Chapter 6: Emotion

100 MCQs

1.
A scientist would say, in regards to emotions, that ______.

A.
Emotions are too complex, and the study of them loses their richness
B.
If emotions can not be studied than you can not say anything useful about it
C.
Emotions as understood in everyday terms are not relevant
D.
How emotions are portrayed in fiction is unimportant

2.
Which of the statements given below about measuring emotion is INCORRECT?

A.
Techniques for measuring emotion include self-report, diary-keeping, questionnaires, coding
of facial expressions, psychophysiological and neurophysiological measurement.
B.
Psychologists have developed a common descriptive language regarding emotion,
irrespective of their scientific perspective.
C.
The complexity of emotion sets limits on how psychologists can set about its scientific
investigation and measurement.
D.
There are obvious difficulties with the measurement of emotion.

3.
Which TWO of the following do NOT apply to the study of emotion?

A.
The links between subjectivity and objectivity do not affect the study of emotion.
B.
Feelings matter because they are one of the aspects of emotion we must live with.
C.
For experimental psychologists who are concerned with the scientific status of their
discipline, feelings are too subjective for comfort.
D.
We do not have to live with the consequences of our emotional expressions.

4.
Emotions: (please highlight all correct answers)
A.
colour and enrich our lives.
B.
help to energise us so that we can deal with whatever comes our way.
C.
are maladaptive.
D.
can be viewed from four distinct but interrelated perspectives.

5.
Which emotional experiences have a behavioural consequence?

A.
Having an angry conversation
B.
Being extremely anxious before an exam
C.
Smiling at your friend
D.
All of the above

6.
ALL BUT ONE of the following is a commonly accepted perspective on emotion. Which is
the odd one out?

A.
Cognitive.
B.
Physiological.
C.
Developmental.
D.
Social.

7.
True or False: Emotion is dependent on cognitive evaluations.

8.
True or False: Emotions have a social function even when biological significance is
paramount.

9.
Which of these is true of the subjective experience of emotion?
A.
Feeling does not extend beyond emotion.
B.
The subjective experience of emotion seems to be most important to us.
C.
Subjective experiences take away the urgency of emotion.
D.
None of the above.

10.
Which is a valid emotional perspective?

A.
Cross-cultural
B.
Subjective
C.
Behavioural
D.
Both A and C

11.
Which TWO of the following statements about perspectives on emotion are true?

A.
Physiological changes are involved in emotion.
B.
Emotion does not involve thought.
C.
Emotion usually occurs in a social context.
D.
If any one of the perspectives of emotion is left out, we can still maintain the richness of our
emotion.

12.
You are conducting an interview, and asking the participant a number of open-ended
questions about their experience, emotions, and the situation. Which perspective are you
utilizing?

A.
Cross-cultural
B.
Cognitive
C.
Phenomenological
D.
Social
13.
Which of the following is NOT the case? According to Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981),
emotion represents a complex set of interactions among subjective and objective factors,
mediated by neural/hormonal systems, which:
A.
Can give rise to affective experiences.
B.
Is capable of generating cognitive processes.
C.
Activates widespread physiological adjustments.
D.
Always leads to adaptive behaviour.

14.
Which of the following statements apply to phenomenological psychologists? (Please
highlight all correct answers.)

A.
They emphasize the study of consciousness and subjective experience.
B.
They argue that psychologists should study what people experience in the past, present and
future.
C.
They adopt a holistic view, considering the whole, integrated person.
D.
Their material of interest is relatively easy to measure.

15.
If you ask people to describe or rate particular appraisals associated with their emotional
experience, you are engaged in the ________ perspective.

A.
Behavioural
B.
Cognitive
C.
Phenomenological
D.
Biological

16.
Which of the following is NOT true of questionnaires as a method of assessment?

A.
The main way of assessing emotional experience is by reports, often in response to a
questionnaire.
B.
The main problem with the questionnaire method of assessment is the answers.
C.
The questionnaire method of assessment dismisses the importance of commonsense or folk
theories of emotion.
D.
The experiential aspects of emotion have been investigated in a series of diary studies.

