiatives like Skill India and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
(PMKVY) aim to equip youth with job-relevant skills, potentially improving employability in
the long run.
 Formalization Push: Reforms like GST and demonetization aim to bring more economic
activity into the formal sector, potentially leading to better wages and benefits for workers.

Criticisms:

 Persistent Unemployment: Despite some efforts, unemployment remains a major concern,

particularly among the youth and certain demographics. Critics argue that job creation hasn't
kept pace with economic growth.
 Informal Sector Woes: The informal sector, where a large chunk of the workforce resides,
faces challenges and limited formalization opportunities, raising concerns about their future
prospects.
 Impact of Disruptions: Critics argue that policies like demonetization and GST, while
aiming for long-term benefits, disrupted livelihoods in the short term, impacting employment
in certain sectors.
 Rural-Urban Divide: Concerns exist about a widening gap in unemployment rates between
rural and urban areas, potentially exacerbating economic inequalities.

Looking Ahead:

Addressing unemployment and inflation effectively requires a multi-pronged approach. While the
government can claim some achievements, particularly in curbing inflation, persistent unemployment
remains a critical challenge. The long-term effectiveness of ongoing initiatives and future policies will
be judged by their ability to create sustainable, inclusive job opportunities and ensure broader
economic stability for all sections of society.

B. Social Policies & Welfare Schemes

1. Healthcare: Ayushman Bharat & NHM

Wielding the scalpel of progress: India’s Healthcare Sector

In a nation, as vast and diverse as India, ensuring affordable and accessible healthcare for all the
citizens has long been a formidable challenge. The NDA government has embarked on a bold mission
to revitalize the country’s growing healthcare spectrum via regulatory polices such as Ayushman
Bharat,
National Health Mission which has shielded over 500 million low-income individuals – nearly half of
India's population – from the crippling costs of essential medical services.

It has demonstrably fortified public health infrastructure, with the creation of over 150,000 sub-
centers, 30,000 primary health centers, and 6,000 community health centers, bringing healthcare
closer to rural communities. Additionally, initiatives like Janani Suraksha Yojana have yielded
impressive results, with a 27% decline in the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) between 2014-15 and
2020-21. Mission Indradhanush, focusing on immunization, has seen full immunization coverage
increase from 79% in 2014 to 92% in 2022.

Therefore, promoting preventive healthcare through initiatives like Yoga and Fit India holds immense
potential. Integrating the wisdom of traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda under Ayushman
Bharat could serve as a potent complementary therapy. Addressing these critical battlegrounds, while
ensuring efficient claim settlement and expanding rural network coverage, will allow the government
to truly transform the healthcare landscape into a haven of well-being for all citizens.

2. Sanitation & Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Clean India is Green India

Sanitation is all about fostering a culture of cleanliness with dignity. In the annals of India's sanitation
struggle, the Modi-led NDA government has paved a way for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA),
launched in 2014. This flagship mission, akin to a nationwide broom, aimed to sweep away the
scourge of open defecation and usher in an era of cleanliness.

Furthermore, schemes like AMRUT 2.0 and the Urban Swachh Bharat Mission (USBM) have
targeted urban sanitation, aiming for solid waste management, water supply through functional taps
along with elimination of open defecation. As of 2023, it had constructed over 6.6 million individual
household toilets and over 5.8 lakh community and public toilets in urban areas. The impact of this
multi-pronged approach is undeniable.

According to a 2020 World Bank report, India witnessed a 73% decline in open defecation between
2014 and 2019, translating to over 500 million people gaining access to sanitation facilities. This
remarkable achievement has had a ripple effect on public health, with a 23% decline in diarrhea
prevalence and a 14% decrease in child mortality between 2014 and 2017.

However, long-term toilet usage, tackling fecal sludge management, and addressing waste
management in smaller towns are still certain elements which have remained untouched. Moving
forward, continued focus on behavior change communication and promoting menstrual hygiene
management are crucial for achieving the SBA's vision of a "Clean India."
3. Education, NEP & Skill India Mission

Reshaping the Learning Landscape

Education is an ongoing journey and not a destination. India's educational landscape stands at a
crossroads, marked by both progress and challenges but with the ambitious National Education Policy
(NEP) 2020, the dynamics have broadened. This transformative policy, akin to a skilled architect
sketching a blueprint for the future, aims to overhaul the education system from foundation to
pinnacle.

NEP 2020 introduces several radical changes such as:

 Proposes a revamped 5+3+3+4 curricular structure

 Replacing the traditional 10+2 system with an aim to provide holistic learning with emphasis
on foundational literacy and numeracy, critical thinking, and vocational skills.
 Furthermore, it advocates for mother tongue or regional language as the medium of
instruction until at least Grade 5, promoting inclusivity and linguistic diversity.

As per government data, over 21,000 schools have adopted the new curricular structure, and
initiatives like "NIPUN Bharat", Khelo India and Digitalisation of Education with apps like
Digilocker, have now focused upon foundational literacy and numeracy for younger students even
though, Concerns regarding teacher training, infrastructure development, and budgetary allocation
require continued attention, prevail.

4. Poverty Alleviation Programs

Poverty alleviation is not a singular sprint but a continuous marathon. Empowering vulnerable
population and propelling them towards economic well-being has been a complex narrative for the
governments in power, out here. Covid-19 pandemic posed significant setbacks, pushing an estimated
23 million Indians back into poverty in 2020 and highlighted issues regarding income inequality and
regional disparities persist.

However, National Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index 2023, well stated that India has achieved a
remarkable reduction in its MPI value and Headcount Ratio between 2015-16 and 2019-21, indicating
success of the country’s commitment and action to address the multidimensional nature of poverty
through its multisector approach.
Furthermore, Schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), providing access to bank
accounts and financial services, have reached over 434 million citizens, promoting financial inclusion.
Additionally, the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), distributing over 87 million free LPG
connections, has empowered rural households and improved health outcomes.

Moving forward, initiatives like the National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), focusing on skill
development and entrepreneurial opportunities, hold immense potential. Additionally, strengthening
social safety nets, addressing gender disparities, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are
crucial for consolidating gains and ensuring inclusive growth.

5. Rural Development & Awas Yojana

Cultivating Rural Prosperity: NDA's Rural Development Push with PMAY and Beyond

Rural development is an ongoing cultivation, demanding constant care and nurturing. In its quest to
bridge the urban-rural divide, the Modi-led NDA government has wielded the Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojana (PMAY) as a transformative tool for rural development. Launched in 2015, PMAY, akin to a
fertile seed sown in the vast expanse of rural India, aimed to blossom into a bouquet of affordable
housing solutions.

The scheme's multi-pronged approach proved impactful. PMAY-Gramin, targeting rural households,
has facilitated the construction of over 2.26 crore pucca houses as of February 2024, significantly
improving living standards for millions. This translates to over 65% of eligible rural households now
having access to safe and secure housing. Additionally, the scheme has generated over 220 crore man-
days of work, providing crucial rural employment opportunities.

Beyond PMAY, the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) focuses on
skilling rural youth for better employment prospects, with over 8 million individuals trained since its
inception. Initiatives like Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) empower Members of Parliament to
adopt villages and drive localized development, while the Jal Jeevan Mission- Har Ghar Jal aims to
provide piped water supply to every household by 2024.

Continued attention while promoting sustainable agricultural practices, strengthening rural healthcare
systems, and fostering digital literacy hold immense potential for further rural transformation and
therefore, data-driven policy adjustments are crucial for reaping the full harvest of rural prosperity in
India.
6. Women Empowerment

Assessing the NDA Government’s success in women empowerment presents a complex picture
painted with initiatives both promising and contested.

A range of initiatives targeting education, entrepreneurship, health, financial inclusion, and rural
engagement have been initiated such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana which aims to improve the
Child Sex Ratio and empower girls, while Stand Up India empowers SC/ST women and marginalized
communities with entrepreneurial loans.

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana tackles indoor air pollution by providing free LPG connections to
women below the poverty line, enhancing their health and well- being.

Furthermore, Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana incentivizes saving for a girl's future through a high-interest
savings scheme, and Mahila Shakti Kendra serves as a one-stop platform for rural women to access
various government services and schemes.

Such blistering track records with policies and regulations have brought in more challenges to reckon
with which have paved a way for debate over their impact and continuous evaluation with respect to
their success in advancing the lives and opportunities for women in India.

7. Marginalized Communities

Multi-Pronged Approach to uplift India’s Marginalized Communities

While the Indian government's efforts to uplift marginalized communities, including the Particularly
Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) and manual scavengers, are enshrined in the Constitution's
promise of social justice, the narrative remains abstruse.

Initiatives like the Eklavya schools (Eklavya Model Residential Schools Act, 2012) and Pradhan
Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (aligned with Forest Rights Act, 2006) empower PVTGs through education
and livelihood generation, while the opportunity of rehabilitation for manual scavengers has now been
merged with NAMASTE Scheme for 100% mechanisation of sewer work, prolifically adhering to the
Prohibition of Manual Scavengers Act, 2013.

Accessibility for rural health, insurance upliftment and financial inclusion have also been around the
table for implementation in next couple of months as per the government records. Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan and the Prohibition of Manual Scavengers Act strive to eradicate the inhuman practice,
upholding Supreme Court pronouncements. Land rights for PVTGs are protected through the Forest
Rights Act (upholding Articles 14, 19, and 21).

Social protection and nutritional support are provided through schemes like the National Social
Assistance Programmed and Mid-Day Meal Scheme. However, government holds some quick
challenges with respect to implementation gaps, limited awareness, and socio-cultural barriers which
needs to answer the remains of the ongoing legal discourse which finally, can translate these
initiatives into tangible progress and fulfil the constitutional vision of an inclusive and equitable India.

8. EWS & Reservation Policy

The Indian government's policy of reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) within the
existing quota system has sparked lively debate across the nation. Introduced through the 103rd
Constitutional Amendment in 2019, it aims to address economic disadvantage without altering the
existing reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
However, the policy's implementation and implications remain a subject of intense scrutiny.

Arguments for the EWS Reservation:

Addressing economic disparity: Proponents argue that economic backwardness transcends caste and
religion, and EWS reservation offers an opportunity for those facing financial hardship, regardless of
their social background. This, they believe, can promote social mobility and equality.

Inclusiveness and social justice: Supporters see EWS reservation as a step towards broadening the
reach of affirmative action by including a segment often excluded from existing reservation benefits.
This, they argue, can foster a more inclusive society.

Empowering the disadvantaged: Advocates claim the policy empowers individuals from economically
disadvantaged families, regardless of caste, to compete for educational and employment opportunities,
leading to improved living standards and social participation.

Arguments against the EWS Reservation:

Erosion of existing quotas: Critics argue that the EWS reservation effectively reduces the existing
quotas for historically disadvantaged communities, further marginalizing them in the competition for
limited resources. This, they fear, can exacerbate existing inequalities.

Challenging the basis of reservation: Opponents argue that economic backwardness alone is not a
sufficient basis for reservation, which was originally intended to address historical injustices faced by
specific social groups. They believe economic disparity can be addressed through other means, such
as scholarships and targeted welfare programs.

Potential for misuse and misidentification: Concerns exist about the possibility of misuse and
misidentification within the EWS category, potentially benefiting those who do not genuinely belong
to the economically weaker section. This, critics argue, can undermine the legitimacy of the policy
and create loopholes for ineligible individuals.

The Legal Landscape:

The EWS reservation policy currently faces legal challenges in the Supreme Court, with arguments
focusing on its constitutionality and potential violation of existing reservation quotas. The court's
decision will significantly impact the policy's future and its implications for social and educational
equity in India.

9. Legal / Criminal Reforms

In 2023, India witnessed a historic overhaul of its criminal justice system with the passing of three
new laws: the Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), the Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and the
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA). These laws, replacing the Indian Penal Code, the Code of
Criminal Procedure, and the Indian Evidence Act respectively, promise significant changes in how
crimes are investigated, prosecuted, and adjudicated. While hailed as a progressive step towards
modernizing the system, the reforms have also sparked debate surrounding their potential impact on
individual rights and fairness.

Pros:
Enhanced Efficiency: Proponents argue that the new laws streamline procedures, reducing delays and
backlogs within the system. The BNSS introduces mandatory timeframes for investigations and trials,
aimed at faster justice delivery. Electronic filing and evidence handling are also emphasized,
promoting efficiency.

Focus on Victim Rights: The BNSS mandates victim assistance and compensation, offering greater
support to those affected by crime. Witness protection measures are strengthened, encouraging
cooperation with investigations.

Strengthened Forensics: The BNSS mandates forensic investigation for serious offenses, potentially
improving evidence collection and accuracy, leading to stronger prosecution cases.

Technological Integration: The laws embrace technology, allowing for electronic filing, evidence
submission, and even virtual court proceedings. This could improve accessibility and potentially
expedite processes.

Cons:

Potential Expansion of Police Powers: The BNSS expands the scope of arrest and search without
warrant, raising concerns about potential misuse and infringement on individual liberty.

Bail Restrictions: Changes to bail provisions increase the burden of proof for bail in certain cases,
raising concerns about prolonged pre-trial detention and its impact on the presumption of innocence.

Digital Evidence Concerns: While emphasizing digital evidence, the BSA grants authorities broad
powers to access electronic devices, raising privacy concerns and the potential for misuse.

Limited Public Consultation: Critics argue that the reform process lacked sufficient public debate and
scrutiny, raising concerns about the transparency and inclusivity of the changes.

The Current Landscape:

The implementation of these new laws is still nascent, and their full impact remains to be seen.
Judicial interpretation and practical application will be crucial in ensuring the intended benefits are
realized while safeguarding individual rights.
C. Foreign Policy & Diplomatic Relations

1. Bilateral Relations

 Strategic Alliances: India fosters strong relationships with major powers like the US, Russia,
Japan, and France, collaborating on diverse areas such as security, trade, and technological
advancements. Regular summits and strategic dialogues bolster these partnerships,
exemplified by the recent Quad summit and deepening defense ties with Russia along with the
presidency of SCO has open the door for various nations to join their hands on upcoming
global reforms.

 Neighborhood Focus: Recognizing the importance of regional stability, India actively

engages with South Asian neighbors like Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. The recent
BIMSTEC summit, IORA presence along with Colombo Security Conclave have highlighted
this commitment, while initiatives like the Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal (BBIN)
Motor Vehicles, water management agreement aim to enhance connectivity and economic
cooperation. Hydropower Cooperation, Greater Male Connectivity Projects, foundation stone
for Buddhist Vihara has also shaped the presence of India in increasing its identity across
South- East Asia with collaborative capacity building.

 Expanding Footprint: Beyond traditional partnerships, India is actively expanding its

diplomatic reach in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Initiatives like the India-
Africa Economic Forum showcase this growing engagement, fostering mutually beneficial
partnerships in trade, development, and cultural exchange along the coastlines.

2. G20 Presidency

 Setting the Stage: As the current G20 president, India has the unique opportunity to shape
the global conversation on crucial issues like inclusive and sustainable growth, climate action,
and digital transformation. Its theme, "One Earth, One Family, One Future," underscores its
commitment to collaborative solutions.

 Key Outcomes: The G20 presidency has already yielded tangible results, including the Delhi
Ministerial Declaration on Global Food Security and the Digital Economy Working Group
Chair's Summary. These documents outline concrete steps towards addressing pressing global
challenges but the fulfilment of these is still a thought to be reckoned with.
  Future Impact: The success of India's G20 presidency will undoubtedly have a significant
impact on the global agenda, potentially setting the stage for future policy frameworks and
collaborative action on pressing issues. Not only the inclusion of African Union in the G-20
has prized its congruence with the India but even Indian Government has been wise enough
toset a floor for developing nations to come and raise their regional hurdles with the western
republics.

3. Multilateral Engagements & Global Influence

 Active Participation: India is a vocal advocate on the international stage, actively

participating in organizations like the UN, WTO, ASEAN and various regional forums.
Gaining the presidency of UN Security Council for 2023-24 had underscored its growing
influence and adherence to Viksit Bharat.

 Championing Global Issues: As a rising power, India takes a leadership role in addressing
critical global challenges like climate change, terrorism, sustainable development, maritime
laws. Notably, its commitment towards COP27 Climate Change Conference demonstrated its
active engagement in finding solutions to these pressing issues.

 Contributing to Stability: Beyond advocating for change, India contributes to global

stability through peacekeeping missions and regional security initiatives. Its participation in
UN peacekeeping operations and initiatives like the ISA, Global Biofuel Alliance, IMEC
reflects its commitment to a peaceful and stable international order.

