MTI 基础双向笔译 授课教师：彭萍教授 仅限本课程使用

基础双向笔译
英语学院 MTI 一年级任课教师：
彭萍教授
1.《》《》
2.Translation strategi es: free translation, literal translation, paraphrase,
transliteration, foreigninsing, domesticating
3.What is a good translation:
 Faithful & fluent
E-C
 Good understanding of the ST
 Fluent Chinese
C-E
 A large English vocabulary：会用
 Good grammar:
 Balance within the sentence：英文句子主从排列，顺句驱动只适用于口译
4. How to be a good translator:
 Proficient in both languages
 A wide range of knowledge
 Responsibility/conscientiousness: carefulness, ideological awareness,
references

遥想在四川参观杜甫草堂，听那里人在说，/流离失所的杜甫到成都拜会他的一位已经做了大官的昔日朋友，门子
却怎么也不传禀，/好不容易见着了朋友，朋友正宴请上司，只是冷冷地让他先去客栈里住下好了。
初 译 版 ： Remembering During a visit to the Du Fu Thatched Cottage in
Sichuan, I have heard a story of about Du Fu told by local people when I
visited his Thatched Cottage. Once, displaced/destitute/homeless Du Fu came
to visit/call on a former an old friend, (who has been had become/was) a high-
ranking official in Chengdu. Refused by the gatekeeper to report for him at
first, But the doorman/gatekeeper refused to report for him let him in or pass
on this situation to his master. Du Fu finally went inside and met his friend.
Finally, Du Fu was coldly told to settle down in an inn when he managed to see
his friend, who was holding a banquet in honor of his superior. that friend was
banqueting his superiors. So he just impassively suggested Du Fu to settle
down in an inn.

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修改版：I heard a story about Du Fu told by the local people when I visited
his Thatched Cottage. Once, displaced Du Fu came to visit an old friend, a high
ranking official in Chengdu. But he was refused by the gatekeeper to report for
him. Finally Du Fu coldly told to settle down in an inn when he managed to see
his friend, who was holding a banquet in honor of his suoerior.
1.Most important is the setting. The countries that the Nordic writers call
home are prosperous and organised, a “soft society” according to Mr Nesbo.
But the protection offered by a cradle-to-grave welfare system hides a dark
underside. As Mary Evans points out in her recent study, “The Imagination of
Evil”, the best Scandinavian fiction mines the seam that connects the insiders
—the rich and powerful—and the outsiders, represented by the poor, the
exploited and the vulnerable. Larsson is a master at depicting the relationship
between business, social hypocrisy and criminal behaviour, and his heroes do
not want to be rescued through any form of conventional state intervention.
初译版：社会背景是最重要的。小说的背景举足轻重/至关重要。北欧作家口中小说中称之为故乡家乡的国家都是
繁荣有序的，属于奈斯博所说的“软社会”这在奈斯博看来是一种脆弱的社会。贯穿国民一生“从摇篮到坟墓”的福利制
度保障体系所提供的保护背后却隐藏着阴暗面。正如玛丽·埃文斯（Mary Evans）《》一书中指出，最好的斯堪
的纳维亚小说挖掘局内人和局外人之间的关系，局内人指富人，局外人则指穷人、受剥削之人和弱势群体探寻内部富人和
外部穷人、受剥削之人及弱势群体之间的联系关系。拉尔森善于描写商业、社会的虚伪和犯罪行为之间的关系，他笔下的
主人公不想国家以任何传统形式干预来救助自己/接受任何传统形式的国家干预的救助。
修改版：小说的背景至关重要。北欧作家称之为家乡的国家都是繁荣有序的，属于奈斯博所谓的“软社会”。“从
摇篮到坟墓”的福利制度保障背后却隐藏着阴暗面。玛丽·埃文斯在她最近的作品《邪恶的想象》一书中指出，最好的斯
堪的纳维亚小说挖掘局内人和局外人之间的关系，局内人指富人，局外人则指穷人、受剥削之人和弱势群体。拉森善于描
写商业、社会虚伪和犯罪行为之间的关系，其笔下的主人公不希望以任何形式的政府常规干预来救助自己。

Analysing Scandinavia and its psyche is nothing new; Henrik Ibsen did it
over a century ago. But the greatest influence on these rising writers has been
Per Wahloo and Maj Sjowall, a Swedish couple. Journalists and committed
Marxists, they coauthored the ten-volume Martin Beck series between 1965
and 1975 with the aim of criticising the country’s welfare state. The central
character is a likeable and dedicated policeman with a dry sense of humour.
But the books, which closely study police procedure, feature an ensemble of
his colleagues, all believable characters drawn with the lightest of touches. By
turn entertaining and funny examinations of the day-to-day work of policemen,
they are also gripping and complex thrillers.
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对斯堪的纳维亚国家及其国家精神的分析并不是新鲜事，早在一个多世纪前，亨利克·易卜生就已经做过这样的分
析了。但对新兴作家是这批崛起的作家中影响最大深的是一对瑞典夫妇佩尔·瓦勒和马伊·舍瓦尔。作为记者和坚定的马克
思主义者，他们在1965 年至 1975 年间合著了十卷本的马丁·贝克系列探案小说，旨在批判瑞典的福利部门。书
中主角是一位恪尽职守、讨人喜欢却缺乏幽默感的警察，看上去缺乏幽默感。这一该系列小说细致描述了/紧扣警察办案
过程，刻画了马丁·贝克的主角的一众警察同事们，仅用寥寥数笔就勾勒出真实的人物形象真实生动的形象。小说对不仅
用诙谐幽默的手法描写了将警察日复一日的琐碎工作的描写诙谐幽默 幽默诙谐化，故事情节扣人心弦，错综复杂。还具
有惊悚烧脑的效果。
修改版：对斯堪的纳维亚国家及其国家精神的分析早有先例，早在一个多世纪前，亨利克 ·易卜生就已经这样做了。
但对新兴作家影响最大的当属佩尔·瓦勒和马伊·舍瓦尔这对瑞典夫妇。作为记者和坚定的马克思主义者，他们在
1965 年至 1975 年间合著了十卷本的马丁·贝克系列探案小说，旨在批判瑞典的福利制度。书中主角是一名恪尽
职守、讨人喜欢的警察，看上去缺乏幽默感。该系列小说紧扣/详细描述警察办案过程，刻画了马丁·贝克同事们，仅用寥
寥数笔就勾勒出真实的人物形象。小说对警察日常工作的描写诙谐幽默，故事情节扣人心弦，错综复杂。
The quality and popularity of crime fiction has given Nordic novelists a
prestige that authors from other countries do not enjoy. This, in turn, has drawn
in new writers. The next potential blockbuster could well be Leif G.W.
Persson’s “Fall of the Welfare State”—though a more enticing title is planned
for its English-language debut. First published in Sweden in 2002, it is written
by a professor of criminology who has been involved in many of Sweden’s
high-profile crime cases and is an epic and ambitious tale spanning several
decades of Swedish history.
犯罪小说内容质量高品质高而又广受欢迎，赋予了让北欧小说家们获得了其他国家作家作者们无法享有得到的声
望/为北欧小说家赢得了其他国家作家难以企及的声誉，从而也因此吸引了更多新的作家从事创作犯罪小说的创作。下一
部重磅作品将会是莱夫·GW·《》尽管其英文首版还在策划改用这还不是它最后公之于众的书名，一个更吸引人/更具吸
引力的书名还在讨论当中。这本书 2002 年在瑞典首次出版，其作者是一位犯罪学教授，该作者曾参与调查卷入多起
瑞典轰动性的罪案中，该书内容本书讲述了一个跨越瑞典数十年历史，堪称一部史诗级的宏篇巨作。
修改版：犯罪小说内容引人入胜，饱受读者青睐，为北欧小说家赢得了其他国家作家难以企及的声誉，从而吸引
了更多作家从事犯罪小说的创作。下一部重磅作品将会是莱夫·《 》
书 2002 年在瑞典首次出版，其作者是一位犯罪学教授，曾参与调查瑞典多起轰动性罪案。该书内容跨越瑞典数十年
历史，堪称一部史诗级的宏篇巨作。
The cold, dark climate, where doors are bolted and curtains drawn,
provides a perfect setting for crime writing. The nights are long, the liquor
hard, the people, according to Mr Nesbo, “brought up to hide their feelings”
and hold on to their secrets. If you are driving through Norway at dusk and see
a farmhouse with its lights on and its doors open, do not stop, he warns, only
half-jokingly. You are as likely to be greeted by a crime scene as a warm
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welcome.