17.
Which of the following is a problem with self-report?

A.
The participants are saying what they think I want to hear
B.
They are trying to project a particular image of themselves
C.
They do not actually know the answers
D.
All of the above

18.
True or False: The only way to study subjective emotional experience is through self-report
questionnaires.

19.
Which is NOT an accurate statement describing the duration of emotions?

A.
Fear lasts from a few seconds to about an hour
B.
Anger lasts from a few minutes to a few hours
C.
Joy lasts from a day to a couple of days
D.
Sadness lasts from a day to many days

20.
Which of the following is NOT accurate with respect to the cross-cultural study conducted by
Scherer, Wallbott and Summerfield (1986)?

A.
The antecedent situation refers to what types of situation elicit different emotions and what
are the important social settings.
B.
Fear appears to last from a few minutes to about 24 hours.
C.
Differentiated actions refer to whether different behaviour patterns are reported for different
emotions and whether the various response patterns differ in importance.
D.
Person specificity refers to whether there are differences in the experience of emotion due to
age, gender, social and occupational background.

21.
Which question was NOT a concern of Scherer, Wallbott, and Summerfield’s research?

A.
What are the social settings that are important to emotions?
B.
Are there different behaviour patterns for different emotions?
C.
Are different amounts of regulation reported?
D.
What are there differences between healthy and abnormal populations across cultures?

22.
Which is NOT one of Hull and Skinner’s three main approaches when tackling emotions?

A.
Emotionality
B.
Frustration effect
C.
Action readiness
D.
Conditioned emotional response

23.
Emotionality represents one of Hull and Skinner’s three main approaches when tackling
emotion. Which of the following statements about emotionality are true? (Please highlight all
true answers.)

A.
The open-field test can be used to study emotionality in rats.
B.
Levels of emotionality, reflected in changes in defecation and urination, decrease when rats
are placed in a large, brightly lit space.
C.
Emotionality was also studied by observing the perseverative effects of noxious stimuli.
D.
All of the above.

24.
True or False: Emotionality is at least partially under genetic control.

25.
The frustration effect is ____.

A.
A decrease in responding, following the absence of a reward
B.
An increase in responding, following the absence of a reward
C.
A decrease in responding, following the presence of a reward
D.
An increase in responding, following the presence of a reward

26.
You work hard on a test and get 85%. The next time you work equally as hard but get 45%.
According to the frustration effect what will happen next?

A.
You won’t study at all for the next test
B.
You’ll study even harder for the next test
C.
You’ll put in the same amount of effort as before for the next test
D.
You won’t show up for the next test.

27.
All are part of Millenson’s three-part behavioural model EXCEPT:

A.
Anxiety
B.
Elation
C.
Sadness
D.
Anger

28.
If a rat is in a Skinner box, pressing a lever for food, and every once in a while a light comes
on that is associated with an electric shock, what will the rat do next?
A.
Continue to press the lever throughout
B.
Decrease pressing the lever until after the shock and then start to press it more
C.
Press the lever until after the shock and then temporarily stop
D.
Stop pressing the lever, and huddle in the corner waiting for the next shock

29.
Which of the following statements about action readiness is FALSE?

A.
The behavioural view of emotion is clearly limited and does insufficient justice to the
richness of emotion.
B.
A relatively recent and promising consideration of the behavioural aspects of emotion comes
from Frijda, who proposes that the behaviour in emotion comes from action readiness, or
tendency.
C.
Frijda (1996; Mesquite & Frijda, 1994) emphasizes the behaviour itself rather than potential
behaviour.
D.
According to Frijda, fear might produce a tendency to run away or to hide, but there could be
very many ways of running away or hiding.

30.
Which is an example of Frijda’s action readiness?

A.
Being afraid, but not running away because you would be embarrassed
B.
Being afraid and running away and hiding in you room
C.
Being afraid, and hiding within yourself by acting shy
D.
All of the above

31.
Which of the following can be said to be true about arousal?

A.
Only the most intense emotional experiences involve an attendant arousal.
B.
We are more aware of the central nervous system than we are of the peripheral nervous
system.
C.
Both (a) and (b).
D.
Neither (a) nor (b).

32.
Which of the statements given below is accurate in relation to variation in patterns of
arousal?

A.
Emotion is about coping with sudden changes in our environment. These changes have
significance for our physical, rather than social, survival.
B.
Lacey and Lacey (1970) found clear and consistent gastric differences between anxiety and
anger.
C.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) prepares the body for action and helps it back to
quiescence later.
D.
Over the years, psychologists have proposed that the various emotions experienced in
everyday life share similar response patterns, in terms of arousal.