4. Global South

 South-South Cooperation: Recognizing the shared challenges and opportunities faced by

developing nations, India plays a leading role in South-South cooperation. Its development
assistance programs and partnerships within forums like IBSA and BRICS channel its
expertise and resources to support other developing countries. Indeed, NAM has also been a
recent rising star to push the essence of global commitment for the upliftment of the fittest
amongst the G-7 nations.

 Building Bridges: India's engagement with the Global South through Voice of Global South
Summit 2023 has been India’s endeavor to provide a common platform to deliberate upon
 concerns and interests which goes more beyond financial and technical assistance. Cultural
exchange programs and knowledge-sharing initiatives build bridges of understanding and
foster long-term partnerships that contribute to shared development goals for all developing
nations.

5. Regional Disturbances

 Finding Peaceful Solutions: India faces complex regional challenges, including border
disputes with China and ongoing instability in Afghanistan and rise of infiltrations from the
thin-line areas of PoK. It employs various strategies, such as dialogue mechanisms and
negotiations like the Special Representative-level talks with China, to navigate these
complexities and seek peaceful resolutions.

 Humanitarian Assistance: Beyond security concerns, India recognizes the humanitarian

needs arising from regional instability. Its assistance to Afghanistan with food security during
Taliban crisis, first Vaccine consignments sent to parts of Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka
along with “Operation Sadbhavana” in Ladakh, serves as a testament to its commitment to
alleviating suffering and supporting vulnerable populations in conflict zones.

6. Voice of India (Major International Disputes)

Advocating for a Peaceful World

Principled Stand: India consistently voices its position on major international disputes based on the
principles of international law and the peaceful resolution of conflicts.

 Armenia-Azerbaijan Dispute: Indian Government has encouraged the parties to move

forward on ensuring long-term peace and security in the region through dialogue and
diplomacy and in this respect, it supports the OSCE Minsk Group’s continued efforts for a
peaceful resolution. Furthermore, the geographical location of the countries make the region a
viable corridor for connecting with Russia and Europe through Central Asia and Iran and
even, Armenia and Azerbaijan are members of the International North South Transport
Corridor (INSTC), which India is keen to develop.

 Israel-Gaza Dispute: Israeli-Palestinian has continued to be a source of tension in the India-

Israel relationship and vice versa, however, India is vocal of this fact that it does remain
neutral
 and not take sides in this conflict i.e. being impartial and objective’. This means that India will
continue to provide humanitarian aid and diplomatic support to both sides.

 South China Sea Dispute: India has maintained that it is not a party to the SCS dispute and
its presence in the SCS is not to contain China but to secure its own economic interests,
especially that of its energy security needs. However, China’s increasing ability to decide and
expand its role in the South China Sea has compelled India to reevaluate its approach on the
issue. As a key element of the Act East Policy, India has started internationalizing disputes in
the Indo- Pacific region to oppose China’s threatening tactics in SCS. Further, India is using
its Buddhist legacy to make a strong bond with the Southeast Asian region.

D. National Security & Defence

1. Surgical Strike-

 A Deeper Look at the 2016 Indian Surgical Strike:

The 2016 Indian Line of Control strike, commonly known as the Uri surgical strikes, remains a
contentious event in India-Pakistan relations. Launched on September 29th, 2016, following the
deadly Uri attack that killed 19 Indian soldiers, it marked a significant escalation in cross-border
tensions.

 Context and Claims:

India claimed the operation, conducted by special forces, targeted "terrorist launch pads" across the
Line of Control (LoC) in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. This aimed to pre-empt future attacks
plannedby militant groups. India reported inflicting "significant casualties," ranging from 38-50
militants neutralized. Pakistan vehemently denies the operation's existence, claiming only limited
Indian incursions across the LoC. They reject any militant casualties and condemn the incident as
unprovoked aggression.

 Impact and Analysis:

The strike's success hinges on perspectives. In India, it's hailed as a bold counter-terrorism measure,
delivering a strong message to Pakistan. Public opinion heavily supported the operation, boosting
national morale and solidifying the government's resolve. However, concerns remain. Critics argue
the limited information released hinders independent verification, raising questions about the
operation's
actual scope and impact. Some fear it could have long-term consequences, fuelling further hostility
and potential military escalation.

 Regional and Global Repercussions:

The strike undoubtedly strained India-Pakistan relations, pushing them to the brink of conflict. Both
sides engaged in heightened military preparedness, leading to increased border tensions and civilian
casualties. Internationally, the operation garnered mixed reactions. While some nations supported
India's right to self-defense, others urged restraint and dialogue to avoid further escalation. The lack
of independent verification fueled skepticism and concerns about regional stability.

 Unanswered Questions and Enduring Tensions:

Despite numerous discussions and media investigations, several questions remain unanswered. The
exact details of the operation, casualty figures, and long-term implications are still debated. While
tensions have subsided somewhat, the strike continues to cast a shadow over India-Pakistan relations.
Continued dialogue, transparency, and adherence to international norms are crucial to prevent future
escalations and foster lasting peace in the region.

2. Balakot Air Strike

The 2019 Balakot air strike, conducted by India against an alleged Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorist
camp in Balakot, Pakistan, adds another layer of complexity to the India-Pakistan relationship. Here's
a brief breakdown:

Context:

 Trigger: The Pulwama attack (14th February 2019) claimed by JeM killed 40 Indian
paramilitary personnel.
 Claim: India conducted an airstrike on 26th February, destroying the Balakot camp and
eliminating numerous militants.
 Denial: Pakistan denied the camp's existence, acknowledging only minimal damage and no
militant casualties.

Impact:

 India: The strike aimed to demonstrate a strong response to terrorism and boosted the
government's image.
 Pakistan: Escalated tensions led to an aerial dogfight, downing an Indian and Pakistani
aircraft. Captured Indian pilot Abhinandan Varthaman's subsequent release eased
tensions.
 International: Reactions were mixed, with some urging restraint and others acknowledging
India's concerns about terrorism.
The Balakot air strike remains a contentious event with varying perspectives. While it aimed to
address terrorism concerns, its long-term implications for regional stability and India-Pakistan
relations require careful consideration.

3. Sino-Indian Border Tensions

Following the 2014 Depsang standoff, India and China have witnessed numerous border tensions,
highlighting the fragile stability in the Himalayas. Here's a brief analysis:

Increased Incidents:

 Frequency: Since 2014, incursions, face-offs, and territorial disputes have become more
frequent. This trend continued in 2023 with the Galwan Valley clash, leading to casualties on
both sides.
 Factors: Several factors contribute to this, including unresolved border claims, infrastructure
development near the LAC (Line of Actual Control), differing perceptions of the border, and
heightened nationalism in both countries.

Shifting Strategies:

 India: India has adopted a more assertive approach, increasing military presence and
infrastructure development near the LAC.
 China: China has also deployed advanced weaponry and engaged in infrastructure building.

Complexities:

 Mutual Suspicion: Mistrust and misinterpretations fuel suspicions, making even minor
incidents potentially volatile.
 Multiple Stakeholders: Internal politics, regional alliances, and the involvement of other
powers make finding solutions multifaceted.

Uncertainties:

 Future Escalation: While both sides strive for peace, the risk of miscalculation and
accidental clashes remains high.
 Long-term Resolution: Despite ongoing border talks, reaching a definitive agreement seems
remote in the near future.

The Sino-Indian border dispute remains a significant geopolitical flashpoint. Addressing both
immediate security concerns and underlying trust issues is crucial for long-term stability in the region.
Maintaining open communication, exercising restraint, and pursuing diplomatic solutions are essential
to prevent further escalation and foster a peaceful settlement.

4. Naval Security & Indian Ocean Region (IOR)-

Since 2014, the Indian Navy and the Indian Ocean Region have witnessed significant developments,
shaped by various factors:
Indian Naval Expansion:

 Modernization: India embarked on an ambitious program to modernize its fleet, acquiring

nuclear submarines, aircraft carriers, destroyers, and frigates. This enhanced its blue-water
capabilities and deterrence.
 Force Projection: The Indian Navy actively participated in regional exercises, deployments,
and humanitarian missions, showcasing its presence and commitment to IOR security.
 Maritime Security Strategy: The 2015 release of the "Maritime Security Strategy
Document" articulated India's vision for a secure IOR, emphasizing cooperation and capacity
building.

IOR Dynamics:

 Geopolitical Competition: The rise of China's maritime ambitions, including the Belt and
Road Initiative, created a new layer of competition in the IOR.
 Non-Traditional Security Threats: Piracy, terrorism, and illegal fishing remained major
concerns, demanding collaborative solutions.
 Regional Partnerships: India strengthened ties with regional partners through initiatives like
the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad).

Key Developments:

 SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region): India launched this initiative to
foster regional cooperation on maritime security, including infrastructure development and
information sharing.
 Enhanced Cooperation: India partnered with countries like the Seychelles, Mauritius, and
Oman to build their maritime capabilities and strengthen regional security architecture.
 Focus on the Indo-Pacific: India's growing engagement with the Indo-Pacific region,
encompassing the IOR, reflects its strategic vision for a stable and prosperous maritime
domain.

Challenges:

 Resource Constraints: Balancing modernization needs with budgetary limitations remains a

challenge for the Indian Navy.
 Balancing Partnerships: Navigating partnerships with major powers like the US and Russia
while maintaining strategic autonomy requires careful diplomacy.
 Addressing Non-Traditional Threats: Effective collaboration with regional partners is
crucial to combat piracy, terrorism, and illegal fishing.

Looking Forward:

The future of Indian naval security and the IOR remains complex. India will likely continue to:

 Modernize its navy to maintain a credible deterrence and project power in the region.
 Strengthen regional cooperation through initiatives like SAGAR and the Quad.
 Address non-traditional security threats through collaborative efforts.
 Balance its relationships with major powers to ensure strategic autonomy.

The IOR's future will depend on how effectively these challenges are addressed and how major players
cooperate to ensure a stable and prosperous maritime environment.

Additional Resources:
  https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy_Doc

5. Defence Manufacturing & Overhaul, Defence Corridors: Missiles and Naval ships

India has been making significant strides in boosting its domestic defence manufacturing capabilities,
with a specific focus on missiles and naval ships. This initiative, driven by the "Make in India"
program, aims to reduce dependence on foreign imports and create a self-reliant defence ecosystem.
Here's a breakdown of the key developments:

Defence Manufacturing & Overhaul:

 Policy Initiatives:
o The government introduced the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) 2016,
prioritizing procurement from Indian sources and simplifying procedures for
domestic companies.
o The Strategic Partnership Model (SPM) aims to partner with foreign OEMs for
technology transfer and joint ventures to manufacture high-tech defence equipment in
India.
o The Offset Policy mandates foreign companies to invest a portion of their contract
value back into the Indian defence sector.
 Achievements:
o Several Indian companies have emerged as major defence manufacturers,
producing missiles, artillery guns, radars, and warships.
o India's defence exports have increased significantly, showcasing its growing
manufacturing capabilities.
o Overhaul facilities for warships and aircraft have been established to reduce
dependence on foreign maintenance.

Defence Corridors:

 Concept: The government established five defence corridors in Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to create dedicated zones for defence
industries.
o These corridors offer infrastructure, tax breaks, and other incentives to attract
investments and facilitate collaboration between private and public players.
 Progress:
o Several domestic and foreign companies have set up units in these corridors, focusing
on manufacturing various defence equipment.
o The corridors are expected to generate significant employment opportunities and
contribute to India's defence self-reliance.

Missiles:

 Focus: India has prioritized developing and producing a range of missiles, including:
o Anti-tank missiles like Nag and Helina.
o Air defence missiles like Akash and Barak 8.
o Land attack cruise missiles like BrahMos and Nirbhay.
o Ballistic missiles like Agni and Shaurya.
 Achievements:
o India has successfully test-fired and inducted several of these missiles into its armed
forces, reducing dependence on imports.
 o Partnerships with foreign countries have helped acquire critical technologies and
expertise.

Naval Ships:

 Projects: India has undertaken several ambitious shipbuilding projects, including:

o Construction of aircraft carriers Vikrant and INS Vikrant (IAC-2).
o Production of Scorpene- class submarines under technology transfer from France.
o Development of indigenous Arihant-class nuclear submarines.
o Building Kolkata-class destroyers and Visakhapatnam-class destroyers.
 Progress:
o India has launched Vikrant, the first indigenously built aircraft carrier, marking a
significant achievement in its shipbuilding capabilities.
o Several Scorpene- class submarines have been inducted, and Arihant-class nuclear
submarines are under construction.
o These projects have provided a boost to the Indian shipbuilding industry and created
skilled jobs.

Challenges:

 Technological Dependence: While India has made progress, there's still dependence on
foreign technologies for certain high-end defence equipment.
 Skilled Workforce: The Indian defence sector needs a larger pool of skilled workers to meet
the growing demand for manufacturing and maintenance.
 Streamlining Procurement: Complex procurement processes can hinder timely acquisition
of defence equipment.

Looking Forward:

India's defence manufacturing sector is on an upward trajectory, with missiles and naval ships being
key focus areas. Continued efforts towards policy reforms, attracting investments, and developing
indigenous technologies are crucial to achieve self-reliance and ensure a robust national defence
ecosystem.

Additional Resources:

 Department of Defence Production: https://ddpmod.gov.in/

 Make in India in Defence: https://www.makeinindiadefence.gov.in/
 Defence Corridors: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1913309

E. COVID-19 Handling & Response

1. Lockdown & Reverse Migration-

The nationwide lockdown imposed in India in March 2020 to curb the spread of COVID-19 had a
profound impact on the country's migrant population. Millions of migrant workers, who had been
employed in cities and towns across the country, suddenly found themselves jobless and stranded,
with no means to return to their home states.
Scale of the Reverse Migration:

 Estimates suggest that between 10 and 15 million migrant workers undertook the arduous
journey back to their home villages during the lockdown.
 Many migrants walked hundreds of kilometres, often facing hunger, thirst, and exhaustion
along the way.
 Some migrants were even forced to travel on overcrowded trains and buses, leading to the
spread of the virus.

Reasons for Reverse Migration:

 Loss of livelihoods: With businesses shut down and economic activity at a standstill,
millions of migrant workers lost their jobs.
 Lack of social security: Many migrant workers were not covered by social security schemes,
leaving them without any financial support during the lockdown.
 Fear of contracting the virus: With limited access to healthcare facilities in cities, many
migrant workers feared contracting the virus and decided to return home.

Government Response:

 The Indian government launched several initiatives to provide relief to migrant workers,
including food security programs, cash transfers, and transportation assistance.
 However, many critics argued that the government's response was inadequate and that more
could have been done to help migrant workers during this difficult time.

Long-term Implications:

 The COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown have exposed the vulnerabilities of
India's migrant population.
 There is a need for long-term reforms to address the issues of social security, healthcare, and
access to essential services for migrant workers.
 The government is also working on skilling and reskilling programs to help migrant workers
find new employment opportunities.

The lockdown and reverse migration during COVID-19 was a major humanitarian crisis that
highlighted the plight of India's migrant population. While the government has taken some steps to
address the issue, there is still much more that needs to be done to ensure the well-being of this
vulnerable group.

 Reports:
o "The Effects of Reverse Migration on Indigenous Communities following India's
Covid-19 Lockdown" by the Social Science Research Council
o "Challenges of reverse migration in India: a comparative study of internal and
international migrant workers in the post-COVID economy" published in
Comparative Migration Studies

 News Articles:
o "India's Migrant Crisis: The Long Road Home" by The New York Times
o "Covid-19 lockdown: A tale of India's migrant worker woes" by BBC News
Further Resources:

 NIPFP Working Paper No. 318

https://www.nipfp.org.in/media/medialibrary/2020/09/WP_318_2020.pdf

 Challenges of reverse migration in India

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9986126

 COVID-19 and distressed reverse migration

https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry/fulltext/2022/64080/covid_19_lockdown_and_distressed_
reverse_migration.15.aspx

These resources offer more in-depth analyses and perspectives on the lockdown and reverse migration
in India.

2. Second Wave & Shortage of Medical Oxygen

The second wave of COVID-19 in India, which peaked in April-May 2021, was devastating, not only
due to the surge in cases but also due to the severe shortage of medical oxygen. Here's a breakdown of
the key points:

Factors Leading to Shortage:

 Unprecedented Demand: The second wave saw a massive five-fold increase in demand for
medical oxygen compared to the first wave, peaking at around 5,000 metric tonnes per day
(MTPD).
 Inadequate Production Capacity: India's existing production capacity was insufficient to
meet the sudden surge in demand.
 Logistical Challenges: Transportation and distribution bottlenecks further hampered the
availability of oxygen in critical areas.
 Black Market Operations: Exploiting the scarcity, some unscrupulous individuals and
groups engaged in black market activities, further exacerbating the crisis.

