DOI: 10.1002/fuce.

201900117

Design and Modeling of a Fuel Cell

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

System Using Biomass Feedstock as a
Biofuel
A. Rafique1,2, M. H. Jaffery3, A. Ali1, M. R. Naqvi4, I. Shakir5, M. Ehsan1, D. Ahmad1,
M. A. Babar1, R. Raza1,6*
1
Clean Energy Research Lab (CERL), Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
2
Higher Education Department, Govt. of Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
4
Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
5
Sustainable Energy Technologies Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, S-41296 Göteborg, Sweden

Received July 12, 2019; accepted November 28, 2019; published online ¢¢¢

Abstract dimensional flow. In this model, all calculated power and

flow rate values were kept as positive values. Also, the sys-
This paper aims to model ceramic fuel cell system based on tem is considered to be free of leaks, and heat loss is
low-temperature planar solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) different neglected. The operating temperature and pressure are
biogases fuels from multiple biomasses, that is, animal waste, assumed to be 500–700 C and the partial pressure is set at
redwood, rice husk and sugar cane. Biomass is a better choice three different pressures; P1 (1 bar), P2 (2 bar), and P3 (3 bar),
for the generation of energy globally. Therefore, there is a respectively, and fuel utilization factor is 80%. It is observed
focus on the most available biomass resources in the country that the best performance is obtained with animal-waste
that can be used as clean energy sources. This developed based biogas at 700 C and P3 (3 bar).
model is designed by thermodynamic analysis and electro-
chemical calculations using MATLAB. The designed model is Keywords: Fuel cell, Biomass, Polarization, Performance
a lumped parameter model based on the steady-state one-

1 Introduction tives and sustainable energy resources. Consequently, the

world is moving its attention to the employment of non-con-
Today, there is a great need to explore more affordable and ventional energy resources such as solar power, tidal, wind
sustainable energy resources, as fossil fuels (petroleum, nat- power, hydro power, biomass, and so on [5]. Biomass (wood,
ural gas, coal, etc.) are declining and their use leads to envir- crops, animal waste, seaweed, municipal solid waste, etc.) is
onmental impacts. Globally, one in six people (more than organic matter, which can be used to generate power or
1.2 billion people) have no access to electricity and two in five energy in a sustainable manner. Sources of biomass are abun-
people are still meeting their need for energy by depending on dantly available in nature, and the global annual production
traditional use of solid biomass for cooking. In this way, they of biomass is approximately one hundred billion tons [6]. Bio-
are creating smoky environments indoors/outdoors and risk- mass is one of the oldest sources of energy, as for thousands of
ing their health with negative impacts [1–3]. In the last few years, people have cooked their food and heated their homes
decades, fossil fuel consumption has increased drastically, and by burning wood [7]. Biomass energy is converted into electri-
the air quality has deteriorated with the emission of green- city through combustion of feedstock to produce steam, which
house gases and pollutants; NOx, SOx, and so on [4]. There- is used to run turbines. Other techniques used to generate
fore, there is major concern about climate change and global
warming due to the increase in environmental pollution and
carbon emission. However, dependence on fossil fuel and car- –
bon emission can be reduced by substituting green alterna- [*] Corresponding author, razahussaini786@gmail.com

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 Rafique et al.: Design and Modeling of a Fuel Cell System Using Biomass Feedstock as a Biofuel

electricity are the integrated biomass gasification combined tem. There is extensive research, which has been focused on
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