天气阴冷昏暗阴冷的环境中，门窗紧锁，窗帘紧闭/密掩，这就是犯罪小说完美的/绝佳的背景设定。长夜漫漫，
烈酒灼喉/美酒醇烈/夜长酒烈，奈斯博写道，书中人物“从小就学会隐藏自己的情绪”，牢牢保守自己的秘密。 而书中人
物则如奈斯博所说的“停下来掩饰情绪”并保守他们的秘密。奈斯博还半开玩笑的警告道，“如果你在黄昏时分开车穿过
挪威，看到农舍灯亮着、门开着，千万不要停下来。因为迎接你的既可能是热烈的欢迎，也可能是可怕的犯罪现场。奈斯
博不仅仅是在开玩笑。
修改版：天气阴冷，门窗紧锁，窗帘密掩，这就是犯罪小说绝佳的背景设定。长夜漫漫，烈酒灼喉，奈斯博写道 ，
书中人物“从小就学会隐藏自己的情绪”，保守自己的秘密。奈斯博还警告道，黄昏时分开车穿过挪威，看到一座农舍灯
亮着、门开着，千万不要停下。因为迎接你的既可能是热烈的欢迎，也可能是可怕的犯罪现场。奈斯博这么说不仅仅是在
开玩笑。

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2.“一个是阆（làng）苑仙葩（pā），一个是美玉无瑕。若说没奇缘，今生偏又遇着他；若说有奇缘，
如何心事终虚化？”《》《》讲述了一段痴男怨女的爱情悲剧，展现了封建社会末期四大家族的兴衰沉沦，她是一部生动的封
建社会百科全书。《红楼梦》就像一个俄罗斯彩蛋，细细剖开一层外壳，却发现里面还有一层更美丽的壳，等待着进一
步的发掘和解读。
“One was an immortal flower in the fairyland, one a flawless jade. If
there were no destined love, why should they happen to meet again in this
life? But if there were destined love, why would this love dissolve into
nothingness?” Above is a part of the song named Wang Ning Mei (Vain
Longing) indicating a romantically sad story between a young couple,
making people sorrowful. Hong Lou Meng (A Dream of Red Mansions)
descripts this love tragedy, showing the ups and downs of the four major
families at the end of feudal society. The book is waiting to be further
explained.
a piece of sanqu (a fixed-rhythm form of classical Chinese poetry or
literary song) the song named Wang Ning Mei (Vain Longing) indicating a
romantically sad story between a young couple. which makes people
dissipate romantic affairs and sign for sorrows and griefs. Hong Lou Meng
(A Dream of the Red Mansions), a vivid encyclopedia of feudal society,
mainly talks about a love tragedy of young men and wowen who are deeply
in love but unable to fufil their passion, showing the ups and downs of the
four major families at the end of feudal society. The book is (like a Faberge
Pelican Egg matryoshka doll, with an outer layer peeled but a more beautiful
layer appearing,) waiting to be further explained which waits for further
discovery and interpretation.

《》 ，最特别的是打破了古典小说传统的表现手法,不单从善恶两方面去把握人物形象,实现了古代小说人物塑
造从类型化到典型化的飞跃。
Many distinctive characters with prominent personalities are created in
Hong Lou Meng particularly through techniques of expression which disobey
traditional ones in classical novels. The book not only depicts characters as
good and evil, but also shift the characterization in ancient novels from a sort
of people to a typical person.
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Many distinctive characters are created in Hong Lou Meng without

traditional means of classical novel writing. The book not only distincts the
characters from good to evil, but also marks the leap from categorization to
typification.
书中最核心的主角便是贾府公子贾宝玉，在书中，宝玉是“情痴情种”，感情丰富。他自始至终追求一种知己之爱，
并始终对其忠贞不渝，以至于最后甚至为其遁入空门。他对于传统的仕途经济之路尤其痛恨。当史湘云劝说他走经济仕途时，
他马上拉下脸，说：“姑娘请到别的姐妹屋里坐坐吧，仔细我这里污了你和你的仕途经济学问。”在宝玉心中，黛玉是
了解他的，所以他才会说：“林姑娘说过这些混账话吗？没有，如果她也说过这些混账话，我早和她生分了。”而黛玉
在屋外听到这番话，也确信自己平日里没有错看宝玉，视宝玉为知己。但是在世人眼中，知书达理，始终生活在正统礼教体
系并对其严格遵从的薛宝钗更适合当宝玉的妻子。//
The protagonist of Hong Lou Meng is Jia Baoyu, one of the descendants of
the Jia Family. He was a sentimental man who was devoted to soulmate love.
Thus, when everything ended in vain in the end, he even took refuge in religious
life. He especially hated the traditional path of official career. When Shi
Xiangyun persuaded him to be an official, he immediately pulled a long face and
said, “Please go to another’s room, Miss, otherwise you and your official career
would be stained here.” In Baoyu’s mind, Daiyu understood him, so he said,
“Has Daiyu ever said these impudent remarks? No. if she had, I would have long
since been separated from her.” Hearing that outside the room, Daiyu was more
convinced that Baoyu was her confidant. But in the eyes of the world, Xue
Baochai, who always strictly followed orthodox values, was more suitable to be
Baoyu’s wife.

son of an official in feudal times with extended family, who was is

lovestruck and sentimental emotional. Baoyu pursued a kind of love between
confidants and remained loyal to it all along, so that he even took refuge in
religious life when everything ended in vain in the end. He especially hated the
traditional path of official career. When Shi Xiangyun persuaded him to be an
official /follow the path, he immediately pulled a long face and said, “Sister Shi,
please go to other sisters’ another’s rooms to sit down, Miss, otherwise you and
your official career would be stained here.” In Baoyu’s mind, Daiyu understood
him, which is why he said, "Has Daiyu Sister Lin ever said these impudent
remarks? No. If she had also said like this, I would have long since been
separated from her.” And when Daiyu heard that heard these words Hearing that
outside the room, she Daiyu was more convinced that she had made a right
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judgement about Baoyu that he Baoyu was her confidant. But in the eyes of the
world, Xue Baochai, a highly cultured woman steeped in propriety, who always
strictly followed orthodox values lived in an orthodox ritual system and strictly
adhered to it, was more suitable to be Baoyu's wife.
在书中，宝钗对宝玉也有爱，但是始终是发乎情止乎礼的，即便在宝玉被父亲打伤后，她也始终不曾像黛玉一样将自己
的悲伤心痛之情直接表达出来，而是对宝玉晓之以理，希望宝玉遵从父亲的意愿，走上仕途“正道”。显然，贾宝玉与
林黛玉的思想以及感情完全与程朱理学扼杀人性，“存天理,灭人欲”的要求格格不入，与当时社会的主流思想相悖，
这也注定了他们的悲剧结局。
修 改 版 ： She loved him but showed her love moderately. Even when
Baoyu was flogged at his father’s order, she did not express her sorrows
directly like Daiyu. Instead, she persuaded him to obey his father’s will to
becoming an official. Obviously, the thoughts and feelings of Baoyu and
Daiyu were incompatible with Neo-Confucianism, the prevailing philosophy
at that time, which requires to suppress human desires while preserving
divine principle. Holding opposite beliefs against the mainstream belief, the
two protagonists’ tragic ending was doomed.
除人物的悲剧命运外，小说的另一个重心是从经济、人际关系等方面揭示了贾家注定的悲剧命运。事实上，贾家的
衰落迹象早已有之，其内部的有识之士早已看出贾家注定将走向没落，秦可卿死时托梦给凤姐就说了“三春去后诸芳尽，
各自须寻各自门”。但表面上贾家仍要维持过去的排场，极尽奢华铺张之势。这一点在小说开头通过元春省（xǐng）亲和秦
可卿之死，就已经表现出贾家的奢华排场和财政上的捉襟见肘，虽然后来探春等人试图兴利除弊,但却于事无补。在政治上，
贾家子孙也多不争气，安于富贵。贾敬一味迷信好（hào）道，贾政迂腐无能，贾珍、贾琏、贾蓉吃喝嫖赌,堕落下流，宝玉
虽有才情，但又不肯委身仕途。
Apart from the tragic fate of the characters, it reveals the fate of the Jia
Family through/from the perspective of its finance and interpersonal relations.
In fact, there are hints showing the Family’s fall which have been seen through
by some insiders. Upon her death, Qin Keqing said in Wang Xifeng’s dream,
“When the three ‘springs’ leave, all flowers will wither away and everybody
has to find their own ways.” However, on the surface, the Family had to keep
its past glory, splurging on luxurious and extravagant things. That was shown
by Keqing’s funeral and Yuanchun’s visit back home. Tanchun and others
have made efforts to improve the condition of the Family in vain. Most of the
descendants of the Family indulged in luxurious life without any achievement
in official career. Jia Jing was a superstitious man absorbed in Taoism/Daoism;
Jia Zheng, a pedantic and incompetent man; Jia Zhen, Jia Lian and Jia Rong,
indulged in entertainment/depraved life. Talented man as he was, Baoyu
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refused to devote himself to political career.

