(Chapter-1) What is Computer?

 Computer is a word comes from the Greek word “Compute”

which means to calculate.

 Actually computer is an electronic machine which accepts the

input data , Store a large amount of data in a small place and
does the Arithmetical and Logical Operations rapidly and gives
the information in a desired format.

 In the year 1822 Charles Babbage a mathematician of Cambridge

University developed a new machine known as COMPUTER. So he
was regarded as father of Computer.

 Ada Lovelace is the mother of Traditional Computer.

 Alan Turing is the father of Modern Computer (AI).

 John Von Neumann is the father of Computer Architecture.

Main Components Related to Computer:-

A. Data
B. Information
C. Instruction
D. Program
E. Software
F. Hardware
 Data:-
 Data is raw fact and figures or data is the collection of set of informations.
 Data are of 4 types, There are
o Numeric Data
o Alphabetic Data
o Alphanumeric Data
o Boolean Data

Numeric Data:- It consists of Numbers (0 to 9), and it used to represent any types of numeric related data, Such
as Phone No, Bank Account No, Binary Number, Decimal Number and Octal Number etc.

Alphabetic Data:- It Consists of 26 alphabets both upper and lower case (A to Z and a to z) and blank space. It is
used to represent any types of character related data such as Name, Address etc.

Alphanumeric Data:- It consists of 26 alphabets both upper and lower case (Aa to Zz), Numbers(0 to 9), and
some symbols (!,@,$,%,^,&,*,(,),:,”,+,-,/,\,[,],{,} etc). It is used to represent password-mail Id etc.

Boolean Data:- Boolean is a data type that has one of two possible values which is intended to represent the
two truth values of logic and Boolean Algebra.

 Instruction:- A computer instruction is an order given to a computer processor by a computer program.

At the lowest level, each instruction is a sequence of 0s and 1s that describes a physical operation the
computer is to perform.
  Programme:- A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a
computer to execute. Or A program is a set of instructions that a computer uses to perform a specific
function. To use an analogy, a program is like a computer’s recipe. It contains a list of ingredients
(called variables, which can represent numeric data, text, or images) and a list of directions
(called statements) that tell the computer how to execute a specific task. Programs are created using
specific programming languages such as C++, Python, and Ruby.
 Software:- software, instructions
that tell a computer what to do.
Software comprises the entire set of
programs, procedures, and routines
associated with the operation of
a computer system. The term was
coined to differentiate these
instructions from hardware—i.e., the
physical components of a computer
system. A set of instructions that
directs a computer’s hardware to
perform a task is called a program, or
software program. Software is an
intangible part of the computer
system.
 Hardware:- Hardware is best
described as any physical component of
a computer system containing a circuit
board, ICs, or other electronics. A
perfect example of hardware is the
screen on which you are viewing this
page. Whether it be a monitor, tablet,
or smart-phone, it is hardware. Without
any hardware, your computer would
not exist, and software could not be
used. The picture is a Logitech webcam,
an example of an external
hardware peripheral. This hardware
device allows users to take videos or
pictures, and transmit them over the
Internet.

(Chapter-2)

Advantages & Disadvantages of Computer:-

Advantages of Computer :
1. Multitasking Multi-tasking – Multitasking Multitasking is one among the main advantage of computer. Person
can do multiple task, multiple operation at a same time, calculate numerical problems within few seconds.
Computer can perform millions or trillions of work in one second.
2. Speed – Now computer isn’t just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has vital role in human life. One of
the most advantages of computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to finish their task in few seconds.
3. Cost/ Stores huge – Amount of knowledge it’s a coffee cost solution. Person can save huge data within a coffee
budget. Centralized database of storing information is that the major advantage which will reduce cost.
4. Accuracy – One among the basis advantage of computer is which will perform not only calculations but also with
accuracy.
5. Data Security – Protecting digital data is understood as data security.
6. Task completer – Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to complete.
7. Communication – Computer helps the user in better understanding and communication with the other devices.
8. Productivity – The level of productivity gets automatically doubled as the computer can done the work at very
fast.
9. Reduces work load – Information are often accessed by more than one person with the necessity for work to be
duplicated.
10. Reliability – Computers can perform same sort of work repeatedly without throwing up errors thanks to
tiredness or boredom, which are quite common among humans.
11. Storage – The pc has an in-built memory where it can store an outsized amount of knowledge . You can also
store data in auxiliary storage devices.
Disadvantages of computer :
1. Virus and hacking attacks – Virus may be a worm and hacking is just an unauthorized access over computer for a
few illicit purpose. Virus can go to other system from email attachment, viewing an infected website
advertisement, through removable device like USB etc.
2. Online Cyber Crimes – Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have utilized in order to commit
crime. Cyber stalking and fraud are the points which comes under online cyber-crimes.
3. Reduction employed opportunity – Mainly past generation wasn’t used of the pc or they need the knowledge of
computer they faced an enormous problem when computer came in field.
4. High cost – Computers are expensive. Even the foremost affordable computers are still very expensive for the
typical person in South Africa. Since computers empower people.
5. Distractions/disruptions – If you’ve got ever spent hours browsing the web or watching videos on YouTube, then
you recognize how distracting computers can be! Because of their high entertainment value.
6. Increases waste and impacts the environment – With the speed that computers and other electronics get
replaced, all of the old devices that get thrown away have a big impact on the environment.
7. Health Problems: – Prolonged use of computers can lead to various health Hazards. Too much sitting near the
screen results in eye strain and drying up of the eyes. Also, prolonged sitting leads to neck and back problems.
(Chapter-3) Basic Computer Organization:-
 The five Basic Operations of a
computer Systems are
 Inputting:-The Process of entering
data and Instructions into the
computer system.
 Storing:- Saving data and instructions
to make them readily available for
initial or additional processing
whenever required.
 Processing:-Performing arithmetic
operations(add, subtract, multiply,
divide, etc) or logical operations
(comparisons like equal to, less than,
greater than, etc.) on data convert
them into useful information.
 Outputting:- The process of
producing useful information or
result for the user such as a printed
report or visual display.
 Controlling:- Directing the manner
and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed.
(Chapter-4) Characteristics of Computer:-
 Characteristics means quality of a thing. There are
o Automatic
o Speed
o Accuracy
o Diligence
o Versatility
o Storage Capacity
o Reliability
o No feeling
o No IQ
 Automatic:- Once the instructions fed into computer it works automatically without any human
intervention until the completion of execution of program until meets logical instructions to terminate the
job.
 Speed:-The computer is able to process the date and give the output in fractions of seconds such that
required information is given to the user on time enabling the user to take right decisions on right time. A
powerful computer is capable of executing about 3 million calculations per second.
 Accuracy:- Inspire of its high speed of processing, the computers accuracy is consistently high enough
which avoids any errors. If it all there are errors, they are due to errors in instructions given by the
programmer.
 Diligence:- A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and
accuracy. It doesn’t feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of
human beings.
 Versatility:- Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with
same accuracy and efficiency.
 Storage Capacity:- The computer has a provision to store large volumes of data in the small storage
devices, which have capacity to store huge amounts of data and help the retrieval of data an easy task.
 Reliability:- The output generated by the computer is very reliable, but it is reliable only when the data,
which is passing as input to the computer and the program, which gives instructions are correct and reliable.
 No Feeling:- Computers are devoid of emotions. Their judgement is based on the instructions given to
them in the form of programs that are written by us .
 No IQ:- A computer does only what it is programmed to do. It cannot take its decision in this regard.