Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 This question is about two ionic compounds, A and B.

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(a) Compound A is a white crystalline solid that contains one cation and one anion.
(i) A flame test was carried out on solid A and a pale green colour was observed.
Identify, by name or formula, the cation present in A.
(1)

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(ii) Aqueous silver nitrate, acidified with dilute nitric acid, was added to
a sample of solid A dissolved in distilled water.
A yellow precipitate formed.
Identify, by name or formula, the anion present in A.
(1)

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(iii) Give the formula of A.

(1)

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(iv) The anion present in A can be shown by a different test on solid A.

Give a suitable different test with the expected result to show
the identity of this anion.
(2)

Test Expected result

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 (b) Solid B is ammonium sulfate.
(i) Give a test, with the expected result, to confirm the presence of the
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ammonium ion in B.
(2)

Test Expected result

(ii) Give a test, with the expected result, to confirm the presence of the
sulfate ion in B.
(3)

Test Expected result

(iii) Write the ionic equation for the reaction taking place in (b)(ii).
Include state symbols.
(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)

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2 Tests are carried out to identify two liquid organic compounds, C and D.
(a) A small amount of phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5 , is added to

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separate 2 cm3 samples of each compound.

Observations

C D

Misty fumes are given off Misty fumes are given off

Identify, by name or formula, the misty fumes.

(1)

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(b) 2 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3(aq), is added

to separate 2 cm3 samples of each compound.
Any gas given off is tested with limewater.

Observations

C D

Bubbles of a colourless gas

No change
Limewater turns cloudy

Identify, by name or formula, the gas produced by compound C.

(1)

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 (c) 2 cm3 of Benedict’s or Fehling’s solution is added to separate 2 cm3 samples of
each compound. The test tubes are placed in a warm water bath.
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Observations

C D

No change Positive result

Give the expected observation for the positive result produced by liquid D.
Include the initial and final appearance of the contents of the test tube.
(2)

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(d) Both C and D have the molecular formula C3H6O2 .

(i) Deduce the structure of C and the two possible structures of D.
Use the molecular formula and the results from (a), (b) and (c).
(3)

Structure of C

Possible structure of D Possible structure of D

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 (ii) Some infrared data are given in the table.

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Group Wavenumber range / cm–1

O H stretching in alcohols 3750–3200

O H stretching in carboxylic acids 3300–2500

C O stretching in aldehydes 1740–1720

C O stretching in ketones 1720–1700

C O stretching in carboxylic acids 1725–1700

C H stretching in aldehydes 2900–2820, 2775–2700

C H stretching in alkanes 2962–2853

State the wavenumber range for one peak that would be present in the
infrared spectra of both C and D, identifying the bond responsible for
this peak.
(1)

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(iii) A student suggested that the structure of D could be identified using mass
spectrometry because only one of the possible structures of D would have a
peak at m / z = 15.
Identify which of the possible structures of D would be expected to give this
peak. Justify your answer.
(2)

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(Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)

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3 This question is about some reactions of butan‑1‑ol.
(a) A group of students was required to oxidise butan-1-ol to butanoic acid.

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The students suggested three different types of apparatus for this reaction.

heat heat
heat
Apparatus E Apparatus F Apparatus G

Their teacher told them they should use apparatus F.

(i) Explain why apparatus E is not suitable for the oxidation of

butan‑1‑ol to butanoic acid.
(2)

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(ii) Give a different reason why apparatus G is also not suitable for the oxidation
of butan‑1‑ol to butanoic acid.
(1)

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*P71941A0816* 
 (iii) Explain why, in apparatus F, the water should flow in from the bottom of
the condenser.
(2)
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(iv) State the reaction mixture that can be used to oxidise the
butan‑1‑ol to butanoic acid.
(1)

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(v) Give the colour change observed in the flask during this oxidation.
(1)
From . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... to .......................................................................................... ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Butan‑1‑ol can also form the alkene but‑1‑ene in an elimination reaction.
(i) Name a suitable chemical reagent to carry out this elimination reaction.
(1)

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(ii) Give a chemical test, including the expected result, to confirm the presence of
the C C double bond in but‑1‑ene.
(2)

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(Total for Question 3 = 10 marks)

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4 This question is about calcium and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 .
A student reacted calcium with water to determine a value for the molar volume of

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hydrogen at room temperature and pressure.
Procedure
Step 1  200 cm3 of distilled water (an excess) was transferred to a conical flask.
Step 2  A small piece of calcium metal was placed in a pre‑weighed weighing boat.
The boat was then reweighed.
Step 3  The calcium was dropped into the conical flask and a bung connected to a
gas syringe was inserted.
Step 4  The volume of hydrogen collected was recorded.

gas syringe

conical flask

calcium and water

Results

Mass of weighing boat / g 1.657

Mass of weighing boat and calcium / g 1.783

Volume of hydrogen collected / cm3 72.0

The equation for the reaction in the conical flask is shown.

Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

(a) (i) State two observations when this reaction takes place.
(2)

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 (ii) Calculate the value for the molar volume of hydrogen under these conditions,
using the student’s results.
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Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures and

include units.
(4)

(b) A second student using this method obtained a value of 21.8 dm3 mol–1 for the
molar volume of hydrogen.
(i) Calculate the percentage error in this student’s value.
The data book value for the molar volume of hydrogen under these
conditions is 23.9 dm3 mol–1.
(1)

(ii) Give two possible reasons why this student obtained a value below the
data book value.
Assume the method was followed correctly and there were no
measurement errors.
(2)

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 (c) A third student carried out an experiment to determine the concentration of a
saturated solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 , in water at room temperature.

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25.0 cm3 of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide was pipetted into a
conical flask. Three drops of methyl orange indicator were added and the solution
was titrated with 0.0400 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
The procedure was repeated until concordant titres were obtained.
The results are shown in the table.

Titration 1 2 3 4

Final burette reading / cm3 26.85 31.25 34.55 27.15

Initial burette reading / cm3 0.00 5.00 8.00 1.00

Titre / cm3

Concordant results ()

(i) State the colour change observed in the conical flask at the end‑point of
the titration.
(2)

From . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................... to .................................................................................... ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Complete the table and use the concordant results to calculate the mean titre.
(2)

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*P71941A01216* 
 (iii) The reaction taking place in this titration is

Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl 2(aq) + 2H2O(l )

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Calculate the concentration of the calcium hydroxide solution in g dm–3.

(4)

(d) Dissolving calcium hydroxide in water is an exothermic process.

Describe what you would see if the saturated solution of calcium hydroxide was
heated from room temperature to 50 °C.
Justify your answer.
(2)

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(Total for Question 4 = 19 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 50 MARKS

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