Impact of the Shortage:

 Loss of Life: The lack of oxygen supply in many hospitals led to countless deaths of
COVID- 19 patients, causing immense suffering and grief.
 Stress on Healthcare System: The shortage added to the already struggling healthcare
system, putting immense pressure on medical personnel and resources.
 Psychological Trauma: The anxieties and helplessness experienced by patients, families,
and healthcare workers added to the overall trauma of the pandemic.

Government Response:

 Increased Production: The government ramped up oxygen production by setting up new

plants and diverting industrial oxygen supply to medical use.
  Logistical Support: Measures were taken to streamline transportation and distribution of
oxygen cylinders and tankers.
 International Aid: India received international assistance in the form of oxygen supplies and
equipment from various countries and organizations.

Long-Term Lessons:

 Investment in Healthcare Infrastructure: The crisis highlighted the need for strengthening
India's healthcare infrastructure, including increased production capacity for medical oxygen.
 Improved Supply Chain Management: Robust logistics and distribution systems are crucial
to ensure timely and equitable access to essential medical supplies.
 Preparedness for Future Pandemics: The experience emphasizes the importance of
preparedness and contingency planning for future public health emergencies.

Additional Resources:

 Why India is facing oxygen shortage during 2nd Covid

wave: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P42VKy4hlRA

 Explained: Why India is facing oxygen shortage during 2nd Covid wave:

https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2021-05-13/india-covid-oxygen-shortage

 Second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and the surge of mucormycosis: Lessons learnt and
future preparedness

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7764471/

3. Vaccination Program & COWIN

The COVID-19 vaccination program in India, launched in January 2021, has been one of the largest
and most ambitious in the world. Despite challenges, it has achieved significant progress in
immunizing the population.

Vaccination Program:

 Phases: The program was rolled out in phases, prioritizing healthcare workers, frontline
personnel, senior citizens, and individuals with comorbidities initially. Later, it expanded to
cover wider age groups and the general population.
 Vaccines: Several vaccines have been used in India, including Covishield, Covaxin, Sputnik
V, and Johnson & Johnson.
 Coverage: As of February 14, 2024, over 2.2 billion vaccine doses have been administered in
India, with over 90% of the population receiving at least one dose and over 80% fully
vaccinated.
 Challenges: Vaccine hesitancy, logistical hurdles, and supply chain issues posed challenges
during the program.

COWIN Platform:
  Purpose: CoWIN (COVID Vaccine Intelligence Network) is a digital platform launched by
the government to manage the vaccination program.
 Functions: It facilitates registration, appointment booking, vaccination,
certificate generation, and data tracking.
 Benefits: COWIN has contributed to transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in the
program. It enables:
o Self-registration: Individuals can register and schedule appointments themselves.
o Verification: Aadhaar integration helps verify identity and prevent fraud.
o Data Management: Real-time data collection facilitates decision-making and
resource allocation.
o Certificate Generation: Digital vaccination certificates are readily available.
 Limitations: Initial technical glitches, limited internet access in rural areas, and language
barriers were faced initially.

Overall:

The COVID-19 vaccination program in India has made significant progress in protecting the
population, with COWIN playing a crucial role in its functionality. However, continuous efforts are
needed to address remaining challenges and ensure equitable access to vaccination for all.

Additional Resources:

 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India: https://mohfw.gov.in/

 Our World in Data - India Vaccinations: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
 CoWIN in India: The Digital Backbone for the COVID-19
Vaccination Program: https://www.exemplars.health/emerging-topics/epidemic-
preparedness-and- response/digital-health-tools/cowin-in-india

4. Economic Downfall due to COVID-19 induced lockdown &

Recovery Downfall:

 Sharp Contraction: The pandemic triggered a severe economic contraction. India witnessed
its worst recession since independence, with GDP shrinking by 24.4% in Q1 2020 and 7.3%
for the entire 2020-21 financial year.
 Job Losses: Millions of jobs were lost, particularly in informal sectors like construction,
retail, and hospitality. This disproportionately affected migrant workers and marginalized
communities.
 Supply Chain Disruptions: Lockdowns and restrictions disrupted supply chains, leading to
shortages and price hikes.
 Investment Slowdown: Investor confidence dropped, leading to a decline in investments and
business activity.

Recovery:

 Gradual Bounce Back: The economy started recovering in the second half of 2020, with
GDP growth returning to positive territory. This was primarily driven by government stimulus
packages, increased rural spending, and a rebound in manufacturing.
 Strong Growth: 2021-22 saw a strong GDP growth of 8.7%, indicating a V-shaped recovery.
However, this was partly due to the low base of the previous year.
  Uneven Recovery: The recovery has been uneven, with sectors like agriculture and
manufacturing performing better than services and tourism. Concerns remain about rising
unemployment and income inequality.

Key Factors in the Recovery:

 Government Interventions: The government implemented various relief measures,

including cash transfers, loan moratoriums, and infrastructure spending, which helped mitigate
the impact on vulnerable sections.
 Rural Resilience: Increased rural spending and government support for agriculture played a
crucial role in economic revival.
 Digital Transformation: The pandemic accelerated digital adoption in various sectors,
boosting online businesses and e-commerce.

Challenges and Uncertainties:

 Global Slowdown: The global economic slowdown and rising inflation pose challenges to
sustained growth in India.
 Unemployment and Inequality: The unemployment rate remains high, and income
inequality is a growing concern.
 Fiscal Deficit: The government's increased spending has widened the fiscal deficit, requiring
careful management to ensure long-term sustainability.

Current situation:

 India's GDP is projected to grow by 7% in 2023-24, indicating continued recovery.

 However, challenges remain, such as inflation, unemployment, and global economic
uncertainty.
 The government and private sector need to continue focusing on inclusive and sustainable
growth strategies to ensure a strong and equitable recovery.

Overall, India's economic recovery from the pandemic has been significant, but challenges remain.
Addressing issues like unemployment, inequality, and fiscal consolidation is crucial for sustainable
and inclusive economic growth.

For further exploration:

 World Bank:

India Economic Update: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india

 Reserve Bank of India:

https://rbi.org.in/scripts/Annualpolicy.asp

 World Economic Forum:

India's Economic Recovery: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/india/

 Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India

 Covid-19 Pandemic: Impact, Recovery, and the Road Ahead for the Indian

Economy: http://www.igidr.ac.in/igidr-research-covid-19-economy/

 How has Covid-19 affected India's economy?

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/shreyansh-mangla/impact-of-covid-19-on-indian-
economy-2-35042/

F. Commerce, Industry & Environment

1. Manufacturing & Make in India

Building India: Examining the Impact of "Make in India"

Since its launch in 2014, the "Make in India" initiative has aimed to transform India into a global
manufacturing hub. But, after nearly a decade, has it delivered on its ambitious promises? Let's dive
into the government's performance in manufacturing, critically analyzing the "Make in India" program
and its impact.

Achievements:

 Rising Manufacturing Share: The manufacturing sector's contribution to GDP has grown
from 15% in 2014 to 18% in 2022, indicating positive momentum.
 Increased FDI: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the manufacturing sector has witnessed a
significant rise, with sectors like automobiles and mobile phone production attracting major
investments.
 Boost to Domestic Production: India has seen a rise in domestic production of certain goods,
like mobile phones, reducing dependence on imports.
 Improved Ease of Doing Business: Initiatives like online single-window clearances and
streamlined processes aim to improve ease of doing business, potentially attracting more
investors.

Criticisms:

 Job Creation Shortfall: Despite growth, critics argue that job creation in the manufacturing
sector hasn't kept pace, falling short of initial targets.
 Limited Impact on Core Sectors: Concerns exist about the initiative's effectiveness in
boosting core sectors like heavy machinery and capital goods, crucial for long-term growth.
  Focus on Assembly, not Manufacturing: Critics argue that the program often focuses on
assembling imported components rather than fostering true domestic manufacturing
capabilities.
 Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Inadequate infrastructure, including power supply and logistics,
continues to impede the sector's full potential.

Beyond Achievements and Criticisms:

 Impact on smaller players: It's crucial to assess the impact on smaller, non-corporate players
within the manufacturing ecosystem. Are they benefiting or struggling?
 Policy consistency and long-term vision: Is the government providing consistent policies
and a clear long-term vision to attract sustained investment and build robust technological
capabilities?
 Innovation and export competitiveness: Is the program effectively fostering innovation and
export competitiveness in the manufacturing sector?

Additional Considerations:

 Global economic context: The global economic slowdown and trade tensions present
additional challenges for the manufacturing sector.
 Impact on different regions and states: The performance and challenges might vary across
different regions and states in India.

While "Make in India" has achieved some progress, its success remains debated. The rise in FDI and
certain sectors' production is encouraging, but concerns about job creation, focus on assembly, and
infrastructure bottlenecks demand attention.

Furthermore:

 The impact on smaller, non-corporate players within the manufacturing ecosystem needs
closer examination.
 Policy consistency and long-term vision are crucial to attract sustained investment and build
robust technological capabilities.
 The program's effectiveness in fostering innovation and export competitiveness requires
deeper evaluation.

2. Ease of Doing Business & StartUp India

Ease of Doing Business:

Achievements:

 Improved Ranking: India's ranking in the World Bank's Doing Business report has climbed
significantly, from 142nd in 2014 to 63rd in 2020. This indicates progress in areas like
starting a business, obtaining permits, and resolving insolvency.
 Streamlined Processes: Initiatives like single-window clearances, online approvals, and
reduced documentation aim to simplify procedures for businesses.
 Improved Regulatory Environment: Streamlined labor laws, relaxed foreign investment
norms, and faster dispute resolution mechanisms aim to create a more investor-friendly
environment.

Criticisms:

 Uneven Progress: Improvement across states and sectors has been uneven, with some
lagging behind. Smaller businesses might not benefit equally from reforms designed for
larger entities.
 Implementation Challenges: Delays in approvals, bureaucratic hurdles, and corruption
continue to impede ease of doing business in certain areas.
 Focus on Formal Sector: Reforms primarily target the formal sector, potentially neglecting
the challenges faced by informal businesses, a significant part of the economy.

Startup India:

Achievements:

 Increased Startup Ecosystem: The number of recognized startups has grown significantly,
creating a vibrant entrepreneurial landscape.
 Funding Boost: Initiatives like venture capital funds, angel tax exemptions, and simplified
regulations aim to increase access to funding for startups.
 Support Infrastructure: Incubators, accelerators, and skill development programs aim to
provide necessary support and resources for budding entrepreneurs.

Criticisms:

 Job Creation Concerns: Despite the rise in startups, concerns exist about job creation, with
many startups focusing on small teams and technology-driven solutions.
 Funding Gap: Access to seed funding and later-stage funding remains a challenge for many
startups, hindering their growth potential.
  Regulatory Hurdles: Despite reforms, navigating regulations and compliance requirements
can still be time-consuming and burdensome for startups.

Critical Analysis:

While both initiatives have shown promise, challenges remain. Ease of doing business improvements
need to be more inclusive and reach smaller businesses effectively. Startup India needs to address
funding gaps and regulatory hurdles to truly unleash the potential of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

3. Financial Inclusion & Digital India

Since 2014, the Indian government has prioritised financial inclusion, aiming to bring more citizens
into the formal financial system. Initiatives like Jan Dhan Yojana and Digital India have played key
roles in this endeavour.

Financial Inclusion:

Achievements:

 Increased Bank Accounts: The number of bank accounts in India has surged significantly,
particularly under Jan Dhan Yojana, providing access to essential financial services
formillions.
 Direct Benefit Transfers: Government subsidies and benefits are increasingly delivered
directly to bank accounts, reducing leakages and improving transparency.
 Growth of Digital Payments: Digital payment platforms like UPI have witnessed
exponential growth, promoting cashless transactions and financial inclusion.

Criticisms:

 Quality over Quantity: Concerns exist about the functionality and usage of many newly
opened accounts, with limited transactions and dormant accounts raising questions about true
financial inclusion.
 Rural-Urban Divide: The gap in access to and usage of financial services remains
significant, with rural areas lagging behind urban centres.
 Financial Literacy: Lack of financial literacy amongst many account holders limits their
ability to fully benefit from available services and products.

Digital India:
Achievements:

 Increased Internet Penetration: Internet access has grown rapidly, with initiatives like
BharatNet aiming to connect rural areas and bridge the digital divide.
 Digital Infrastructure Development: Government services and essential platforms are
increasingly accessible online, promoting transparency and convenience.
 Digital Literacy Programs: Initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta
Abhiyan aim to equip citizens with digital skills, fostering participation in the digital
economy.

Criticisms:

 Digital Divide Persists: Despite progress, significant disparities in internet access and digital
literacy remain, particularly in rural areas and among vulnerable groups.
 Cybersecurity Concerns: Growing online presence raises concerns about data privacy,
cybersecurity threats, and the need for robust safeguards.
 Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Inadequate infrastructure, including power supply and digital
connectivity, impedes the full potential of Digital India in certain regions.

A Critical Analysis:

While both initiatives have achieved progress, concerns around quality, inclusivity, and infrastructure
bottlenecks need to be addressed.

Furthermore:

 The impact on different demographics and income groups requires deeper analysis.
 Sustainable access to and usage of financial services and digital platforms are crucial for long-
term impact.
 Addressing affordability and digital literacy gaps is essential for true inclusivity.

4. Privatisation & Disinvestment

Sell-Off or Stimulus? Examining the Indian Government's Disinvestment Drive

The Indian government's policy of privatization and disinvestment, often used interchangeably, has
ignited a firestorm of debate. Proponents hail it as a necessary reform, while critics warn of potential
pitfalls. Let's dissect the policy, analyzing its achievements and the associated criticisms.

Achievements:
  Fiscal Boost: Disinvestment has injected much-needed capital into the government's coffers.
From 2014 to 2023, over ₹2 lakh crore has been raised, plugging budgetary gaps and funding
social welfare programs.
 Improved Efficiency: Some privatized entities have shown signs of enhanced efficiency and
profitability. For instance, Air India's operational performance has improved under private
ownership.
 Technological Upgradation: Privatization can bring in fresh investments and new
technologies, potentially modernizing aging infrastructure and boosting national
competitiveness.
 Market Dynamism: Increased private participation can inject greater competition and
innovation into various sectors, potentially benefiting consumers through better services and
lower prices.

Criticisms:

 Job Losses: Privatization often leads to job cuts, particularly in labor-intensive sectors. This
raises concerns about unemployment and social unrest, especially in vulnerable sections of
society.
 Loss of Public Control: Critics argue that selling strategic assets undermines national
interests and cedes control to private entities motivated by profit, potentially disregarding
social and environmental considerations.
 Opaque Processes: Concerns exist about transparency and fairness in the disinvestment
process, particularly regarding asset valuation and buyer selection.
 Widening Inequality: Privatization can exacerbate wealth inequality, as profits flow to
private shareholders rather than being reinvested in public services or distributed more
equitably.

The Road Ahead:

The government's disinvestment drive is a complex issue with no easy answers. While it has
demonstrably yielded some benefits, the concerns about job losses, public control, and potential
inequality cannot be ignored.

It's crucial to strike a balance: ensuring transparency, protecting vulnerable workers, and safeguarding
national interests while leveraging private capital for efficient and responsible growth. Open dialogue,
comprehensive assessments, and robust safeguards are essential for navigating this intricate path.

5. Environmental Policy & EIA Concerns

The government's environmental policy walks a tightrope between protecting our ecological heritage
and fostering economic development. Examining this balancing act requires scrutinizing both its
achievements and the concerns surrounding Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs).

Achievements:

 Renewable Energy Push: Significant investments in solar, wind, and biofuels have helped
India become a global leader in renewable energy capacity. This transition addresses climate
change concerns and reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
 Protected Areas: Expansion of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries strengthens
biodiversity conservation efforts and promotes eco-tourism.
 Clean Air Initiatives: Measures like stricter vehicle emission standards and air quality
monitoring programs aim to curb air pollution in major cities.
 Water Conservation Programs: Schemes like rainwater harvesting and river rejuvenation
projects strive to address water scarcity and improve water management.

Criticisms:

 EIA Scrutiny: Concerns exist about the effectiveness of EIAs in identifying and mitigating
environmental impacts. Critics allege rushed assessments, inadequate public consultations,
and industry influence weakening EIA efficacy.
 Industrial Expansions: Fast-tracking clearances for certain projects raises concerns about
bypassing robust environmental safeguards, potentially harming fragile ecosystems and local
communities.
 Pollution Persists: Despite initiatives, air and water pollution remain major challenges in
many regions, requiring stronger enforcement and stricter regulations.
 Climate Action Ambiguity: While renewable energy investments are commendable, critics
demand clearer targets and more ambitious strategies to meet India's climate commitments.