33.
Which is an example of physiological arousal caused by emotional change?

A.
Butterflies in our stomach
B.
Muscles tensing
C.
Hypothalamus sending signals
D.
All of the above

34.
True or False: Fear has a different physiological response pattern from anger.

35.
Which has NOT been found to show emotion specificity?

A.
Gastric leakage
B.
Heart-rate
C.
Blood pressure
D.
Skin temperature

36.
Levenson et al. asked people to hold various facial expressions, what did their research
show?

A.
Happiness, surprise and disgust are characterized by a different heart rate than anger, fear and
sadness
B.
There are clear and consistent gastric differences between anxiety and anger
C.
That skin temperature is lower in anger than in happiness
D.
That sweating is greater in strong emotional responses than in weak emotional responses

37.
Which is an example of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A.
We are sad and start to cry
B.
Happiness causes us to grin
C.
Our heart races, we feel anger
D.
A loud noise makes us panic

38.
Which TWO of the following are true? The James–Lange theory of emotion:

A.
Emphasized the physiological foundations of emotion.
B.
Has probably been referred to more than any other.
C.
Argued that a drug does not in itself produce emotion.
D.
Suggested that emotion is our feeling of the bodily changes that follow perception.
39.
What follows perception of an event in the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A.
Information is relayed between the cerebral cortex and the viscera
B.
Information is simply relayed by the cerebral cortex to the viscera
C.
Information is relayed by the viscera to the cerebral cortex
D.
Information is relayed to the receptor from the cerebral cortex and the viscera

40.
Which is an example of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A.
A spider makes me afraid and I start to sweat
B.
My heart is racing because I was almost hit by a truck
C.
I get a hug and grin, I must be happy
D.
Her dog died and she is crying, she must be sad

41.
What follows perception of an event in the Cannon-Bar theory of emotion?

A.
The cerebral cortex relays information to the periphery
B.
The thalamus sends information to the cerebral cortex and then to the periphery
C.
The cerebral cortex relays information to the thalamus
D.
The periphery systems relay information to the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

42.
Which is a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A.
Physiological foundations of emotion are not important
B.
A drug can not in itself produce emotion
C.
Bodily arousal patterns do not differ much from one emotion to the next
D.
Both B and C

43.
Which of the following is FALSE? The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion:

A.
Was the first and most vociferous opposition to the James–Lange theory.
B.
Emphasized the physiological foundations of emotion.
C.
Argued that internal organs react too quickly to be a good source of information about
emotional feelings.
D.
Reversed the commonsense idea that we perceive something that causes the emotional
experience, which in turn causes the bodily changes.

44.
True or False: Any subtle emotional differentiation, need to directly address the cognitive
mechanisms underlying emotion.

45.
Determining whether someone is being truthful is important in all walks of life and,
historically, the methods used have ranged from torture through interrogation to interview.
Which, if any, of the following statements about the lie detector are also true?

A.
Polygraph methods of lie detection are reliable.
B.
The rationale behind the polygraph is that the act of lying causes measurable
psychophysiological changes in emotional arousal.
C.
Both (a) and (b).
D.
Neither (a) nor (b).

46.
What does the polygraph NOT measure?

A.
Heart rate
B.
Eye movement
C.
Respiration
D.
Sweat
47.
What is a major problem with polygraphs?

A.
Merely being hooked up to a machine may cause fluctuations
B.
If a person begins the test under high arousal then it is difficult to determine lying
C.
Response patterns of lying (if they exist at all) will differ between individuals and situations
D.
All of the above

48.
Sham rage is ______.

A.
When you exhibit signs of arousal (sweating, increased blood pressure) but are not angry
B.
Caused by the removal of the thalamus
C.
Induced through electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus
D.
Defined by strong, directional anger

49.
Which of the following statements relating to the limbic system is INCORRECT?

A.
The limbic system, throughout its evolution, has helped to refine the emotional feelings that
influence self-preservation.
B.
Subcortical structures alone do not provide the physiological mediation of emotion.
C.
Panksepp agrees that emotion is centred in the limbic system and has provided evidence for
four, or possibly five, hard-wired emotion-mediating circuits.
D.
Le Doux argues that the connections between the amygdala and the thalamus are not relevant
in the perception of emotion

50.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A.
Emotions have a biological basis and stem only from the Central Nervous System
B.
Subcortical brain mechanisms are implicated in emotion
C.
The hypothalamus, thalamus, and amygdala play an executive role in emotion
D.
Cortical structures do not play an active role in emotion

