Batch One Project RHS

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RAINWATER HARVESTING
SYSTEM ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY”
A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
MADUGUNDU RAVITEJA 21G35A0104
KANIKE MAHALKSHMI 20G31A0110
YERUKULA SAI KIRAN 20G31A0123
KURUVA RAVI KUMAR 20G31A0113
MADROLU SUNEEL 20G31A0115
Under the esteemed guidance of
E. NATHANEYEILU (M. Tech)
Assistant Professor
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Department of Civil Engineering
St. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, A.P.)
Yerrakota, Yemmiganur-518360, Kurnool (Dist.), A. P
Department of Civil Engineering
St. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur, A.P.)
Yerrakota, Yemmiganur-518360, Kurnool (Dist.), A.P
2023-2024
This is to certify that the Project Report “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY “is a Bonafede work done the following students.
MADUGUNDU RAVITEJA 21G35A0104
KANIKE MAHALKSHMI 20G31A0110
YERUKULA SAI KIRAN 20G31A0123
KURUVA RAVI KUMAR 20G31A0113
MADROLU SUNEEL 20G31A0115
Under my supervision and guidance, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award
of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING during
academic year 2023-2024.
GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPT.

E. NATHANEYEILU (M. Tech), M. MUJAHID AHMED
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SJCET, YERRAKOTA, YEMMIGANUR SJCET, YEMMIGANUR, YEMMIGANUR
DATE: EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM
DECLARATION
I declare that this project report titled “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RAINWATER
HARVESTING SYSTEM ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY”
submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of B. Tech in (CIVIL Engineering) is a record of original
work carried out by me under the supervision of E. NATHANEYEILU (M. Tech), and has not formed
the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other Institution or University. In
keeping with the ethical practice in reporting scientific information, due acknowledgements have been
made wherever the findings of others have been cited.
DATE: - Civil Engineering Department
PLACE: SJCET, YERRAKOTA, YEMMIGANUR
PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned
our efforts with success. It is a pleasant aspect that we have now the opportunity to express our gratitude
for all of them.
It is with immense pleasure that we would like to express our indebted gratitude to our Guide E.
NATHANEYEILU (M. Tech) Department of Civil Engineering, who has guided us a lot and
encouraged us in every step of the project work. We thank him for the stimulating guidance, constant
encouragement and constructive criticism which have made possible to bring out this project work.
We are very much thankful to M. MUJAHID AHMED ASSOCIATE PROF. Head of the
Department, Civil Engineering, for his kind support and for providing necessary facilities to carry out the
work.
We wish to convey our special thanks to DR.V. VEERANNA, Principal of St. Jhon’s college
of engineering and Technology for his moral support in doing our project work. Not to forget, we thank
all other faculty and non-teaching staff, and our friends who had directly or indirectly helped and supported
us in completing our project in time.
We also express our sincere thanks to Management for providing excellent facilities.
Finally, we wish to convey our gratitude to our family who fostered all the requirements and
facilities that we need.
ABSTRACT
The Rainwater Harvesting system (RHS) is a possible solution to achieve a sustainable management of the
water resources. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyses, in the engineering college context. The
profitability of RHS for non-portable use in the college area, (St John's college of engineering and
technology).
From this perspective this paper starts with a general framework about water and rainwater harvesting,
followed by a survey of several studies about harvested rainwater quality and treatment options. This
paper also comprises an overall characterization of RHS and a description of its main components.
The investment project is analyzed for a case study created based on national average statistics (new single
college building, inhabited by students). In this, we analyzed nine variants and considered different water
storage capacities of cash flows estimated and main profitability criteria are calculated for each scenario.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER-1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is the rainwater harvesting----------------------------------------------------------------------12

1.2 Definition of rainwater harvesting ------------------------------------------------------------------13
1.3 Why to harvest rainwater ------------------------------------------------------------------14
CHAPTER-2. LITERATURE REVIEW ------------------------------------------------------------------16
CHAPTER-3. HOW TO HARVEST RAINWATER
3.1 Surface runoff harvesting ------------------------------------------------------------------22

3.2 Rooftop rainwater harvesting ------------------------------------------------------------------23
3.3 Components of rainwater harvesting system -----------------------------------------------------24
3.4 Benefits and limitations -------------------------------------------------------------------33
3.5 Advantage and Disadvantage-------------------------------------------------------------------------35
CHAPTER-4. SOME PROVISIONS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
4.1 Quality---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.2 Cultural acceptability----------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.3 Effectiveness of technology--------------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.4 History---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
CHAPTER-5. STUDY AREAS AND DATA COLLECTION:
5.1 Study area-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

5.2 Data collection-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
5.3 Rainfall and climate-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
5.4 Determination of catchment area--------------------------------------------------------------------46
5.5 Runoff coefficient -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
5.6 Annual rainwater harvesting potential--------------------------------------------------------------48
5.7 Discharge Calculations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------51
5.8 Calculations for number of rainwater pipes (R.W.P) to be---------------------------------------52
5.9 Calculation for the diameter of the discharge pipe------------------------------------------------53
5.10 Design of recharge well------------------------------------------------------------------------------56
5.11 Design of the filter------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
5.12 Recharging subsurface acquihires-------------------------------------------------------------------61

CHAPTER-6. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION
6.1 Unit cost of construction activities---------------------------------------------------------------------68
6.2 Ferrocement tanks with skeletal cage--------------------------------------------------------------------68
6.3 Plastic tanks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
6.4 Cost estimation of recharge pits----------------------------------------------------------------------69
6.5 Quality of water----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77

6.6 Field survey---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83
6.7 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
6.8 References-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------90
List of figure and Table: - PAGE NO’S
Figure: 1. Rain water harvesting system-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Figure: 2. Layout Rainwater harvesting system---------------------------------------------------------------------13
Figure: 3.a Surface runoff rainwater harvesting---------------------------------------------------------------------

23
Figure: 3.b Rooftop rainwater harvesting---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

23
Figure: 4. A rainwater harvesting components----------------------------------------------------------------------24
Figure: 5. A Water Harvesting Manual for Urban Areas----------------------------------------------------------24
Figure: 6. A water harvesting for urban areas ----------------------------------------------------------------------26
Figure: 7. Charcoal water filter---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Figure: 8. Sand filter---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Figure: 9. Rain PC-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Figure: 10. A filter collector diverts 90 per cent ------------------------------------------------------------------28
Figure: 11.A larger vortex fine filter can cope with r-------------------------------------------------------------28
Figure: 12. A floating fine suction filter----------------------------------------------------------------------------28

Figure: 13. storage tank made of galvanized iron sheets---------------------------------------------------------30
Figure: 14. A settlement chamber-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
Figure: 15. Filter materials in a soak away------------------------------------------------------------------------32
Figure: 16. A water harvesting manual for urban areas----------------------------------------------------------32

Figure: 17 St. Jhon’s of engineering college-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
Figure: 18. A. main building ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
Figure: 18. Boy’s hostel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
Figure: 18.c. Girl’s hostel -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56
Figure: 18. Canteen --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56

Figure: 19.a Recharge through trench (main building) -----------------------------------------------------------63
Figure: 19.b Recharge through trench (boys’ hostel) -------------------------------------------------------------64
Figure: 19.c Recharge through trench (girls’ hostel) --------------------------------------------------------------------------65
Figure: 19.d Recharge through trench (canteen)------------------------------------------------------------------66
LIST OF TABLES: - PAGE NO: -
Table: 1. Sizing of rainwater pipe for roof drainage-----------------------------------------------------------------------25
Table: 2. Building with RHS----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
Table: 3. Data collection--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
Table: 4. Determination of catchment area----------------------------------------------------------------------46
Table: 5. Runoff coefficient----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
Table: 6. Runoff Coefficients of Different Surfaces------------------------------------------------------------------48
Table: 7. Annual rainwater harvesting potential----------------------------------------------------------------49
Table: 8. Calculations for number of rainwater pipes (R.W.P) to be-----------------------------------------53
Table: 9. Calculations for the diameter of the discharge pipe-------------------------------------------------53
Table: 10. Calculation of critical rainfall duration--------------------------------------------------------------58
Table: 11. Unit cost of construction activities---------------------------------------------------------------------68
Table: 12. Ferrocement tanks with skeletal cage--------------------------------------------------------------------68
Table: 13. Plastic tanks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69
Table: 14. Estimation of brick work------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
Table: 15 Estimation of brick work-------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
Table: 18. Quality of water----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------78-82
Table: 19. 6 Field survey---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83-86
CHAPTER -1
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS RAINWATER HARVESTING:
Although close to three fourths of our planet is made of water, not all of it suitable for use. The
water in oceans and seas cannot be used as drinking water and little of it can be utilized for other purposes.
As result, there is constant storage of water that is either good for drinking or home and industrial use.
Areas on the planet that have long faced water storage were able to combat this problem by harvesting
what little rain water they received this slowly stared speeding to areas where there was plenty of rainfall.
As result, the modern day rain water harvesting system was bought in to place.
Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the
land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex
techniques such as underground check dams. The techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from
practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions and still serve as a major source of
drinking water supply in rural areas.
Figure: 1. Rainwater harvesting system
1.2 DEFINITION OF RAINWATER HARVESTING:
 Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing of rain water. Rainwater harvesting, in its broadest
sense, is a technology used for collecting and Storing rainwater from rooftops, land surfaces and rock
catchments for human use; and it utilizes simple methods such as jars and pots as well as engineered techniques for
collection and storage.
Guide on Rainwater Harvesting:
 In scientific term, Rainwater harvesting refers to collection and storage of rainwater and also other
activities aimed at harvesting surface and groundwater, prevention of loses through evaporation and
seepage and all other hydrological studies and engineering interventions, aimed at conservation and
efficient utilization of the limited water endowment of physiographic unit as a watershed.
Agrawal and Narain, 1999
 Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing, and using rainwater for landscape
irrigation and other uses. The rainwater is collected from various hard surfaces such as roof tops and/or
other types of manmade above ground hard surfaces.
 Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than
allowing it to runoff.
 Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater for human use.
Figure: 2. Layout Rainwater harvesting system
1.3 WHY TO HARVEST RAINWATER:
―Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not a single man's greed. ‖
-Mahatma Gandhi
Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage
within a region. According to United Nations Development Programmed, this currently affects around 2.8
billion people around the world, on all continents, at least one month out of every year and more than 1.2
billion people lack the access to clean drinking water.
Over-consumption/excessive or unnecessary use of resources, Overpopulation, Slash and burn
agricultural practices in developing countries, Technological and industrial development, Erosion, Habitat
degradation leads to the loss of Biodiversity (i.e. species and ecosystems with its ecosystem services),
Irrigation, Mining for oil and minerals, Aquifer depletion, Pollution or contamination of resources are the
major factors responsible for the eminent water crisis.
This is perhaps one of the most frequently asked question, as to why one should harvest rainwater.
There are many reasons but following are some of the important ones.
 To arrest ground water decline and augment ground water table