cycle and externally fired gas turbines. Biomass is converted biogas and methane to use directly or indirectly in SOFC as
into fuel through various processes such as biochemical ones fuel at very high temperature (800–1,000 C), but there is still
(aerobic/anaerobic digestion, fermentation) to produce some unexplored challenges and problem of using biogas
methane and alcohols [6, 8, 9] and thermochemical ones fuels from biomass (sugarcane, animal waste, redwood, and
[10, 11] including; (i) combustion, (ii) gasification, (iii) pyroly- rice husk) at low temperature in the range of 600–700 C to
sis, and (iv) liquefaction, as shown in Figure 1. The gases (e.g., directly reform the biogas fuel internally in the SOFC system.
syngas) generated through this gasification are successfully It is worth mentioning, that such fuels can be used for energy
used in different applications for separate or combined heat application in clean energy devices with very less emission
and power (CHP) generation (small or large scale), but the which can also beneficial to address the current climate change
removal of tar and its process efficiency are still challenging issues [15–20].
for various applications. Highly efficient small-scale CHP has The objective of this work is to create a numerical model
achieved benefits over large-scale CHP, as it encounters a cer- that combines integrated gasification with SOFC, based on a
tain complex structure from its production to supply users. previous literature survey of various technologies. Such stud-
Based on biomass gasification (BG), small-scale CHP uses ies are needed regarding the current scenario in south Asia,
either micro-gas turbines or internal combustion engines with particularly Pakistan. Therefore, in this study, only four differ-
an electrical efficiency range of 20–30% of the fuel’s lower ent biomass feedstocks, namely redwood, animal waste, sugar
heating value (LHV). Recently, the integration of BG with cane and rice husk, are used to generate methane or syngas/
SOFCs has gained prominent attention in CHP systems with biogas through gasification. Since, they are abundant in the
small-scale configurations [12, 13]. Therefore, gaseous fuels country Pakistan and these biomasses are always burnt after
generated from solid fuels (coal, biomass) can be successfully cultivations and biogas is further integrated with an fuel cell
for SOFCs, if they are cleaned sufficiently, and they are for the production of heat and power, as represented in the
expected to achieve high efficiency [14, 15] compared to the block diagram in Figure 1. To construct a mathematical model
present power plants. The applications of biomass integrated which represents the mathematical relation of the system, dif-
gasification with SOFC are still in their early stages, although ferent programming languages are used. Here, different oper-
several works are available in literature from the theoretical ating conditions have been defined using MATLAB for the
point of view [13, 16, 17]. Liu et al. [18] studied the theoretical numerical model of the gasification unit such as; air inlet,
performance of an integrated gasifier-SOFC test system which operating temperature, system size, and so on, which leads to
consists of a fixed-bed gasifier and a 5-kW SOFC CHP system. a better understanding of the design of an integrated gasifier
They considered two types of solutions for gas cleaning; one fuel cell (IGFC) system. MATLAB gives a suitable environ-
combined high and low temperature and other high tempera- ment for the construction of the mathematical model and pro-
ture gas cleaning system. They obtained almost the same vides a library for its solution using various differential equa-
results for both systems except that higher thermal efficiency tions.
was achieved in terms of energy and
exergy with the high-temperature gas
cleaning system. Sadhukhan et al. [19]
presented a comparative study of bio-
mass gasification fuel cell (BGFC) and
biomass gasification combined cycle
(BGCC) systems using straws as the
biomass resource. They developed a
systematic integration strategy for a
BGFC system using simulation in
Aspen Plus for the improvement of its
energy efficiency, waste heat recovery,
and cleaner operation. They analyzed
the performance of the BGFC system
in the power generation range of
approximately 100–1,000 kW. They
found a decrease in power generation
efficiency and increase in CHP gen-
eration efficiency with the increase of
the power generation from the BGFC
system. They found that the power
generation potential of the BGFC was
twice as high as that of the BGCC sys- Fig. 1 Flow chart of biomass/feedstock gasification integrated with fuel cell.

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Rafique et al.: Design and Modeling of a Fuel Cell System Using Biomass Feedstock as a Biofuel

2 Theoretical Modeling

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Table 1 The biogas composition used for fuel cell performance from different biomass.