《
价
评
曾
生
先
迅
鲁
家
学
文
名
著
代
近红
》说
梦
楼“自
：《红
有》出
梦
楼 统
传
，
后
来
的思想和写法都打破了。”曹雪芹在写作过程中最大的突破就是打破了中国古代小说固有的大团圆结局写法，小
说中的婚姻悲剧、爱情悲剧、命运悲剧等一个个音符组成了贾氏家族的悲剧，贾家“落了个白茫茫大地真干净”的悲惨结局，
而贾家悲剧又与当时的政治密不可分,它们互为因果,反映了作者对乾隆盛世的清醒认识，是对盛极必衰命运的悲剧性隐喻。

The celebrated modern Chinese writer Lu Xun remarked, “A Dream of Red

Mansions did not inherit traditional thoughts/ideas and means of novel writing.”
Cao Xueqin did not give a happy ending as in traditional novels, which was the
biggest breakthrough. The tragedy of the Jia Family was composed of marriage,
love and fate tragedies. In the end, the family lost everything with its all
members displaced. The ending has a causal relationship with the then political
environment, which reflects the author’s clear thoughts of the prosperity in
Emperor Qian Long’s rein, indicating that everything at its peak will finally fall
to the ground.

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3. It was a day by itself, coming after a fortnight’s storm and rain. The sun
did not shine clearly, but it spread through the clouds a tender, diffused light,
crossed by level cloud-bars, which stretched to a great length, quite parallel.
The tints in the sky were wonderful, every conceivable shade of blue-grey,
which contrived to modulate into the golden brilliance in which the sun was
veiled. I went out in the afternoon. It was too early in the year for a heavy fall
of leaves, but nevertheless the garden was covered. They were washed to the
sides of the roads, and lay heaped up over the road-gratings, masses of
gorgeous harmonies in red, brown, and yellow. The chestnuts and acorns
dropped in showers, and the patter on the gravel was a little weird. The
chestnut husks split wide open when they came to the ground, revealing the
polished brown of the shy fruit.
连续两周暴风骤雨之后，这个晴天分外难得/天终于放晴。太阳并不灿烂/阳光并不明媚，只是透过/穿过云层，散
射出柔和的光芒/光线，条状的云彩横贯长空/绵延至远方，宛如条条平行线。//苍穹之色美妙至极，天空中各种每一层
深浅不一的蓝灰色云彩，美得令人惊叹，在太阳的照耀下，调和成金色光辉/都巧妙地融入了太阳散发的金色光辉中，给
太阳/为其蒙上面纱。这天午后，我信步出门。还未到 落叶纷飞/落木萧萧的时节，花园里却早已 铺满了落叶/落叶满地。
落叶被雨水冲到路旁，堆满了路沿石/层层堆积在排水口，一堆堆红色的、褐色的、黄色的落叶绚丽和谐 红色、褐色、黄
色相互交融，谱写出和谐美丽的乐章。栗子和橡子纷纷落下/雨点般落下，落在碎石/砾石上的嗒嗒声略显神秘奇异之感/
落在砾石上，发出些许神秘声响。栗子落到地上时，外壳绽裂开来，露出褐色的果实/亮棕色的果实羞答答地探出了头。
连续两周暴风骤雨之后，天终于放晴。阳光并不明媚，只是穿过云层，散射出柔和的光线，云彩横贯长空，宛如
条条平行线。苍穹之色美妙至极，每一层深浅不一的蓝灰色都巧妙地融入太阳散发的金色光辉中，为其蒙上面纱。这天午
后，我信步出门。还未到落木萧萧的时节，花园里却早已落叶满地。落叶被雨水冲到路旁，层层堆积在排水口，红色、褐
色、黄色相互交融，谱写出和谐美丽的乐章。栗子和橡子雨点般落下，落在砾石上的嗒嗒声略显神秘奇异之感。栗子落到
地上，外壳绽裂开来，亮棕色的果实羞答答地探出了头。

The lavish, drenching downpour in extravagant excess had been glorious.

I went down to the bridge to look at the floods. The valley was a great lake,
reaching to the big trees in the fields which had not yet lost the fire in their
branches. The river-channel could be discerned only by the boiling of the
current. It had risen above the crown of the main stone arch, and swirled and
plunged underneath it.
瓢泼大雨倾泻而下，煞蔚为壮观。走下桥去我走下去，来到桥上，看洪水湍流观赏泛滥的河水。河谷宛如浩瀚湖
泊/山谷俨然化作浩瀚湖泽，一直湖水漫延到至田野里的大树下，树枝上秋叶如火，未曾落下大树的枝桠间还留有天火的
余烬。河道只能从滚滚水浪中辨别出来。/只有借助湍急的水流才能辨清河道，水流已经漫过石桥主拱洞顶端，在桥下翻
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腾着，跌宕着。/水流曾一跃而上，至主石拱顶端，又翻腾旋转，自拱顶一泻而下。
瓢泼大雨倾泻而下，蔚为壮观。我走下去，来到桥上，观赏泛滥的河水。山谷俨然化作浩瀚湖泽，湖水漫延至田
野里的大树，大树的枝桠间还留有天火的余烬。只有借助湍急的水流才能辨清河道，水流曾一跃而上，漫至主石拱顶端，
又翻腾旋转，自拱顶一泻而下。