The Road Ahead:

The government's environmental policy faces the monumental task of balancing development and
environmental protection. While initiatives show progress, concerns about EIA effectiveness and
potential trade-offs demand attention.

Moving forward, it's crucial to:

 Strengthen EIAs: Ensure independent, rigorous assessments with robust public participation
and incorporate long-term ecological considerations.
  Prioritize Sustainability: Promote sustainable development practices across industries,
integrating environmental concerns into economic planning.
 Enhance Transparency: Increase transparency in decision-making, project clearances, and
EIA processes to build public trust and address concerns.
 Community Engagement: Actively engage local communities affected by projects, ensuring
their voices are heard and potential negative impacts mitigated.

G. Transport & Infrastructure Creation

1. Economic & Industrial Corridors

The Indian government's ambitious plan to construct industrial and economic corridors across the
country has sparked a lively debate. Proponents hail it as a catalyst for economic growth and
infrastructure development, while critics raise concerns about potential downsides. Let's dive into the
achievements and criticisms surrounding this transformative policy.

Achievements:

 Boosting Infrastructure: The corridors aim to provide seamless multimodal connectivity

through upgraded roads, railways, airports, and waterways, leading to improved logistics and
reduced transportation costs.
 Industrial Development: These corridors are envisioned as hubs for targeted industries,
attracting investments, creating jobs, and fostering economic activity in designated regions.
 Smart Cities: Integrated with the corridors, the plan for smart cities aims to create
sustainable urban centers with improved living standards, attracting skilled workforce and
fostering innovation.
 Regional Balance: Strategically located corridors aim to address regional imbalances by
spreading economic opportunities beyond established industrial zones, leading to inclusive
development.

Criticisms:

 Land Acquisition Concerns: Concerns persist regarding the displacement of local

communities due to land acquisition for corridor development. Adequate compensation,
rehabilitation measures, and community engagement are crucial.
  Environmental Impact: Environmental assessments and mitigation plans are critical to
address potential ecological damage caused by large-scale infrastructure projects and
industrial expansion.
 Sustainability Questions: Ensuring sustainable and responsible development within the
corridors requires robust regulations, efficient resource management, and adherence to green
infrastructure principles.
 Inequitable Benefits: Critics argue that benefits might not be evenly distributed, potentially
exacerbating existing regional disparities and social inequalities. Inclusive growth strategies
and targeted interventions are needed.

The Road Ahead:

The success of India's industrial corridor policy hinges on addressing these concerns and ensuring
equitable development. Here's what needs attention:

 Transparency and Participation: Transparent and inclusive decision-making processes

involving all stakeholders, including local communities, are crucial for building trust and
addressing concerns.
 Sustainability Focus: Integrating sustainable practices throughout the planning, construction,
and operational phases of the corridors is vital to minimize environmental impact and ensure
long-term viability.
 Skill Development: Investments in skill development programs aligned with the industries
targeted within the corridors are essential to equip local communities to benefit from job
opportunities.
 Monitoring and Evaluation: Robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are needed to
assess the impact of the corridors on various aspects, including economic growth, job
creation, social equity, and environmental sustainability, allowing for course correction as
needed.

2. Expressways & Bharatmala Pariyojana

The Indian government's focus on building expressways and the ambitious Bharatmala Pariyojana
program have ignited a national conversation. Proponents celebrate their potential to boost
connectivity, trade, and economic growth, while critics raise concerns about environmental impact,
financial viability, and social equity. Let's explore both sides of the coin.

Achievements:
  Faster Connectivity: Expressways promise shorter travel times, improved logistics
efficiency, and enhanced connectivity between major cities and industrial hubs, potentially
boosting trade and economic activity.
 Bharatmala Vision: The Bharatmala Pariyojana aims to create a network of inter-connected
highways, including expressways, ring roads, and coastal corridors, envisioned to improve
national freight movement and reduce congestion.
 Job Creation: Construction and maintenance of expressways and associated infrastructure
generate employment opportunities, potentially benefiting local communities.
 Tourism Boost: Improved connectivity through expressways could facilitate tourism by
making travel to popular destinations faster and more convenient.

Criticisms:

 Environmental Toll: Expressways can fragment habitats, disrupt wildlife corridors, and lead
to deforestation, raising concerns about their impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
 Land Acquisition Issues: Land acquisition for expressway projects disrupts livelihoods and
raises concerns about fair compensation and rehabilitation of displaced communities.
 Financial Viability: Critics question the financial feasibility of some expressway projects,
fearing excessive dependence on toll revenue and potential burden on public finances.
 Social Equity Concerns: Critics argue that expressway benefits might not be evenly
distributed, potentially bypassing rural areas and exacerbating regional disparities.

The Road Ahead:

Navigating the complexities of expressway development and the Bharatmala Pariyojana necessitates a
balanced approach:

 Environmental Safeguards: Implementing stringent environmental assessments, mitigation

plans, and wildlife conservation measures is crucial to minimize ecological damage.
 Sustainable Practices: Adopting sustainable construction technologies, promoting green
infrastructure, and offsetting carbon emissions are vital for reducing the environmental
footprint.
 Fair Compensation and Rehabilitation: Ensuring fair compensation, transparent land
acquisition processes, and effective rehabilitation programs for displaced communities is
essential.
 Financial Prudence: Thorough cost-benefit analyses, exploring alternative funding models,
and ensuring financial sustainability are key to project viability.
  Inclusive Development: Designing expressway networks and corridors to integrate rural
areas and ensure equitable access to economic opportunities is crucial for inclusive growth.

3. Urban Development & Smart City Program

Smart Dreams, Grounded Realities: Examining India's Urban Development & Smart City Program

The Indian government's Smart City Mission aimed to transform 100 cities into beacons of
technology- driven, sustainable living. But five years in, the program's journey is paved with both
achievements and criticisms, raising questions about its future trajectory.

Achievements:

Infrastructure Upgrade: Many cities have seen improvements in core infrastructure like water supply,
sanitation, and waste management, enhancing quality of life for residents.

Tech Integration: Public transportation systems, traffic management, and city governance have
embraced technology in some cities, improving efficiency and accessibility.

Economic Growth: Investments in smart solutions have attracted businesses and spurred economic
activity in some participating cities.

Citizen Participation: Online platforms and community engagement initiatives in some cities have
fostered transparency and inclusivity in decision-making.

Criticisms:

Implementation Gaps: Several cities lag behind in meeting program targets due to budgetary
constraints, bureaucratic hurdles, and lack of technical expertise.

Limited Impact: Critics argue the program's impact hasn't reached underserved communities, raising
concerns about equitable development.

Tech Focus Over Inclusivity: Concerns exist about prioritizing expensive technology over addressing
fundamental issues like affordable housing and healthcare.
Sustainability Questions: The long-term sustainability of implemented solutions and their adaptability
to changing needs are questioned.

The Road Ahead:

The Smart City Mission has shown promise, but navigating its future course requires addressing these
concerns:

Focus on Core Issues: Prioritize basic infrastructure and service delivery for all residents before
scaling up tech-driven solutions.

Data Governance Concerns: Address concerns regarding data privacy and security while leveraging
technology for public good.

Financial Sustainability: Explore innovative financing models to ensure long-term project viability and
reduce dependence on central funding.

Community-driven Approach: Involve communities in planning and implementation to ensure solutions

respond to their needs and aspirations.

Beyond 100 Cities:

The program's reach can extend beyond the initial 100 cities by:

Sharing Best Practices: Documenting and sharing learnings from successful projects across cities to
facilitate knowledge exchange and replication.

Focus on Regional Development: Integrate smart city initiatives into broader regional development
plans for cohesive and inclusive growth.

Capacity Building: Provide training and resources to empower smaller cities and towns to adopt smart
city principles within their existing capacities.

4. Indian Railways Electrification & Upgradation

The Indian Railways, the lifeblood of the nation, are undergoing a major transformation through the
government's electrification and upgradation drive. This ambitious plan promises cleaner, faster, and
more efficient trains, but questions linger about its progress and potential roadblocks. Let's dissect the
policy, analyzing its achievements and the associated criticisms.

Achievements:

Greener Locomotives: Electrification significantly reduces reliance on fossil fuels, slashing carbon
emissions and contributing to India's climate goals. As of March 2023, nearly 90% of the broad-gauge
network is electrified, marking a significant green stride.

Faster Journeys: Electric locomotives offer higher speeds, potentially reducing travel times and
improving connectivity, especially on key passenger routes. Some upgraded sections have witnessed
speed increases of up to 25%.

Operational Efficiency: Electric traction offers lower operating costs compared to diesel, potentially
improving the financial health of the Indian Railways and freeing up resources for further upgrades.

Modernization Push: The upgradation drive encompasses station modernisation, improved passenger
amenities, and introduction of modern trains like Vande Bharat, aiming to enhance the overall travel
experience.

Criticisms:

Project Delays: Despite progress, electrification faces delays due to land acquisition hurdles, funding
constraints, and bureaucratic bottlenecks. Concerns remain about meeting the 2023 deadline for
complete broad-gauge electrification.

Uneven Distribution: Critics argue that benefits are not evenly distributed, with major trunk routes
receiving priority while branch lines and rural areas lag behind, potentially widening regional
disparities.

Displacement Concerns: Land acquisition for infrastructure upgrades can displace communities,
raising concerns about compensation and rehabilitation. Ensuring a socially just approach is crucial.
Financial Viability: While operational costs might decrease, the high upfront investment in
electrification and modernization projects requires sustainable funding models and careful cost
management.

The Road Ahead:

The Indian Railways' electrification and upgradation drive holds immense potential, but navigating
the challenges is vital. Here's what's crucial:

Streamlining Processes: Addressing land acquisition hurdles, expediting clearances, and ensuring
efficient project management are essential to meet deadlines and avoid cost overruns.

Focus on Rural Connectivity: Extending electrification and upgrades to branch lines and rural areas is
crucial for inclusive development and bridging the regional divide.

Community Engagement: Transparent communication and ensuring fair compensation and

rehabilitation for displaced communities are key to building trust and addressing social concerns.

Sustainable Funding: Exploring innovative financing models like public-private partnerships and
leveraging green bonds can help achieve financial sustainability for long-term maintenance and
further upgrades.

Transforming the Indian Railways is a marathon, not a sprint. While the electrification and
upgradation drive has shown promise, addressing the criticisms and ensuring a comprehensive,
inclusive, and sustainable approach will be critical for its ultimate success. Only then can India's vast
rail network truly deliver on its promise of a cleaner, faster, and more equitable future for all.

5. Vande Bharat, DFC, RapidX & Bullet Train

India's transportation landscape is on the cusp of a major transformation, driven by ambitious projects
like Vande Bharat, Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC), RapidX, and the much-anticipated Bullet
Train. While these initiatives promise faster journeys, increased efficiency, and economic growth,
concerns linger about their feasibility, impact, and sustainability. Let's examine both the achievements
and criticisms associated with each project.
Vande Bharat:

Achievements:

Indigenous Development: India's first semi-high-speed train, built domestically, showcasing

technological advancements and reducing dependence on foreign imports.

Faster Travel: Reduces travel time on specific routes, improving intercity connectivity and
convenience for passengers.

Enhanced Comfort: Features modern amenities and improved passenger experience compared to
conventional trains.

Criticisms:

High Cost: Ticket prices remain higher than conventional trains, potentially limiting accessibility for
budget-conscious travelers.

Maintenance Concerns: Long-term durability and maintenance costs are yet to be fully assessed.

DFC:

Achievements:

Dedicated Network: Exclusive freight corridor aims to decongest passenger lines and increase freight
capacity, boosting logistics efficiency.

Reduced Costs: Lower transportation costs for businesses are expected to improve market
competitiveness and potentially benefit consumers.

Modern Infrastructure: Incorporates advanced technologies for faster, safer, and more reliable freight
movement.

Criticisms:
High Project Cost: Huge financial investment raises concerns about long-term financial viability and
potential burden on public finances.

Land Acquisition Issues: Displacement of communities due to land acquisition has created social and
environmental concerns.

Operational Challenges: Ensuring smooth integration with existing network and efficient operations
requires careful planning and execution.

RapidX:

Achievements:

Rapid Transit: Aims to provide faster intercity connectivity within metropolitan regions, reducing
commute times and congestion.

Modern Technology: Uses advanced technologies like elevated tracks and automated trains for
efficiency and safety.

Reduced Pollution: Potential to reduce reliance on personal vehicles, contributing to cleaner air in urban
areas.

Criticisms:

Limited Scope: Currently in initial stages, with concerns about scalability and long-term funding for
expansion.

Environmental Impact: Elevated tracks may disrupt urban landscapes and require careful assessment of
environmental impact.

Financial Viability: Concerns exist about profitability and potential burden on passengers through
high ticket prices.

Bullet Train:
Achievements:

High-Speed Travel: Promises significantly reduced travel time between major cities, revolutionizing
intercity transportation.

Technological Advancement: Collaboration with Japan brings advanced technology and knowledge
transfer, boosting domestic capabilities.

Economic Boost: Expected to create jobs, attract investments, and stimulate economic activity along
the corridor.

Criticisms:

Massive Cost: Extremely high project cost raises concerns about affordability, public debt, and
potential diversion of resources from other priorities.

Social Impact: Displacement of communities due to land acquisition and potential disruption to local
ecosystems require careful mitigation strategies.

Demand Uncertainties: Uncertainties about long-term ridership and ticket affordability raise questions
about financial sustainability.

The Road Ahead:

The success of these ambitious projects hinges on addressing the outlined concerns. Transparent
decision-making, environmental sustainability, equitable development, and financial prudence are
crucial. Continuous evaluation, data-driven approaches, and public engagement are essential for
navigating the challenges and unlocking the true potential of India's high-speed dreams.

6. Port Development & Inland Waterways

India's vast coastline and extensive network of rivers hold immense potential for trade and economic
growth. The government's policy on port development and inland waterways aims to harness this
potential, but the journey faces both progress and challenges. Let's navigate these waters, exploring
the policy's achievements and its critics' concerns.
Achievements:

Sagarmala Project: This flagship program aims to modernize 13 major ports, develop new ones, and
create efficient coastal and inland waterways, boosting maritime trade and logistics. Progress on
projects like coastal highways and multimodal logistics parks is encouraging.

Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI): Focuses on developing and maintaining national
waterways, offering cheaper and environmentally friendly freight transport. Several stretches have
been operationalized, improving connectivity in key regions.

Private Participation: Encouraging private investment in port development and waterway operations
aims to modernize infrastructure, bring in expertise, and improve efficiency. Some port projects have
witnessed successful participation.

Skill Development: Initiatives like the Sagarmala Seafarers Development Programme aim to train and
upskill the workforce for jobs in the maritime sector, addressing the industry's manpower needs.

Criticisms:

Environmental Concerns: Port expansion and dredging raise concerns about coastal ecosystems and
marine life. Balancing development with environmental protection requires stricter regulations and
robust impact assessments.

Displacement and Livelihoods: Concerns exist about local communities potentially displaced by port
development projects. Livelihoods must be protected through proper rehabilitation and compensation
measures.

Funding Constraints: Achieving ambitious development goals requires substantial investments. Critics
argue that government funding might not suffice, and innovative financing models are needed.

Hinterland Connectivity: Critics argue that developing ports and waterways alone is not enough.
Efficient hinterland connectivity through roads and railways is crucial for maximizing benefits and
ensuring smooth cargo movement.

The Road Ahead:

Optimizing India's port and waterway potential requires navigating these challenges effectively. Here
are some key considerations:

Sustainable Development: Balancing economic growth with environmental protection is crucial.

Stringent environmental safeguards, ecosystem restoration efforts, and sustainable practices are
essential.

Community Engagement: Engaging local communities throughout the planning and development
process is key to addressing concerns and ensuring their participation in the benefits.

Funding Strategies: Exploring public-private partnerships, leveraging innovative financing models,

and attracting foreign investments can supplement government funds and accelerate development.

Holistic Approach: Prioritizing seamless integration of ports, waterways, and hinterland infrastructure
is crucial for efficient multimodal connectivity and maximizing logistical benefits.

India's policy on port development and inland waterways holds immense potential for propelling
economic growth and trade. By addressing the concerns, adopting sustainable practices, and ensuring
inclusive development, this policy can truly navigate the choppy waters and steer India towards a
brighter maritime future.

