DATABASE DEVELOPMENT

MODULE OUTLINE

1. Analyse Database

1.1 Database fundamentals are properly described based on database standards

1.2 Data dictionary is clearly described based on database model

1.3 Database Task requirements are properly identified based on user requirements

2. Design Database

2.1 Conceptual Database schema is properly designed based on system requirements

2.2 Logical Database schema is properly designed based on system requirements

2.3 Database optimization is effectively enforced based on database schema

2.4 Physical Database Schema is appropriately created based on the Physical Data Model.

3. Implement Database

3.1 Data definition language commands are effectively applied based on database schema

3.2 Data manipulation language commands are effectively applied based on database schema

3.3 Data control language commands are effectively applied based on database schema

3.4 Data Query Language commands are effectively applied based on database schema

3.5 Transaction Control Language commands are effectively applied based on database schema

4. Secure Database

4.1 Access control is properly enforced based on database security measures

4.2 Auditing and logging are clearly managed based on the security policies

4.3 Data encryption is correctly implemented based on data security measures

4.4 Backup and Recovery of data are regularly configured based on DBMS
Learning outcome 1: Analyze Database

Description of database fundamental

Definition of key terms

A. Data

Data, in the context of databases, refers to all the single items that are stored in a database, either

individually or as a set. Data in a database is primarily stored in database tables, which are

organized into columns that dictate the data types stored therein.

B. Database

A database is simply a collection of related data that is organized. This may come in the form of a

set of index cards (e.g. a recipe collection), an ordered list (e.g. a phone book), or a set of tables in

the computer (e.g. student records at a certain school).

The database is a collection of tables, relationships and queries which enable to store data with
less

redundancy. Those data should be used into programs by different users.

C. Entities

An entity is an object that exists. It doesn't have to do anything; it just has to exist. In database

administration, an entity can be a single thing, person, place, or object. Data can be stored about

such entities. A design tool that allows database administrators to view the relationships between

several entities is called the entity relationship diagram (ERD).

In database administration, only those things about which data will be captured or stored is

considered an entity. If you aren't going to capture data about something, there's no point in

creating an entity in a database.

If you're creating a database of your employees, examples of entities you may have include
employees and health plan enrollment.

D. Attributes

An attribute defines the information about the entity that needs to be stored. If the entity is an

employee, attributes could include name, employee ID, health plan enrollment, and work location.

An entity will have zero or more attributes, and each of those attributes apply only to that entity.

For example, the employee ID of 123456 belongs to that employee entity alone.

Attributes also have further refinements, such as domain and key. The domain of an entity

describes the possible values of attributes. In the entity, each attribute will have only one value,

which could be blank or it could be a number, text, a date, or a time.

Attribute fields are used to store characteristics or properties associated with the object or record
and can be utilized to filter, search, or sort data

Information

Information is a set of data which is processed in a meaningful way according to the given
requirement.
Records

A database record is a collection of fields about the same person, item, or object in a database.
The database record can be thought of as a row of information within a database table.

A record is a group of data saved in a table. It is a set of fields, like an employee’s job record as
shown below.

A record is a group of data saved in a table. It is a set of fields, like an employee’s job record as
shown below.
Employee
Last Name First Name Position Department Hire Date
ID

Human November
00108 Doe John Assistant Manager
Resources 16, 2000

Financial May 1,
00109 Parker Anne Supervisor
Services 2003
Table

A table is a collection of related data held in a table format within a database. It consists of
columns and rows.
Database schema

A database schema defines how data is organized within a relational database; this is inclusive of
logical constraints such as, table names, fields, data types, and the relationships between these
entities. Schemas commonly use visual representations to communicate the architecture of the
database.

DBMS

Database management system (DBMS) is "software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain and control access to the database". Examples of DBMS's include MySQL, MariaDB,
PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database, and Microsoft Access.

SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized programming language that is used to

manage relational databases and perform various operations on the data in them.
Application of database

Databases are used for storing, maintaining and accessing any sort of data. They collect
information on people, places or things.

Relational databases are widely used in various applications and industries due to their ability to
efficiently manage and organize structured data. Here are some common applications of
relational databases:

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems: ERP systems like SAP, Oracle E-Business
Suite, and Microsoft Dynamics rely on relational databases to store and manage data related to
finance, human resources, inventory, and other core business processes.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems: CRM software, such as Salesforce and
HubSpot, use relational databases to store and retrieve customer data, sales leads, and
interactions, helping businesses manage their customer relationships effectively.