A furious backwater, repulsed from the smaller arch, aided the tumult.
The wind had gone and there was perfect silence, save for the agitation of the
stream, but a few steps upwards the gentle tinkle of the little runnels could be
heard in their deeply-cut, dark, and narrow channels. In a few minutes they
were caught up, rejoicing, in the embrace of the deep river which would carry
them with it to the sea. They were safe now from being lost in the earth. //
河水撞上小拱洞，汹涌地回旋过来/汹涌的回水，被小石拱击退，令水流愈发湍急。风已经平息，四周一片寂静/
风声平息/风已停息，万籁俱寂，唯有/只剩下河水湍流不息的激荡声/河水翻滚的声音，向上再走几步，却能听到/又听
见数/条条小溪/涓涓细流在幽深狭长的河道中叮咚作响/潺潺流动的叮咚声。几分钟后/不到片刻，溪水就欢快地投入了
河流深深的大河的怀抱，随着河流奔向大海，再也不会消失在泥土里了/流失在土壤间。
汹涌的回水，被小石拱击退，令水流愈发湍急。风声平息，万籁俱寂，唯有河水湍流不息的激荡声，向上再走几
步，又听见涓涓细流在幽深狭长的河道中叮咚作响。不到片刻，溪水就欢快地投入了大河的怀抱，随着河流奔向大海，再
也不怕流失在土壤间。
I went a little further up the hill: a flock of about fifty sheep were crossing
from a field on one side of the road to another directly opposite. They were
packed close together, and their backs were an undulating continuous surface.
The shepherd was pursuing a stray sheep, and they stood still for a minute in
the middle of the road. A farmer came up in his gig and was held back. He
used impatient language. O farmer! which is of more importance to the
heavenly powers—that you should not be stopped, or that the sheep should
loiter and go into that field at their own pace? All sheep, by the way, look sad.
Perhaps they are dimly aware of their destiny.
我朝山上又走了一小段路，只见一群绵羊，大约五十来只，正从路边田野横穿过大路，走向对面田野 ，一只紧挨
着一只/。羊群紧紧相依，背部仿佛/（背部轮廓相连）看上去起伏绵延/连绵起伏的波浪。牧羊人追赶着一只离群的羊，
整个羊群一时停在了路中间。一位农夫驾着马车驶来，被挡住去路，不耐烦地嚷起来 /便不耐烦了，骂骂咧咧。啊，农夫
啊，应该让上天来评评理。是羊群该给农夫让路不该停下来，还是农夫该停下来让羊群慢悠悠地、按自己的节奏走到田野
去呢？到底哪件事情更重要呢？顺便一提/再者，羊群都满脸愁容，似乎已经知晓自己的命运。
我朝山上又走了一小段路，只见一群绵羊，大约五十来只，正从路边田野横穿过大路，走向对面田野，一只紧挨
着一只，看上去起伏绵延。牧羊人追赶着一只离群的羊，羊群一时停在了路中间。一位农夫驾着马车驶来，被挡住去路，

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不耐烦地嚷起来。农夫啊，应该让上天来评评理。是羊群该给农夫让路，还是农夫该停下来让羊群慢悠悠地、按自己的节
奏走到田野去呢？再者，羊群都满脸愁容，似乎已经知晓自己的命运。
It was now about four o’clock. Two teams of plough-horses were coming
out of a field on the way home. The owner takes great care of them. More
magnificent horses never were seen; glossy coats, tremendous haunches, strong
enough to shake a house if it came to an earnest pull, immense feet, slow-
stepping: very gentle the huge creatures seemed.
此时当时大约四点，两队犁马正离开田野，踏上回家的路。看得出来，马主人平日里悉心照料着它们。我从未见
过如此健美的马，它们：鬃毛柔顺光滑/锃亮，脚掌宽大，步伐缓慢，腰腿肥硕健美，用力一拉，足以撼动整座房屋，四
蹄粗大，缓缓前行，看上去十分温顺。
当时大约四点，两队犁马正离开田野，踏上回家的路。看得出来，马主人平日里悉心照料它们。我从未见过如此
健美的马：鬃毛锃亮，脚掌宽大，步伐缓慢，腰腿肥硕健美，用力一拉，足以撼动整座房屋，看上去又十分温顺。
The first team was led by a hale, ruddy-faced old man, between seventy
and eighty, whom I have known for years. Always he has a cheery word for
me. I told him he ought to be proud of such animals, and I am sure he is. He is
happy on his eighteen shillings a week, looking neither before nor after, and
knowing next to nothing of the world outside his village. Happy? Yes, and
reasonably happy.
第一个马队由一位/第一队的赶马人精神矍铄、面色红润的老人牵引着，老人约莫七八十岁/年逾古稀，与我相识已
有许多年，每每见我，总要热情地与我寒暄几句。我告诉他，养出这些马匹，他应当为此感到自豪，我也确信他确实自豪
而他也确实如此。每周只挣十八先令，他却乐此不疲/心满意足，既不回首过去，也不遥想未来/不问生前身后事/不瞻前也
不顾后，除了自己的小村庄，对外面的世界几乎一无所知。这让他感到幸福吗/他幸福吗？确实如此/当然。
第一队的赶马老人年逾古稀、面色红润、精神矍铄，与我相识已有许多年，每每见我，总要热情地与我寒暄几句。
我告诉他，养出这些马匹，他应当为此感到自豪，我也确信他确实自豪。每周只挣十八先令，他却心满意足，不问生前身
后事，除了自己的小村庄，对外面的世界几乎一无所知。他幸福吗？当然。

4.因为我家城里那个向来很著名的湖上，满生了芦苇和满浮了无数的大船，分外显得逼仄、湫隘、喧嚷，所以我也不很高
兴常去游逛。有时几个友人约着荡桨湖中，每每到了晚上，各种杂乱的声音一齐并作，锣鼓声、尖利的胡琴声、不很好听
的唱声、男人的居心喊闹与油面光头的女人调笑，更夹杂上小舟卖物的叫声，几乎把静静的湖水掀起了“大波”。
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 MTI 基础双向笔译 授课教师：彭萍教授 仅限本课程使用

I didn’t take pleasure in visiting/was a little reluctant to visit the well-

known lake in my home town for/because it was narrow, cramped and noisy,
with reeds and big boats on it. Sometimes I went boating there with several
friends, but when the night fell/every night, all kinds of chaotic sounds/all noises
almost make big waves on the still/peaceful/placid water: stirred the
placid/calm/still lake into “big waves”. These noises included the sounds/beat of
gongs, drums, and the harsh sound/tweedle screeching/shrill urheen/huqin,
unpleasant singing, men’s intentional shouting, heavily made-up women’s
laughters and cries of hawkers/vendors on the little boats.
I didn’t take pleasure in visiting the well-known lake in my home town
because it was narrow, cramped and noisy, with reeds and big boats on it.
Sometimes I went boating there with several friends. Every night, all noises
almost made big waves on the placid water: the beat of gongs and drums, the
harsh sound of huqin, unpleasant singing, men’s intentional shouts, heavily
made-up women’s teasing laughters and cries of vendors on the little boats.
因此，我去逛湖的时候，只有收视反听地去寻思自己的事。有时在夕阳明灭、返映着湖水的时候，我却常常一个人跑到湖
边僻静处去乘凉。一边散步，一边听着青蛙在草中奏着雨后之歌，看看小鸟啁啾着向柳枝上飞跳，还觉有些兴致。每在此
时，一方引动我对于自然景物的鉴赏，一方却激发起无限的悠渺寻思。
Therefore, whenever I visited the lake, I would think of my own affairs
without paying attention to what was happening around (had to turn a deaf ear
to all these noises so as to think about my own business). Sometimes when the
setting sun was goes out, reflected in the water lake, I went for a walk/stroll by
the tranquil lakeside to enjoy the cool/relax/cool myself, enjoying/listening to
the frogs singing in green grass after the rain and watching the
chirping/twittering of birds flying to the willow branches. Then, both my
appreciation/admiration of nature and my endless imagination would be stirred
up/aroused.
Therefore, whenever I visited the lake, I would think of my own affairs
without paying attention to what was happening around. Sometimes when the
setting sun was reflected in the water, I went for a walk by the tranquil lakeside
to cool myself, enjoying the frogs singing in green grass after the rain and
watching the chirping birds flying onto the willow branches. Then, both my
admiration of nature and my endless imagination would be stirred up.
一抹绀色间以青紫色的霞光，返映这湖堤上雨后的碧柳。某某祠庙的东边，有个小荷荡，这处的荷叶最大不过，高
得几乎比人还高。叶下的洁白如玉雕的荷花，到过午后，像慢慢地将花朵闭起。偶然一两只蜜蜂飞来飞去，还留恋着花香
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的气味，不肯即行归去。
The rays of the setting sun violet and purple sunset rays
reflected/illuminated the green willows after the rain on the lake bank/dyke/dike.
In a little (lotus) pond on to the east of ancestral temple/shrine, huge/large lotus
leaves grew higher/taller even than a man. The jade white lotus flowers under
the leaves slowly closed their petals slowly after noon. Once one or two a couple
of bees were lured by the fragrance of the flowers, flying around the lotus, were
reluctant to leave/depart.
The rays of the setting sun illuminated the green willows on the lake bank
after the rain. In a little pond to the east of a temple, large lotus leaves grew
taller even than a man. The jade white flowers under the leaves closed their
petals slowly after noon. A couple of bees were lured by the fragrance of the
flowers, reluctant to depart.
红霞照在湛绿的水上，散为金光，而红霞中快下沉的日光，也幻成异样的色彩。一层层的光与色，相荡相薄，闪闪
烁烁地都印在我的眼底。我因昨天一连落了六七个小时的急雨，今日天还晴朗，便独自顺步来到湖西岸来，看一看雨后的湖
边景色。斜铺的石道上满生了莓苔，我穿的皮鞋踏在上面，显出分明的印痕。
Illuminating on the dark green turquoise lake, the light of the setting sun
red/scarlet glowing clouds scattered into golden light shone on the turquoise
water, the turquoise water glittered in the setting sun, the color of the sun itself
contrived to modulate into remarkable tints, within which the sunset glowing
about to sink turned colorful. I saw Layer upon layer of color and light,
interweaving and interacting, shimmered. I saw dazzling brilliance of layers of
conceivable light and colors It had rained heavily for six or seven hours before
the sky became clear today, I walked along to the west bank of the lake to
enjoy the fresh-washed scenery appreciate the scene after the rain. My leather
shoes left clear prints on the moss-covered inclined stone path. The inclined
stone pathway was covered by moss, on which my leather shoes left obvious
prints.
The turquoise water glittered in the setting sun, the color of which itself
contrived to modulate into remarkable tints. I saw dazzling brilliance of layers
of conceivable light and colors. It had rained heavily for six or seven hours
before the sky became clear today, I walked alone to the west bank of the lake
to enjoy the fresh-washed scenery. My leather shoes left clear prints on the
moss-covered inclined stone path.