51.
Which is NOT one of the hard-wired emotion-mediating circuits espoused by Panksepp?

A.
Joy
B.
Rage
C.
Fear
D.
Expectancy

52.
True or False: Panskepp’s hard-wired emotion-mediating circuits are from a purely
neurophysiological approach.

53.
According to Le Doux, the amygdala ______.

A.
Acts as an emotional computer
B.
Has more extensive connections with the left side of the brain in right-handed people
C.
Analyses outgoing information
D.
Connects on the same side of the brain for both right- and left-handed people

54.
Which is NOT one of Schacter’s propositions of emotion?

A.
An aroused state for which there is no obvious reason will be labelled by whatever cognitions
are available
B.
The state of arousal can only be labelled in one way based on our cognitions
C.
If the explanation for an aroused state is obvious we will stop seeking explanations
D.
For emotion to occur there must be physiological arousal

55.
In Schacter and Singer’s epinephrine study participants that______.

A.
Were informed of possible side effects got angrier
B.
Were uninformed of possible side effects became more emotional
C.
Were sent to the ‘happy’ confederate showed no mood change
D.
Were put in the control group were less euphoric than the informed group

56.
One of these four assertions about Schachter’s (1964, 1970) theory is FALSE. But which
one?

A.
Research into emotion and cognition remains a controversial approach to the psychology of
emotion.
B.
Schachter put forward a three-factor theory that had a profound influence on the way that
psychologists think about emotion.
C.
Schachter argued that a necessary part of emotion is arousal of the sympathetic nervous
system.
D.
According to Schachter, the intensity of our arousal is interpreted according to our beliefs
and/or knowledge about a given situation.

57.
Which one of the following was NOT actually true of Schachter’s work?

A.
Schachter’s work was partly based on a study by Maranon (1924), who had injected 120
patients with epinephrine (adrenaline) and asked them to say what it made them feel like.
B.
Adrenaline causes changes in sympathetic arousal reflected in rises in heart rate and blood
pressure, respiration and blood sugar. Subjectively, this takes the form of palpitations,
tremors, flushing, faster breathing, and so on.
C.
About 30 per cent of Maranon’s patients reported only emotional effects while the other 70
per cent also mentioned emotional effects.
D.
Schachter (1959) believed that an epinephrine injection would produce a state of arousal that
people would evaluate in terms of whatever they perceived around them, if they were
unaware of the effects to expect from the injection.

58.
Which TWO of the following statements about Schachter and Singer’s (1962) experiment are
correct?

A.
To test Schachter’s (1959) propositions, Schachter and Singer (1962) persuaded participants
to agree to an injection of a ‘vitamin’ so that its effects on vision could be determined. In
fact, all were injected either with epinephrine or a placebo (saline).
B.
Participants were then given one of three ‘explanations’ of the effects of the injection that
they received.
C.
The major questions that participants received concerned how angry or irritated, or how good
or happy, they felt.
D.
In the euphoric condition, the epinephrine-misinformed or epinephrine-ignorant participants
rated themselves as being significantly less euphoric than the epinephrine-informed
participants.

59.
Which is NOT a criticism of Schacter’s two-factor theory of emotion?

A.
He did not prove that emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognition
B.
It may be possible to induce physiological arousal through cognition
C.
It may be possible to induce cognitive responses through physiological arousal
D.
It does not explain how young children experience emotion

60.
True or False: Appraisal is the foundation stone on which the emotion-cognition structure is
built.

61.
What do appraisals do?

A.
They lead to an emotional reaction
B.
They prevent our ability to make fine distinctions between our emotional experiences
C.
They inhibit determining the intensity of the emotion
D.
They are the link between biological and social theories of emotion

62.
True or False: Each appraisal is similar, because emotions are based on shared biological
responses.

63.
Which of the following is TRUE?

A.
Cognition precedes emotion
B.
Emotion precedes cognition
C.
Both A and B
D.
Neither A nor B

64.
Ellsworth’s (1991; Smith & Ellsworth 1985) six dimensions of appraisal include: (Please
select all correct answers)

A.
Situational control.
B.
Anticipated effort.
C.
Pleasantness.
D.
Human agency.

65.
Which of the following statements is NOT the case when we think about the social approach
to emotion?

A.
Personal characteristics, such as gender, may be related to differences in emotional
expression.
B.
Emotion is a personal rather than a social occurrence.
C.
Body language is central to emotional communication, which is essentially nonverbal.
D.
Ekman, Friesen and Ellsworth (1972) demonstrated that most people are able to judge
emotional expressions reasonably accurately.