 To beneficiate water quality in aquifers
 To conserve surface water runoff during monsoon
 To reduce soil erosion
 To inculcate a culture of water conservation
CHAPTER- 2
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
Thomas et al. (2014) United States had adopted a fairly different system for water conservation of runoff.
The country adopted the electronic survey system to facilitate the community towards good practices of
collecting rain water runoff developed by American Rainwater Catchment System (ARCSA). All the
members of ARCSA responded to the survey and about 2700 Rain Water Harvesting Systems across the
country have observed in surrounding area. All the exercises were setup regarding the harvesting rain
water, its treatment techniques and quality of water testing methods. All the respondents reported about
the harvesting water uses which implies the rainwater for irrigation as well as potable use purpose. As a
whole, the survey renders the data about non-potable rain water harvesting techniques in the United States
and this practice also used for future water conservation techniques research.
Yosef & Asmamaw D. K. (2015) Ethiopia region is largely dependent on rainfall and rain-based
agriculture has been widely adopted for many centuries. Therefore, rainfall constitute an important
component of the weather for improvement in agricultural productivity. Acute weather conditions and
seasonal variation of functional weather elements imparts adverse impact on productivity because crop
productivity is controlled mainly by rainfall. With the growing weather circumstances, rainfall is a must
factor for agricultural schemes and its management. In order to counter such a problem, efforts by capable
Ethiopia government and local communicating have adopted various water conservation techniques.
Various rain water harvesting techniques has been done up to a remarkable effect on soil
moisture enhancement, surface runoff and groundwater recharge. Consequently, improvement in
cultivation of crops which helps in reduction of risks and possesses positive benefits towards ecosystem.
As a whole, water conservation techniques help in management of water scarcity, agricultural progress
and water resource management.
Adham et al. (2016) Water conservation techniques has been widely applied in dry and semi-dry zones to
minimize the danger from drought. Due to scarcity of water resources with increasing demand of water, an
assessment and waking pattern of rain water harvesting system becomes of utmost importance. This
technical paper aims at developing a simple and effective water conservation system at a catchment area to
calculate and customize the overall effectiveness of rain water harvesting within design and management
criteria. This model was adopted to analyze rainfall data for 1980-2004 within 25 sub-catchment of
watershed area of Wadi Oum Zensar (South Eastern Tunisia). This study stresses on the performance of
rain water harvesting system for all seasons of the year (i.e., Summer, Wet, and Winter). This study also
shows impact on advantages of long-term water harvesting system and improvement on understanding of
hydrological processes within rain water harvesting system and also renders the solutions for water
conservation techniques performances.
Roman et al. (2017) Many cities having combined sewer overflow has to counter the urban storm water
with the priority. Many of the advanced approaches are now being proposed to resolve the problem.
Current research in information technology are now providing cost-effective techniques to receive the best
performance of traditional rainfall water infrastructure through the regular monitoring approach. This
technical paper elaborates the regular monitoring and evaluation approach which may be applied for
traditional rainwater harvesting system in New York City to enhance performance by least discharge to
the combined sewer during rainfall water, reducing water use for irrigation of local vegetation and
optimization of health. To achieve this objective, a hydrologic and hydraulic model was developed for a
planned and designed rainwater harvesting system to explore multiple potential scenarios prior to the
systems actual construction.
Lopes et al. (2017) Urban water system across the world is having increasing and variable water scarcity,
increase in demand, basic infrastructure deficit, uncertainly being produced by climate change. Rainwater
harvesting systems presents the hopeful alternative for water supply system flexibility and capacity
increase of water demand. This technical paper aims all the purpose of demand of non potable water and
the size of tank in which the rainfall water is received which are helpful for assessment of performance.
The efficiency of Rainwater harvesting systems highlights the usefulness of the water supply and demand
mechanism towards the economic assessment.
Traboulsi & Traboulsi (2017) The problem of water scarcity and domestic water demand increase
becomes more severe over last decades in lebni and various countries in the middle east region. This
issue rises due to population and other economic growth. Rainwater harvesting system proves cost
effective, safe and reliable alternative source for docetic source, but uncomfortable and impractical aspects
which rates high cost and space requirement for its construction makes this concept not currently adopted
in rural and urban areas. This technical paper emphasizes of a purely new water conservation method
which may be conveniently adopted in both village and city area. In this method, Rainwater is collected
and stored directly into the taken installed in the roof area of the building and it is not necessary to
storm water in ground and underground tanks. This method is popularly adopted in Lebanon by which
very helpful in recharging the rainwater and eventually saving a lot of amounts of electrical energy which
are required for pumping of water from the ground water. It is quite evident that the runoff received from
rainwater is not holed on coastal area and thereby reducing the rate of infiltration in the underground
surface which may ultimately lead to the ocean.
Kisakye & Van der Bruggen (2018) Climate alternation possesses acute uncertainties toward water
accessibility within the rural communities which are facing the scarcity of water already. The rainwater
harvesting technique becomes a major strategy for safe drinking water availability in Uganda. However,
water conservation capacity has unknown effects of climate changes. Thus, this technical paper evaluates
the water-saving and impact of climate changes on water security using water conservation technique for
Kabarole district, Uganda. This process also assesses the effects of rainfall during rainy season for saving
of water and its security and also calculate the scarcity of water.
Braga et al. (2018). All the cities along with the district of Columbia (DC) facing the problem of
combined sewer overflows to manage stormwater flow through the combined sewerage system. Rainwater
harvesting system with advancement technique is a modern logistic approach to balance the stormwater
and having the feasibility to reduce the issue of combined overflow and to enhance the conservation of
water. The rainwater harvesting system adopts regular monitoring and controlling techniques to save or
release the water from a rain water harvesting structure. This implies the efficiency of RWH system to get
the benefits of wet weather flow from two firehouses installed in DC. Monitoring data’s were collected on
regular basis for the period of three years for RHW system which were installed systems were emphatic
for net weather flow as well as average discharge and harvesting rates are more than 95% . The results
propound that if executed to a large scale, Rainwater harvesting system would be a significant tool in
impressive management of stormwater flow.
Freni & Liuzzo (2019) Water conservation systems have several advantages being an improved optional
water supply remedial solution, within dry and semi-dry areas. Urban areas having risk of flood can be
benefited by this system. This technical paper summarizes the potential of rainwater harvesting system
with reduction of water consumption and in addition to this, efficiency of retention of rainfall water in
flood-prone residential communities. The aim of the technical paper was to evaluate the reliability of
water conservation system keeping in view of surface runoff retention. Eventually, the performance of
rainwater harvesting system to supply stored water for cleaning of water closets in more than stored 400
single family homes in a residential area of Sicily (Southern Italy) was evaluated. For this study, area
with high susceptibility of flooding was selected. Results so obtained shows that potential rainwater
harvesting system installation was made within the flood risk areas which is highly concerned to rainfall
amount.
Yiannopoulos et al. (2019). In the present scenario, Available sources of water demand counters utmost
pressure because of demographic, economic, social issues, environmental losses, change of climate and
technology changes to the world level. It is obvious that rainwater harvesting being as a conventional
method has the capacity to recharge the surface and groundwater resources in the vicinity of inadequate
supply of water. In recent years, all the countries have adopted the updated concept of rainwater
harvesting to meet the rise in water demand and at the same time tracing out the volume, frequency and
peak of runoff in the city area. All these factors evaluate the present circumstances and the exposure for
the forthcoming development of such method globally.
This technical paper aiming at all the examination of present condition rainwater
harvesting as an additional and alternative source of water to meet the water demand and to solve the
issues of water scarcity across the different countries of the world. In short, the paper emphasizes the
following:
Reasons behind the scarcity of water.
A brief description of the past development in rainwater harvesting method.
The rainwater harvesting concept overviews.
The collective effort to expand interest in rain water harvesting.
The remuneration, scope and objectives for exposures of the rainwater harvesting techniques in different
countries globally.
Santos et al. (2020). In order to improve the capacity and efficiency of water consumption, the use of non-
potable water for pavement washing, toilet clearing, cultivation and others is the effective strategy which
is being adopted. For such situation, the design and analysis of rainwater harvesting system may be made
by applying recent or historical records for the future projections of the rain water harvesting systems to be
developed. The technical paper includes the study of the rainwater harvesting system in the area of
Portugal Southern Europe. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of climate change on these
water conservation systems and for this purpose daily simulation using the projected rainfall data was
taken into account. It has been observed that there were no appreciable changes in water conservation
system performance in the concerned areas.
Tam Agnone et al. (2020). Various strategies and measurers are adopted to counter the anthropic and
climate change effects on drought prone area. These technical studies, exercise
the potential of beneficial rainwater harvesting techniques to be adopted as feasible solutions for flood
control measures. This study also summaries the hydraulic performance of catchment for rainwater
harvesting peak flow reduction and volume reduction on the field. This study also analyses the basic
hydraulic capacity of the various techniques and close look at the high performance of the water
conservation techniques where extreme precipitation occurs. Moreover, this study also presents the rainfall
runoff model for water conservation issues. Al through a few limitations, this study has the emphatic
feature of very high-resolution topography which may be ultimately taken as input for rain water
harvesting and conservation system. The outcome of the study also motivates the stakeholder to adopt
increasing the use of rain water harvesting system keeping in view to control the flood hazard situation
and land degradation that minimizes the draught and semi drought area.
Zhang et al. (2021). Rainwater harvesting systems along with the drip irrigation system are frequently
adopted water conservation techniques as curtaining farming and husbandry sustainability in dryland areas
of northwest China, however, above mentioned techniques are having benefits as well as drawbacks of
their own.
CHAPTER- 3
HOW TO HARVEST RAINWATER

Rain water harvesting refers to collection and storage of rainwater and also other activity such as
harvesting surface water extracting ground water, prevention of loss through evaporation and seepage.
Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for more than 4,000 years, it is also a good option in areas where
good quality fresh surface water or ground water is lacking. In doing so, water harvesting assures a
continuous and reliable access to water. The role of rainwater harvesting systems as sources of
supplementary, back-up, or emergency water supply will become important especially in view of
increased climate variability and the possibility of greater frequencies of droughts and floods in many
areas.
Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater:
1.Surface runoff harvesting
2.Roof top rainwater harvesting
3.1 SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING:

P r e c i p i t a t i o n o n t h e g r o u n d i s c a l l e d s u r f a c e r u n o f f . This runoff could be caught and
used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods.
• Rooftops
• Paved and Unpaved Areas (Surface Runoff)
• Water bodies
• Storm water Drain
• Rooftops: If buildings with impervious roofs are already in place, the catchment area Is effectively
available free of charge and they provide a supply at the point of Consumption.
• Paved and Unpaved Areas (Surface runoff): Landscapes, open fields, parks,
Storm water drains, roads and pavements and other open areas can be effectively used to harvest the
runoff. The main advantage in using ground as collecting surface is that Water can be collected from a
larger area. This is particularly advantageous in areas of Low rainfall.
• Water bodies: The potential of lakes, tanks and ponds to store rainwater is immense.
The harvested rainwater can not only be used to meet water requirements of the city, It also recharges
groundwater aquifers.
• Storm water Drains: Most of the residential colonies have proper network of
Storm water drains. If maintained neatly, these offer a simple and cost-effective means for harvesting
rainwater.
Fig (a): - surface runoff rainwater harvesting
3.2 ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING:

It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments,
and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or
diverted to artificial recharge system. This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented
properly helps in augmenting the ground water level of the area.
Fig.(b): Rooftop rainwater harvesting
3.3 COMPONENTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING:

A rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages - transporting rainwater
through pipes or drains, filtration, and storage in tanks for reuse or recharge. The common components of
a rainwater harvesting system involved in these stages are illustrated here.
Figure: 4. A rainwater harvesting components
3.3.1 Catchments: The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives
the rainfall and provides water to the system. It can be a paved area
like a terrace or courtyard of a building, or an unpaved area

like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced cement Figure: 5. water harvesting for urban areas
concrete (RCC), galvanized iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.
3.3.2 Coarse mesh: at the roof to prevent the passage of debris.
3.3.3 Gutters: Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the
storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using:
 Locally available material such as plain galvanized iron sheet (20 to 22 gauge), folded to required
shapes.
 Semi-circular gutters of PVC material can be readily prepared by cutting those pipes into two equal semi-
circular channels.
 Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half.
The size of the gutter should be according to the flow during the highest intensity rain. It is
advisable to make them 10 to 15 per cent oversize.
Gutters need to be supported so they do not sag or fall off when loaded with water. The way in which
gutters are fixed depends on the construction of the house; it is possible to fix iron or timber brackets into
the walls, but for houses having wider eaves, some method of attachment to the rafters is necessary.
3.3.4 Conduits: Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area
to the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron
(GI), materials that are commonly available. The following table gives an idea about the diameter of pipe
required for draining out rainwater based on rainfall intensity and roof area
Table: 1. Sizing of rainwater pipe for roof drainage
Diameter Of Average rate of rainfall in mm/h

pipe (mm)
50 75 100 125 150 200
50 13.4 8.9 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.3
65 24.1 16.0 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0
75 40.8 27.0 20.4 16.3 13.6 10.2