In this paper, the modeling of fuel Fuel Type H2 / % CO / % CO2 / % CH4 / % N2 / % Others (H2S, O2/Ash etc.)

cell systems based on low-tempera- Animal waste 9 5 25 55 5 1.0

ture planar SOFC technology using Sugar cane 10 18.12 11.88 45 5 10
different biogas fuels from multiple Rice husk 5 1 30 56 3 5.0
biomass is performed. The developed
Red wood 20 10.58 15.42 48 3.5 2.5
model is designed using thermody-
namic analysis and electrochemical
calculations with MATLAB (version 8.5.0.197613; license num- main performance parameters of the integrated SOFC fuelled
ber: 161052). Obviously, some of the electrochemical parame- with biomass.
ters are specific for the SOFC used and its immediate sur- Figure 2 shows the overall system model with different
roundings. Although such parameters should be recalculated components. The components include the blower used for
for other SOFCs, the general methodology is applicable for cooling, the heat exchangers (the counter-flow type ‘‘heat
any planar SOFC design. The designed model is a lumped pa- exchanger’’ is used to recover heat from the products of com-
rameter model based on the steady-state one-dimensional bustion), and the fuel cell with heat and power are used. To
flow model. In this model, all of the calculated power and calculate the SOFC system performance and efficiency, the
flow rate values are kept as positive values. Also, the system compositions of the biogas fuels from different biomass
is considered to be free of leaks, and heat loss is neglected. The sources are shown in Table 1. Also, ultimate analysis of differ-
operating temperature and pressure are set in the range of ent biogas composition was depicted in Table 2. The air at the
500–700 C and the fuel partial pressure as 1–3 bar, respec- cathode side is used as an oxidant, preheated biofuel is fed in
tively, since experimentally operating temperature range is at the anode side, and an electrochemical reaction takes place
lying within this range (500–700 C). This specific range is so at the interface of the electrolyte and both electrodes to pro-
selected, as we need to lower down the temperature (< 700 C) duce electricity, water, and heat.
of fuel cells working with biogas for its economical commer- Biogases from several types of biomass solid fuels and their
cialization. This becomes very difficult for the biogas based standard compositions after steam gasification are shown in
fuel cells to operate less than 500 C, as at low temperature, it Table 2. The details of the input parameters used in this model
is very difficult for the catalysts to reform methane into hydro- are shown in Table 3.
gen. The fuel utilization factor is fixed to 80%. The results The main reason for choosing these four types of biomass
obtained from this model are represented graphically using fuels is to test the results of different biogas with the fuel cell
MATLAB code. This model has been applied to study the and their performance using the fuel cell model. This table

Fig. 2 SOFC model: A schematic diagram.

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 Rafique et al.: Design and Modeling of a Fuel Cell System Using Biomass Feedstock as a Biofuel
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Table 2 Chemical composition from ultimate analysis of different biogas

composition.

Fuel Type H2 / % CO / % O2 / % N2 / % Sulfur/Ash etc.)

Animal waste 5.50 42.50 31.50 2.50 18.00

Sugar cane 2.00 49.50 44.50 0.50 3.50

Rice husk 5.70 45.30 47.00 1.00 1.00

Redwood 6.00 53.00 40.00 0.50 0.50

Table 3 Varying input parameters of proposed system.

Operating temperature / C 500–700

Air and fuel temperature / C 25

Operating pressure (P1, P2, P3) / bar 1, 2,3

Fuel utilization factor /% 80

Air stoichiometric ratio 2

Operating voltage of cell single cell / V 0.6

Nominal power/ KW 10

Cell active area / cm2 150

Ambient temperature 25

Heat exchanger effectiveness /% 80

Blower isentropic efficiency /% 80

Power conditioning unit efficiency /% 95

shows that the different biomass materials have different com-

positions of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, and ash contents [21–23].

3 Results and Discussion

The compositions of various biomass feedstocks (red wood,
sugar cane, rice husk and animal waste) used for gasification
in this work are listed in Table 1, which elucidates the different
compositions, as mentioned above [21–23].

