Reviewer Quiz STM 007

GEN. BIOLOGY 1 Jurus T.
Cabilin
Module #1: The Theories About the Origin of Life
DIVINE CREATION THEORY

- Proposes that life on Earth was created by a supernatural power, GOD.
- God created the universe, planets, animals, plants, and humans in six natural days.
- This theory believes that all organisms were created on the same day, were created
in the present form (No evolution), and their bodies and organs are fully developed
(No adaptation).
ABIOGENESIS THEORY
- Assumes that non-living material in a spontaneous manner gives rise to life.
BIOGENESIS THEORY
- This theory disproves the Abiogenesis Theory.
- Proved by these three: Lazzaro Spallanzani, Francisco Redi, & Louis Pasteur.
Lazzaro Spallanzani: Proved that a longer heating method and high-temperature

boiling had killed all microorganisms and in the absence of microorganisms, life could
not appear.
Francisco Redi: He suggested that life didn’t originate from non-living matter, but
instead from pre-existing living matters.
Louis Pasteur: He believed that life came from pre-existing life. He disproves that
life didn’t appear out of thin air, but instead came from living organisms found in the
air.
THEORY OF CATASTROPHISM
- This is the extension of the theory of special creation.
- Assumes that life originated by creation and is followed by catastrophe due to
geological disturbances.
- Catastrophe/creation is responsible for the evolvement of different types of
organisms on Earth.
THEORY OF COSMOZOIC
- Life was present in the form of resistant spores and appeared on Earth from
another planet.
- A.K.A. “Theory of Panspermia or Apore Theory”
- Supported by the fact that fossils of microorganisms were found in meteorites in
1961.
THEORY OF ETERNITY OF LIFE

- Assumes that life has no beginning or end.
- Believes that life has always existed and will continue to do so.
- A.K.A. “Steady State Theory”
GEN. BIOLOGY 1 Jurus T. Cabilin
Module #2: The Levels of Organization of Living Things
1. ATOM
- The fundamental unit of matter
- A group of atoms is called a molecule.
2. MOLECULE
- A chemical structure consisting of at least 2 at least atoms held together by
chemical bonds.
- Ex. Lipids, proteins, nucleic acid, carbohydrates
3. ORGANELLE
- A structure that has a specific function within a cell
- E.g. Mitochondria within animal and plant cells
4. CELL
- Basic building block of all organisms.
- Structural and functional unit of life
- Classified as: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes: single-celled organisms that don’t have membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes: Have membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus.
5. TISSUES
- Groups of similar cells performing specific functions
- 4 main types in animals: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, & Nervous.
6. ORGANS
- Collection of tissues grouped performing a common function
- E.g. Heart, Lungs, Liver, Stomach, etc.
7. ORGAN SYSTEM
- Higher level of organization that consists of functionally-related organs
- E.g. Respiratory system, Epithelial System, Digestive System, etc.
8. ORGANISM
- Living individual entity
- A.K.A. living thing
9. POPULATION
- A group of organisms of the same species living together within a specific
area/habitat.
10. COMMUNITY
- Different populations of different species that live in the same specific area.
11. ECOSYSTEM
- A group of organisms having an interaction with the non-living environment
12. BIOSPHERE
- The highest level of organization
- Global sum of all ecosystems
- It represents the zones of life on Earth.
Module #3: The Development of Cell Theory
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN
- in the 1590s, the Janssen created both the forerunner of the compound microscope
and the telescope.
- They put several lenses in a tube and discovered that the object near the tube
appeared to enlarged.
ROBERT HOOKE
- Used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork.
- He coined the term “cells” that reminded him of the cubicles or “cells” in which
monks lived.
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

- The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope.
- In 1674, he described the algae Spirogyra and named moving organism animalcules
- He proposed that animals are composed of cells.
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
- In 1838, he proposed that plants are composed of cells.
- He showed that the development of all vegetable tissues comes from the activity of
cells.
- Co-founded the 2 principles of Cell Theory.
THEODOR SCHWANN
- In 1839, he stated that cell is the basic unit of life.
- He proposed that all living things are composed of cells.
- Co-founded the 2 principles of Cell Theory.
RODOLPH VIRCHOW
- In 1855, he published the Biogenic Law
- He stated that cells originate from cells.
- He coined the 3rd principle of Cell Theory.
THE CELL THEORY
States that:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All cells came from pre-existing cells
Module #4: Cell Structure of Animal & Plant Cell
Both Cells:
1. Cell Membrane
- Semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell
- Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
2. Nucleus
- A.K.A. “The governor of the cell”
- Controls cell activities by regulating gene expression
- Nuclear Envelope: separates the nucleus from the bilayers.
- Nuclear Pores: control the passage of ions, molecules, proteins, & RNA
- Nucleoplasm: Semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus
- Nucleolus: Region where intensive synthesis of rRNA is taking place.
3. Cytoplasm
- Gel-like substance within the cell membrane
- Contains organelles and the site for most cellular activities
4. Mitochondria
- “Powerhouse of the cell”
- Produces Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) as the main energy source of the cell.
5. Ribosomes
- Site of protein synthesis.
- Can be found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER: ribosomes are attached to it; involved in protein synthesis
- Smooth ER: lacks or have no ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis
7. Golgi Apparatus / Body

- Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the
cell.
8. Lysosomes
- Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials
- More common in animal cells but can be found in plant cells
- A.K.A. “The suicidal bag”
9. Cytoskeleton
- a complex network of protein fibers and tubules
- provides structural support, shape, and organization to the cell
- Microfilaments (Actin): Thin flexible fibers; function in cellular movement
- Microtubules: Hollow tubes made of tubulin protein dimers; helps the cell resist
compression
- Intermediate Filaments: Rope-like fibers made of various proteins.
Unique to Animal Cells:
1. Centrioles
- Involved in cell division (mitosis & meiosis)
- Help in the formation of spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell
division.
Unique to Plant Cells:
1. Cell Wall
- Rigid layer made of cellulose
- Provides structural support and protection.
2. Chloroplasts
- Site of photosynthesis
- Contains the pigment chlorophyll.
3. Vacuole
- Large central vacuole in plant cells.
- Stores nutrients and waste products; helps maintain turgor pressure.

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GEN. BIOLOGY 1 Jurus T.

Module #1: The Theories About the Origin of Life

DIVINE CREATION THEORY

Lazzaro Spallanzani: Proved that a longer heating method and high-temperature

THEORY OF ETERNITY OF LIFE

Module #2: The Levels of Organization of Living Things

Module #3: The Development of Cell Theory

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

THE CELL THEORY

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells

Module #4: Cell Structure of Animal & Plant Cell

7. Golgi Apparatus / Body

Unique to Animal Cells:

Unique to Plant Cells:

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