100 85.4 57.0 42.7 34.2 28.5 21.3
125 - - 80.5 64.3 53.5 40.0
150 - - - - 83.6 62.7

mm/ h - millimeters per hour m - Meter
3.3.5 First-flushing: A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain is
flushed out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first spell of rain carries a
relatively larger number of pollutants from the air and catchment surface.
Figure: 6. A water harvesting manual for urban areas
3.3.6 Filter: The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A
filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fiber, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove
debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharge’s structure. Charcoal can be added
for additional filtration.
3.3.6.1 Charcoal water filter

A simple charcoal filter can be made in a drum or an earthen pot. The filter is made of gravel, sand and charcoal, all
of which are easily available. filter that can be constructed domestically, the top layer comprises coarse sand
followed by a 5-10 mm layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of gravel and boulders
Figure: 7. Charcoal water filter

3.3.6.2 Sand filters
Sand filters have commonly available sand as filter media. Sand
filters are easy and inexpensive to construct. These filters can be
employed.
Figure: 8. Sand filter
3.3.6.3 Rain PC
Acquirer, a consortium of three specialist Netherlands-based companies, has developed a system for the conversion
of rainwater to drinking water in the form of a Rainwater Purification Centre.
Rain PC is developed by scaling down the multi-staged water treatment method (MST), which involves screening,
flocculation sedimentation and filtration and incorporating existing technologies like upward flow fine filtration,
absorption and ion exchange. Coming in a small compact 26 kg unit, the Rain PC offers an affordable solution by
converting rainwater into drinking water.
Rain PC is made of ultra violet resistant poly-ethylene housing and cover, stainless steel rods and bolts, a nickel-
brass valve and an adapter for maintaining constant volume. Xeno Tex-A and activated carbon cartridges along
with ultra-membrane filtration or micro-membrane filtration modules incorporated in the Rain PC has the capacity
to deal with E-coli and the potential of meeting the Dutch as well as World Health Organizations (WHO) water
regulation standards. The components can also be transported individually to be assembled at the site. Three product
types are available based on their microbial contaminant removal capacity. This technology is ideally suited for
virtually any situation and is a blessing particularly for those who have little or no access to regular safe drinking
water.
The salient features of Rain PC are:
 Simple straight-forward installation

 Easy to operate and maintain
 Needs no power and operates at low gravity pressure (0.1 bar upward).
 The system is capable of providing a constant flow of about 40 liters of rainwater per hour, enough for a family of
five for drinking, cooking and bathing purposes.
 Maintains nearly constant volume irrespective of water pressure.
 The Xeno Tex-A and activated carbon cartridge processes up to 20,000 liters and can be regenerated up to 10
times.
 Cost per 1000 liters is as low as US$ 2 to 3.
3.3.7 Rainwater harvester

EA Water Pvt Ltd has launched a unique Rainwater Harvester, which filters runoff water from roads, which
generally contains oil and grease. This system has been installed in the Gymkhana club, Sector-15, Faridabad, and
Haryana. Rajit Malhotra, project in charge, of this company explained that the water harvesting system installed at
the club has a sand filter, which filters silt from runoff harvested from roof, lawns sand parking area. The cost of
the filter is around Rs 60,000.
3.3.8 Filters available in the German Market

According to Wessels (1994), concerns over the possible negative health effects of rainwater utilization led to some
opposition. The Federal Office of Health, for example, initially objected to its use for washing clothes, personal
hygiene and even for toilet flushing, due to possible risks of infection and allergic reactions. Long-term
investigations by the health offices in Hamburg and Bremen, however, have yielded positive results with
respect to the use of water for washing purposes and have confirmed that rainwater sources do not present a health
risk.
3.3.8.1 Filters developed by WISY

Private companies such as WISY, based in Kafenio in Germany, are playing an important role in promoting
rainwater use by developing pumps and filter devices to improve water quality. WISY has developed a simple filter
system, which can be attached to a standard household downpipe. Under conditions in Germany (assuming a mean
annual rainfall of 650mm/year), this can divert and filter 90 per cent of the runoff from a roof area of up to 200
square meters.
(Figure: 10.) (Figure: 11.) (Figure: 12.)
(Figure: 10.). A filter collector diverts 90 per cent of rainwater to a storage tank through a 0.17 mm stainless steel
mesh filter.
(Figure: 11.). A larger vortex fine filter can cope with run-off from roof areas of up to 500 square meter.
(Figure: 12.). A floating fine suction filter for ensuring that the water pumped from the tank is extracted from the
cleanest part of the tank and is free of particulates has also been developed.
3.3.8.2 Filters developed by MALLBETON: -

Another company, MALLBETON, a manufacturer of concrete tanks and filters, based in Germany, is marketing a
tank design which manages any overflows (Konig, 1998). This is done by constructing the top half of a sub-surface
tank from a porous concrete ring, which allows water to gradually seep into the ground. While this reduces the
volume of water available, it does make householders eligible for waivers on their rainwater drainage fees.
3.3.8.2 Filters developed by MALLBETON
3.3.8.1 Filters developed by WISY

rainwater drainage fees. These fees are already applied to householders and businesses in about 25 per cent of
Germany. The charges that are levied on each square meter of roof area and sealed surroundings can be substantial,
such as in Bonn, so waivers often provide significant savings.
3.3.9 Storage facility: -

There are various options available for the construction of theseFig. storage tank made of galvanized iron sheet
tanks with respect to the shape, size and the material of
construction.
Shape: Cylindrical, rectangular and square.

Material of construction: Reinforced cement concrete, (RCC), Ferro cement, masonry, plastic
(polyethylene) or metal (galvanized iron) sheets are commonly used.
Position of tank: Depending on space availability these tanks could be constructed above ground, partly
underground or fully underground. Some maintenance measures like cleaning and disinfection are
required to ensure the quality of water stored in the container.
3.3.10 Recharge structures: -

Rainwater may be charged into the groundwater aquifers through any suitable structures like dug wells,
bore wells, recharge trenches and recharge pits.
Various recharge structures are possible - some which promote the percolation of water through soil strata
at shallower depth (e.g., recharge trenches, permeable pavements) whereas others conduct water to greater
depths from where it joins the groundwater (e.g. recharge wells). At many locations, existing structures
like. wells, pits and tanks can be modified as recharge structures, eliminating the need to construct any
structures afresh. Here are a few commonly used recharging methods:
3.3.11 Recharging of dug wells and abandoned tube wells: -

In alluvial and hard rock areas, there are thousands of wells which have either gone dry or whose water levels
have declined considerably. These can be recharged directly with rooftop run-off.
If a tubewell is used for recharging, then the casing (outer pipe) should preferably be a slotted or perforated pipe so
that more surface area is available for the water to percolate. Developing a borewell would increase its recharging
capacity (developing is the process where water or air is forced into the well under pressure to loosen the soil strata
surrounding the bore to make it more permeable).
If a dug well is used for recharge, the well lining should have openings (weep-holes) at regular intervals to allow
seepage of water through the sides. Dug wells should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and entry of leaves
and debris. The bottom of recharge wells should be desilted annually to maintain the intake capacity.
Providing the following elements in the system can ensure the quality of water entering the recharge wells:
1. Filter mesh at entrance point of rooftop drains

2. Settlement chamber
3. Filter bed
3.3.12 Settlement tank: -
Settlement tanks are used to remove silt and other floating impurities
from rainwater. A settlement tank is like an ordinary storage
container having provisions for inflow (bringing water from the
catchment), outflow (carrying water to the recharge well) and
overflow. A settlement tank can have an unpaved bottom surface to
allow standing water to percolate into the soil.
Figure: 14. A settlement chamber
In case of excess rainfall, the rate of recharge, especially of borewells, may not match the rate of rainfall. In such
situations, the desilting chamber holds the excess amount of water till it is soaked up by the recharge structure.
Thus, the settlement chamber acts like a buffer in the system.
Any container, (masonry or concrete underground tanks, old unused tanks, pre-fabricated PVC or ferrocement
tanks) with adequate capacity of storage can be used as a settlement tank.
3.3.13 Recharging of service tubewells: -

In this case the rooftop runoff is not directly led into the service tubewells, to avoid chances of contamination of
groundwater. Instead, rainwater is collected in a recharge well, which is a temporary storage tank (located near the
service tubewell), with a borehole, which is shallower than the water table. This borehole has to be provided with a
casing pipe to prevent the caving in of soil, if the strata is loose. A filter chamber comprising of sand, gravel and
boulders is provided to arrest the impurities.
3.3.14 Recharge pits: -

A recharge pit is 1.5m to 3m wide and 2m to 3m deep. The excavated pit is lined with a brick/stone wall with
openings (weep-holes) at regular intervals. The top area of the pit can be covered with a perforated cover. Design
procedure is the same as that of a settlement tank.
3.3.15 Soak ways / Percolation pit: -
Percolation pits, one of the easiest and most effective means of harvesting rainwater, are generally not more than 60
x 60 x 60 cm pits, (designed on the basis of expected runoff as described for settlement tanks), filled with pebbles or
brick jelly and river sand, covered with perforated concrete slabs wherever necessary
3.3.16 Recharge trenches

A recharge trench is a continuous trench excavated in the ground and refilled with porous media like pebbles,
boulders or broken bricks. A recharge trench can be 0.5 m to 1 m wide and 1 m to 1.5 m deep. The length of the
recharge trench is decided as per the amount of runoff expected. The recharge trench should be periodically cleaned
of accumulated debris to maintain the intake capacity. In terms of recharge rates, recharge trenches are relatively
less effective since the soil strata at depth of about 1.5 meters is generally less permeable. For recharging through
recharge trenches, fewer precautions have to be taken to maintain the quality of the rainfall runoff. Runoff from
both paved and unpaved catchments can be tapped.
3.3.17 Recharge troughs
Figure: 16. A water harvesting manual for urban area
To collect the runoff from paved or unpaved areas draining out of a compound, recharge troughs are commonly
placed at the entrance of a residential/institutional complex. These structures are similar to recharge trenches except
for the fact that the excavated portion is not filled with filter materials. In order to facilitate speedy recharge,
boreholes are drilled at regular intervals in this trench. In design part, there is no need of incorporating the influence
of filter materials. This structure is capable of harvesting only a limited amount of runoff because of the limitation
with regard to size.
3.3.18 Modified injection well