7. New Airports & Upgradation

The Indian government's ambitious plan to build new airports and upgrade existing ones has captured
the imagination of a nation eager for enhanced connectivity. But, like any ambitious project, it faces
both applause and skepticism. Let's take a closer look at the achievements and criticisms surrounding
this policy.

Taking Off:
Boosting Connectivity: New airports in underserved regions aim to bridge connectivity gaps,
unlocking economic potential and tourism opportunities. Upgraded facilities at existing airports
promise smoother travel experiences.

Infrastructure Development: Building and upgrading airports creates jobs, stimulates infrastructure
development in adjoining areas, and attracts investments.

Regional Growth: Improved air connectivity can act as a catalyst for regional development, promoting
business opportunities and cultural exchange.

Modernization: Upgrading existing airports with newer technologies and passenger-centric facilities
enhances efficiency, service quality, and operational capacity.

Turbulence Ahead:

Financial Viability: Concerns exist about the financial viability of new airports, particularly in less-
populated regions. Studies and robust demand forecasts are crucial to avoid white elephants.

Environmental Impact: Building new airports and expanding existing ones can pose environmental
concerns like noise pollution, land acquisition, and ecological disruption. Sustainable practices and
stringent environmental safeguards are essential.

Privatization Concerns: While private participation can bring in resources and expertise, transparency
and fair bidding processes are critical to address concerns about cronyism and potential neglect of
public service aspects.

Regional Imbalances: Critics argue that the focus on certain regions might exacerbate existing
disparities, calling for a balanced approach to airport development across the country.

Navigating the Skies:

To ensure smooth sailing, the government needs to:

Conduct thorough feasibility studies: Assess demand, financial viability, and potential environmental
impact before greenlighting new airports.
Prioritize sustainability: Implement strict environmental regulations, explore eco-friendly construction
practices, and minimize land acquisition through efficient use of space.

Ensure transparency and fairness: Uphold transparent bidding processes for private participation and
prioritize public-private partnerships that serve the common good.

Focus on balanced development: Distribute airport development strategically across regions,

considering not just economic potential but also connectivity needs and regional equity.

H. Core Issues

1. Abrogation of Article 370 and Section 35A and situation thereafter

The revocation of Article 370 and Section 35A of the Indian Constitution in August 2019 remains a
contentious issue with profound political, social, and economic ramifications. Understanding the
background, the nuances of the situation, and the ongoing developments is crucial for forming an
informed opinion. Background: Article 370 granted Jammu and Kashmir a special status within India,
allowing it to have its own constitution and legislative autonomy in matters excluding defense, foreign
affairs, communication, and currency. Section 35A further restricted outsiders from acquiring
property, settling permanently, or voting in the state, aiming to preserve the region's unique
demographic and cultural identity. Trigger and Justification: The Indian government justified the
abrogation citing several reasons:

• National integration: They argued that the special status created a barrier to full integration and
hindered development.

• Ending terrorism: The government linked the special status to fueling separatist movements and
cross- border terrorism.

• Promoting development: They believed removing the restrictions would attract investments and
accelerate economic growth. Reactions and Consequences: The move elicited strong reactions within
and outside India:

• Opposition: Numerous Kashmiris and opposition parties vehemently opposed the move, deeming it
unconstitutional, undemocratic, and detrimental to the region's identity.

• International Concerns: Several international communities raised concerns about human rights
violations and potential escalation of tensions with Pakistan.
• Social Impact: Many Kashmiris felt alienated and apprehensive about demographic changes and
potential erosion of their cultural identity.

• Security: Security measures and restrictions increased in the region, leading to sporadic protests and
incidents of violence, although their intensity has subsided compared to 2019.

• Political Restructuring: The state was bifurcated into two Union Territories – Jammu and Kashmir,
and Ladakh – with the former undergoing its first local elections in 2020, marked by low voter turnout
in Kashmir.

Economic Landscape: While the government aims to boost economic activity through investments and
infrastructure development, the short-term impact has been significant:

• Tourism: A key sector in Kashmir, it suffered severely due to lockdowns and travel restrictions
following the abrogation.

• Investment: While some new investments have materialized, overall economic activity remains
subdued.

• Infrastructure Development: Focus is placed on infrastructure projects, but their long-term benefits
are yet to be fully realized. The Road Ahead: The situation in Jammu and Kashmir remains complex
and evolving. Several legal challenges continue, and the long-term implications of the abrogation are
still unfolding. It is crucial to acknowledge the diverse perspectives on the issue, engage in nuanced
discussions, and monitor developments to understand the future trajectory of the region. Key
Takeaways:

• The abrogation of Article 370 and 35A remains a highly contested issue with significant political,
social, and economic implications.

• Understanding the background, justifications, reactions, and ongoing developments is crucial for
forming an informed opinion.

• The situation is complex and multifaceted, with diverse perspectives and uncertain long-term
impacts. Further Resources:

• Supreme Court Verdict

• BBC Analysis: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-67634689

2. Ayodhya Ram Mandir verdict and Consecration

Paving the way for the Ram temple, the SC directed on 9 November 2019 that the possession of the
disputed 2.77-acre land was Ram Lalla Viraajmaan’s (the personification of the Hindu God), whom it
identified as a juristic person. The Centre must within three months formulate a scheme to set up a
trust and hand the land to it. “[It] shall make necessary provisions in regard to the functioning of the
trust or body including... the construction of a temple and all necessary... matters,” the apex court
said.

• The court directed the Centre and UP government to allot 5 acres of land at an alternative site in
Ayodhya within three months to the Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque. “The land shall
be allotted either by the Central government out of the land acquired under the Ayodhya Act 1993 or
the state govt (UP) at a suitable prominent place in Ayodhya... The Sunni Central Waqf Board would
be at liberty... to take all necessary steps for the construction of a mosque,” the court said.

The Supreme Court's verdict on the Ayodhya dispute and the subsequent consecration of the Ram
Mandir in January 2024 remains politically charged events with far-reaching implications. Here's a
breakdown of the political landscape from various perspectives: Nationalist Politics and Hindutva:

• Triumph for BJP: The verdict and temple consecration were seen as a major victory for the BJP and
its Hindutva ideology, fulfilling a decades-old promise to build the temple. This strengthened the
party's image among its core Hindu nationalist base and potentially helped solidify its support in
upcoming elections.

• Consolidation of Hindu Identity: The events further consolidated a national Hindu identity, with
widespread celebrations and media coverage focusing on the religious significance of the temple.
However, critics argue that these risks marginalizing Muslim communities and promoting
majoritarianism. Opposition and Minority Concerns:

• Unsettled Concerns: While accepting the verdict, opposition parties voiced concerns about the
process, highlighting the demolition of the Babri Masjid and potential marginalization of Muslims.
This resonates with some sections of society, keeping the issue simmering beneath the surface.

• Future Relationship with Muslims: The long legal battle and continued social unease raise questions
about the future relationship between Hindus and Muslims in India. Fostering interfaith dialogue and
promoting inclusivity will be crucial to address these concerns. Secularism and Constitutional
Questions:

• Debate on Secularism: The events reignited the debate on India's secular character, with critics
arguing that the state's involvement in the temple construction undermines its neutrality. This fuels
concerns about the potential erosion of secular principles in the long run.
• Legal Precedents: The Supreme Court verdict, based on faith and belief rather than established legal
title, set a unique precedent. This has legal implications for other religious property disputes and
raises questions about the future application of secular principles in legal judgments.

International Perception:

• Global Scrutiny: The developments attracted international attention, with concerns raised about
minority rights and religious freedom in India. This added complexity to India's foreign relations and
necessitated careful diplomatic navigation. Beyond Immediate Politics:

• Social Impact: The long-term social impact of these events requires continued monitoring. While
some see it as a closure to a historical dispute, others fear it could exacerbate social tensions and
Hindu- Muslim relations.

• Economic Opportunities: The temple construction and Ayodhya's religious significance hold
potential for tourism and economic development in the region. However, managing this development
responsibly and inclusively is crucial to avoid exacerbating existing inequalities. Long-Term
Implications:

• The long-term impact of the verdict and consecration remains to be seen. While it has brought some
closure to the decades-long dispute, it might also have unintended consequences.

• The potential for increased communal tensions and the need for continued interfaith dialogue and
reconciliation efforts cannot be ignored.

• The event's impact on the upcoming elections and the broader political discourse in India is yet to
unfold. Moving Forward:

• The Ayodhya verdict and temple consecration represent a significant political moment in India's
history. While celebrating the resolution of a long-standing dispute, it's crucial to acknowledge the
diverse perspectives, address lingering concerns, and foster inclusivity to ensure lasting peace and
social harmony.

• The exclusion of Muslims from the Ayodhya site and the allocation of a separate land for a mosque
has drawn criticism from some quarters.

• The involvement of the Prime Minister in the consecration ceremony further fuelled concerns about
the government's neutrality and adherence to secular principles.

• The international community has expressed concerns about the implications of the verdict and the
potential for religious discrimination.
3. Anti-Corruption & Lokpal

C orruption remains a persistent challenge in India, impacting everything from public services to
business development. To combat this menace, the government has implemented various measures,
including the landmark Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013. Let's analyze both the achievements and
criticisms associated with these anti-corruption endeavors.

Achievements:

Lokpal Establishment: The Lokpal, an independent anti-corruption ombudsman, was finally

established after years of public pressure, empowering it to investigate allegations of corruption
against high- ranking public officials, including the Prime Minister.

Increased Focus: The Lokpal Act brought renewed focus on anti-corruption measures, leading to the
creation of state-level Lokayuktas and raising public awareness about reporting corruption.

Deterrence Effect: The Lokpal's presence might deter potential offenders from indulging in corrupt
practices, especially due to the fear of investigation and prosecution.

Initial Investigations: The Lokpal has initiated investigations into some high-profile cases, sending a
message that no one is above scrutiny.

Criticisms:

Limited Powers: Critics argue that the Lokpal lacks adequate investigative powers, relying on other
agencies like the CBI, potentially hindering its effectiveness and independence.

Staffing and Infrastructure Concerns: Concerns exist about the Lokpal's understaffing and lack of
proper infrastructure, which might impede its ability to handle a large volume of complaints and
conduct thorough investigations.

Overburdened Judiciary: The increased number of corruption cases due to the Lokpal might
overburden the already strained judicial system, leading to delays in trials and justice.

Political Interference: Concerns linger about potential political interference in the Lokpal's
functioning, hindering its ability to conduct impartial investigations.
Beyond Lokpal:

While the Lokpal is a crucial step, broader anti-corruption efforts are necessary:

Transparency and Accountability: Strengthening transparency in government procedures and

promoting public access to information can deter corruption.

Empowering Whistle-blowers: Robust whistle-blower protection mechanisms with swift action

against reprisals are crucial for encouraging people to report corruption.

Fast-track Courts: Establishing dedicated fast-track courts for corruption cases can expedite trials and
ensure timely justice.

Public Awareness: Continuous public awareness campaigns can educate citizens about their rights,
encourage reporting of corruption, and foster a culture of integrity.

The Road Ahead:

Combating corruption effectively requires a multi-pronged approach. While the Lokpal holds
promise, its success hinges on addressing its limitations and strengthening complementary initiatives.
Ensuring transparency, empowering whistleblowers, speeding up trials, and raising public awareness
are all crucial components of a successful anti-corruption strategy. Only then can India truly make
headway towards a corruption-free future.

4. Hindutva Revivalism

The rise of Hindutva ideology in India, advocating for a Hindu nationalist identity, has sparked
passionate debate within the nation and across the globe. The current government's policies, often
viewed as aligned with this ideology, have garnered both support and criticism, generating a complex
political landscape. To understand this issue, it's crucial to examine arguments from both sides:

Advocates of the Government's Approach:

Cultural revival: Proponents argue that promoting Hindu traditions and heritage strengthens national
identity and pride. They see it as reclaiming India's past glory and countering historical narratives
seen as biased against Hinduism.

Social reforms: Some hail policies like the Uniform Civil Code, aiming for a standardized set of
personal laws, as fostering equality and eliminating religious discrimination within the Hindu
community.

Security and unity: Supporters claim stricter national security measures and emphasis on Hindu unity
address issues like separatism and terrorism, promoting overall stability.

Critics of the Government's Approach:

Marginalization: Critics argue that policies prioritizing Hindu identity exclude and discriminate
against religious minorities, violating India's secular constitution. This fear escalates due to incidents
of violence and hate speech.

Erosion of democracy: Concerns exist about diminishing freedom of expression and dissent, with
measures seen as silencing critical voices and curtailing civil liberties.

Hindutva's historical baggage: Critics point to historical associations of Hindutva with violence and
exclusion, leading to anxieties about potential religious conflict and social unrest.

Economic concerns: Some argue that focusing on religious identity detracts from addressing pressing
economic challenges like poverty and unemployment, impacting all communities.

5. Cultural Nationalism

India, a nation boasting rich diversity and complex history, finds itself at the crossroads of cultural
nationalism. The current government's emphasis on promoting a shared national identity based on
Hindu cultural values sparks both enthusiasm and apprehension. To understand this phenomenon, we
must examine its potential benefits and drawbacks.
Advocates of cultural nationalism see it as a unifying force. They argue that a shared cultural identity
fosters national pride, strengthens social cohesion, and protects cherished traditions. They believe it
promotes a sense of belonging, especially among marginalized communities seeking recognition
within the national narrative. Additionally, they see it as a bulwark against foreign influences and
cultural homogenization in a globalized world.

However, critics raise concerns about the potential exclusion of minority communities, particularly
Muslims and Christians, who may not identify with the specific cultural markers emphasized. They
argue that imposing a dominant cultural narrative risks stifling diverse expressions and creating an
atmosphere of intolerance. The fear of religious discrimination and marginalization can further widen
social divides and hinder social progress. Furthermore, they express concerns that an emphasis on
cultural homogeneity can stifle critical thinking and impede cultural evolution.

The debate extends beyond religious identity. Supporters argue that cultural nationalism can act as a
catalyst for economic development by fostering patriotism and a shared vision for the nation's future.
They believe it can strengthen national self-esteem and encourage citizens to work collectively
towards progress.

Opponents, however, caution against conflating cultural pride with economic success. They argue that
focusing solely on cultural revivalism can distract from crucial social and economic reforms needed
for genuine progress. They also warn against using cultural nationalism as a tool for economic
protectionism, which can hinder global integration and limit opportunities for growth.

The path forward necessitates a nuanced approach. Striking a balance between celebrating shared
heritage and ensuring inclusivity for diverse communities is key. Fostering a national identity that
embraces plurality and respects individual expression is critical to prevent cultural nationalism from
becoming divisive and discriminatory. Open dialogue, respectful discourse, and a commitment to
inclusivity are essential to navigate this complex terrain and ensure that India's cultural landscape
continues to flourish in its richness and diversity.

6. Administrative Reforms
Administrative Reforms by the BJP Government (2014-2024):

Institutional Restructuring:

Replacing Planning Commission with NITI Aayog: In 2015, the government replaced the Planning
Commission, established in 1950, with NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India).
This aimed to shift from top-down planning to a more collaborative and knowledge-based approach
with participation from states and private sector.

Creation of New Ministries: Several new ministries were created, including Ministry of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship, Ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and
Homeopathy), and Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. This aimed to address emerging sectors
and improve focus on specific areas.

Electoral Reforms:

Change in Election Commissioners Appointment Process: In 2020, the government amended the law,
giving itself more power in the selection of Election Commissioners, raising concerns about potential
threats to electoral independence.

One Nation, One Election (ONE): The government proposed this reform to hold simultaneous Lok
Sabha and state assembly elections, but it faces legal and political challenges.

Judicial Reforms:

E-Courts Mission: Launched in 2007, this aims to improve judicial infrastructure and delivery through
technology, including online filing, e-payments, and virtual hearings.

Gram Nyayalayas (Village Courts): Established in rural areas to provide easier access to justice for
villagers.

National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC): Proposed to replace the collegium system for
appointing judges, but the Supreme Court struck it down in 2015.

Other Reforms:
Land Acquisition Act, 2013: Amended in 2016 to make land acquisition for development projects
easier, but faced criticism for weakening safeguards for farmers and tribals.

Labour Reforms: Introduced reforms to make labor laws more flexible, aiming to attract investments
and improve ease of doing business, but facing opposition from trade unions.

GeM (Government e-Marketplace): Launched in 2016 for online procurement of goods and services
by government agencies, aiming to improve transparency and efficiency.

It is important to note that these reforms are complex and have been met with mixed reactions. Some
have been praised for their positive impact, while others have been criticized for their potential
negative consequences.

7. Insurgency & Militancy

India grapples with several insurgency and militancy issues, posing significant security and
developmental challenges. These issues vary across regions, often intertwining with historical
grievances, socio-economic disparities, and external influences.

