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Class VII Physics Practical Term 2

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aniketbhowmik90
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38 views

Class VII Physics Practical Term 2

Uploaded by

aniketbhowmik90
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aim: To find the Time Period of a simple pendulum.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:


Clamp stand; a split cork; a heavy metallic (brass/iron) spherical bob
with a hook; a long, fine, strong cotton thread/string (about 2.0 m);
stop-watch
Theory:-

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

1. Second's pendulum: It is a pendulum which


takes precisely one second to move from one
extreme position to other. Thus, its times period
is precisely 2 seconds.

2. Simple pendulum: A point mass suspended by


an inextensible, mass less string from a rigid
point support.

3. Effective length of the pendulum: The distance l between the


point of suspension and the centre of spherical bob, L = l + r is also called the effective
length where l is the length of the string from the top of the bob and r the radius of the bob.

PRINCIPLE:-
The simple pendulum executes Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
as the acceleration of the pendulum bob is directly proportional to
its displacement from the mean position and is always directed
towards it.
The time period (T) of a simple pendulum for oscillations T = 2π √L/g.
where L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the acceleration due
to gravity.

PROCEDURE
1. Place the clamp stand on the table. Tie the hook, attached to
the pendulum bob, to one end of the string of about 150 cm in
length. Pass the other end of the string through two half-pieces
of a split cork.

2. Clamp the split cork firmly in the clamp stand such that the line of
separation of the two pieces of the split cork is at right angles to
the line OA along which the pendulum oscillates as shown in figure below.

Mark, with a piece of chalk or ink, on the edge of the table a vertical
line parallel to and just behind the vertical thread OA, the position
of the bob at rest. Take care that the bob hangs vertically (about
2 cm above the floor) beyond the edge of the table so that it is free
to oscillate.
3. Measure the effective length of simple pendulum as shown
in Fig.

4. Displace the bob to one side, not more than 15 degrees angular
displacement, from the vertical position OA and then release it gently.
In case you find that the stand is shaky, put some heavy object on
its base. Make sure that the bob starts oscillating in a vertical plane
about its rest (or mean) position.

5. Keep the pendulum oscillating for some time. After completion of


a few oscillations, start the stop-watch/clock as the thread attached
to the pendulum bob just crosses its mean position (say, from left
to right). Count it as zero oscillation.

6. Keep on counting oscillations 1,2,3,…, n, everytime the bob crosses


the mean position OA in the same direction (from left to right).
Stop the stop-watch/clock, at the count n (say, 20 or 25) of
oscillations. Read, the total time (t) taken by the
bob for n oscillations.

7. Change the length of the pendulum, by about 10 cm. Repeat the


step 6 again for finding the time (t) for about 20 oscillations or
more for the new length and find the mean time period using formula T = Total time taken
for 20 or 30 oscillation / number of oscillation.

8. Record observations in the tabular form with proper units.

Observation Table :
SL no. Length of the Time period of Time period of
pendulum 15 oscillation the pendulum
Result:
Time period of the pendulum is_________ second.

DISCUSSION
1. The accuracy of the result for the length of second's pendulum
depends mainly on the accuracy in measurement of effective length
(using metre scale) and the time period T of the pendulum (using
stop-watch). .

2. Some personal error is always likely to be involved due to stop-watch


not being started or stopped exactly at the instant the bob crosses
the mean position. Take special care that you start and stop the
stop-watch at the instant when pendulum bob just crosses the
mean position in the same direction.

3. Sometimes air currents may not be completely eliminated. This


may result in conical motion of the bob, instead of its motion in
vertical plane. The spin or conical motion of the bob may cause a
twist in the thread, thereby affecting the time period. Take special
care that the bob, when it is taken to one side of the rest position,
is released very gently.

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