3.1 The Effect of Different Fuel Partial Pressures and

Temperatures on the Performance of the System
Initially, the effect of different fuel partial pressures on the
performance of the fuel cell was studied by controlling the
ratio of hydrogen and methane. The partial pressure was set
at P1 (1 bar), P2 (2 bar), or P3 (3 bar). It was observed that the
overall cell performance was significantly increased with the
increase in the partial pressure of all types of biogases. Animal
waste-based biogas gave the best performance and showed Fig. 3 Fuel cell performance at the temperature of 500 C, with different
partial pressures of (a) at P1 (1 bar), (b) at P2 (2 bar) and, (c) at P3
consistent power performance even at low partial pressure.
(3 bar).
The maximum value obtained by the system was about
400 mW cm–2. It was also calculated that the performance of
the system was maximized at the temperature of 700 C. pressure at 3 bar (P3). The trend shows that the fuel cell per-
Figures 3–5 show the fuel cell performance at different tem- formance improves with increases in temperature and pres-
peratures and different partial pressures. It was found that the sure.
best performance, voltage, and current density were obtained Figures 5 show the influence of current density on both
at the higher temperature of 700 C and at the high partial power density and voltage at the temperature of 700 C with

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Fig. 4 Fuel cell performance at the temperature of 600 C with different Fig. 5 Fuel cell performance at the temperature of 700 C with different
partial pressures of (a) at P1 (1 bar), (b) at P2 (2 bar) and, (c) at P3 partial pressures of (a) at P1 (1 bar), (b) at P2 (2 bar) and, (c) at P3
(3 bar). (3 bar).

different partial pressures. Maximum values of power density 5c represent, respectively, the variation of voltage and power
of approximately 400, 390, 280, and 245 mW cm–2 are observed density for different fuels. Redwood and animal waste bio-
for animal waste, redwood sugar cane, and rice husk, respec- mass show better power density than sugar cane and rice
tively, while a decrease in voltage with increasing current den- husk.
sity is observed for the various biomasses. Figures 5a, 5b and

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 Rafique et al.: Design and Modeling of a Fuel Cell System Using Biomass Feedstock as a Biofuel

3.2 Effect of Current Density on Heat Production low temperature. These lower values are due to the internal
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

reforming of the methane in the fuel cell system and the pres-
For each biofuel, the polarization curves, power density
sure. Here, it can be seen that at this temperature (600 C) the
curves, and heat production curves at different temperatures
heating power production curves for different fuels are close
are shown in Figure 6. The heating power production for dif-
to each other, but redwood and animal waste give higher val-
ferent fuels [(a) animal waste, (b) redwood, (c) rice husk, and
ues than the others. Therefore, redwood and animal waste are
(d) sugar cane] is shown in this Figure 6, which reveals that
more suitable biofuels for this fuel cell model.
the current density has a noteworthy influence on both volt-
age and power density. For redwood, with the increase in cur-
rent density, the power density of this model also increases 3.3 Polarization Studies
but the voltage decreases, that is, it shows the opposite effect
A polarization analysis of the fuel cell was carried out. The
with the increase of current density. Various voltage losses
ohmic and concentration losses are very low even at low tem-
such as ohmic, activation, and concentration losses are respon-
perature, as can be seen from Figure 7a–d for the different bio-
sible for lowering the voltage value. The power density
fuels. The significant effects on polarization and power density
increases gradually and achieves a maximum value of
due to the current densities of the different biomass feedstock
400 mW cm–2 and then a decrease is observed. This decrease is
are compared and shown in Figure 7. The best reported results
due to concentration losses which take place in the FC model.
in this system are obtained at 700 C using P3 with biogas
Figure 6b represents the effect of the current density on the
from animal waste. The ohmic polarization hohm is calculated
heat production of the FC model at different temperatures
with the details of cells’ geometry along with the conductiv-
(500, 600, and 700 C). The heat production of the FC system
ities of cells’ component. The activation polarization hact is also
increases with the increase of current density, but at high tem-
modeled using Butler-Volmer equation.
perature the values of heat are lower than those obtained at

Fig. 6 Heating power production for different fuels, a) animal waste, b) redwood, c) rice husk, and d) sugar cane.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

Fig. 7 The polarization curve of multi-fuels at different temperatures of 500–700 C, a) with Animal waste, b) Redwood, c)Rice husk and d) Sugar
cane.