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 MTI 基础双向笔译 授课教师：彭萍教授 仅限本课程使用

5.The earliest recognisable stone tools appear 3.3 million years ago.
They're nothing more than rocks smashed together, with the resulting sharp
chips and splinters used as crude cutting tools. Chimpanzees in captivity use
similar techniques to this day.
已知最早的可辨认的石器诞生于 330 万年前，最初不过是岩石碰砸，产生的碎石和锋利石片作为原始/粗糙的
切割工具。如今人工饲养的圈养的大猩猩还在使用类似的方法工具。
最早可辨认的石器诞生于 330 万年前，不过是岩石撞击而成，产生的碎石和锋利石片作为原始切割工具。如
今圈养的大猩猩还在使用类似的方法。
Beginning around 2.5 million years ago, something started to change.
Hominins began refining their technique by fashioning rocks themselves into
cutting tools. These shaped stones—named Oldowan tools after the storied
Olduvai Gorge, an area in Tanzania that has yielded ample evidence about our
distant ancestors—don't look like much. For archaeologists, however, the
Oldowan represents a glimmer of something more complex, a decisive step
forward.
大约自 250 万年前开始，情况开始改变/开始出现了变化,。人族古人类开始改进技术，将岩石直接打磨成/制
作成切割工具。这些形状各异的石头石器看起来并不起眼，被称作奥杜威工具，得名于坦桑尼亚著名的奥杜威峡谷，因为
此地出土了/发现了大量有关人类远祖存在的证据/此地有大量证据表明人类远祖曾在这里生活。它们看起来并不起眼，然
而对于考古学家来说，奥德威工具却代表着人类能够制造更加精细的工具，技术上迈出决定性的一步更复杂工具制作的曙
光，是向前迈出的决定性一步。
约 250 万年前，开始出现了变化,古人类开始改进技术，将岩石直接打磨成切割工具。这些石器被称作奥杜威
工具，得名于坦桑尼亚著名的奥杜威峡谷，因为此地出土了大量有关人类远祖存在的证据。它们看起来并不起眼，然而对
于考古学家来说，却代表着人类能够制造更加精细的工具，技术上迈出决定性的一步。
Things began to shift again around 1.7 million years ago. Beginning in
Africa and spreading into Europe and Asia, the Oldowan gave way to
something altogether different. Early hominins began making clearly
identifiable hand axes. Sometimes called bifaces, they're teardrop-shaped
chunks of stone between four and eight inches long. They can range from
roughhewn to refined, but they're clearly purposely shaped tools. These
practical, versatile tools, first identified in France in the nineteenth century and
called Acheulean after the village of Saint-Acheul, represent a significant leap
forward.
大约 170 万年前，情况又开始发生变化/又开始出现新的变化。起源于非洲的奥杜威工具传播至欧亚地
区被完全不同的工具取代，这种情况始于非洲，一直蔓延到欧洲和亚洲 。早期人族 古人类开始制作清晰可辨 形状明
显的手斧，有时也称两面器，形状呈水滴 泪珠形，长为/约四至八英寸，或粗制或精制，却显然是有意制成为用而
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制/这些石器有的粗糙，有的精致，显然都是有意打造/制作而成。这些多功能的 实用工具用途广泛，于十九世纪在
法国首次被发现，并以法国村庄圣阿舍利之名命名为阿舍利石器， 代表着一个重大飞跃 标志着人类使用的工具取得
巨大进展。
约 170 万年前，又开始出现新的变化，起源于非洲的奥杜威工具传播至欧亚地区被完全不同的工具取代。
古人类开始制作形状明显的手斧，有时也称两面器，通常呈泪珠形，长约四至八英寸。这些石器有的粗糙，有的精
致，显然都是有意打造而成。这些实用工具用途广泛，于十九世纪在法国首次被发现，并以法国村庄圣阿舍利之名
命名为阿舍利石器，标志着人类使用的工具取得巨大进展。
The tools' shape and complexity required their makers to think several
steps in advance. These were the first flintknappers, people who deliberately
shaped raw pieces of flint, or cores, into tools by applying pressure to the
stone. The sharp flakes chipped from the core could also be used as tools. The
flakes were used to cut, scrape, pierce, and kill, and were the mainstays of
human tool use until the invention of metallurgy. Acheulean toolmakers sought
out specific types of stone, sometimes traveling for miles looking for the best
raw material, carrying large pieces over long distances, and then using them to
make smaller tools.
这些工具奇异的形状和复杂的构造要求制造者事先构思制作步骤考虑好几个步骤。这些人是最早的燧石钳工，他
们通过对石头施加压力小心翼翼地给石块加压，有意识地将未加工的燧石片或石核塑造成工具。从石核上削下的锋利薄片
也可以用作工具。燧石片被，用来切割、刮削、刺穿穿孔和屠杀猎物杀戮，直到冶金术发明之前，其一直是冶金术发明前
人类使用的主要工具。阿舍利的工具制造者寻找特定类型形状的石头，有时会长途跋涉寻找最好的原材料，携带大块石头
长途跋涉返回，然后用它们制作成较小的工具小工具。
这些工具奇异的形状和复杂的构造要求制造者事先构思制作步骤。这些人是最早的燧石钳工，他们小心翼翼地给
石块加压，将未加工的燧石片或石核塑造成工具。从石核上削下的锋利薄片也可以用作工具，用来切割、刮削、穿孔和杀
戮，是冶金术发明前人类使用的主要工具。阿舍利工具制造者寻找特定形状的石头，有时会长途跋涉寻找最好的原材料，
携带大块石头长途跋涉返回，然后用它们制作成小工具。

