Nas U1

1.
Introduction
Electric circuit theory and electromagnetic theory are the two fundamental theories upon which all branches
of electrical engineering are built. Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power, electric machines,
control, electronics, communications, and instrumentation, are based on electric circuit theory. Therefore, the
basic electric circuit theory course is the most important course for an electrical engineering student.
 electric circuit :
𝒅𝒒 𝒕
Current: i= , so charge Q = ∫𝒕𝒐 𝒊 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕
Direct current ( I) and Alternating current (i)

Problem:
𝒅𝒘
Voltage: vab or v =
𝒅𝒒
Fig1: Electric current Fig2: Polarity of voltage
𝒅𝒘 𝒅𝒘 𝒅𝒒
Power: p= = . = v.i
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒒 𝒅𝒕
Problem:
Electrical Network:
A combination of various electric elements (Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor, Voltage source, Current
source) connected in any manner what so ever is called an electrical network. We may classify circuit
elements in two categories, passive and active elements.
Passive Element:
The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then either converts it into heat (R) or
stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L) field is called passive element.
Active Element:
The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active element. Examples of active elements
include voltage and current sources, generators. A transistor is an active circuit element, meaning that it can
amplify power of a signal. On the other hand, transformer is not an active element because it does not
amplify the power level and power remains same both in primary and secondary sides. Transformer is an
example of passive element.
Bilateral Element:
Conduction of current in both directions in an element (example: Resistance; Inductance;
Capacitance) with same magnitude is termed as bilateral element.
Unilateral Element:
Conduction of current in one direction is termed as unilateral (example: Diode, Transistor) element.
Meaning of Response:
An application of input signal to the system will produce an output signal, the behavior of output
signal with time is known as the response of the system.
Potential Energy Difference:
The voltage or potential energy difference between two points in an electric circuit is the
amount of energy required to move a unit charge between the two points.
2. Ohm’s Law: Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional
to the resistance between them. The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is:
Where I is the current through the resistance in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured
across the resistance in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More
specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.
Figure: Circuit symbol for resistance
3. KIRCHOFF'S LAW
Kirchoff's First Law - The Current Law, (KCL)
"The total current or charge entering a junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving
the node as it has no other place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node".
In other words the algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to
zero,
I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0.
This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Charge.
Here, the 3 currents entering the node, I1, I2, I3 are all positive in value and the 2 currents leaving the
node, I4 and I5 are negative in value.
Then this means we can also rewrite the equation as; I1 + I2 + I3 - I4 - I5 = 0
Kirchoff's Second Law - The Voltage Law, (KVL)

"In any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage
drops within the same loop" which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages
within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Energy.
Starting at any point in the loop continue in the same direction noting the direction of all the voltage
drops, either positive or negative, and returning back to the same starting point. It is important to maintain
the same direction either clockwise or anti-clockwise or the final voltage sum will not be equal to zero.
We can use Kirchoff's voltage law when analyzing series circuits.
Problem 1:
A current of 0.5 A is flowing through the resistance of 10Ω.Find the potential difference between
its ends.
Solution:
Current I = 0.5A, Resistance R = 10Ω , Potential difference V =?
V = IR
= 0.5 × 10
= 5V.
Problem: 2
A supply voltage of 220V is applied to a 100 Ω resistor. Find the current flowing through it.
Solution:
Voltage V = 220V, Resistance R = 100Ω , Current I = V/ R = 2 2 0 /100
= 2.2 A.
Problem: 3
Calculate the resistance of the conductor if a current of 2A flows through it when the potential
difference across its ends is 6V.
Solution:
Current I = 2A, Potential difference = V = 6, Resistance R= V/I
= 6 /2
= 3 ohm.
Problem: 4
Calculate the current and resistance of a 100 W, 200V electric bulb.
Solution:
Power, P = 100W
Voltage, V = 200V Power p = VI
Current I = P/V
= 100/200
= 0.5A
Resistance R = V /I
= 200/0.5 = 400W.
Problem: 5
Calculate the power rating of the heater coil when used on 220V supply taking 5 Amps.
Solution:
Voltage, V = 220V
Current, I = 5A,
Power, P= VI
= 220 × 5
= 1100W
= 1.1 KW.
Problem: 6
A circuit is made of 0.4 Ω wire, a 150Ω bulb and a 120Ω rheostat connected in series. Determine
the total resistance of the resistance of the circuit.
Solution:
Resistance of the wire = 0.4Ω Resistance of bulb = 1 5 0 Ω Resistance of rheostat = 120Ω In
series, Total resistance, R = 0.4 + 150 +120
= 270.4Ω
Problem: 7
Three resistances of values 2Ω, 3Ω and 5Ω are connected in series across 20 V, D.C supply
Calculate (a) equivalent resistance of the circuit (b) the total current of the circuit (c) the voltage
drop across each resistor and (d) the power dissipated in each resistor.
Solution:
Total resistance R = R1 + R2+ R3.
= 2 +3+5 = 10Ω
Voltage = 20V
Total current I = V/R = 20/10 = 2A. Voltage drop across 2Ω resistor V1 = I R1
= 2× 2 = 4 volts.
Voltage drop across 3Ω resistor V 2 = IR2
= 2 × 3 = 6 volts.
Voltage drop across 5Ω resistor V3 = I R3
= 2 ×5 = 10 volts.
Power dissipated in 2Ω resistor is P1 = I2 R1
= 4 × 2 = 8 watts.
Power dissipated in 3 resistor is P2= I2 R2.
= 4 × 3 = 12 watts.
Power dissipated in 5 resistor is P3= I2 R3 = 4*5 = 20 Watts
Problem: 9 For the given circuit find v1 and v2

4. Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the
circuit variables. Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit variables is
convenient and reduces the number of equations one must solve simultaneously. To simplify
matters, we shall assume in this section that circuits do not contain voltage sources. Circuits that
contain voltage sources will be analyzed in the next section. In nodal analysis, we are interested
in finding the node voltages. Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage sources, the nodal
analysis of the circuit involves taking the following three steps.
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages to the remaining nodes. The voltages are
referenced with respect to the reference node.
2. Apply KCL to each of the non reference nodes. Use Ohm’s law to express the branch currents
in terms of node voltages.
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.
5. Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing circuits, using mesh currents as
the circuit variables. Using mesh currents instead of element currents as circuit variables is
convenient and reduces the number of equations that must be solved simultaneously. Recall that
a loop is a closed path with no node passed more than once. A mesh is a loop that does not
contain any other loop within it. Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given
circuit, while mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents. Mesh analysis is not quite as
general as nodal analysis because it is only applicable to a circuit that is planar. A planar circuit
is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches crossing one another; otherwise it is
nonplanar.
Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:
1. Assign mesh currents to the n meshes.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the
mesh currents.
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.
6. Types of Energy Sources

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From given circuit, we can directly define VA

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1.

Direct current ( I) and Alternating current (i)

Fig1: Electric current Fig2: Polarity of voltage

Figure: Circuit symbol for resistance

This idea by Kirchoff is known as the Conservation of Charge.

Kirchoff's Second Law - The Voltage Law, (KVL)

series, Total resistance, R = 0.4 + 150 +120

Problem: 9 For the given circuit find v1 and v2

Steps to Determine Node Voltages:

Steps to Determine Mesh Currents:

1. Assign mesh currents to the n meshes.

3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

6. Types of Energy Sources

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