In this method water is not pumped into the aquifer but allowed to percolate through a filter bed, which comprises
sand and gravel. A modified injection well is generally a borehole, 500 mm diameter, which is drilled to the desired
depth depending upon the geological conditions, preferably 2 to 3 m below the water table in the area. Inside this
hole a slotted casing pipe of 200 mm diameter is inserted. The annular space between the borehole and the pipe is
filled with gravel and developed with a compressor till it gives clear water. To stop the suspended solids from
entering the recharge tubewell, a filter mechanism is provided at the top.
3.4 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS:
3.4.1 Uses:
 The systems can be both owner and utility operated and managed.
 Rainwater harvesting systems can provide water at or near the point where water is needed or used
 Rainwater harvesting technologies are flexible and can be built to meet almost any requirements.
Construction, operation, and maintenance are not labor intensive.
 Users of rainwater are usually the owners who operate and manage the catchment system; hence, they are
more likely to exercise water conservation because they know how much water is in storage and they will
try to prevent the storage tank from drying up.
 Rainwater is relatively clean and the quality is usually acceptable for many purposes with little or even no
treatment.
 interrupted service from centralized water systems or overuse of water well
3.4.2 Government
• Rainwater harvesting can co-exist with and provide a good supplement to other water sources and utility
systems, thus relieving pressure on other water sources.
• Provides a water supply buffer for use in times of emergency or breakdown of the public water supply
systems, particularly during natural disasters.
• Reduce the burden for new investment to replace the ageing systems and adding the water supply
infrastructures
• Potentially avoid the cost of accessing public water systems when it is not economically feasible
• Reduce construction cost in each development because it can be easily retrofitted to an existing structure
or built during new construction.
3.4.3 Environment
• Rainwater collected using existing structures (i.e., rooftops, parking lots, playgrounds, parks, ponds, flood
plains, etc.), has few negative environmental impacts compared to other technologies for water resources
development.
• Reduce storm drainage load and flooding in city streets.
• The physical and chemical properties of rainwater are usually superior to sources of groundwater that may
have been subjected to contamination.
• By capturing rainwater, we reduce the abundant amount of rainwater that goes to the drainage and
avoiding the floods phenomena
• We can significantly reduce our reliance on water storage dam. This will avoids ecological damage to the
area which has to be submerged to build the dam
• Rainwater is superior for landscape use and plants thrive on rainwater well rather than other sources that
might have chemical compounds that polluted them and soils. This is because rainwater forces salts down
and away from root zone when it percolates into the soil
• Increase soil moisture levels for urban greenery
3.4.4 Limitation:
There are several limitations pertaining to rainwater harvesting system:
• The catchment area and storage capacity of a system are relatively small. There is a great variation in
weather. During a prolonged drought, the storage tank may dry up.
• Maintenance of rainwater harvesting systems, and the quality of collected water, can be difficult for
users.
• Extensive development of rainwater harvesting systems may reduce the income of public water systems.
• Rainwater harvesting systems are often not part of the building code and lack clear guidelines for
users/developers to follow.
• Rainwater utilization has not been recognized as an alternative of water supply
system by the public sector. Governments typically do not include rainwater utilization in their water
management policies, and citizens do not demand rainwater utilization in their communities.
• Rainwater storage tanks may be a hazard to children who play around it.
3.5 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS:
BENEFITS:
 Improvement in the quality of ground water
 Rise in the water levels in wells and bore wells that are drying up
 Mitigation of the effects of drought.
 Attainment of drought proofing
 An ideal solution to water problems in areas having
 inadequate water resources, Reduction in the soil erosion as the surface runoff is reduced
 Decrease in the choking of storm water drains and flooding of roads
 Saving of energy, to lift ground water. (One-meter rise in water level saves 0.40-kilowatt hour of
electricity)
 Makes use of a natural resource and reduces flooding, storm water runoff, erosion, and
contamination of surface water with pesticides, sediment, metals, and fertilizers
 Reduces the need for imported water (the San Diego region imports between 80%-90% of its water
from Northern California and Colorado River)
 Excellent source of water for landscape irrigation, with no chemicals such as fluoride and chlorine, and
no dissolved salts and minerals from the soil
 Home systems can be relatively simple to install and operate May reduce your water bill
 Promotes both water and energy conservation
 No filtration system required for landscape irrigation
LIMITATIONS:
 Limited and uncertain local rainfall
 Can be costly to install - rainwater storage and delivery systems can cost between $200 to
$2,000+ depending on the size and sophistication of the system
 The payback period varies depending on the size of storage and complexity of the system
 Can take considerable amount of time to "pay for itself"
 Requires some technical skills to install and provide regular maintenance
 If not installed correctly, may attract mosquitoes (i.e.; West Nile Disease and other waterborne
illnesses)
 Certain roof types may seep chemicals, pesticides, and other pollutants into the water that can harm the
plants
 Rainwater collected during the first rain season is generally not needed by plants until the dry season.
Once catchment is full, cannot take advantage of future rains
CHAPTER- 4
SOME PROVISIONS OF RAINWATER

HARVESTING
4.1QUALITY:
The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of run-off water to
waste.[1] Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than
from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, with draw from the last in series. The stored
rainwater may need to be analyzed properly before use in a way appropriate to ensure its safe use
The quality of collected rainwater is generally better than that of surface water. Contamination is always
possible by airborne dust and mists, bird feces, and other debris, so some treatment may be necessary,
depending on how the water will be used.
4.2 CULTURE ACCEPTIBILITY:
Rainwater harvesting is an accepted freshwater augmentation technology in Asia. While the

bacteriological quality of rainwater collected from ground catchments is poor, that from properly
maintained rooftop catchment systems, equipped with storage tanks having good covers and taps, is
generally suitable for drinking, and frequently meets WHO drinking water standards. Notwithstanding,
such water generally is of higher quality than most traditional, and many of improved, water sources found
in the developing world. Contrary to popular beliefs, rather than becoming stale with extended storage,
rainwater quality often improves as bacteria and pathogens gradually die off (Wirojanagud et al., 1989).
Rooftop catchment, rainwater storage tanks can provide good quality water, clean enough for drinking, as
long as the rooftop is clean, impervious, and made from non-toxic materials (lead paints and asbestos
roofing materials should be avoided), and located away from over-hanging trees since birds and animals in
the trees may defecate on the roof.
4.3 EFFECTIVENESS OF TECHNOLOGY:
The feasibility of rainwater harvesting in a particular locality is highly dependent upon the amount and
intensity of rainfall. Other variables, such as catchment area and type of catchment surface, usually can be
adjusted according to household needs. As rainfall is usually unevenly distributed throughout the year,
rainwater collection methods can serve as only supplementary sources of household water. The viability
of rainwater harvesting systems is also a function of: the quantity and quality of water available from
other sources; household size and per capita water requirements; and budget available. The decision maker
has to balance the total cost of the project against the available budget, including the economic benefit of
conserving water supplied from other sources. Likewise, the cost of physical and environmental
degradation associated with the development of available alternative sources should also be calculated and
added to the economic analysis.
Assuming that rainwater harvesting has been determined to be feasible, two kinds of techniques--
statistical and graphical methods--have been developed to aid in determining the size of the storage tanks.
These methods are applicable for rooftop catchment systems only, and detail guidelines for design of these
storage tanks can be found in Gould (1991) and Pacey and Cullis (1986, 1989).
Accounts of serious illness linked to rainwater supplies are few, suggesting that rainwater harvesting
technologies are effective sources of water supply for many household purposes. It would appear that the
potential for slight contamination of roof runoff from occasional bird droppings does not represent a major
health risk; nevertheless, placing taps at least 10 cm above the base of the rainwater storage tanks allows
any debris entering the tank to settle on the bottom, where it will not affect the quality of the stored water,
provided it remains undisturbed. Ideally, storage tanks should clean annually, and sieves should fitted to
the gutters and down-pipes to further minimize particulate contamination. A coarse sieve should be fitted
in the gutter where the down-pipe is located. Such sieves are available made of plastic-coated steel-wire or
plastic, and may be wedged on top and/or inside gutter and near the down-pipe. It is also possible to fit a
fine sieve within the down-pipe itself, but this must be removable for cleaning. A fine filter should also be
fitted over the outlet of the down-pipe as the coarser sieves situated higher in the system may pass small
particulates such as leaf fragments, etc. A simple and very inexpensive method is to use a small, fabric
sack, which may be secured over the feed-pipe where it enters the storage tank.
If rainwater is used to supply household appliances such as the washing machine, even the tiniest particles
of dirt may cause damage to the machine and the washing. To minimize the occurrence of such damage, it
is advisable to install a fine filter of a type which is used in drinking water systems in the supply line
upstream of the appliances. For use in wash basins or bath tubs, it is advisable to sterilise the water using a
chlorine dosage pump.
4.4 HISTORY:
 Earlier:
Around the third century BC, the farming communities in Baluchistan (in present- day
Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran), and Kutch (in present-day India) used rainwater harvesting for irrigation.
In ancient Tamil Nadu (India), rainwater harvesting was done by Chola kings. Rainwater from the
Brihadeeswarar temple was collected in Shiva Ganga tank. [8] During the later Chola period, the Vīrānam
tank was built (1011 to 1037 CE) in Cudd lore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and
irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000
cubic feet (41,500,000 m3).
Rainwater harvesting was done in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and
Chhattisgarh in the olden days. Ratanpur, in the state of Chhattisgarh, had around 150 ponds. Most of the
tanks or ponds were utilised in agriculture works.
 Present Day:
Currently in China and Brazil rooftop rainwater harvesting is being practiced for providing drinking water,
domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation and a way to replenish ground water levels.
Gansu province in China and semi-arid north east Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting
projects ongoing.
 In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for the
residents.
 The U.S. Virgin Islands have a similar law.
 In Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, the houses of the Diola-people are frequently equipped with homebrew
rainwater harvesters made from local, organic materials.
 In the Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar, the groundwater is saline and communities rely on mud- lined
rainwater ponds to meet their drinking water needs throughout the dry season. Some of these ponds are
centuries old and are treated with great reverence and respect.
 In the United States: until 2009 in Colorado, water rights laws almost completely restricted rainwater
harvesting; a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who have
rights to take water from the watershed. Now, residential well owners that meet certain criteria may obtain
a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system (SB 09-080). Up to 10 large scale pilot studies
may also be permitted (HB 09-1129). The main factor in persuading the Colorado Legislature to change
the law was a 2007 study that found that in an average year, 97% of the precipitation that fell in Douglas
County, in the southern suburbs of Denver, never reached a stream—it was used by plants or evaporated
on the ground. In Colorado you cannot even drill water well unless you have at least 35 acres. In New
Mexico, rainwater catchment is mandatory for new dwellings in Santa Fe. Texas offers a sales tax
exemption on the purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment. Both Texas and Ohio allow the practice
even for potable purposes. Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot projects for
rainwater and graywater use among other water saving techniques.
 In Beijing, some housing societies are now adding rain water in their main water sources after proper
treatment.
 In Ireland, Professor Micheal Mcginley established a project to design a rain water harvesting prototype in
the Biosystems design Challenge Module at University College Dublin
In India:
 In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting was made compulsory for every building to avoid ground
water depletion. It proved excellent results within five years, and every state took it as role model. Since
its implementation, Chennai saw a 50 percent rise in water level in five years and the water quality
significantly improved.
 In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of the Thar Desert. There
are many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, which have now been
revived Water harvesting systems are widely used in other areas of Rajasthan as well, for example
the chukka system from the Jaipur district.
 Kerala:
At present, in Pune (in Maharashtra), rainwater harvesting is compulsory for any new society to be
registered.
 An attempt has been made at Dept. of Chemical Engineering, IISc, Bangalore to harvest rainwater using
upper surface of a solar still, which was used for water distillation.
 Tamil Nadu:
 The Rain Water Harvesting movement launched in 2001 was the brainchild of the Honorable Chief
Minister. It has had a tremendous impact in recharging the groundwater table all over Tamil Nadu.
Amendments made to Section 215 (a) of the Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act, 1920 and Building
Rules 1973, have made it mandatory to provide RWH structures in all new buildings.
 Total number of buildings in Town Panchayats is 23,92,457 out of which 22,94,342 buildings are provided
with Rain Water Harvesting facilities as mentioned in the following table.
Type of Buildings No. of No. of Buildings Balance

Buildings providing RWH
structures so far
Government Buildings 24116 23190 926
Residential Buildings 2208377 2114294 94083
Commercial Buildings 148170 145064 3106
Industrial Buildings 11794 17794 0
Total 2392457 2294342 98115
RAINWATER HARVESTING AT at ST. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY: -
ST. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, Yerrakota, Yemmiganur, is a wide
spread educational campus with a vast area of around 15 acres. There are around 2500 students studying
in
the main campus, whose daily requirement has to be served. Due to this fact there can be a possible
water shortage in the future. The nearby water-tables are being exploited daily at a fast pace. And there
are fields in the nearby area which require this water.