修订版：最早可辨认的石器出现于 330 万年前，不过是岩石撞击而成，产生的碎石和锋利石片用作原始切割

工具，如今圈养的大猩猩还在使用类似的方法。（合句）
约 250 万年前，开始出现了变化,古人类开始改进技术，将岩石直接打磨成切割工具。这些石器称作奥杜威工
具，得名于坦桑尼亚著名的奥杜威峡谷，此地出土了大量人类远祖存在的大量证据（没有因果关系）。奥杜威石器看起来
并不起眼，然而对考古学家来说，却代表着人类能够制造更加精细的工具，人类石器制造迈出决定性的一步。
约 170 万年前，又开始出现新的变化，起源于非洲的奥杜威工具传播至欧亚地区，被完全不同的工具取
代。古人类开始制作形状明显的手斧，有时也称两面器，通常呈泪珠形，长约四至八英寸。这些石器有的粗糙，有
的精致，显然都是有意打造而成。这些实用工具用途广泛，十九世纪在法国首次发现，并以法国村庄圣阿舍利命名

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称为阿舍利石器，标志着人类制作工具取得巨大进展。（呼应前文）
这些工具形状各异，构造复杂（修饰变描写），要求制造者事先构思制作步骤。这些人是最早的燧石匠，他们小
心翼翼地给石块加压，将未加工的燧石片或石核塑造成工具。从石核上削下的锋利薄片也可以用作工具，用来切割、刮削、
穿孔和杀戮，是冶金术发明前人类使用的主要工具。阿舍利工具制造者寻找特定形状的石头，有时会长途跋涉寻找最好的
原材料，携带大块石头返回，然后将它们制作成小型工具。（被动：被称作、被用作 意义上被动，形式上主动，“被”
字可以删掉、标点符号：逗号断句、用词：“用作”才能做谓语，“作为”常做状语，“以……命名”而不是“以…
…之名命名”）

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6.在 19 世纪晚期，有这么一批中国人，他们较早接触西学，熟悉西方政情，受西方文明影响较深；他们能
够洞悉旧体制的弊端，留心经世致用之学；他们还直接参与了洋务运动新政。在他们之中，萌发了中国近代早期的民族
思想、重商思想和民主观念。他们代表了当时先进的中国人要求抵御列强侵略、发展民族经济、推行政治改革，从而实现民富
国强的愿望。这就是一批维新人士。
In the late 19th century, there was/emerged such a group of Chinese
people who were familiar with Western politics had earlier contact with
thanks to an earlier exposure to Western learning. Thus, they and Deeply
influenced by Western civilization,. Tthey were able to know clearly more
aware of the drawbacks of the old regime faults and defects of the political
system of China and pay attention to the knowledge beneficial to state affairs
attempted to spread the learning of pragmatic discipline. They even directly
participated in the Westernization Self-Strengthening Movement. Among their
thoughts, They began to develop the early modern Chinese ideas of
nationalism, mercantile ideas nationality, commerce and democracy in the
early modern China emerged. This group of people represented They
articulated the aspirations/popular wishes of the advanced Chinese some of
the Chinese intellectuals at that time to defend themselves against the invasion
of the major powers/resist foreign invasions, develop the national economy,
and carry out/launch political reforms so as to make the people prosperous and
the nation rich and strong powerful. This was the group of reformers/They
were called reformers.
In the late 19th century, there emerged such a group of Chinese people
who were familiar with Western politics thanks to an earlier exposure to
Western learning. Deeply influenced by Western civilization, they were more
aware of the faults and defects of the political system of China and attempted
to spread the learning of pragmatic discipline. They even participated in the
Self-Strengthening Movement. They began to develop the ideas of nationality,
commerce and democracy in the early modern China. They articulated the
popular wishes of some of the Chinese intellectuals at that time to resist
foreign invasions, develop the national economy, and launch political reforms
so as to make the nation rich and strong. They were called reformers.
从康有为、梁启超到陈天华、邹容、孙中山都认为，只要奋发努力，就可后来居上，为此他们或主张维新变法，
或主张革命共和，表现出一种强烈的政治上的进取欲望。随着时代的变迁、历史的发展，天演思潮的倡导者们在思想上
发生了分歧，一种是以康有为、严复为代表的和平渐进论，强调社会进步的循序性，反对革命突变，明显可见受了庸俗

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进化论的影响。再一种是以孙中山为代表的革命突变论，认为中国可以跨越一个时期而达于另一时期。两种思想尽管各
有偏颇，但是天演思潮在晚清产生的积极影响是巨大的。
All of the reformers, from They were represented by two schools of
thinkers, one is Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao who embraced Constitutional
Reform, to and Chen Tianhua, Zou Rong and Sun Yat-sen, who advocated to
build a republic of China through revolution. They both believed that as long
as they made vigorous endeavourswith unremitting efforts, they China could
catch up with and even surpass the Westfrom behind. Therefore, they either
advocated constitutional reform or revolutionary republic, showing and showed
a strong desire for political progress. With the change of the times and the
development of history, the advocators of the evolutionary trend diverged in
their thoughts. One is the peaceful incrementalism represented by Kang
Youwei and Yan Fu. Obviously affected by the vulgar evolutionism, they
emphasized the gradualness of social progress and opposed the revolutionary
changes. The other is the revolutionary mutation theory represented by Sun
Yat-sen, who believed that China could cross over from one period to another.
Despite the bias of the two schools of thoughts, the positive influence of the
evolutionary thought in the late Qing Dynasty was enormous.
They were represented by two schools of thinkers, one is Kang Youwei
(1858-1927) and Liang Qichao (1873-1929) who embraced Constitutional
Reform, the other is Chen Tianhua (1875-1905), Zou Rong (1885-1905) and
Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) who advocated for founding/establishing a republic
of China through revolution. They all advocated the idea of natural evolution
and believed that with unremitting efforts, China could catch up with and even
surpass the West to achieve a political progress. However, there was a
divergence in their thoughts of how to achieve such progress. The former
represented by Kang Youwei and Yan Fu, under the influence of the theory of
vulgar evolution, sought a peaceful and gradual reform; whereas the latter
represented by Sun Yat-sen, insisted on a political revolution through which
they believed that China could leap into a new stage. Despite the bias of the
two schools of thoughts, the positive influence of the evolutionary thought in
the late Qing Dynasty was enormous.
它是先进中国人向西方寻求真理道路上的里程碑，是先进中国人思想上的一次大飞跃。天演思潮的兴起，一下子丰富
了中国士人的头脑，扩大了他们的眼界，使之由此开始获得观察事物，指导行为的较为科学的方法和态度。加上天演思潮所
揭示的物竞天择、适者生存的客观世界法则对中国士人不啻是一声惊雷，唤醒他们投身于救国的潮流中去。
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For the advanced Chinese, it The introduction of the idea of natural

evolution was/represented a milestone in Chinese people’s exploration of
Western learning on the road of seeking truth from the West, and a great
leap in the thinking. The rise of evolutionary thought instantly enriched the
minds of Chinese scholars and broadened their horizons, so that they began
to acquire more scientific methods and attitudes for observing things and
guiding their behaviors. In addition, the law of the objective world “natural
selection, the survival of the fittest” revealed by the revolutionary thought is
no less than a thunderbolt to the Chinese scholars, awakening them to the
necessity of rescuing the nation.
The introduction of the idea of natural evolution represented a
milestone in Chinese people’s exploration of Western learning and a
decisive leap in their thinking. This idea enriched the minds of Chinese
scholars and broadened their horizons, so that they began to develop more
scientific methods and attitudes for observing things and taking behaviors.
The principle of “the survival of the fittest” was a thunderbolt to the
Chinese scholars/intellectuals, urging them to rescue the nation out of crisis.
从早期维新思想到维新变法运动，其间不过 30 多年，与其说早期维新思想为戊戌变法奠定了思想基础，不
如说中国改良之路将是艰难的，30 年能改变中国上千年的思想根基吗？这也预示中国维新变法运动的悲剧结果。但
是，“物竞天择、适者生存”的思想却激励着中国人民摆脱压迫，走向独立与富强！
The period from the early reformist ideas to the reformist movement
was just over 30 years. Instead of saying that the early reformist ideas laid
the ideological foundation for the Hundred Days' Reform, it is better to say
that the road to improvement in China will be difficult, and that 30 years
can change the ideological foundation that has existed in China for
thousands of years. This is also the tragic outcome of China's reform
movement. However, the idea of "the survival of the fittest" inspired the
Chinese people to break away from oppression and move towards
independence and prosperity!
30 years passed from the emergence of the idea of reform to the actual
reform movement called the Hundred Days’ reform. This idea laid a
foundation for the actual reform. But the reform in China was no easy task
for it was impossible to change, within 30 years, the solid traditional
thoughts rooted in Chinese people’s mind for thousands of years during
only 30 years, which accounted for the failure of the Hundred Days’
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Reform. Despite the tragic ending, the idea of “the survival of the fittest”
inspired the nation to get rid of oppression and strive for independence and
prosperity.