Content Management Systems (CMS): Platforms like WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal use
relational databases to store website content, user data, and configuration settings, enabling users
to create and manage websites easily.

E-commerce: Online stores and marketplaces rely on relational databases to manage product
catalogs, inventory, customer orders, and payment information. Platforms like Magento and
WooCommerce are examples of e-commerce systems built on relational databases.

Banking and Financial Services: Banks and financial institutions use relational databases to
store customer account information, transaction records, and financial data for regulatory
compliance and reporting.

Healthcare Information Systems: Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems use relational
databases to store patient records, medical history, treatment plans, and billing information
securely.

Inventory and Supply Chain Management: Relational databases help organizations track
inventory levels, manage supply chains, and optimize logistics operations for efficient inventory
management.
Online Forums and Social Media: Many online discussion forums and social media platforms
use relational databases to store user profiles, posts, comments, and connections between users.

Education Management Systems: Schools and universities use relational databases to manage
student records, course schedules, grades, and faculty information.

Human Resources Management: HR software stores employee data, payroll information, and
performance evaluations in relational databases to facilitate HR processes.

Gaming: Relational databases are used in the gaming industry to store player profiles, game
progress, leaderboards, and in-game transactions.

Government and Public Sector: Governments use relational databases for various purposes,
including tax collection, public records management, and census data storage.

Data Warehousing: Relational databases are often used as backends for data warehousing
solutions, where large volumes of data are stored, transformed, and analyzed for business
intelligence and reporting purposes.

Reservation Systems: Airlines, hotels, and restaurants use relational databases to manage
reservations, availability, and customer bookings.

Manufacturing and Production: Relational databases help manufacturers manage production

schedules, quality control data, and inventory tracking.

In summary, relational databases are versatile and find applications in a wide range of industries
and domains where structured data needs to be stored, managed, and queried efficiently. They
provide data integrity, consistency, and reliability, making them a fundamental technology in the
modern world of data management.
 ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE

Relational databases offer several advantages that make them a popular choice for managing
structured data in various applications and industries. Here are some of the key advantages:

1. Data Integrity and Accuracy: Relational databases enforce data integrity constraints, such as
primary keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints, to ensure that data remains accurate and
consistent. This helps prevent data anomalies and errors.
2. Structured Data Management: Relational databases are well-suited for structured data with
predefined schemas. This makes them ideal for applications where data consistency and
organization are crucial, such as financial systems and CRM databases.
3. Query Flexibility: Relational databases support complex SQL queries, enabling users to retrieve,
filter, aggregate, and analyze data efficiently. This flexibility is valuable for reporting and data
analysis.
4. Normalization: Relational databases encourage the practice of data normalization, which reduces
data redundancy and improves storage efficiency. Normalized data is typically easier to maintain
and update.
5. ACID Compliance: Relational databases adhere to the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
Durability) properties, ensuring that transactions are reliable and maintain data consistency even
in the event of system failures.
6. Data Security: Relational databases provide robust security features, including user
authentication, access control, and encryption. This helps protect sensitive data from unauthorized
access.
7. Scalability: Many relational database management systems (RDBMS) offer horizontal and
vertical scalability options. You can scale vertically by adding more resources to a single server or
horizontally by distributing data across multiple servers using techniques like sharding or
clustering.
8. Concurrency Control: RDBMSs support concurrency control mechanisms to manage multiple
users accessing the database simultaneously without causing data conflicts. This ensures that
transactions execute without interfering with each other.
9. Data Relationships: Relational databases excel at handling complex data relationships through
the use of foreign keys and join operations. This is valuable when modeling real-world scenarios
where data entities have connections.
10. Mature Ecosystem: Relational databases have been around for decades, resulting in a mature
ecosystem with a wide range of tools, libraries, and resources for development, administration,
and support.
11. Data Backup and Recovery: RDBMSs typically offer built-in backup and recovery mechanisms,
making it easier to protect data against loss and recover from failures.
12. Standardized Query Language: SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standardized language
used to interact with relational databases. This standardization makes it easier to work with
different database systems.
13. ACID Transactions: The ACID properties of relational databases ensure that transactions are
reliable and maintain data consistency, which is crucial for applications requiring high data
integrity, such as financial and healthcare systems.
14. Community and Support: Relational databases, like MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, and
Oracle, have large and active user communities. This means you can find extensive documentation,
online resources, and support options.
15. Data Warehousing: Relational databases are commonly used for data warehousing, where large
volumes of data are stored and analyzed for business intelligence and reporting purposes.