So, this creates a situation here of the usage of the rainwater. This huge area can be utilized for the purpose
of Rainwater Harvesting. With the annual rainfall of around 542 mm and an intensity of 20mm per hour
in this area of Faridabad provides good opportunities to harvest the rainwater.
The main campus consists of nine buildings namely
1. Main Building
2. Boys Hostel Block

3. Canteen
CHAPTER- 5
STUDY AREAS AND DATA COLLECTION:

5.1 STUDY AREA:
ST. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY As discussed earlier in the section
of introduction – importance of rainwater harvesting at ST. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, we clearly came to know that all the advantages which we can draw out by
implementing this small but highly efficient technique in the campus. Thus, to increase the potential,
benefits of this system and draw maximum advantages from it, we need to have large rooftop areas which
will be going to act as catchment areas. More the catchment areas more will be the surface runoff and thus
more will be the amount of harvested water.
Therefore, as much as possible, we have included and considered all the major buildings having large
rooftop areas. Hence, study areas include all the 9 block, 1 playground, 1 workshop. 1 canteen (MB, BH,
GH, C) Given below a satellite picture, showing majority of the buildings considered for rainwater
harvesting system at ST. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.
FIG 17 St. jones of engineering college
5.2 DATA COLLECTION:

Statement Showing Month-Wise Average Rainfall (mm)for the last 8 Years in the Faridabad district:
year Jan Febru Marc Apr Ma Ju Jul Augu Septe Oct Nov De Tot
uar ary h il y ne y st mber obe emb ce al
y r er mb
er
200 25. 24.7 - - 78. 40. 14. 119. 209.0 1.5 - 11. 524
2 5 0 5 0 5 5 .2
200 21. 52.3 6.0 - 14. 62. 417 340. 101.8 - - 32. 104
3 5 0 5 . 9 5 8.6
1
200 21. - - 12.0 31. 65. 21. 293. - 15 - - 601
4 0 8 0 5 5 6. .1
3
200 15. 33.2 32.3 14.0 14. 63. 249 51.0 127.4 - - - 599
5 1 0 0 . .7
7
200 - - 32.0 - - 4.0 124 25.2 73.4 - - - 259
6 . .0
4
200 - 54.0 36.3 - 12. 55. 99. 198. 3.3 - - - 459
7 7 1 7 4 .5
200 - - - 10.7 103 68. 187 143. 128.8 - 2.2 - 644
8 . 3 . 6 .1
4 1
200 - 2.5 2.3 2.5 7.6 6.9 98. 101. 195.0 4.5 11.7 0.4 433
9 7 5 .6
201 - 25.0 2.0 - - 10. 54. 304. 225.3 - 9.7 1.3 632
0 7 6 0 .6
5.3 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE:

The climate of Kurnool district can be classified as tropical steppe, semiarid and hot which is mainly
characterized by the extreme dryness of the Air except during monsoon months. During three months of
south west monsoon from last week of June to September, the moist air of oceanic penetrate into the
district and causes high humidity, cloudiness and monsoon rainfall. The period from October to December
constitutes post monsoon season. The cold weather season prevails from January to the beginning of
March and followed by the hot weather or summer season which prevails up to the last week of June. The
normal annual rainfall in Faridabad district is about 542mm spread over 27 days. The south west monsoon
sets in the last week of June and withdraws towards the end of September and contributes about 85% of
the annual rainfall. July and August are the wettest months 15% of the annual rainfall occurs during the
non-monsoon months in the wake of thunder storms and western disturbances.
Normal Annual Rainfall: 27 mm Normal Monsoon Rainfall: 23.2 mm
Temperature: -
Mean Maximum : 410 C (May & June) Mean Minimum : 80 C (January) Normal Rainy
days : 27
Intensity of Rainfall : 20mm/hour.
5.4 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT AREA:

The rooftop surface area is nothing but the catchment area which receives rainfall. Catchment areas of the
different hostels and Institutional departments are measured. This measurement was done manually with
the help of „reinforced fiber tape‟ which is the simplest technique known as „tape survey‟. Before using
the tape, tape was checked for any zero error and also length of the tape was also carefully checked for its
accuracy. Those places which area not accessible to land on, are measured by using the ruler from tool box
of, Google Earth. Given below the table no. 2 for calculated the rooftop areas of all the buildings suited
inside the campus: -
S.NO BUILDING NAME ROOF AREA (m2)

1. Main Building 2500
2. Canteen 172.23
3. Girl’s hostel 590.37
4. Boys hostel 791.50
HYDROLCAL ANALYSIS: -
On the basis of experimental evidence, Mr. H. Darcy, a French scientist enunciated in 1865, a law
governing the rate of flow (i.e. the discharge) through the soils. According to him, this discharge was
directly proportional to head loss (H) and the area of cross-section
(A) of the soil, and inversely proportional to the length of the soil sample (L). In other words,
Q = Runoff
H/L = represents the head loss or hydraulic gradient (I),

K is the co-efficient of permeability

Hence, finally,
Q = K. I. A.
Similarly, based on the above principle, water harvesting potential of the catchment area was calculated.
The total amount of water that is received from rainfall over an area is called the rainwater legacy of that
area. And the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water
harvesting potential. The formula for calculation for harvesting potential or volume of water received or
runoff produced or harvesting capacity is given as: -
Harvesting potential or Volume of water Received (m3) = Area of Catchment (m2)
X Amount of rainfall (mm) X Runoff coefficient
5.5 RUNOFF COEFFICIENT:
Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a surface to the
volume of rainfall that falls on the surface. Runoff coefficient accounts for losses due to spillage, leakage,
infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all contribute to reducing the amount
of runoff. Runoff coefficient varies from 0.5to 1.0. In present problem statement, runoff coefficient is
equal to 1 as the rooftop area is totally impervious. Eco-Climatic condition (i.e. Rainfall quantity &
Rainfall pattern) and the catchment characteristics are considered to be most important factors affecting
rainwater Potential.
As per manual of artificial recharge of ground water, Government of India Ministry of Water Resource
Central Ground Water Board. Given below the table showing the value of runoff coefficient with
respect to types of surface areas: -
TYPE OF AREA RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (K)
Residential 0.3-0.5
Forests 0.5-0.2
Commercial & industrial 0.9

Parks & Farms 0.05-0.3
Asphalt or Concrete Paving 0.85
Road Surfaces 0.8-0.9
Runoff Coefficients of Different Surfaces: -
DIFFERENT SURFACES RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (K)
Roof Conventional 0.7-0.8

Roof Inclined 0.85-0.95
Concrete /Kota paving 0.6-0.7
Gravel 0.5-0.7
Brick Paving 0.7
5.6 ANNUAL RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL:
Annual rainwater harvesting potential is given by: -
V = K × I× A
Where, V=Volume of water that can be harvested annually in m3.
K = Runoff coefficient
I = Annual rainfall (mm)
A = Catchment area (mm)
For main building: -
Total catchment area = 2500m2

Out of this a1=1250m2 area of the auditorium part is the inclined roof part so Total flat area i.e. a2= 1250m2
k1= 0.8
k2=0.8
Annual rain water harvesting potential ie. V=K1× I ×A1+K2 ×I ×A2

= 0.8×1250 ×0.63 + 0.8× 1250× 0.63=1260m3
For Girls’ hostel: -

Annual Rainwater Harvesting Potential: -
Area=590.37m2
I=0.63m
K=0.8
V= K×I×A
i.e.
V=0.8× 590.37×0.6 =283.37m3
Similarly for all the other useful building catchments we can easily calculate ANNUAL RAINWATER
HARVESTING POTENTIAL. The td below tabular form of which have been represented: -
Building K I1(m) I2(m) A(m2) V(annual)(m3) V(monsoon)(m3)

Name
Main 0.8 0.63 0.542 2500 1260 1082.00
building
Boys hostel 0.8 0.63 0.542 791.50 398.16 343.19
0.8 0.63 0.542 590.37 297.54 255.98

Girl’s
hostel
Canteen 0.8 0.63 0.5.42 172.23 87.00 74.85
Design Of main college Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System: -
• Amount of rainfall = 22.7 mm

• Area of catchment = 2500sq m
• Number of persons = 1500
• Run-off catchment coefficient =0.8
• Volume of water collected = Roof area * Total annual rainfall * Runoff coefficient =45400 liters
• The tank capacity has to be designed for dry period = 245 days Water requirement for 1500 persons for
dry season = 30.26litres
Design Of boy’s hostel Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System: -

• Area of catchment = 791.50sqm
• Number of persons =100
• Volume of water collected = Roof area * Total annual rainfall * Runoff coefficient = 14373.64 liters
• The tank capacity has to be designed for dry period = 245 days Water requirement for 100 persons for dry
season = 143.73Liters
Design Of girl’s hostel Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System: -

• Volume of water collected = Roof area * Total annual rainfall * Runoff coefficient =10721.11 liters
• The tank capacity has to be designed for dry period = 245 days Water requirement for 100 persons for
dry season = 107.2Liters
Design Of canteen Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System: -

• Volume of water collected = Roof area * Total annual rainfall * Runoff coefficient =3127.96 liters
• The tank capacity has to be designed for dry period = 245 days Water requirement for 300 persons for dry
season = 10.42Liters
5.7 DISCHARGE CALCULATIONS:
To find out the required diameter of the pipe to be used for draining the rainwater down from the roof
first we need to calculate the discharge Q i.e. given by: -
Q = C×I×A
Where,
Q= Discharge from roofs due to rainfall in (m 3 /s)
C= Coefficient of runoff by rational method taken as 0.8 for this case I= Intensity of rainfall i.e.20mm/hr.
A= Area of catchment
For Main Building:
DISCHARGE Q is given by:

Area, A= 2500m2
Intensity, I=20mm/hour Coefficient C =0.8
Q = C×I×A
Q= 0.8× (20/3600000) ×2500= 0.0111111111m3/s
For boy’s hostel: -

DISCHARGE Q is given by:
Area, A= 791.50m2
Intensity, I=20mm/hour Coefficient C =0.8
Q = C×I×A
Q= 0.8× (20/3600000) ×791.50=0.0035177778m3/s
Similarly discharge Q from each building can be calculated. here is a tabular representation of the
same: -
Building C(constant) I(mm/hr.) A(m2) Q(m3/s)

Name
Main building 0.8 20 2500 0.01111111
Girl’s hostel 0.8 20 590.37 0.0026238
Boys hostel 0.8 20 791.50 0.0035177
canteen 0.8 20 172.23 0.000765
5.8 CALCULATIONS FOR NUMBER OF RAINWATER PIPES (R.W.P) TO BE:
Let us consider the R.W.P. to be provided are of diameter 100mm. So, calculations will be as follows:
FORMULAE USED: -
Q=CIA = n × π/4×d2×v
Where;
Q=Discharge calculates
I=Intensity of rainfall
A=Area of catchment
n=Minimum no. of pipes
d=Diameter of rainwater pipe i.e. R.W.P
v=Velocity of water on the roof when it is at the verge of entering in the pipe due to the slope
available at the roof.
As the roofs are flat or having 0-2% slope so; V=0.1m/s
So, no. of pipes is calculated as:
n=Q / (0.785d2×v)
FOR MAIN BUILDING:
n=0.01111111/ (0.785×0.12×0.1)
n=14.15 pipes
Therefore approximate no. of pipes installed for convenience=15pipes Similarly; Number of pipes for
other blocks are given below in table:
Buildings d(m) v(m/s) Q(m3/s) Actual no. n=no. of pipes

of (round fig.) for
pipes our
convenience
Main building 0.1 0.1 0.0111111 15 20
1
Boys hostel 0.1 0.1 0.0035177 4.8 5
Girl’s hostel 0.1 0.1 0.0026238 3.4 6
canteen 0.1 0.1 0.000765 3 6
5.9 CALCULATION FOR THE DIAMETER OF THE DISCHARGE PIPE:
For this we need heights of the various buildings studied under the project. It is represented in tabular form
as follows:
BUILDING NAME HEIGHT (in Meters) Approx.