China opposes all forms of hegemony…we never interfere in …and

seek for aggression and expansion

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7. Gothic remains a perennial theme but never more so than today. Why
so? For one thing, the gothic imagination of writers such as Mary Shelley,
Edgar Allan Poe and Bram Stoker is so vividly visual that it is eminently
adaptable into 21st-century media – from cinema to TV to video games. Also it
reflects teenage angst – Shelley was just 17 when she wrote Frankenstein.
哥特主题式是一个经久不衰的主题，今日尤为如此如今甚至更加盛行。原因何在为何如此？首先，玛丽·雪莱、埃
德加·爱伦·坡和布莱姆·斯托克等作家的哥特式作品中呈现出的哥特式构思是太过非常生动形象，尤其适合改编成电影、
电视和电子游戏等 21 世纪的媒体形式/在 21 世纪的媒体形式如电影、电视和电子游戏上非常盛行。此外，这种构思
这类作品/哥特作品还反映了青少年的焦虑，玛丽·雪莱写创作《弗
兰
肯
斯
坦
》时
年仅也只有 17 岁。（前后风格一致、正确理解、避
免歧义玛丽·雪莱、正式措辞-学术）
哥特主题经久不衰，今日尤为如此。原因何在？首先，玛丽·雪莱、埃德加·爱伦·坡和布莱姆·斯托克等作家的哥
特式作品非常生动形象，尤其适合改编成电影、电视和电子游戏等 21 世纪的媒体形式。此外，这类作品还反映了青少
年的焦虑，玛丽·雪莱创作《弗兰肯斯坦》时年仅 17 岁。
But it also reflects deeper contemporary fears of the apocalyptic and the
macabre: of bad science and corrupt power. It reflects dark times, too, and
offers escapism from austerity or insecurity – a safe, containable way to be
scared. Most of all, perhaps, it addresses dark themes of psychosexuality. This
autumn the gothic is everywhere: from Radio 4’s Gothic Imagination to Tim
Burton’s Frankenweenie, and, tomorrow night, a new Channel 4 documentary
examining the Frankenstein myth screened, fittingly, on Halloween.
但它哥特作品也反映了当代人对世界末日景象、和恐怖场面更深层次的恐惧：死亡、伪科学和堕落力量权力腐败
的恐惧，即反映了哥特作品还是黑暗的时代的写照，使/让人们能够逃离艰苦的生活或为人们提供了逃避紧缩或不安全感
的方式——，即以一种安全、可控的恐惧方式去感受恐惧。也许最重要的是，它哥特作品涉及性心理精神性域的黑暗
主题。这个秋天，到处都在播放哥特式作品风格无处不在：有英国广播公司第四电台的《哥特式想象》和蒂姆·《科学怪
狗怪诞复活狗》。明晚，即万圣节之夜，第四频道将推出的一部新纪录片将审视深入探讨/讨论/解密弗兰肯斯坦的神话，
这部纪录片在万圣节上映，非常合适。（加范畴词、中文重重复，不用代词它、……名词 无处不在→到处都在 动词
哥特作品也反映了当代人对末日景象和恐怖场面更深层次的恐惧：对伪科学和堕落力量的恐惧。哥特作品还是黑
暗时代的写照，让人们能够逃离艰苦生活或不安全感，即以一种安全可控的方式去感受恐惧。也许最重要的是，哥特作品
涉及精神性域的黑暗主题。这个秋天，到处都在播放哥特式作品：有英国广播公司第四电台的《哥特式想象》和蒂姆 ·伯顿的
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《科学怪狗》。明晚，即万圣节之夜，英国广播公司第四频道将推出一部新纪录片解密弗兰肯斯坦的神话。
My own first intimation of the gothic came with the 1922 German
expressionist film Nosferatu, which I saw on our crackly black-and-white TV
one sunny afternoon in the 1960s. Later, I’d attend college in Horace
Walpole’s Strawberry Hill on the banks of the Thames – a castellated
confection that sparked off the 18th-century craze for the “gothic”, fueled by
the stories of Matthew “Monk” Lewis, Mrs. Radcliffe, William Beckford, and
Walpole himself. (I can even boast that my own grandfather, born in Whitby
in 1891, lived two streets from where Bram Stoker was then writing Dracula.)
我对哥特式最初印象来自于我接触的第一部哥特作品是 1922 年的德国表现派电影《吸血鬼诺斯费拉图》，
那是 20 世纪 60 年代一个阳光明媚的下午，我在家中滋啦作响的老旧的黑白电视上看了到这部电影。后来，我去草
莓山庄上大学，这座建筑坐落于泰晤士河畔，其主人是霍勒斯·沃波尔。这座城堡式形的建筑引发了曾掀起 18 世纪的
“哥特式”热潮，随后，马修·路易斯（绰号“僧人修士路易斯”/）、拉德克利夫夫人、威廉·贝克福德和沃波尔本人的作
品又助推了这一热潮故事更是为其推波助澜。(我甚至可以自豪地说，我的祖父 1891 年出生在惠特比，我甚至可以
炫耀的说，他家距离与当时创作《德拉库拉德古拉》的布莱姆·斯托克的住所地方仅隔只有两条街）。
我接触的第一部哥特作品是 1922 年的德国表现派电影《诺斯费拉图》，那是 20 世纪 60 年代一个阳光
明媚的下午，我在家中滋啦作响的老旧的黑白电视上看了这部影片。后来，我去草莓山庄上大学，这座建筑坐落于泰晤士
河畔，其主人是霍勒斯·沃波尔。这座城堡式建筑曾掀起 18 世纪的“哥特式”热潮，随后，马修·路易斯（《修道士》
的作者）、拉德克利夫夫人、威廉·贝克福德和沃波尔本人的作品又助推了这一热潮。(我的祖父 1891 年出生在惠特
比，我甚至可以炫耀的说，他家与创作《德古拉》的布莱姆·斯托克的住所仅隔两条街）。
But more than anything, it is the myth of Frankenstein and his monster
that has lodged in the popular mind – to the extent that Hurricane Sandy has
been dubbed “Frankenstorm”. Shelley’s story has inspired everyone from
Herman Melville to James Whale, from Mel Brooks to Robert Harris, and,
most recently, Danny Boyle for his hugely successful National Theatre
production. It was this that inspired award-winning director Adam Low to
make tonight’s film, Frankenstein: A Modern Myth. Featuring interviews with
Benedict Cumberbatch (who also narrates the film), Jonny Lee Miller and
Danny Boyle, among others, it delves deep into the psychological and cultural
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resonances of the most famous of all gothic stories.