1. Protracted Conflicts and Fragile Peace Processes:

Issue: Many insurgencies like those in Kashmir and the Northeast drag on for decades, leading to
fatigue and cynicism towards peace talks.

Recent Example: In Afghanistan, despite peace talks with the Taliban, violence continues,
highlighting the difficulties of ending long-standing conflicts.

2. Cross-Border Support and Sanctuaries:

Issue: Neighbouring countries like Pakistan (allegedly) and Myanmar have been accused of providing
support and safe havens to insurgent groups, complicating conflict resolution.

•
Recent Example: The presence of Rohingya insurgents in Myanmar and their links to groups in India's
Northeast raise concerns about cross-border infiltration and support.

3. Radicalization and Ideological Motivations:

Issue: The rise of extremist ideologies can fuel insurgencies, attracting recruits beyond local
grievances and making them harder to resolve.

Recent Example: The Islamic State's influence in Afghanistan and beyond demonstrates how extremist
ideologies can transcend borders and exacerbate regional instability.

4. Impact on Development and Human Rights:

Issue: Insurgency and militancy often hamper development initiatives, displace populations, and lead
to human rights violations by both rebels and security forces.

Recent Example: The ongoing conflict in Myanmar has displaced millions, highlighting the
humanitarian cost of insurgency.

5. Balancing Security and Political Dialogue:

Issue: Striking a balance between security measures and addressing core grievances through political
dialogue is crucial for sustainable solutions.

Recent Example: Sri Lanka's struggle to address Tamil grievances after decades of civil war
underscores the importance of political solutions alongside security measures.

I. Controversial Decisions & Policies

1. Farms Laws & Subsequent Repulsion

The three Farm Laws, passed by the Indian government in 2020, and the subsequent farmer protests
that erupted in response, constitute a complex and multifaceted story with significant economic,
social, and political implications. Here's a breakdown: The Farm Laws:

• The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce Act: This allowed farmers to bypass state-regulated
mandis (markets) and sell directly to buyers, promising greater market access and potentially higher
prices.

• The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act:
This facilitated contract farming agreements between farmers and companies, offering pre-determined
prices for crops and potentially reducing market risks.

• The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act: This removed stockholding limits on certain
essential commodities, aiming to boost market efficiency and stabilize prices. Farmer Protests:

• However, these reforms were met with suspicion and fear from a large segment of farmers, primarily
in Punjab and Haryana. They worried that the dismantling of the mandi system would leave them
vulnerable to exploitation by large corporations, with no guarantee of fair prices or stable income. The
MSP (Minimum Support Price) system, a safety net for farmers, was also seen as at risk.

• Massive protests erupted, with farmers camping at Delhi borders for over a year. The movement,
spearheaded by the Samyukta Kisan Morcha (SKM), gained international attention and support,
highlighting the concerns of Indian agriculture. The government initially defended the laws, citing
long- term benefits and increased market access, but the unwavering protests and mounting pressure
eventually led to a complete repeal in November 2021.

• Concerns and Fears: Farmers, primarily from Punjab and Haryana, expressed concerns that the laws
would dismantle the existing mandi system, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation by large
corporations. They also feared losing minimum support price (MSP) guarantees and facing volatile
market prices.

• Large-scale Protests: Massive protests erupted, with farmers camping at Delhi borders for over a
year, demanding the repeal of the laws. The protests gained international attention and support from
various groups.

• Government Response: The government initially defended the laws, citing benefits for farmers and
increased market access. However, after months of protests and negotiations, they eventually repealed
all three laws in November 2021. Aftermath and Current Situation:
• Lingering Concerns: While the repeal was a victory for the farmers, some concerns remain
unaddressed. MSP guarantees haven't been strengthened, and alternative market reforms haven't been
proposed, leading to continued scepticism.

• Fresh Protests: In February 2024, a new wave of protests emerged, demanding solutions to these
outstanding issues and accusing the government of failing to fulfil its promises.

• Political Fallout: The farm protests have impacted the political landscape, with the BJP facing
criticism for its initial handling of the situation. The issue continues to be a point of contention and
may influence future elections.

• The protests highlighted the deep-seated issues faced by Indian agriculture, including inadequate
infrastructure, volatile market prices, and farmer indebtedness.

• The debate around the farm laws and reforms in the agricultural sector is likely to continue, with
different stakeholders advocating for varying solutions.

• Understanding the complex perspectives and motivations of all parties involved is crucial for
forming a well-informed opinion on this issue

2. Citizenship Amendment Act

The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), passed in December 2019, ignited a firestorm of debate and
nationwide protests in India. Let's delve into the complexities of this legislation, examining both its
stated accomplishments and the criticisms levelled against it.

Claimed Achievements:

Expedited Citizenship for Persecuted Minorities: The Act aims to expedite citizenship for persecuted
religious minorities (Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis) from Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, and Pakistan, who entered India before December 31, 2014. Proponents argue it offers
refuge to vulnerable communities facing religious persecution in neighboring countries.

Addressing Historical Anomaly: Supporters claim the Act corrects a historical anomaly by providing
a pathway to citizenship for non-Muslim refugees who migrated due to religious persecution pre-
dating the partition of India.
Criticisms and Concerns:

Exclusion Based on Religion: Critics argue the Act discriminates based on religion, excluding
persecuted Muslim minorities, and violating the Constitution's principle of equality. This
raisesconcerns about its compatibility with India's secular fabric.

National Register of Citizens (NRC) Fears: The potential linkage of CAA with the proposed National
Register of Citizens (NRC) has fuelled anxieties among Muslims, who fear being labelled "illegal
immigrants" without proper documentation.

Erosion of Secularism: Many see the Act as part of a larger agenda to marginalize Muslims and
redefine India's identity along religious lines, raising concerns about the erosion of secularism
enshrined in the Constitution.

The Road Ahead:

The CAA and its potential implementation remain contentious issues. Addressing these concerns
demands:

Open Dialogue and Inclusivity: Engaging with all stakeholders, including religious minorities, to
address anxieties and foster inclusivity is crucial.

Clarity on NRC: Clarity on the government's intentions regarding the NRC and its linkage to the CAA
is essential to quell anxieties and ensure no discriminatory application.

Upholding Constitutional Values: Ensuring the Act and its implementation adhere to the fundamental
principles of equality and non-discrimination enshrined in the Constitution is paramount.

The ramifications of the CAA extend far beyond legal frameworks. It touches upon sensitive
questions of national identity, religious freedom, and social cohesion. Navigating this complex
landscape requires a measured approach, prioritizing inclusivity, transparency, and adherence to
constitutional values. Only then can the true impact of this legislation be evaluated and potential
pitfalls mitigated.

3. Handling of Manipur Violence

The 2023 Manipur communal conflict and violence was a series of clashes between the Meitei people,
who are the majority in the Imphal Valley, and the Kuki-Zo tribal community from the surrounding
hills. The violence began on 3 May 2023, when a Kuki-led tribal solidarity march was held in 10 of
the state's 16 districts. The Meitei community organized counter-protests and blockades, and the
clashes soon spread across Manipur. The violence has been attributed to a number of factors,
including:

• Historical tensions between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities: The two communities have a long
history of conflict, dating back to the British colonial period.

• Land disputes: The Meitei people claim that the Kuki-Zo people are encroaching on their traditional
lands.

• Political competition: The Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities are both vying for political power in
Manipur.

• Religious differences: The Meitei people are mostly Hindu, while the Kuki-Zo people are mostly
Christian. Immediate triggers:

• Tribal status demand: The immediate spark was the Manipur High Court's order directing the state
government to consider granting Scheduled Tribe (ST) status to the Meitei community. This fuelled
existing anxieties among the Kuki community, who feared repercussions for their own ST status and
potential marginalization.

• Misinformation and historical animosity: Fake news and rumours on social media further inflamed
tensions, exacerbating historical distrust and grievances between the communities. Underlying
factors:

• Land disputes: Long-standing disputes over land ownership and resources simmered beneath the
surface, creating friction and a sense of competition.

• Economic disparities: Unequal opportunities and economic inequalities between the communities
contributed to resentment and a sense of injustice.

• Political manipulation: Politicians, potentially from both sides, were accused of stoking the flames
of discontent for their own agendas, exploiting existing vulnerabilities.

• Security response: The role of security forces in managing the conflict is hotly debated. Accusations
range from excessive force and bias towards one community to inadequate intervention and failure to
prevent escalation. Consequences and ongoing challenges:

• Loss of life and property: The violence resulted in over 175 deaths, thousands displaced, and
extensive damage to infrastructure and property.
• Trauma and social divisions: The psychological scars and deep mistrust between communities will
take time to heal, jeopardizing social cohesion and hindering reconciliation efforts.

• Economic stagnation: The disruption to businesses and livelihoods further weakens the already
fragile economy, pushing vulnerable populations deeper into poverty.

• Lingering distrust and uncertainty: The lack of transparent investigations, accountability measures,
and comprehensive solutions fuels anxieties and fears of renewed violence.

The handling of the 2023 Manipur communal violence by the BJP government has been widely
criticized, with accusations ranging from inaction to inciting the violence. Here's a summary of the
key points: Criticism of the BJP government:

• Delayed response: The government was accused of being slow to react to the escalating tensions
and failing to take preventative measures.

• Shoot-at-sight order: The state government's authorization of "shoot-at-sight" orders in certain

situations was criticized as excessive and potentially counterproductive.

• Ineffective security measures: The deployment of security forces was deemed inadequate, with
some communities accusing them of siding with certain groups.

• Lack of transparency: The government's information sharing and communication with the public
were criticized as opaque and insufficient.

• Allegations of bias: Some critics accused the government of being biased towards the Meitei
community and not taking adequate steps to protect the Kuki-Zo community. Government's defence:

• The government claimed it took swift action to control the situation, including imposing curfews,
deploying security forces, and initiating peace talks.

• They argued the "shoot-at-sight" order was a last resort measure to curb violence.

• They denied any bias towards any community and emphasized their commitment to restoring peace
and order. Independent observations:

• Human rights organizations like Human Rights Watch criticized the government's response, calling
it "defiant denials over action."

• Reports suggest the government struggled to control the violence effectively, with the situation
escalating even after security force deployment.
• The video of Meitei mobs stripping and parading Kuki women sparked nationwide outrage,
highlighting the severity of the issue. Overall: The handling of the Manipur communal violence
remains a contentious issue. While the BJP government defends its actions, accusations of inaction,
bias, and ineffective measures continue. The situation highlights the complex challenges of managing
ethnic tensions and the need for transparent, impartial, and effective responses from authorities.

4. Failure to Address Poor International Indicators & Rankings

India's recent performance in various international rankings and indicators has ignited a heated debate.
While some attribute it to inherent flaws in the metrics or external factors, others point to systemic
shortcomings demanding urgent attention. Let's delve into the arguments on both sides.

Arguments for Systemic Failures:

Persistent Poverty: Despite economic growth, millions remain trapped in poverty. India ranks a
concerning 107th out of 189 countries in the Human Development Index. Critics argue this exposes
shortcomings in poverty alleviation and social welfare programs.

Malnutrition Concerns: India fares poorly in child stunting and wasting, ranking 94th in the Global
Hunger Index. This, paired with inadequate healthcare access, raises questions about the effectiveness
of nutritional interventions.

Gender Inequality: India's ranking in the Global Gender Gap Index remains low (135th out of 146).
Issues like female labor force participation and educational attainment highlight the need for stronger
gender equality measures.

Environmental Challenges: India faces severe air and water pollution, ranking poorly in global
environmental indicators. Concerns surround insufficient environmental regulations and enforcement.

Arguments Against Oversimplification:

Questionable Metrics: Critics argue that some indices might not fully capture India's diverse realities
and development challenges. They emphasize the need for context-specific assessments beyond
rankings.
External Constraints: Global factors like pandemics, climate change, and economic headwinds can
negatively impact individual countries' performances, making comparisons less meaningful.

Focus on Progress: Proponents highlight India's upward trajectory in several indicators, pointing to
improvements in sanitation, electricity access, and poverty reduction over the past decades.

Development Complexity: They argue that complex development challenges cannot be reduced to
single rankings and require careful analysis of underlying factors and ongoing efforts.

The Road Ahead:

Regardless of the arguments, addressing the concerns raised by international indicators is crucial for
India's continued progress. This requires:

Data-Driven Policymaking: Utilizing data effectively to identify priority areas, track progress, and
inform policy decisions.

Inclusive Development: Prioritizing interventions that address social inequalities and ensure equitable
access to opportunities.

Sustainable Practices: Integrating environmental considerations into development strategies to ensure

long-term viability.

Strengthening Institutions: Investing in robust systems for healthcare, education, and social protection
to enhance human capital and well-being.

Engaging in a nuanced discussion rather than simply focusing on rankings is essential. Identifying
areas for improvement while acknowledging progress and external factors is key to charting a
responsible and inclusive path for India's future.

J. Allegations & Criticisms

1. Political Vendetta & Misuse of Investigation Agencies

The allegation of political vendetta and misuse of investigative agencies in India since 2014, when the
current government took power, sparks heated debate with strong arguments on both sides.
Deciphering the truth requires navigating a complex and politicized landscape. Arguments for
Potential Vendetta:

• Surge in Cases Against Opposition Leaders: Critics highlight a significant rise in investigations by
agencies like the CBI and ED against opposition leaders compared to the previous government. This
pattern, they argue, suggests selective targeting. Statistics often cited include a higher proportion of
investigated opposition leaders and lower conviction rates, hinting at politically motivated probes
rather than genuine pursuit of wrongdoing.

• Public Accusations: Many opposition parties openly accuse the government of weaponizing these
agencies to silence and intimidate their leaders. These accusations fuel public perception of a biased
system, eroding trust in the investigative process.

• Selective Leaks and Media Trials: Critics point to instances where sensitive investigation details are
leaked to media outlets aligned with the government, potentially shaping public opinion and
prejudicing potential trials. Concerns arise about the potential for media trials conducted before legal
proceedings reach a conclusion. Arguments Against Predetermined Bias:

• Focus on Corruption, Not Affiliation: Government supporters counter that investigations primarily
target suspected corruption regardless of political affiliation. They point to examples where
individuals within the ruling party have also faced scrutiny, demonstrating an even-handed approach.

• Judicial Oversight and Due Process: They emphasize that investigations remain subject to rigorous
judicial oversight. Courts intervene whenever allegations of misuse surface, ensuring procedural
fairness and safeguarding individual rights. This emphasis on legal safeguards aims to dispel concerns
about unchecked power.

• Opposition's Resistance to Probes: Some argue that opposition leaders often resist investigations,
invoking accusations of political vendetta as a shield to deflect scrutiny. This narrative suggests that
genuine concerns about

potential misuse might be overshadowed by attempts to avoid legitimate inquiries. Beyond Binary
Interpretations: Attributing the rise in investigations solely to political motives is challenging. Factors
like increased public awareness, stricter enforcement measures, and a more active legal system may
contribute to the higher number of cases. Additionally, the lack of conclusive evidence makes
definitively proving widespread vendetta difficult. Crucial Considerations:
• Preserving Agency Independence: Maintaining the autonomy and integrity of investigative agencies
is paramount. Interference, either political or through undue influence, can compromise the
impartiality of investigations and erode public trust.

• Balancing Accountability and Due Process: Striking a balance between holding individuals
accountable for wrongdoing and ensuring fair legal proceedings remains crucial. Unfounded
accusations and media trials can damage reputations even if charges are ultimately dropped.

• Open and Transparent Processes: Fostering transparency in investigations through timely

information sharing and adherence to legal procedures can help address concerns about selective
targeting and hidden agendas.

2. Religious Polarisation & Sidelining Secularism

Fault Lines of Faith: Examining Claims of Religious Polarization in India

India's secular fabric, enshrined in its Constitution, faces growing scrutiny amid accusations of
religious polarization under the current government. This sensitive issue sparks heated debates, with
diverse perspectives fueling the fire. Let's delve into the arguments on both sides:

Allegations of Religious Polarization:

Rise in Hate Crimes: Critics point to a surge in hate crimes against religious minorities, particularly
Muslims and Christians. They cite incidents like mob lynchings, vandalism of religious places, and
discriminatory laws like the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) as evidence of a growing atmosphere
of intolerance.

Rhetoric and Policies: Critics argue that divisive rhetoric from political leaders and policies seen as
favoring the Hindu majority community contribute to a sense of marginalization and fear among
minorities. They highlight statements and actions that allegedly promote religious nationalism and
undermine secular principles.