66.
Body language is NOT _____.

A.
Part of the nonverbal subtext
B.
A skill that we acquire with birth
C.
A skill that we use automatically
D.
A skill that some people are better at than others

67.
Which is a method used to study emotions in the laboratory?

A.
Schematic drawings
B.
Electronic filtering of voices
C.
Photographs of real people going about their day
D.
All of the above

68.
True or False: Most people are able to judge emotional expressions, even across pre-literate
cultures untouched by western influence.

69.
Which of the following is one of Izard’s ten basic emotions?

A.
Anxiety
B.
Startle
C.
Neuroticism
D.
None of the above
70.
Which of the following is NOT one of Izard’s (e.g. 1980) ten basic emotions?

A.
Fear.
B.
Depression.
C.
Surprise.
D.
Guilt.

71.
Which is NOT a part of Ekman’s theory of emotion?

A.
Emotion evolved to deal with life’s fundamental tasks
B.
Each emotion must have a distinct facial pattern
C.
A distinct pattern exists between emotion and physiological mechanisms
D.
There is no link between emotion and appraisal

72.
According to Izard, emotions _____.

A.
Are not motivational
B.
Do not organize perception, cognition and behaviour
C.
Help us adapt and cope with the environment
D.
Stunt our creativity

73.
Ekman and Friesen’s research in regards to deception suggests that _______.

A.
We can successfully suppress our emotions
B.
Feelings leak out nonverbally
C.
Our facial expressions always betray how we feel
D.
We can control nonverbal body language
74.
Which of the statements below regarding facial expression of emotion do we know to be
true?

A.
The possible universality of the facial expression of emotion and its recognition is a central
debate in the study of emotion.
B.
There are cultural and subcultural rules governing the display of emotional expression.
C.
The expressive aspect of emotion has generated the facial feedback hypothesis.
D.
All of the above.

75.
The facial feedback hypothesis shows all of the following EXCEPT:

A.
Forcing a fake smile to your face will make you irritable
B.
Emotion is intensified by proprioceptive facial feedback
C.
Holding a pen between your teeth makes you feel happier
D.
Holding a pen with your upper lip makes you feel irritable

76.
The relationship between gender and emotion is _____.

A.
Simple, men are universally better at anger and women are better at sadness and fear
B.
Complex, however, men are generally more emotionally expressive
C.
Dependent on cultural rather than genetic factors
D.
Stagnant, there is no question that it never changes

77.
True or False: Negative emotions (fear, sadness, disgust, and anger) are always experienced
as negative.

78.
Which is NOT one of Izard’s five fundamental discrete emotions?
A.
Contempt
B.
Anxiety
C.
Disgust
D.
Happiness

79.
Anger is NOT:

A.
Socially constructed
B.
Inevitably linked with aggression
C.
Necessarily negative
D.
An Upholder of standards of conduct

80.
Sadness is _____.

A.
A complex form of grief
B.
In its complex form, inclusive of anger, disgust, contempt, fear, guilt, shyness, shock, protest,
despair, and reorganization
C.
Rarely a reaction to loss
D.
Separate from discouragement, downheartedness, and loneliness

81.
True or False: Happiness is difficult to understand.

82.
Which is FALSE?

A.
Disgust is a very primitive emotion
B.
Fear alerts us to danger and prompts escape
C.
Disgust’s main concern is rapid expulsion from the body
D.
Fear is directed towards broad areas of things that are not familiar

83.
Self-conscious emotions:

A.
Include embarrassment, pride, shyness, shame and guilt
B.
Are only concerned with the inner self
C.
Are distinctive, in that they do not depend on other people’s opinions
D.
Disregard the social context

84.
Watson argued that ______.

A.
The three basic built-in emotions were fear, rage, and joy
B.
An infant’s emotions are loss of support, thwarting of physical movement, and tickling
C.
Emotions are based on conditioning and learned responses
D.
All of the above

85.
Which of the following is NOT the case with respect to the development of emotion?

A.
While individual differences in temperament seem to be there from birth, emotion, cognition
and social behaviour appear to develop together and to be dependent on one another.
B.
Some aspects of emotion must be built in or hard-wired.
C.
Bridges’ (1932) approach to emotional development was based on experiment rather than
observation.
D.
Bridges believed that we have only one built-in emotional state – undifferentiated
excitement.