弗兰肯斯坦及其科学怪人的怪物神话深入人心，导致例如，飓风桑迪又被称为“弗兰肯风暴”。许多作家及其作品
深受玛丽·雪莱作品启发玛丽雪莱的作品启迪了许多人，其中包括从赫尔曼·梅尔维尔到詹姆斯·惠威尔，从梅尔·布鲁克斯、
到罗伯特·哈里斯等作家，以及再到最近的丹尼·鲍尔，其执导的剧作在英国国家剧院成功上映大获成功的作品。正是受到
这样的神话启发，获奖导演亚当·洛正是受此启发，拍摄了创作了今晚即将播出的纪录片影片《弗兰肯斯坦：现代神话》。
影片采访了本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇（即影片的旁白）、强尼·李·米勒和丹尼·鲍尔等人，深入探讨了弗兰肯斯坦这个最著名
的哥特式作品故事在引起的心理和文化上引起的共鸣。
弗兰肯斯坦及其科学怪人的神话深入人心，例如，飓风桑迪又被称为“弗兰肯风暴”。玛丽雪莱的作品启迪了许多
人，从赫尔曼·梅尔维尔到詹姆斯·惠威尔，从梅尔·布鲁克斯到罗伯特·哈里斯，再到最近的丹尼·鲍尔，其执导的剧作在
英国国家剧院成功上映。正是受到这样的神话启发，获奖导演亚当 ·洛创作了今晚即将播出的纪录片《弗兰肯斯坦：现代
神话》。影片采访了本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇（即影片的旁白）、强尼·李·米勒和丹尼·鲍尔等人，深入探讨了弗兰肯斯坦这
个最著名的哥特式作品引起的心理和文化上的共鸣。

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8.钱穆（1895-1990）说：“欲其国民对国家有深厚之爱情，必先使其国民对国家已往历史有深厚的认
识。欲其国民对国家当前有真实之改进，必先使其国民对国家已往历史有真实之了解。我人今日所需之历史智识，其要在
此。”这就是对自己的文化要有一种自觉，这种自觉源自深度的理解。
Qian Mu (1895-1990) said, “Only when the nation has they understand
have a deep and true understanding of the history of its country can it be in love
with its country and truly improve it. That’s why we should have historical
awareness. the kind of historical knowledge we need now.” This view reflects a
kind of culture self-consciousness self-conscious of one’s own culture which
comes from deep understanding.
有文化自觉的文化自信才是真正的自信，才有助于中国文化的创造性转化与创新性发展。中国文化，特别是儒释道，
在两千多年来一直塑造和滋润着中国人的心灵，在近百年来则遭到了前所未有的指责和批判，这其中固然与“救亡”的时代
背景有关，也与中国文化中的糟粕即其中的僵化和异化有关，同时也与那一代知识分子的学识、心态乃至个人遭遇等有关，
总体上表现为自信不足。儒学等在当下中国得到重新认识和重视，呈现复兴之势（当然也有不少鱼龙混杂 ），这其中的原
因也是多重的：中国经济的崛起、国势的强盛当然是一个重要原因；外来 思想资源无法安顿大多数中国人的心灵也是一个重
要原因；但最为根本的原因在于，中国文化、儒学中自身的价值理念仍具有生命力，比如仁义礼智信、孝悌忠恕等。不管是
传统的农业社会，还是现当代的工业社会、信息社会，无论其组织形式如何，人类社会要形成公序良俗就离不开这些价值。
此外，中国文化、儒学自身所具有的因时损益、与时俱进、自我更化的精神也是它葆有生命力而传承不断的重要原因。
True cultural confidence must be based on cultural consciousness Only
cultural self-confidence with cultural consciousness can contribute which is
beneficial to the creative transfer and innovative development of Chinese
culture. Chinese This culture, especially the Confucianism, Buddhism and
Daoism, has been shaping and nourishing the hearts of the Chinese people for
more than 2,000 years, but on the other hand has suffered unprecedented
criticisms in recent centuries. This phenomenon disapproval was triggered by
the mission of the Chinese people to save the country is related to the historical
context of “saving the country”, the stagnation and destruction ossimilition and
alienation of Chinese culture and the intellectuals’ knowledge, mindset and
personal encounter which lack self-confidence. Confucianism and other
thoughts in China nowadays have been re-recognized and revalued, showing
the trend of revival (of course, there is also a mixed bag), the reasons for which
are multiple: the inability of foreign thoughts to nourish the minds of most
Chinese as well as the rise of China’s economy and the strength of the country
is an important reason. But the most fundamental reason is that the
Confucianism and other kinds of Chinese cultures still possess their own viable
values such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, trust, filial
piety, fraternal duty, loyalty and forgiveness. These values are indispensable
for the formation of public order and good morals in human society, whether it
is a traditional agricultural society, or a modern industrial or information
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society. In addition, the spirit of Confucianism and other kinds of Chinese

cultures to advance with the times is also an important reason for its vitality
and inheritance.

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9.When Italian astronomer Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli began

mapping Mars in 1877, he inadvertently sparked an entire science-fiction
oeuvre. The director of Milan’s Brera Observatory dubbed dark and light
areas on the planet’s surface ‘seas’ and ‘continents’ – labelling what he
thought were channels with the Italian word ‘canali’. Unfortunately, his
peers translated that as ‘canals’, launching a theory that they had been
created by intelligent lifeforms on Mars.
Convinced that the canals were real, US astronomer Percival Lowell
mapped hundreds of them between 1894 and 1895. Over the following two
decades he published three books on Mars with illustrations showing what
he thought were artificial structures built to carry water by a brilliant race of
engineers. One writer influenced by Lowell’s theories published his own
book about intelligent Martians. In War of the Worlds, which first appeared
in serialised form in 1897, H G Wells described an invasion of Earth by
deadly Martians and spawned a sci-fi subgenre. A Princess of Mars, a
novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs published in 1911, also features a dying
Martian civilisation, using Schiaparelli’s names for features on the planet.
While the water-carrying artificial trenches were a product of language
and a feverish imagination, astronomers now agree that there aren’t any
channels on the surface of Mars. According to Nasa, “The network of
crisscrossing lines covering the surface of Mars was only a product of the
human tendency to see patterns, even when patterns do not exist. When
looking at a faint group of dark smudges, the eye tends to connect them
with straight lines.”
Jimmy Carter knew how to get an audience to pay attention. In a
speech given during the US President’s 1977 visit to Poland, he appeared to
express sexual desire for the then-Communist country. Or that’s what his
translator said, anyway. It turned out Carter had said he wanted to learn
about the Polish people’s ‘desires for the future’.
Earning a place in history, his translator Steven Seymour also turned “I
left the United States this morning” into “I left the United States, never to
return”; according to Time magazine, even the innocent statement that
Carter was happy to be in Poland became the claim that “he was happy to
grasp at Poland's private parts”.
Unsurprisingly, Seymour was no longer translating when the President
gave a toast at a state banquet later in the same trip – but his woes didn’t
end there. After delivering his first line, Carter paused, to be met with
silence. After another line, he was again followed by silence. The new
translator, who couldn’t understand the President’s English, had decided his
best policy was to keep quiet. By the time Carter’s trip ended, he had
become the punchline for many a Polish joke.

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10.提升教师地位，要切实提高教师待遇。习近平总书记在全国教育大会上强调，随着办学条件不断改善，教育投入要更
多向教师倾斜，不断提高教师待遇，让广大教师安心从教、热心从教。要完善教师待遇保障机制，健全中小学教师工资长
效联动机制。建立以增加知识价值为导向的高等学校教师收入分配机制，充分调动高校教师从教积极性。习近平总书记特别
关心农村及贫困地区教师的待遇问题，强调要制定切实可行的政策措施，鼓励有志青年到农村、到边远地区为国家教育事业
建功立业。在中央民族工作会议上，习近平总书记强调：“老师的工作生活条件要有基本保障。对扎根边疆、扎根乡村的
教师，要给予更多关爱和培养。国家教育经费要注意向民族地区、边疆地区倾斜。这是个大账、长远账，要想明白、算清楚。”在
全国教育大会上，他再次强调，乡村教师是办好乡村教育的关键，要在政策上和待遇上给他们更多倾斜，让他们扎根农村，
留得住、教得好、有发展。
提高教师地位，各级党委和政府要履行好自身使命与主体责任。要从战略高度来认识教师工作的极端重要性，把教师
工作置于教育事业发展的重点支持战略领域，优先谋划教师工作，优先保障教师工作投入，优先满足教师队伍建设需要，确
保党和国家关于教师队伍建设重大决策部署落实到位。要大力促进教师专业成长，多为他们办实事、做好事、解难事，让教
师在组织上有依靠，工作上更体面。优化教师管理服务，完善教师资格制度，深化职称制度改革，完善岗位管理，进一步破
解体制机制障碍和瓶颈问题，最大限度地激发教师的积极性、主动性、创造性。

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