Main building 13.71
Boys hostel 9
Girl’s hostel 9
Canteen 4
The highest building in the campus is Main building with 23.15 meters of height from the ground, and this also
carries the maximum discharge per second which is 0.01111111m3/sec.
Now we will design the discharge pipe for the maximum condition that can occur in the main building and
then rest of the buildings will be provided with the same data of the discharge pipe.
Now as mentioned earlier the initial velocity of Rainwater entering in the R.W.P. was taken as =0
.15m/sec.
Now from the Newton’s law of motion taking water to flow under the action of gravity only with an
acceleration of 9.81m2/sec.
We know that
V2= U2 +2aS
Where;
V= Velocity of water entering the horizontal Discharge pipe=?
U = Velocity with which Rainwater enters the R.W.P.= 0.15m/sec. S= Height of the building = 13.71m.
a = Acceleration due to gravity= g = 9.81m2/sec. On putting all the values in above equation, we get
V=21.31m/sec.
Now as we know the Discharge pipe have to be designed for worse condition taking the fact that it has to
carry all the discharge of building collected from even starting of collection
The discharge Q of the Building = 0.01111111m3/sec.
The velocity of water= 21.31m/sec.
We know that
Q= π/4×d2×V
On putting all the values, we get;

d = 31.6mm
which will no available in standard sizes. We will provide Discharge pipes also of 100mm diameter.
WE will provide P.V.C. pipes of 100 mm diameter for both Discharge as well as for R.W.P.
Both of them will be connected by the “T” joints and Discharge pipes will be provide “S” joints at
required corners.
The diagrams of various buildings showing the exact location of the Rain Water Pipes has been shown
below block wise: -
FIG 18.a MAIN BUILDING: -
FIG 18.b GIRL’S HOSTEL: -
FIG 18.c Boys hostel: -
FIG 18.d Canteen: -
5.10 DESIGN OF RECHARGE WELL:
The design of recharge well is done on the basis of two criteria

1.Time of Concentration.
2.Maximum water to be stored at the longest rainfall with chocked filters.
Time of Concentration
It is a fundamental hydrology parameter and used to compute the peak discharge for catchments. The peak
discharge is a function of the rainfall intensity of particular return period and duration. Time of
concentration is the longest time required for a water to travel in catchments and reach to outlet point
(in our case, roof top and length of drain to recharge pit). The mathematical equation used for calculation
of time of concentration requires inputs for the longest watercourse length in the watershed (catchments
area (L), the average slope of that watercourse (S). The average value of slope will be different for
different surfaces e.g. Roof, road, lawn, drain etc. Usually, L and S can be obtained from architectural
drawing of the building and if drawings are not available then by assessment.
The Tc is generally defined as the time required for a drop of water to travel from the most hydro-
logically remote point in the sub-catchments to the point of collection
A time of concentration value is essential to determine critical intensity of rainfall because maximum
discharge will occur for rainfall intensity of duration equal to the time of concentration. Time of
concentration can be calculated by using following formula
TC=0.0195L0.77S-0.385
Where,
Tc= Ti me of concentration in minutes
L = overland flow length in m

S = average slope of the overland area
This equation has been adopted from Kirpich 1940 (Soil and water conservation Engineering by Glenn O.
Schwab John Wiley). If the slope of overland flow surface is different for different portion of overland
flow, then we can use the following formula
TC=i=1 ∑i=n0.0195Li0.77Si-0.385
where:
Tc =Time of concentration in minutes
Li = overland flow length of i stretch in m
Si = avg. slope of i stretch of overland flow
N = no. of different stretches
Calculation of critical rainfall duration

TC=i=1 ∑i=n0.0195Li0.77Si-0.385
BLOCKS L(m) S(slope) T TC

(Minutes.) (Hours.
)
Main building 50 0.005 3.04 0.05
Canteen 50 0.005 3.04 0.05
Boys hostel 50 0.005 3.04 0.05
Girl’s hostel 50 0.005 3.04 0.05
As we are going to design only one recharge well for the whole of the campus so we will use the overall time which
is sum of all values of TC. So the total time of concentration will be the submission of all the values of TC which
comes out to be approximately 12.136minutes
5.11 DESIGN OF THE FILTER:
Three types of filters are available to be used in recharge structures: -
Gravity Filters
These are the most widely used filters. In these filters, three layers consisting of coarse sand/fine gravel of
2-4 mm size, gravel of 5 – 10 mm size and boulders of 5-20 cm size are placed one above the other.
Coarse sand /pea gravel shall be placed at the top so that the silt content that will come with runoff will be
deposited on the top of the coarse sand/ pea gravel and can easily be removed. For smaller roof area, pit
may be filled with broken bricks /cobbles. These filter beds require minimum maintenance, except
periodic scrapping of fine clay and silt deposited on the filter bed. Silt deposited on the filter media
should be cleaned regularly by removing the top deposited silt. Once in a year the top 5-10 cm sand /pea
gravel layer should also be scrapped to maintain the constant recharge rate through filter material.
Thickness of these layers varies from 0.3 to 0.50 m depending up on the silt load of the storm water.
Filtration rate= 200lts/hour/m2.
On–Line Filters (Dewas’ Filters)

The filter is of 1.0 to 1.2 m length and is made up of PVC pipe. Its diameter should vary depending on the
area of the roof, 15 cm if roof top area is less than 150 sq m and 20 cm if area is more. The filter is
provided with reducer of 6.25 cm on both sides. The filter is divided into three chambers by PVC screens
so that filter material is not mixed up. The first chamber is filled up with gravel (6-10 mm), middle
chamber with pebbles (12-20 mm) and last chamber with bigger pebbles (20-40 mm).
Pressure Filters
These filters consist of the sand through which water is being injected with pressure. These types of filters
are fitted with pumps to pressurize the water through filter chamber. Main disadvantage of these filters is
that they require energy for operation and these filters need to be back washed periodically to remove the
finer material so that the rate of filtration is maintained. Filtration rate= 3000-5000lts/hour/m2.
Calculating the Cost of a Rainwater Harvesting System: -
Tank Location: - Tanks may be located above ground if excavation is not achievable.
Above ground tanks will be exposed to temperature fluctuations, such as summer heat and winter freezes,
so ideally should have some protection. Below ground tanks are the ideal where excavation is possible.
Below ground tanks come in a range of capacities and heights to suit shallow or deep excavation,
depending on the space constraints and the type of ground.
Tank capacity: -
The geographical location of the property. Different parts of the UK experience widely different regional
climates. For example, the North West typically receives heavier rainfall all year round than the South
East. On average, it rains one in every three days in Britain. The roof surface area for rain collection –
This is calculated by multiplying the length and width of the building, including any extensions.
number of occupants and the purpose of the recycled water – Will your client be using the harvested water
for toilet flushing and garden use, or also for washing clothing? Consider how many litres will be required
per day per person for each usage
Direct Fed or Gravity Fed?

 A Gravity Fed System requires space for a header
 tank in the loft. The water is pumped into the tank, where gravity provides equalised pressure to fill toilet
cisterns or to feed appliances.
 With a high-quality system, such as our domestic Rain Sava® or commercial RainTech® solutions, your
client will benefit from low energy costs, as very little electricity is expended on pumping and the system
standby power use is minimal. Your system cost calculation will need to factor in the price of the header
tank. System prices depend on the capacity required, but a quote should take into account all the primary
components required to make your system work at peak efficiency for the building and its occupants.
 A Direct Fed System is appropriate for properties that do not have high level space for a gravity fed
solution. When rainwater levels drop in the collection tank, a control unit will partially fill the storage tank
with mains water, ensuring a constant supply; whilst complying with UK water regulations. Prices for
standard domestic control units are relatively low, while a sophisticated system may cost you more. These
typically include extra features, such as a leak detection alarm, suited to large domestic, commercial or
industrial properties.
Value for Money
It is possible to source solutions below the price ranges recommended by The UK Rainwater Management
Association, but you should consider the following points:
Guarantees - A quality system should provide a long warranty on all mechanical components,
management systems and tanks.
Pumps - An important component and the item that will receive the most wear and tear. For this reason,
it is important to use a high-quality unit. Cheap pumps are cheap for a reason! Equally important is the
pump controller; – beware that many have high standby energy consumption, and since most of the time
the system is in this mode, this can amount to a significant cost.
Support- There’s nothing worse than receiving components with no back assistance for installation
queries and technical issues. Check whether the system is accompanied by telephone support, this should
be a given.
Filters - No filter can remove 100% of sediment, but quality solutions will include features such as water
inlet calmers, siphons and strainers to provide exceptional standards of filtration and clarity. To
summaries; the cost of a rainwater harvesting system is dependent on the quality of the components,
whether the system is for domestic or commercial use and the size and location of the installation.
5.12 RECHARGING SUBSURFACE AQUIFERS:

Methods of Recharging Subsurface Aquifers
The various methods of recharging subsurface aquifers are:
1. Through recharge pit.

2. Recharge through abandoned hand pump.
3. Recharge through abandoned dug well/open well.
4. Through recharge trench.
5. Recharge through shaft.
6. Recharge trench with bore.
Through recharge pit: -
This method is suitable where permeable strata is available at shallow depth. It is adopted for
buildings having roof area up to 100 sqm. Recharge pit of any shape is constructed generally 1-2 m wide
and 2-3 m deep. The pit is filled with boulders, gravel and sand for filtration of rain water. Water entering
in to RWH structure should be silt free. Top layer of sand of filter should be cleaned periodically for better
ingression of rain water in to the sub soil.
Recharge through abandoned hand pump: -
In this method, an abandoned hand pump is used as recharging structure. It is suitable for building
having roof top area up to 150 sqm. Roof top rain water is fed to the hand pump through 100 mm dia.
pipe as shown in Fig. 3.2. Water fed in the Rain water harvesting structure should be silt free. Water from
first
rain should be diverted to drain through suitable arrangement. Ifwater is not clear then filter should be
provided.
Recharge through abandoned dug well / open well: -
In this method, a dry / unused dug well can be used as a recharge structure. It is suitable for
buildings having a roof top area more than 100 sqm. Recharge water is guided through a pipe of 100 mm
to the bottom of the well as shown in Fig. 3.3. Well cleaning and desilting is imperative before using it.
Recharge water guided should be silt free, otherwise filter should be provided as shown in Fig. 3.3. Well
should be cleaned periodically and chlorinated to control bacteriological contamination.
Through recharge trench: -
This method is used where permeable strata is available at shallow depth. It is suitable for
buildings having roof top area between 200 & 300 sqm. In this method, trench of 0.5-1.0 m wide, 1-1.5 m
deep and of adequate length depending upon roof top area and soil/subsoil characteristics should be
constructed and filled with boulders, gravel and sand as shown in Fig. 3.4. Cleaning of filter media should
be done periodically.
Recharge through shafts: -
This method is suitable where shallow aquifer is located below clayey surface. It is used for
buildings having roof top area between 2000 & 5000 sqm. Recharge shaft of diameter 0.5-3 m and 10-15
m deep is excavated mechanically. The shaft should end in permeable strata. The shaft should be filled
with boulders, gravel and sand for filtration of recharge water. Top sand layer should be cleaned
periodically. Recharge shaft should be constructing d 10-15 m away from the buildings for the safety of
the buildings.
Recharge trench with bore: -
This method is used where sub-soil is impervious and large quantity of roof water/ surface run off is
available. In this, trench is made 1.5-3 m wide and 10-30 m length depending upon water availability.
Wells of 150-300 mm dia. and 3-5 m deep (below previous layer) are constructed in the trench.
Numbers of wells to be dug are decided in accordance to water availability and rate of ingression. Trench
is filled with filtration
Fig. 19.a Recharge through trench (MAIN BUILDING)
Fig. 19.b Recharge through trench (BOYS HOSTEL)
Fig. 19.c Recharge through trench (GIRLS HOSTEL)
Fig. 19.d Recharge through trench (CANTEEN)
CHAPTER - 6
STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION

6.1 UNIT COST OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES:
Item Unit Rate

Excavation in soils cu. m. 90.00
Excavation in rock cu. m. 150.00
Brickwork with cement mortar cu. m. 1400.00
(1:6)
Plain cement concrete (1:3:6) cu. m. 1500.00
Reinforced cement concrete cu. m. 4700.00

(1:2:4) cu.m.
4700.00Including steel bars
etc.
PVC piping for rainwater Meter Meter 165.00
pipes-110 mm diameter-200 275.00
mm diameter
Making borehole in meter Meter 180.00

165.00Softsoil (with 150 mm
diameter PVC casing)
6.2 FERRO TANKS WITH SKELETAL CAGE:
Capacity of rooftop water 5000 6000 7000 9000

harvesting system in liter
Total cost in rupees 12,430 12,430 12,430 14,380
6.3 PLASTIC TANKS: Available as finished products in various capacities. The cost of these tanks’
ranges from Rs 2/liter to about Rs 3.5/liter
Other brands available in the market
Brand name Unit cost (Rs. Per liter)