86.
Bridges’ approach to emotional development:
A.
Shows that children are born with five primary emotions
B.
States that at six months children show affection for adults
C.
Jealousy and anger do not differentiate
D.
Observations were sketchy, definitions inexact, and she had not dealt adequately with
newborn infants

87.
Which of the following concerning emotional development is FALSE?

A.
Emotions become associated with internal states early in life
B.
Individual emotional development hinges on life crises
C.
Transitions like marriage and retirement do not affect emotional development
D.
Emotions that overwhelm us as teenagers, might overwhelm us for the rest of our lives

88.
Which of the following is true of recent theories of emotional development?

A.
In the 1980s, Harris (e.g. 1989) found that children of about 6 can imagine people having an
emotion without their expressing it.
B.
Izard and Malatesta have suggested that emotion is a system that relates to life -support, and
to behavioural and cognitive systems, and develops alongside them.
C.
The emotional development literature indicates that we develop emotional experience,
emotional behaviour and physiological reactions.
D.
None of the above.

89.
Emotional development is NOT dependent on _____.

A.
Maturation
B.
Socialization
C.
Cognitive development
D.
Rapid harmony of emotional states

90.
Attachment is a core part of early emotional development. But which of the following is
NOT the case regarding attachment?

A.
Attachment is the initial emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver.
B.
According to many theories, attachment forms the basis of both social and emotional
development of the individual.
C.
In drawing attention to attachment, Bowlby placed great emphasis on the emotional
relationship between the child and the caregiver during the first two years of life.
D.
According to Bowlby, internal working models of how people relate are established on the
basis of the initial attachment, and cannot be changed by later social experience.

91.
Which is NOT important to experience self-conscious evaluative emotions?

A.
Seeing the self as an object
B.
Realizing that only your viewpoint matters
C.
Understanding that other people have minds
D.
Seeing the self as a subject

92.
Early attachment to caregivers provides answers to all of the following questions EXCEPT:

A.
What happens when I explore?
B.
What can I accomplish?
C.
Am I loved?
D.
What do other people do when I express negative emotions?

93.
What are attachment styles defined by?

A.
Parent-child relationships
B.
Short-term relationships
C.
Psychotherapy
D.
All of the above

94.
Which factor does emotional self-regulation NOT depend on?

A.
How disposed are we to regulate
B.
How emotionally aware are we
C.
Our thoughts about other people’s moods
D.
Do we have strategies to affect our feelings?

95.
Emotional intelligence is concerned with the _____.

A.
Appraisal and expression of emotion
B.
Use of information based on emotion
C.
Adaptive nature of emotion regulation
D.
All of the above

96.
Which one of the following do we know to be true about psychosomatic disorders?

A.
In psychosomatic disorders, there are links between emotion, cognition, and physical
symptoms.
B.
Psychosomatic disorders are usually mediated via organs or organ systems that are
innervated by the central nervous system (CNS).
C.
Few physical illnesses are now thought to have a psychological component.
D.
Only certain people are susceptible to panic attacks.
97.
Which emotion is at the root of most psychosomatic disorders?

A.
Anger
B.
Anxiety
C.
Sadness
D.
Disgust

98.
Which statement about emotion is FALSE?

A.
Emotions can be extreme or unusual
B.
Emotions can be seen as inappropriate by other people
C.
Emotions can be abnormal
D.
Emotions can malfunction

99.
Which is the correct explanation for neurotic anxiety?

A.
Anxiety is a conditioned response
B.
We inherit proneness to anxiety through the ANS
C.
Anxious people have different cognitions
D.
All of the above

100.
Identify the INCORRECT statement about theories of neurotic anxiety, from those given
below:

A.
Freud (1917, 1926) had two theories of neurotic anxiety, both suggesting that it is made up of
an unpleasant feeling, a discharge process, and a perception of whatever is involved with this
discharge.
B.
Freud believed that anxiety develops through the trauma of birth, the loss of the caregiver,
early uncontrollable threats or impulses, and, more specifically, fears of castration.
C.
Similar to Freud’s theoretical framework, subsequent work (e.g. Bowlby, 1973) has stressed
the importance of separation from early attachments.
D.
For learning theorists (e.g. Mowrer, 1953), anxiety is a form of learned fear, particularly
when the source of the fear is vague or repressed.