Selective Targeting: Concerns are raised about the alleged targeting of religious minorities through
government actions like the National Register of Citizens (NRC) and the Uniform Civil Code (UCC),
which critics view as discriminatory and against the spirit of secularism.
Erosion of Secular Institutions: Apprehensions exist about the weakening of secular institutions like
the judiciary and media, which are seen as crucial safeguards against religious bias.

Defending Secularism's Space:

Firm Response to Hate Crimes: Supporters of the government counter that it takes a strong stance
against hate crimes and has enacted stricter laws to punish perpetrators. They highlight initiatives like
the 'National Action Plan to Combat Hate Speech' as evidence of their commitment to fighting
intolerance.

Focus on Development: Proponents argue that the government's policies are aimed at overall
development, not based on religious affiliation. They emphasize initiatives like poverty alleviation
schemes and infrastructure projects that benefit all communities equally.

Equal Opportunity for All: Supporters maintain that the government respects the rights of all religious
groups and upholds the Constitution's guarantee of equality. They point to the freedom enjoyed by
religious minorities in practicing their faith and holding religious gatherings.

Misinterpretation of Policies: Critics of the "polarization" narrative argue that policies like the CAA
and UCC are misinterpreted and aim to address specific issues, not target minorities. They emphasize
the need for nuance and understanding the context behind such policies.

Navigating the Divide:

The debate on religious polarization in India is multifaceted, with strong arguments on both sides.
Amidst the charged atmosphere, fostering constructive dialogue and upholding the core values of
secularism – equality, tolerance, and respect for all faiths – are crucial. This requires:

Fact-based discourse: Moving beyond rhetoric and relying on verifiable data and objective analysis is
essential.

Protecting minority rights: Ensuring the safety and security of religious minorities and upholding their
constitutional rights is paramount.

Strengthening secular institutions: Empowering and upholding the independence of institutions like
the judiciary and media is vital to safeguard secular principles.
Promoting interfaith dialogue: Encouraging open communication and understanding between different
religious communities can help bridge divides.

Finding common ground in this complex issue requires acknowledging the concerns of all
stakeholders and working towards an inclusive and harmonious society where religious differences
are respected, not weaponized.

3. Undermining Democracy & Dictatorial Tendencies

India at a Crossroads: Allegations of Eroding Democracy and Emerging Dictatorship

India, the world's largest democracy, finds itself embroiled in a heated debate regarding the potential
erosion of its democratic principles and the rise of dictatorial tendencies under the current
government. While supporters laud strong leadership and decisive action, critics warn of shrinking
space for dissent, weakening institutions, and a dangerous trajectory towards authoritarianism.
Understanding this complex issue requires analyzing arguments presented from both sides of the aisle.

Erosion of Democracy?:

Shrinking Dissent: Critics point to curbs on free speech, including crackdowns on journalists,
activists, and opposition voices. Laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and
Information Technology Act (IT Act) are seen as tools to silence dissent and stifle criticism.

Weakening Institutions: Concerns regarding the independence of judiciary, media, and election
commission arise from alleged government interference and appointments perceived as politically
motivated. This raises questions about checks and balances in the democratic system.

Majoritarian Rule: Critics fear the prioritization of a specific Hindu identity, potentially excluding and
marginalizing minorities. Policies like the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and National Register
of Citizens (NRC) are seen as discriminatory and divisive.

Centralization of Power: The increasing concentration of power in the hands of the executive raises
concerns about a shift towards an authoritarian model. Critics point to legislative amendments
expanding executive authority and weakening parliamentary oversight.

Defending the Government:

Strong Leadership: Supporters argue that decisive action and a strong leader are needed to tackle
complex challenges like national security, poverty, and corruption. They see swift decision-making as
key to progress and development.

Combating Extremism: Proponents of the government view measures like UAPA and IT Act
amendments as necessary to combat terrorism, extremism, and fake news. They argue that balancing
freedom with security is crucial for national stability.

Institutional Autonomy: Supporters claim that institutions remain independent and their actions are
based on merit and due process. They point to judicial interventions and instances where the
government has faced setbacks as evidence of this autonomy.

Inclusive Development: Advocates of the government emphasize initiatives aimed at improving the
lives of all citizens, regardless of religion or caste. They highlight infrastructure projects, social
welfare schemes, and economic reforms as evidence of inclusive development.

Navigating the Crossroads:

The debate is nuanced, with strong arguments on both sides. Determining the trajectory of Indian
democracy requires careful analysis of facts, ongoing dialogue, and unwavering commitment to
democratic principles. It is crucial to:

Ensure freedom of expression and independent media.

Uphold judicial independence and rule of law.

Protect the rights of minorities and marginalized communities.

Strengthen institutional checks and balances.

Promote open and constructive dialogue across political divides.

Only through these efforts can India navigate this critical juncture and safeguard its cherished
democratic ideals. It is important to remember that this article merely presents an overview of a
complex and ongoing discussion. Engaging with diverse perspectives and critically evaluating
information from credible sources are crucial for forming informed opinions on this vital matter.
4. Disproportionately Favouring Billionaires

In recent years, India's economic boom has seen a surge in billionaire wealth, creating a stark contrast
with the socio-economic realities of a large portion of the population. This has fueled accusations of
the government disproportionately favoring the wealthy, sparking heated debates and raising concerns
about economic inequality.

Critics Paint a Picture of Favoritism:

Tax Cuts and Policy Shifts: Critics point to government policies like corporate tax cuts, relaxed
regulations, and infrastructure projects benefiting large businesses owned by billionaires. They argue
these measures widen the wealth gap, leaving the middle class and lower income earners struggling.

Loan Waivers and Bailouts: Critics highlight selective loan waivers for certain industries and bailouts
for struggling corporations, arguing these measures prioritize the financial wellbeing of billionaires
over broader social welfare programs.

Land Acquisition and Resource Access: Concerns are raised about land acquisition favoring powerful
corporations, displacing marginalized communities, and benefiting billionaire-led ventures at the
expense of local populations.

Defenders See a More Nuanced View:

Job Creation and Growth: Proponents argue that policies favoring businesses ultimately lead to job
creation and economic growth, benefiting everyone in the long run, including the underprivileged
through trickle-down effects.

Investment and Innovation: They highlight the need to attract investments and encourage
entrepreneurship, often spearheaded by billionaires, to fuel India's development and global
competitiveness.

Philanthropic Efforts: Supporters point to the philanthropic activities of many Indian billionaires,
addressing issues like education, healthcare, and sanitation, contributing to social development
alongside economic progress.
Navigating the Tightrope:

The debate remains complex, with arguments on both sides holding merit. Finding the right balance is
crucial:

Targeted Welfare Programs: Addressing income inequality requires ensuring inclusive growth
alongside supporting vulnerable groups with targeted social welfare programs like education,
healthcare, and skilling initiatives.

Fair Taxation and Regulation: Implementing a progressive tax system and effective regulations to
ensure corporations contribute their fair share while preventing undue influence on policymaking are
essential.

Transparency and Accountability: Ensuring transparency in policy decisions, resource allocation, and
corporate activities fosters trust and reduces concerns about elite capture and crony capitalism.

The Road Ahead:

India's journey towards inclusive and sustainable development requires recognizing the concerns
regarding billionaire favoritism while acknowledging the need for economic growth. Striking a
balance through fair policies, targeted interventions, and robust governance mechanisms is key to
ensuring prosperity reaches all segments of society, not just the fortunate few.

Additional Points:

The rise of billionaire influence in politics and policymaking adds another layer of complexity to the
debate, raising concerns about undue sway on decision-making processes.

International comparisons highlighting economic inequality gaps in India compared to other

developing economies further fuel the debate.

Open and constructive dialogue involving diverse stakeholders – government, businesses, civil
society, and academia – is crucial for finding solutions that address both economic growth and social
justice.
5. Curtailing Human Rights & Suppressing Freedom of Speech

The potential curtailment of human rights and suppression of freedom of speech and expression in
India since 2014 is a highly debated topic with multifaceted considerations. It's crucial to
acknowledge the complexity of the issue and analyze various perspectives before forming an
informed opinion. Arguments for Potential Curtailment:

• Increased Scrutiny of Dissenting Voices: Critics point to a rise in arrests and investigations of
journalists, activists, and individuals critical of the government. They view this as an attempt to
silence dissent and stifle free expression.

• Legislative Changes and Crackdowns: Concerns surround laws like the Unlawful Activities
(Prevention) Act (UAPA) and crackdowns on protests, suggesting efforts to restrict and criminalize
peaceful dissent.

• Internet Shutdowns and Surveillance: Instances of internet shutdowns, particularly in sensitive

regions, and allegations of increased surveillance raise concerns about information access and online
freedoms. Arguments Against Pervasive Curtailment:

• Isolated Incidents and Due Process: Proponents argue that some instances are isolated or involve
criminal investigation, not solely targeting dissent. They emphasize the independent judiciary's role in
upholding due process.

• National Security Concerns: Supporters often justify certain actions as necessary measures for
national security or public order, citing situations like terrorism or social unrest.

• Democratic Institutions and Freedoms: They highlight India's status as a democracy with
functioning institutions like a free press and opposition parties, suggesting continued democratic
space.

Examples-

The Reporters Sans Frontieres (Reporters Without Borders) has ranked India 150th out of 180
countries in the World Press Freedom Index for 2022. Journalists and media personnel raising
questions against the Government mainly through various digital platforms are often subjected to
violent acts which include not only the brutality of the police but also the attacks launched by various
agencies with political backup, especially the ones connected with the Government and its allies.
•

Such journalists and media personnel have also been attacked online, particularly in the form of
campaigns launched through social media, in addition to being threatened on the phone. As a result,
the Information Technology Act of 2000 and the Information Technology Rules of 2021 are misused
against critics of the government, particularly journalists. Frequent

shutting down of the internet by the Government of India has also impeded

journalists to gather relevant information and publish their work online.

The arrest of the co-founder of the fact-checking website AltNews Muhammad Zubair allegedly on
grounds of attacking religious sentiments under sections 153A and 295 of IPC signifies the silencing
of journalists questioning the Government of India and its allies. Such kind of arrest for flagging hate
speech also showcases arbitrariness as Zubair tweeted the video of expelled Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP) leader Nupur Sharma for making disparaging remarks against Prophet Muhammad.

Additionally, the imprisonment of Siddique Kappan for attempting to report on the incident relating to
the rape and murder of a young Dalit lady in Hathras, Uttar Pradesh is a huge threat to India's press
freedom. Furthermore, the shooting of Subhash Kumar Mahato by an unidentified gunman for
reporting on the local sand and liquor mafia in Bihar also massively endangers the free press in India.

The closure of the Kashmir Press Club along with the harassment and arbitrary detention of
journalists and reporters in Kashmir by the police and paramilitary forces critically endangers free
speech and expression in India. Such kinds of instances have risen after the abrogation of Article 370
of the Indian Constitution.

The rejection of a film script by India's Ministry of Defence portraying the life of Major J Suresh, a
gay gentleman who left the Indian Army also curbs freedom of speech and expression. Such curbs are
understood not only from Article 19 of the Constitution of India but also from the judgement
delivered by the Supreme Court in the case of Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India.

•
Major J Suresh quit the Indian Army due to the restrictions imposed upon the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
Transgender (LGBT) community to serve in the Armed Forces of India under Sections 45 and 46 of
the Army and Air Force Acts of 1950 and Sections 53, 54 and 74 of the Navy Act of 1957 and it was
difficult for him to conceal his homosexuality for a prolonged period. Disappointment over the
rejection of such a film script has been expressed not only by Onir, the director of the film but also by
Major J Suresh.

Furthermore, providing adequate protection to journalists and activists questioning the Government of
India and its allies through Article 21 of the Constitution of India would ensure press freedom in
India. It would further result in the safety of such journalists and activists. The relaxation of laws
relating to censorship would also remove curbs on freedom of speech and expression.

6. Discrimination Against Specific States

Whispers of favouritism and neglect have long lingered in the corridors of Indian politics, with
accusations of the central government discriminating against specific states. This complex issue,
fuelled by diverse perspectives and historical grievances, demands a nuanced examination.

Claims of Discrimination:

Unequal Distribution of Resources: Critics point to disparities in central funding allocated to different
states. For instance, data suggests some states consistently receive lower shares for crucial sectors like
infrastructure and social welfare, hindering their development.

Policy Bias: Selective implementation of central government schemes or overlooking specific state
priorities are cited as evidence of bias. This can create a sense of unfairness and impede progress in
disadvantaged regions.

Linguistic and Cultural Marginalization: Underrepresentation of minority languages in national

discourse and alleged neglect of regional cultural heritage fuel feelings of marginalization and
discrimination among specific communities.

Historical Baggage: Past grievances, such as demands for greater autonomy or unresolved border
disputes, can contribute to perceptions of unequal treatment, further straining relations between the
centre and certain states.
Defending the Centre:

Development Based on Need: Proponents argue that resource allocation is based on objective criteria
like poverty levels and development indicators, ensuring equitable distribution based on need, not
favouritism.

National Priorities: The government emphasizes the need to prioritize national schemes over regional
interests, arguing that a unified approach benefits all states in the long term.

Respecting Diversity: Supporters highlight efforts to promote cultural diversity and linguistic
inclusion through initiatives like multilingual education and official recognition of regional languages.

Addressing Historical Complexities: The government acknowledges historical grievances but stresses
its commitment to dialogue and finding solutions through constitutional means.

Beyond the Binary:

The debate transcends simplistic narratives of discrimination. Factors like historical legacies,
economic disparities, and political dynamics contribute to the complex reality.

Internal Dynamics: Intra-state political dynamics can also play a role, where opposition-led states
might perceive themselves as being treated unfairly compared to those governed by the ruling party.

Data Discrepancies: Accusations often lack concrete data, making it difficult to assess the extent and
nature of alleged discrimination objectively.

Need for Transparency: Increased transparency in resource allocation and policy decisions could
foster trust and address concerns about unfair treatment.

Moving Forward:

Open dialogue, addressing legitimate grievances, and ensuring equitable development for all states are
crucial steps towards a more united India. Recognizing the complex tapestry of factors at play and
fostering a spirit of cooperation are essential for finding lasting solutions.
Additional Points:

Independent studies and reports can provide valuable insights into the issue, offering data-driven
assessments of disparities and potential biases.

Fostering inter-state cooperation and knowledge sharing can promote national integration and mutual
understanding.

Upholding the federal spirit of the Indian Constitution is paramount in ensuring equal treatment and
opportunities for all states and their citizens.

7. Weakening of Democratic Institutions

Concerns have often been raised on the following aspects:

Shrinking space for dissent: Crackdowns on peaceful protests, arrests of critical journalists, and
labelling dissent as "anti-national" raise concerns about free speech and expression. Even the CIC,
CVC and the Chief Election Commissioner’s appointments have a huge say from the ruling party’s
end which has targeted the transparency of such big institutions in the longer run.

Judicial independence: Questions linger regarding the judiciary's ability to act as a check on executive
power, particularly after instances of judges recusing themselves from sensitive cases or rulings
perceived as favourable to the government.

Erosion of minority rights: Policies deemed discriminatory towards religious minorities, combined
with rising hate crimes and rhetoric, fuel anxieties about equal rights and protections for all citizens.

•
Media freedom anxieties: Restrictions on investigative journalism, press freedom rankings
downgrades, and alleged government pressure on media outlets raise concerns about media
independence and its crucial role in a democracy.

8. Cultivation of Hate & Promotion of Violence

Allegations of cultivating hate and promoting violence in India since 2014, when the current
government came to power, spark heated debate. Examining this complex issue requires
acknowledging varying perspectives and avoiding simple conclusions. Arguments for Heightened
Hate and Violence:

• Increased Hate Speech: Critics point to a rise in hate speech targeting religious minorities and
marginalized groups, often amplified through social media and certain media outlets. This, they argue,
fuels tension and creates an environment conducive to violence.

• Mob Lynchings and Targeted Violence: Incidents of mob lynchings targeting religious minorities
and other vulnerable groups have raised concerns about growing hate-motivated violence. Critics view
these as evidence of a climate of impunity and emboldened hate mongers.

• Governmental Rhetoric and Policies: Some express concern about certain government policies and
statements perceived as discriminatory or divisive, potentially contributing to an atmosphere of
intolerance and increased social divisions. Arguments Against Pervasive Hate and Violence:

• Isolated Incidents and Criminal Investigations: Proponents argue that the highlighted incidents are
isolated and often linked to criminal activity, not solely driven by religious hatred. They emphasize
the role of law enforcement and due process in addressing such crimes.

• Focus on National Security and Social Harmony: Supporters claim that the government's actions aim
to ensure national security and social harmony, countering terrorism and extremism, not targeting
specific groups. They highlight initiatives promoting interfaith dialogue and unity.