Hindustan, Jindal 1.80
Storax, Ganga 2.75
6.4 COST ESTIMATION OF RECHARGE PITS:
CALCULATIONS: -
MAIN COLLEGE: -
Height of building = 42 ft.
Total area of structure = 27000 sq. Ft.
Amount of average rainfall in last 4 years = 22.7 mm
Recall Harvested water = catchment area x rainfall depth (mm) x rainfall coefficient (0.8)
As we know that 1 sq. Ft = 0.0929 m
Therefore, 27000 sq. Ft = 2508.3821 m
Then, Harvested water = 2508.3821 x 22.7 x 0.8 = 45552.21 litre
After calculating total runoff, we know that we have to design a recharge pit of this capacity
Step 1: We have to calculate no. of pipes use for discharging water from catchment area into the recharge
pit
15 no. of pipes are used for this purpose having diameter of 3 inch
Cost of pipes @ Rs 30 /- per feet = 30 x 150 = Rs4500
Step 2: After calculating total cost of pipes, we have to design pit
We know that 1 cubic meter = 1000 litre
For 45552.21 litre we have to design a pit of area = 45.552 m

Using above area, we have decided ideal size of pit = 4m x 4m x 3mm = 48 m
As per PWD schedule rates of excavation of soil is 70 Rs per cubic m
Hence cost of excavation of area 48m= 42.875 x 70 = Rs 3360
Step 3: cost of brick work
According to harvested water, we select a suitable size of pit: 4 x4 x 3
Table 4 Estimation of brick work
No. Length Height Width Quantity

4 4 3 0.23 11.04m3
We know that 1m3 contains 500 (approx. 500) number of bricks of standards size (190mm x 90mm x
90mm). Hence 11.04m3 contains 5520 number of bricks
We know that cost of 1000 bricks according to PWD rates is Rs. 6107 in this area. Therefore, the cost of
18421 bricks = Rs33588.5
Step 4: cost of filters
 Pebbles (50mm) -60 cm

 Gravel sand(1.2mm) - 60 cm
 Gravel(5-10mm) -75 cm
 Boulders(5-20mm) - 75 cm
Cost of different materials in market
 Pebbles (50mm) = Rs. 500 Rs per cum

 Boulders(5-20mm) = Rs 725 qtr.
 Sand = Rs. 400 per cum
 Gravel = Rs 500 per cum
Calculation of cost using above specification
 Pebbles (50mm) = 4x 4 x 0.6 = 9.6 x 500 = Rs.4800

 Boulders(5-20mm) = 4 x 4 x 0.6 = 9.6 x 725 = Rs.6960
 Sand = 4 x 4 x 0.75 = 12 x 400 = Rs4800
 Gravel =4 x 4 x 0.75 =12 x 400 = Rs4800
Total cost of filters = Rs 21360/-
Detailed Estimated Cost = Rs (4500+3858.75+36031.3+21360) = Rs 65749.75/-
girls HOSTEL: -
Therefore, 27000 sq. Ft = 589.35 m
pit
For 10702.596 litre we have to design a pit of area = 10.70 m 3
Using above area, we have decided ideal size of pit = 2m x2m x 3m= 12m
Hence cost of excavation of area 12 m= 12x 70 = Rs 840
According to harvested water, we select a suitable size of pit: (2 x2 x 3)

4 2 3 0.23 5.52 m3
2760 bricks = Rs 16488.9


 Pebbles (50mm) = 2x 2 x 0.6 = 2.4x 500 = Rs1200

 Boulders(5-20mm) = 2 x 2 x 0.6 = 2.4 x 725 = Rs.1740
 Sand = 2 x 2 x 0.75 = 3x 400 = Rs1200

 Gravel =2 x 2 x 0.75 =3 x 400 = R1200
Total cost of filters = Rs5340/-
Detailed Estimated Cost = Rs (2250+840+16488.9+5340) = Rs 24918.9/-
BOYS HOSTEL: -
pit
For 14373.64 litre we have to design a pit of area = 14.37 m 3
Using above area, we have decided ideal size of pit = 2.5m x2. 5m x 3m= 18.75m
Hence cost of excavation of area 18.75 m= 18.75x 70 = Rs 1312.5
According to harvested water, we select a suitable size of pit: (2.5 x2.5 x 3)

4 2.5 3 0.23 6.9 m3
18421 bricks = Rs 20763.8


 Pebbles (50mm) = 2.5x 2.5 x 0.6 = 3.75 x 500 = Rs1875

 Boulders(5-20mm) = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.6 = 3.75 x 725 = Rs.2718.75
 Sand = 2 . 5 x 2.5 x 0.75 = 4.68 x 400 = Rs1872
 Gravel =2.5 x 2.5 x 0.75 =4.68 x 400 = R1872

Total cost of filters = Rs8037.75
Detailed Estimated Cost = Rs (2250+1312.5+20763.8+8037.85) = Rs 32364.05/-
canteen: -
Total area of structure =1860 sq. Ft.
pit
Cost of pipes @ Rs 30 /- per feet = 30 x 60= Rs1800
For 3137.939 litre we have to design a pit of area 3.13 m 3
Using above area, we have decided ideal size of pit = 1.5m x1.5m x 1.5m= 3.375m
Hence cost of excavation of area3.375m= 3.375x 70 = Rs 250
According to harvested water, we select a suitable size of pit: (1.5 x1.5x 1.5)

4 1.5 1.5 0.23 2.07 m3
2760 bricks = Rs 6107
Pebbles (50mm) -30 cm
Gravel sand(1.2mm) - 30 cm
Gravel(5-10mm) -30 cm
Boulders(5-20mm) - 30 cm

 Pebbles (50mm) = 1.5x 1.5 x 0.3 = 0.675x 500 = Rs337.5

 Boulders(5-20mm) = 1.5x 1.5 x 0.3 = 0.675x 725 = Rs490
 Sand = 1.5x 1.5 x 0.3 = 0 . 6 7 5 x 400 = Rs270
 Gravel =1.5x 1.5 x 0.3 = 0.675x 400 = Rs270

Total cost of filters = Rs1367.54/-
Detailed Estimated Cost = Rs (1800+250+6107+1367.54) = Rs 9524.54/-
In order to ensure that the scheme runs efficiently, regular inspection is being made to ensure the smooth
flow of rainwater from roof to collection drains, main drain and of recharge pit and check that there is no
clogging in the pipes thereby ensuring collection of water in the recharge pit without any interruption.
6.5 QUALITY OF WATER:

The rain water is one of purest form of water and does not contain suspended / dissolved impurities.
However, when this water is collected through rain water harvesting, it gets contaminated because of
contact with roof surface/ground and some of the impurities get mixed in it. These impurities are required
to be removed before collecting the harvested rain water in storage tank or diverting it or recharging of
ground water aquifers.
Following precautions should be taken to ensure quality of water:
1. Roof over which water falls, should be cleaned before rain fall.
2. The suitable type of first flushing device to be installed and initial 10 to 15 minutes of runoff should be
diverted.
3. The water collected from roof top only, should be stored in storage tank for direct use.
4. The runoff from surface/ground should be preferably be used for recharging ground water aquifers after
proper filtration.
5. The rain water collected from roof top should passthrough suitable type of filter and only then it should be
stored in storage tank / used for recharging ground water aquifers.
The harvested rain water may contain some toxic substances which may affect our health. The water
collected from roof top after filtration can be used directly for lawn watering, washing etc. But if this
water has to be used directly for drinking purpose, then quality of water must be ascertained before use.
The water used for drinking should comply with the provisions of IS-10500:2012 i.e. Indian
Standard “DRINKING WATER – SPECIFICATION (First Revision)”. The important test
characteristics for drinking water as given in Table 1 of IS10500:2012 are reproduced in Table 5.1 for
ready reference.
To test the quality of water, the water samples can be collected and testing can be done in testing
laboratories but as a routine, the quality of water can also be checked with the help of testing kits by the
users themselves. In case, water is not potable, treatment of water may be necessary to make it fit for
human consumption. For treatment of water, the following measures can be taken at household level.
(a) Filtration of water should be done using suitable type of filter. The details of various type of filter are
given in chapter 2.
(b) Chemical disinfection can be done by chlorination. Chlorination is done with stabilized bleaching powder,
which is a mixture of chlorine and lime. Chlorination can kill all types of bacteria and make water safe for
drinking purposes. Approx. 1 gm of bleaching powder is sufficient to treat 200 liters of water otherwise
chlorine tablets, which are easily available in the market can be used for disinfection of water. One tablet
of 0.5gm is enough to disinfect 20 liters of water.
(c) Boiling water is one of the effective methods of purification. Boiling water for 10 to 20 minutes is enough
to remove all biological contaminants.
(d) Permissible
Require-
(e) Substan Undesirable Limit in the Method of
ment
(f) ce Effect Outside Absence of Test (Ref. Remarks
(Acceptable
Characteris the Desirable Alternate to IS)
limit)
tics Limit Source
Essential Characteristics
I Color, 5 Above 5. 15 3025 (Part- Extended to
Hazen Consumer 4):193 25 only if
units, Max. acceptance toxic
decreases substances
are not
suspected in
absence
of alternate
sources.
II Odour Agreeable - 3025 (Part- a) Test cold
5): and when
1983 heated b)
Test at
several
dilutions
III Taste Agreeable - Agreeable 3025 (Part Test to be
7&8): 1984 conducted
only after
safety has
been
established.
IV Turbidity 1 Above 5, 5 3025 (Part
NTU consumer 10):
Max. acceptance 1984
decreases. Beyond
this range the
water will affect
the mucous
membrane and/or
water supply
system
V pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond this range No 3025 (Part
the water will relaxation 11):
affect the mucous 1984
membrane and/or
water supply
system
VI Total 200 Encrustation in 600 3025 (Part
Hardness water supply 12):
(as structure and 1983
CaCO3) adverse effect on
mg/l, Max. domestic use.
VII Iron (ad 0.3 Beyond this limit No 32 of 3025:
Fe) taste/ appearance relaxation 1964

mg/l Max. are affected, has
adverse effect on
domestic uses and
water supply
structures, and
promotes iron
bacteria.
VIII Chloride 250 Beyond this limit, 1000 3025 (Part

(as Cl) test corrosion and 32):
mg/l, Max. palatability are 1988
0.3 affected.
IX Residual 0.2* - - 1.0 3025 (Part To be
free * When 26): applicable
chlorine protecti 1986 only when
mg/l Min on water is
against chlorinated.
viral Tested at
infection consumer
is end. When
required protection is
,it should required, it
be should be
minimu Min
m 0.5 mg/l
0.5mg/l
X Fluoride (as 1.0 Fluoride may be 1.5 23 of 3025
F) kept as low as 1964
mg/l Max. possible. High
fluoride may cause
fluorosis
XI Total 500 Beyond this 2000 3025 (Part
Dissolved palatability 16):
solid decreases and may 1984
cause gastro
intestinal irritation
XII Calcium (as 75 Encrustation in 200 3028 (Part
Ca) mg/l water supply 40):
Max. structure and 1991
adverse effect on
domestic use
XIII Magnesium 30 Encrustation to 100 16.33.34 of
(as Mg) water supply IS 3025
mg/l structure 1964
and adverse effect
on domestic use
Astringent taste
will be caused
beyond this
discoloration and
corrosion of pipes,
fitting and
utensils.
XIV Copper (as 0.05 1.5 36 of 3025
Cu) mg/l 1964
Max.
XV Sulphate (as 200 Beyond this 400 (sec. 3025 (Part Provided
SO4) causes gastro col 24) Magnesium
intestinal irritation 7) 1986 (as Mg)
when magnesium does not
or sodium are exceed 30
present. mg/l
XVI Nitrate (as 45 Beyond this No 3025 (Part
NO2) mg/l methemoglobinem relaxation 34):
Max. ia takes place 1988
XVII Cadmium 0.003 Beyond this, the No See Note 1 To be tested
(as Cd) water becomes relaxation when
mg/l Max. toxic pollution is
suspected
XVIII Arsenic (as 0.01 Beyond this, the 0.05 3025 (Part To be tested
As) water becomes 37): when
mg/l Max. toxic 1988 pollution is
suspected
XIX Lead (as 5 Beyond this, the No See Note 1 To be tested
Pb) water becomes relaxation when
mg/l, Max. toxic pollution is
suspected
XX Zinc (as Zn) 5 Beyond this limit 15 39 of 3925 To be tested
mg/l, Max it can cause 1964 when
astringent taste & pollution
an opalescence in
water
XXI Mineral Oil 1.00 Beyond this limit No Gas To be tested
mg/l, Max. undesirable taste relaxation chromato- when
and odor after graphic pollution is
chlorination method suspected.
take place.
6.6 FIELED SURVEY RHS:
PH VALUE TEST: -
S. N0 VILLEGE PH RESULT
1 YEMMIGANUR 7 SAFE
2 YERRAKOTA 8 SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 8 SAFE
4 GUVVAL DODDI 7 SAFE
ALKALINITY TEST: -
S. N0 VILLEGE ALKALINITY RESULT RANGE