3.4 Fuel Cell System Efficiency Based on Different Parameters heat, a decrease in the heating efficiency of the system is
noted. Due to this low heating efficiency, a decrease in other
The electrical and heating efficiencies of this model with the
power efficiencies is observed, as presented in Figure 8b.
best-performing fuel based on animal waste are calculated
Finally, the effects of operating pressure on the efficiencies
and shown in Figure 8. The temperature range used is from
of the electrical and heating system are studied and shown in
500 to 700 C. It shows that electrical efficiency of the fuel cell
Figure 8c. It shows that there is a decrease in the electrical effi-
system remains the same for different temperatures, as our
ciency with the increase of operating pressure. As we increase
desired output power (10 kW) is kept fixed. But the heating
the operating pressure, the powers of the air and fuel blower
efficiency of the system increases gradually with the increase
also increase, which reduces the electrical efficiency. But due
in temperature, as SOFCs operate at high temperatures but
to the high operating pressure, the temperature of the exhaust
the increase is not prominent. Therefore, exhaust gases
gases increases, and the extra amount of heat also increases in
increase the production of an extra amount of heat, which
the heat exchanger. This extra amount of heat results in an
comes from the exhaust pipe into the combustor due to the
increase of the heating efficiency.
different combined power efficiencies.
Further, the effect of the fuel utilization factor on the effi-
ciencies of the FC system is also studied and represented in
4 Conclusion
Figure 8b. It shows that the electrical efficiency increases with
the increase of the fuel utilization factor, because a smaller In this model, SOFC is used because it is very promising for
amount of fuel is needed for a fixed output power (10 kW) for highly efficient and environmentally sensitive utilization of
the FC system. Therefore, the amount of extra heat that comes biomass waste for power production. This work describes a
through the exhaust pipe into the combustor chamber is model of the SOFC system analysis to investigate different
reduced. As a result of this reduction in the amount of extra constraints and their implications and the effects on the system

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 Rafique et al.: Design and Modeling of a Fuel Cell System Using Biomass Feedstock as a Biofuel

the purpose of obtaining clean energy to save the environ-

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER

ment. The polarization studies were done by applying the But-

ler Volmer equation. It was found that the performance of the
fuel cell system at the temperature of 700 C was significantly
better when a fuel pressure of 3 bar was used compared to
other fuel pressures. It was found that animal waste and red-
wood gave the maximum power density compared to the
other biomass materials. These biomass materials need to be
further investigated experimentally in order to get highly effi-
cient systems. The maximum power density of animal-waste
based biogas obtained was about 400 mW cm–2, which is an
excellent performance at all temperatures and pressures.
Therefore, based on these results, it can be recommended that
countries, such as Pakistan, can utilize all biomass resources
even animal waste, which can provide clean energy on the
doorstep in rural areas. This model can be utilized to imple-
ment such a system in the country.
Biogas as fuel input to the system at 600–700 C is used to
analyze the system efficiencies including the electrical and
heating efficiencies and the combined heating, cooling, and
power efficiency. The biogas with high methane content shows
better results, improving the electrical efficiency to 48.83%.
Overall, this model shows that the best performance with ani-
mal waste-based biogas is obtained at 700 C and partial pres-
sure P3.

Acknowledgment
Authors sincerely appreciate the King Saud University for its
funding of this research through Researchers Supporting
Project (RSP-2019/49)

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