• Need for Context and Nuance: They caution against generalizations and emphasize the need to
consider historical tensions, complex socio-economic issues, and regional variations when analyzing
incidents of hate and violence. Importance of Balanced Analysis and Critical Thinking:

• Evaluating Credible Reports and Data: Forming an informed opinion requires analyzing credible
reports from independent organizations, data on crime patterns, and avoiding sensationalized
narratives.

• Examining Underlying Causes: Understanding the complex socio-economic, historical, and political
factors contributing to tensions and violence is crucial.
• Promoting Constructive Dialogue and Fact-Checking: Open dialogue, fact-checking information,
and fostering empathy across communities are essential in addressing hate and promoting peace.

9. Ignoring Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

India's vast agricultural sector, employing over half the population, has been simmering with
discontent in recent years. At the heart of this lies the ongoing farmers' protests, a complex issue with
accusations of government neglect and contrasting narratives about its true commitment to farmers'
welfare.

Farmers' Grievances:

Falling Incomes: Protesters highlight stagnant or declining incomes, attributing them to low Minimum
Support Prices (MSPs) for their produce and rising input costs, creating a financial squeeze.

Market Reforms: The three farm laws passed in 2020, seen by the government as market-friendly, are
viewed by farmers as dismantling the existing MSP system and exposing them to exploitation by large
corporations.

Debt Burden: High debt levels due to unpredictable crop yields, coupled with limited access to
affordable credit, leave farmers vulnerable and trap them in a cycle of poverty.

Infrastructure Issues: Inadequate storage facilities, poor irrigation systems, and lack of access to
modern technology contribute to post-harvest losses and limit farmers' earning potential.

Government's Response:

Increased Allocation: The government points to increased budgetary allocations for agriculture,
including schemes like PM Kisan Samman Nidhi, providing financial support to farmers.

Market Reforms: The government argues that the farm laws empower farmers by offering them more
choices in selling their produce, potentially fetching higher prices. They emphasize that MSPs will
continue to exist.

Addressing Debt: Initiatives like loan waivers and interest subventions are cited as measures to
address the debt burden, although their effectiveness is debated.
Infrastructure Improvements: Investments in irrigation, warehousing, and cold storage facilities are
highlighted as efforts to improve infrastructure and reduce post-harvest losses.

Differing Perspectives:

Protesting Farmers: Many remain unconvinced, seeing the increased allocations as insufficient and
the farm laws as detrimental. They demand a legal guarantee for MSPs and fear corporate
exploitation.

Agricultural Experts: Some experts acknowledge the farmers' concerns but advocate for reforms to
improve market efficiency and reduce dependence on MSPs. They suggest investments in research,
technology, and value addition.

Government Supporters: They emphasize the need for long-term reforms and argue that the protesting
farmers represent a vocal minority opposed to necessary change.

Finding Common Ground:

Despite the differences, both sides share a common goal: sustainable and prosperous agriculture that
ensures farmers' well-being. However, bridging the gap requires:

Open and Transparent Dialogue: Engaging with farmer representatives, addressing their concerns, and
building trust through clear communication are crucial.

Evidence-Based Policy: Policy decisions should be informed by data, expert analysis, and considering
the impact on different farmer groups and regions.

Focus on Sustainability: Investments in research, technology, and infrastructure should aim for long-
term sustainability and resilience, empowering farmers to adapt to changing markets and climate
challenges.

The farmers' protests present an opportunity for introspection and reform. By acknowledging the
challenges, engaging in open dialogue, and prioritizing sustainable solutions, India can work towards
a future where agriculture truly flourishes and farmers are empowered and secure.

Additional Points:
The ongoing protests have highlighted the complex issues facing Indian agriculture, requiring a nuanced
understanding beyond simplistic narratives.

The Supreme Court has stayed the implementation of the farm laws, pending further review, adding
another layer to the ongoing debate.

Finding solutions requires a multi-pronged approach, addressing immediate concerns of farmers while
working towards long-term reforms that benefit the entire sector.

10. Control over Media

Freedom of Press India’s press freedom ranking according to Reporters Without Borders
(RSF)dropped to 161 in 2023, down from 140 in 2014 and only three places higher than Russia,
which unlike India cannot credibly claim to be a democracy. Critics point to increased use of sedition
laws against journalists, raids on media outlets critical of the government, and the rise of "Godi
media" - outlets perceived as progovernment mouthpieces - as evidence of a chilling effect on
independent journalism. The government's push for greater control over online content, including
through laws like the IT Act, has raised concerns about potential restrictions on online journalism and
free speech. The role of social media in providing alternative platforms for free expression has
become increasingly important.

K. Unfulfilled Promises

1. Uniform Civil Code

What is a Uniform Civil Code? Uniform Civil Code is a term generally used to refer to the proposal to
replace the personal laws based on scriptures and practices of each major religious community in
India with a common set governing every citizen. As of now, these personal laws still apply in a
number of fields, including marriage, inheritance, divorce, adoption, and maintenance.

Merits of a Uniform Civil Code People belonging to different races, innumerable castes and religious
beliefs showing no similarity whatsoever live in the sub-continent of India. Fissiparous tendencies,
separatist attitudes, secessionist demands, divisive elements of casteism and communalism have not
therefore been uncommon .A uniform civil code has been suggested as one of the steps to achieve
national integration. The code should apply to all irrespective of any differences in race ,religion, sex
or caste. Marriage, divorce, succession, guardianship and adoption may come within the purview of
the code. Article 44 of the Constitution directs the state to endeavour to secure a uniform civil code.
The provisions of Article44 are not justiciable, nevertheless Article 37 provides that "they are
fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these
principles in making laws”. Though 70+ years have elapsed after attainment of independence no
successful efforts has been made by the state for securing uniform civil code. There is a glaring apathy
and lack of mindfulness on the part of the state to implement this constitutional mandate. The
tendency of government to bring reforms solely on electoral considerations, is glaringly revealed.
Over the recent years, there have been several arguments raised for the need to implement a Uniform
Civil Code. Firstly, proponents of a Uniform Civil Code argue that the Common Civil Code will bring
all the personal laws governing matters which includes: marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance,
succession to property, adoption, guardianship and child custody under a single roof and create a
space for the practices of all communities in a just manner, while ensuring that everyone is treated
equally under the law. Secondly, the one common argument given by all the political parties
highlighting their reluctance to implement the Uniform Civil Code is that implementing Article 44
violates the rights of Indians provided under Article 25i.e., "Freedom of conscience and free
profession, practice and propagation of religion. "The counter argument that can be cited is present in
the same Article 25 itself under Clause 2, where it is clearly indicated that: This article shall not affect
the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any new law. a) regulating or
restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with
religious practice;

b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu Religious institutions of a
public character to all classes and sections. Thirdly, with the non-implementation of Article 44 of the
constitution, article14 to 18 are being violated which provide for Right to Equality before Law and
prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex and religion. Many personal laws relating to
marriage, inheritance, guardianship, divorce, adoption and property relations in all communities are
unjust, especially to women .Fourthly, ambiguity is created due to the presence of different laws
governing asocial institution such as marriage, particularly in the case of polygamy and divorce; both
within a religion as well as amongst different religions. Fifthly, misapprehension prevails about
polygamy in Islam. Ironically, Islamic countries like Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, Pakistan, Iran et cetera
have codified the personal law where in the practice of polygamy has been either totally prohibited or
severely curtailed to check the misuse and abuse of this obnoxious practice. Lastly, one of the
advantages of a uniform civil code will be a proper notice period and registration of the marriage. The
ceremonies will become optional -parties can have ceremonies of their choice as a ritual, (i.e., Hindu
— Saptapadi ;Muslim— Nikah; Christian—Church blessing, etc.) However, the proof of the marriage
will be the registration and compliance with what is required of notice, etc., as set out in the uniform
civil
code. Monogamy will be mandatory and the laws of divorce will be the same for men and women and
this will lead to cohesion and no fragmentation of society. Men and women must be entitled to equal
property rights which can be enforced by law. This will be also ensure real equality between men and
women, irrespective of their religion. In addition, a uniform civil code will also help in reducing vote
bank politics that most political parties indulge in during every election. If all religions are covered
under the same laws, the political actors will have less to offer to certain minorities in exchange of
their vote.

Criticism of the Uniform Civil Code The objections raised for implementations of a Uniform Civil
Code in India by communities show that the imposition of such a code can pose a serious threat to the
sexual social fabric of the country and the minority community in general and the minority
communities in particular .Support for a uniform civil code from the Sangh Parivar has led minority
communities fear the imposition of the religious customs and rituals of the majority community under
the garb of a uniform civil code. A common civil code is also, seen as an infringement on the
Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution of India which guarantee the right to freedom of
conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion (Article 25) and freedom to
manage religious affairs (Article 26).Most religious scholars consider their scriptures and personal
laws to be of Divine origin and ergo show strong resentment towards any sort of interference with
same. They believe personal laws are sacrosanct and immutable and no legislature can amend it. In
addition, most religious practices have been carried out in conformity with these personal laws since
times immemorial and any attempt to alter them can hurt religious sentiments and sow the seeds of
mistrust among communities. The unfavorable response in the idea of the code it is very likely that
protest would occur, if the code is shoved down the throats of the Indian public. Given the strained
ethnic and religious fabric of this country, it is better to leave things that may cause tensions. It is also
worth noting that most discriminatory practices have found their bases in distorted codified personal
laws which do not conform to the authentic sources. The fault therefore lies not in religious principles
but in the flawed process of codification.

2. Population Control Bill

India, projected to become the world's most populous nation by 2027, grapples with the complex issue
of population control. While the current government promised a population control bill in its 2019
manifesto, three years later, the bill remains elusive, leaving many wondering if it will ever
materialize.
Arguments for the Bill:

Resource Strain: Proponents argue that India's rapid population growth puts immense pressure on
resources like water, food, and healthcare, hindering development and exacerbating existing
inequalities. A bill, they claim, could incentivize smaller families, easing the burden on infrastructure
and social services.

Environmental Impact: A larger population translates to increased pollution, deforestation, and strain
on ecosystems. Proponents believe a bill could help mitigate these environmental concerns,
contributing to sustainable development.

Demographic Imbalance: Some argue that India's skewed sex ratio and skewed age distribution, with
a large young population, necessitates population control measures to avoid social and economic
challenges in the future.

Government's Stance:

While acknowledging the concerns about population growth, the government has maintained that a
coercive bill is not the answer. They have emphasized:

Focus on Empowerment: The government points to its initiatives like "Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao"
(Save the Girl, Educate the Girl) and improved access to education and family planning services,
arguing that empowering women is key to achieving demographic stabilization.

Respecting Individual Choice: The government highlights concerns about potential infringement on
individual liberties and religious sensitivities associated with a population control bill. They advocate
for a rights-based approach that promotes informed choices and voluntary family planning.

Focus on Development: The government believes that addressing poverty, illiteracy, and improving
healthcare will naturally lead to lower fertility rates, as seen in other developing countries. They
emphasize investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure to achieve this.

Uncertain Path Ahead:

The lack of a concrete roadmap for a population control bill leaves the issue open to debate. While
some believe it's inevitable, others see it as politically sensitive and potentially counterproductive. The
government's current focus on development and women's empowerment remains its stated strategy,
but its effectiveness in curbing population growth in the long term is yet to be seen.

Critical Questions:

Can India achieve demographic stabilization without a population control bill?

Will the government's current focus on development and empowerment be

sufficient? Are there alternative approaches that could be considered?

The debate around population control in India is complex and multifaceted. As the nation grapples
with its demographic reality, finding a solution that balances individual rights, development goals, and
environmental sustainability remains a critical challenge.

3. Ganga Rejuvenation

The Murky Waters of Ganga Rejuvenation: Has the Government Fallen Short?

The Ganges, revered as a lifeline and embodiment of purity in India, has long grappled with pollution.
In 2014, the Modi government pledged a "Namami Gange" program, promising a clean Ganga by
2019. However, as 2024 dawns, the river's health remains a contentious issue. Has the government
fallen short on its promises? Let's dive into the arguments:

Government's Claims of Progress:

Infrastructure Push: The government highlights the construction of sewage treatment plants (STPs),
ghats, and afforestation efforts as significant strides. They claim a reduction in wastewater discharge
and improved sanitation facilities.

Industrial Regulation: Stricter norms for industries, including real-time pollution monitoring, are
presented as evidence of tackling industrial waste, a major contributor to Ganga's woes.

Public Awareness: Initiatives like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan are credited with raising public
consciousness about sanitation and river conservation, fostering a behavioral change.

Critics Raise Doubts:

Pollution Persists: Independent studies and ground reports paint a grim picture, with pollution levels
exceeding permissible limits in many stretches. Critics argue that the reported reduction in wastewater
discharge is often due to non-functional STPs or untreated sewage bypasses.

Industrial Slack: Loopholes in regulations and lax enforcement are blamed for continued industrial
pollution. Critics point to instances of untreated effluents released into the river, despite stricter
norms.

Untapped Potential: The vast budgetary allocation for Namami Gange is questioned, with critics
arguing for better utilization and focus on long-term sustainability rather than quick fixes.

Beyond the Binary:

The debate goes beyond a simple "success" or "failure" narrative. Here are some additional
perspectives:

Complexities Abound: Ganga's rejuvenation is a mammoth task, requiring multifaceted solutions

addressing agricultural runoff, population pressure, and inadequate waste management infrastructure.

Success Stories Exist: Pockets of success exist, like the revival of the Najafgarh drain and improved
sanitation in some ghats. These showcase the program's potential.

Transparency and Accountability: Critics demand greater transparency in project execution, fund
allocation, and pollution data, along with stricter accountability for lapses.

The Road Ahead:

The Ganga's future hinges on acknowledging the challenges, addressing implementation gaps, and
fostering collaborative efforts. While the government deserves credit for its initiatives, sustained
commitment, stricter enforcement, and community engagement are crucial to fulfill the promise of a
clean Ganga. Only then can this sacred river truly flow with renewed life.

4. Housing for All

The intend to provide safe housing for all in the urban areas by the year 2024 has faced a rampant
stoppage due to the pertaining issues of limited public funding, land acquisition and infrastructure
deficiencies. The opposition has raised certain claims of non-collaborative approach, delay in file
work etc. shown by the Centre over the Centrally sponsored schemes by minimising certain financial
share for the state schemes, which draws a hurdle over the ambitious goal of universal housing access
as portrayed under PMAY-HUF (Urban).

5. Extradition of Fugitive Economic Offenders

Despite enacting the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA) in 2018 to expedite the return of
economic offenders who flee abroad, India's record on extradition remains mixed. While some argue
it's a systemic failure, others point to complexities and ongoing efforts. Let's delve into the arguments
from both sides:

Arguments for Failure:

Low Success Rate: With only one successful extradition under FEOA (Vinay Mittal in 2023), critics
argue the act has fallen short of its intended purpose. The ten declared offenders, including high-
profile names like Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi, remain elusive.

Diplomatic Roadblocks: Critics point to strained relationships with countries like the UK and UAE,
where many offenders reside, as hindering extradition efforts. Stringent legal requirements and
lengthy processes in these countries further complicate matters.
Lack of Political Will: Some argue the government lacks the political will to push for extradition due
to potential political and financial ties between some offenders and influential figures. This creates a
perception of a system skewed in favor of the powerful.

Arguments against Failure:

Complexities and Timelines: Proponents highlight the inherent complexities of international

extradition, involving multiple legal systems, diplomatic negotiations, and gathering evidence. They
argue judging the act's success after just a few years is premature.

Ongoing Efforts: The government emphasizes its continued efforts through diplomatic channels, legal
challenges, and international cooperation to secure extraditions. Pointing to the recent red corner
notice against Mehul Choksi as an example.

Systemic Improvements: The government highlights initiatives like the Central Economic Intelligence
Bureau (CEIB) to streamline information gathering and strengthen international cooperation, aiming
for faster and more effective extradition processes.

Seeking Balance:

While the current low extradition rate under FEOA raises concerns, a nuanced understanding requires
acknowledging the complexities involved. Examining the success of extradition efforts in other
countries with similar acts reveals similar challenges and timelines.

Looking Forward:

Strengthening International Cooperation: Building stronger relationships with key countries,

streamlining legal procedures, and enhancing information sharing are crucial for smoother
extraditions.

Independent Review: A transparent and independent review of the FEOA's implementation could
identify areas for improvement and enhance public trust in the system.
Political Will and Transparency: Sustained political will and clear communication of efforts
undertaken are essential to build public confidence in the government's commitment to bringing back
economic offenders.