VALUE OF DROPS (25-600)
(350 MG/L)
1 YEMMIGANUR 14*25 = 350 SAFE
2 YERRAKOTA 65*25 = 1625 NOT SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 70*25 = 1750 NOT SAFE
4 GUVVAL DODDI 30*25 = 750 SAFE

TOTAL HARDNESS TEST: -
S. N0 VILLEGE TOTAL HARDNESS RESULT RANGE

VALUE OF DROPS (25-600)
(350 MG/L)
2 YERRAKOTA 32*25 = 800 SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 15*25 = 375 SAFE
CHLORIDE TEST -
S. NO VILLEGE CHLORIDE VALUE RESULT RANGE

OF DROPS (350 (25-600)
MG/L)
2 YERRAKOTA 20*25 = 500 SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 5*25 = 125 SAFE
NITRATE TEST: -
S. NO VILLEGE NITRATE(MG/L) RESULT
RANGE (0-10)
2 YERRAKOTA 65*25 = 1625 NOT SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 70*25 = 1750 NOT SAFE
FLOURIDE TEST: -
S. NO VILLEGE FLOURIDE(MG/L) RESULT

RANGE (0-2.0)
1 YEMMIGANUR 2.0 SAFE
2 YERRAKOTA 1.0 SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 0.5 SAFE
4 GUVVAL DODDI 1.5 SAFE
IRON TEST: -
S. N0 VILLEGE IRON(MG/L) RESULT

RANGE (0-2.0)
2 YERRAKOTA 0 SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 0 SAFE
4 GUVVAL DODDI 0 SAFE
FREE CHLORINE TEST -
S. NO VILLEGE FREE CHLORINE RESULT
(MG/L) RANGE (0-

3.0)
2 YERRAKOTA 2.0 SAFE
3 KADIMETLA 0.2 SAFE
4 GUVVAL DODDI 0.2 SAFE
RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM PLANT YEMMIGANUR: -
6.7 Conclusion
Experience Given by All the Team Members –

My overall experience about the project is good. When we started working on the project, I
think it was very difficult but with the guidance of Abha Mam and the help of the group
members it became easier for us. Ma’am helps us in every situation and guides us on how to
act. We learned a lot at the end of the project. I’ve learnt a lot of things about myself while
working with my group members in undertaking this project and also found that I am capable of
achieving almost anything if I put my soul and heart into it. Working in teams can make work a
lot easier.
By engaging myself into a group, I increased my involvement in the project, put in more effort,
and became more oriented in completing the group’s task. I like the fact that the amount of
work in a group is divided fairly and evenly for each member so that the work is done in a
timely manner and efficiently as possible. With group work, I’ve been learning more in less
amount of time and also enabling myself to check on everybody’s progress to see if anybody
needs help. One of the major challenges of completing the assignment was finding the right
type of articles in terms of clear context and topic. Many research methods and resources were
used to locate the appropriate articles and it was something which wasn’t easy at all. Working
in groups made this assignment easy to finish and meeting up its deadline just in time.
Overall, internship is a really good program and recommended to my fellow friends. It was
really fun and it really encouraged us. It helps to enhance and develop my skills, abilities, and
knowledge about the Rain Water Harvesting. It was a good experience and memories as not
only I have gained experience, but also new friends and knowledge.
In conclusion the student benefited a lot in the field attachment in a way that the student
managed to apply the theoretical knowledge as well as practical knowledge regarding the
Rainwater Harvesting from the university into practice through the many activities which we
were instructed to do.
We improved the skills like interpersonal, listening, presentation skills, acting freely around
people, typing skills, accounting, recording, presentation, typing, conflict resolution,
organizational skills to mention but a few. The student got different ideas from the different
people and also through interacting with other people from GSFC University and this
contributed a lot on the knowledge and experience of rainwater Harvesting.
We learned so many new things regarding rainwater Harvesting like how Rainwater Harvesting
is important to us, what are the different techniques of Rainwater Harvesting, how can we
Rainwater harvesting system
implement it, etc. On the whole, this internship was a useful experience.
divided fairly and evenly for each member so that the work is done in a timely manner and
efficiently as possible. With group work, I’ve been learning more in less amount of time and also
enabling myself to check on everybody’s progress to see if anybody needs help. One of the
major challenges of completing the assignment was finding the right type of articles in terms of
clear context and topic. Many research methods and resources were used to locate the
appropriate articles and it was something which wasn’t easy at all. Working in groups made this
assignment easy to finish and meeting up its deadline just in time.
Overall, internship is a really good program and recommended to my fellow friends. It was
really fun and it really encouraged us. It helps to enhance and develop my skills, abilities, and
knowledge about the Rain Water Harvesting. It was a good experience and memories as not only
I have gained experience, but also new friends and knowledge.
In conclusion the student benefited a lot in the field attachment in a way that the student
managed to apply the theoretical knowledge as well as practical knowledge regarding the
Rainwater Harvesting from the university into practice through the many activities which we
were instructed to do.
We improved the skills like interpersonal, listening, presentation skills, acting freely around
people, typing skills, accounting, recording, presentation, typing, conflict resolution,
organizational skills to mention but a few. The student got different ideas from the different
people and also through interacting with other people from GSFC University and this
contributed a lot on the knowledge and experience of rainwater Harvesting.
We learned so many new things regarding rainwater Harvesting like how Rainwater Harvesting
is important to us, what are the different techniques of Rainwater Harvesting, how can we
implement it, etc. On the whole, this internship was a useful experience.
This internship has been an excellent and rewarding experience. I can conclude that there have
been a lot I’ve learnt from my work at Chemosis. Needless to say, the technical aspects of the
work I’ve done are not flawless and could be improved provided enough time.
In conclusion, rain water harvesting project has given me a new insight about group work with
an opportunity of learning group skills. These skills promoted my self-independence and less
dependence on teachers.
I would like to say that my overall experience about the internship was good. I got to new
things. As a group leader I had lot of responsibilities. With the help of ma'am and my co-
89
partners. I was able

6.8 References:
1. Rural Water Supply Network. "Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site". www.rural-
water-supply.net/an/self-supply. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
2. Behzad Ian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015). "Advantages of integrated and sustainability-based
assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems". Science of The
Total Environment. Elsevier. 527-528: 220–231.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097.
3. Zhu, Qiang; et al. (2015). Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply. Beijing:
Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-981-287-964-6.
4. Devkota, J.; Schlachter, H.; Anand, C.; Phillips, R.; Paul, Defne (November 2013).
"Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested
rainwater and composting toilets in buildings". Journal of Environmental Management.130:
397–404. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015.
5. ^ Jump up to: a b Devkota, Jay; Schlachter, Hannah; Paul, Defne (May 2015). "Life cycle-based
evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation". Journal of Cleaner
Production. 95: 311–321. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021.
6. Rainwater harvesting by fresh water flooded forests
7. "Rain fed solar powered water purification systems". Retrieved 21 October 2017.
8. "Inverted Umbrella Brings Clean Water & Clean Power To India". Retrieved 5 December
2017.
9. "New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time".
Retrieved 2017-11-30.
10."Harvesting rainwater for more than greywater". Smart Planet. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
11. Kumar, Ro. "Collect up to 10 gallons of water per inch of rain with Rain saucers' latest
standalone rainwater catchment”. Locally. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012.
Retrieved 11 February 2013.
12."Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud". Smart Planet. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
13. O'Brien, Sara Ashley. "The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution". CNN
Money. Retrieved 13 November2014.
14. Braga, Andrea. "Making Green Work, and Work Harder" (PDF). Geosyntec. p. 5. Retrieved 30
November 2014.
90
15."Rain water Harvesting". Tamil Nadu State Government, India. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
16."Believes in past, lives in future". The Hindu. India. 17 July 2010.
17.Harry Low (December 23, 2016). "Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs". BBC
News. Retrieved 2016-12-23.
18.18"Rainwater Collection in Colorado" (PDF). Colorado water law, notices. Colorado Division
of Water Resources. Retrieved2012-03-24.
91

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“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RAINWATER HARVESTING

SYSTEM ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

MADUGUNDU RAVITEJA 21G35A0104

KANIKE MAHALKSHMI 20G31A0110

YERUKULA SAI KIRAN 20G31A0123

KURUVA RAVI KUMAR 20G31A0113

MADROLU SUNEEL 20G31A0115

Under the esteemed guidance of

E. NATHANEYEILU (M. Tech)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Department of Civil Engineering

St. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

St. JOHNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

This is to certify that the Project Report “AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON

MADUGUNDU RAVITEJA 21G35A0104

KANIKE MAHALKSHMI 20G31A0110

YERUKULA SAI KIRAN 20G31A0123

KURUVA RAVI KUMAR 20G31A0113

MADROLU SUNEEL 20G31A0115

GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPT.

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR,

SJCET, YERRAKOTA, YEMMIGANUR SJCET, YEMMIGANUR, YEMMIGANUR

DATE: EXTERNAL EXAMINAR

DATE: - Civil Engineering Department

PLACE: SJCET, YERRAKOTA, YEMMIGANUR

1.1 What is the rainwater harvesting----------------------------------------------------------------------12

CHAPTER-2. LITERATURE REVIEW ------------------------------------------------------------------16

CHAPTER-3. HOW TO HARVEST RAINWATER

3.1 Surface runoff harvesting ------------------------------------------------------------------22

5.1 Study area-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

5.12 Recharging subsurface acquihires-------------------------------------------------------------------61

6.2 Ferrocement tanks with skeletal cage--------------------------------------------------------------------68

6.3 Plastic tanks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68

6.4 Cost estimation of recharge pits----------------------------------------------------------------------69

6.5 Quality of water----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77

List of figure and Table: - PAGE NO’S

Figure: 1. Rain water harvesting system-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12

Figure: 2. Layout Rainwater harvesting system---------------------------------------------------------------------13

Figure: 3.a Surface runoff rainwater harvesting---------------------------------------------------------------------

Figure: 3.b Rooftop rainwater harvesting---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Figure: 4. A rainwater harvesting components----------------------------------------------------------------------24

Figure: 5. A Water Harvesting Manual for Urban Areas----------------------------------------------------------24

Figure: 6. A water harvesting for urban areas ----------------------------------------------------------------------26

Figure: 7. Charcoal water filter---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

Figure: 8. Sand filter---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

Figure: 9. Rain PC-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27

Figure: 10. A filter collector diverts 90 per cent ------------------------------------------------------------------28

Figure: 12. A floating fine suction filter----------------------------------------------------------------------------28

Figure: 14. A settlement chamber-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------31

Figure: 15. Filter materials in a soak away------------------------------------------------------------------------32

Figure: 16. A water harvesting manual for urban areas----------------------------------------------------------32

Figure: 18. A. main building ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55

Figure: 18. Boy’s hostel ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55

Figure: 18.c. Girl’s hostel -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56

Figure: 18. Canteen --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56

Figure: 19.b Recharge through trench (boys’ hostel) -------------------------------------------------------------64

Figure: 19.c Recharge through trench (girls’ hostel) --------------------------------------------------------------------------65

Figure: 19.d Recharge through trench (canteen)------------------------------------------------------------------66