DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SARAWAK

DQS 352

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY V

ASSIGNMENT 1

FINAL PROJECT-CASE STUDY

PREPARED BY :

1. Muhammad Aliff Haiqal Bin Zulkifli (2019247308)

2. Muhammad Yazid Bin Othman (2019421918)

3. Muhammad Aiman Nurfirdaus Bin Samsudin (2019685124)

4. Muhammad Ajmal Farhan Bin Muliadi (2019258406)

PREPARED FOR : MDM. SYAMIMI LIYANA AMAT RAIS

CLASS : AP114 6E

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thankfully , with relentless effort , we are able to successfully complete the assigned tasks
while adding knowledge on the topic which is Assignment 1(Final project-case study)

The highest appreciation is especially to Madam Syamimi Liyana Amat Rais our lecturer , for
giving knowledge and encouragement in completing this task . Without her guidance , this
task may not be able to be completed successfully by all of us.

Next, guidance from friends is also one of the motivators for us . The knowledge we gain
during the completion of this assignment , we will practice in daily life.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

INTRODUCTION 4-5

TYPES AND SELECTION 6-8

METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 8-12

METHOD STATEMENT 13-19

USAGE 19-23

ADVANTAGES 24-25

DISADVANTAGES 25-26

PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS 26-27

CONCLUSION 27-28

REFERENCES 29

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INTRODUCTION

In this assignment , we have chosen CADANGAN PEMBINAAN SEKOLAH

MENENGAH BAHARU 36 BILIK DARJAH, (450 PELAJAR) ASRAMA DAN (24 UNIT)
RUMAH GURU DAN LAIN-LAIN KEMUDAHAN DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN
SAMALAJU ATAS LOT 106, BLK 19 KLD, JALAN BINTULU MIRI (KM50), BINTULU,
SARAWAK as our case study and will be explaining about the scaffolding used during the
construction of this project.

DIAGRAM ABOVE SHOWS SITE LAYOUT FOR SMK SAMALAJU.

Scaffolding, also known as scaffolding or staging, is a temporary framework that is

used to support a work crew and materials during the construction, maintenance, and repair
of buildings, bridges, and other man-made structures. Scaffolds are commonly employed on
construction sites to get access to heights and regions that would otherwise be difficult to
reach. Dangerous scaffolding has the potential to kill or seriously injure people. Scaffolding
is also used for formwork and shoring, grandstand seats, concert stages, access/viewing
towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes, and art installations in many modified forms.

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Scaffolding is utilised extensively in building and remodelling projects. A scaffold, in its most
basic form, is any elevated or suspended work surface used to support workers and/or
materials. Scaffolds come in a variety of shapes and sizes, both supported and
suspended(Steiner & Moher, 1994)

Because the equipment is easily available and a large number of individuals are
familiar with the system, a specific style of scaffolding may become popular. These regional
variances may be recognisable. There is a great deal of local knowledge about the
peculiarities of each system, as well as local codes developed specifically for these systems.

DIAGRAM ABOVE SHOWS SOME OF THE BUILDING IN SMK SAMALAJU

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 DIAGRAM ABOVE SHOWS EXAMPLE OF BUILDING UNDER CONSTRUCTION
WITH SCAFFOLDING

TYPES AND SELECTION

First of all, according to (Thomas, 2022) as one of the primary objectives of

scaffolding is to create a stable platform from which workers may access the structure under
construction, different types of scaffolding are utilised as a crucial component of establishing
a safe environment during building construction and maintenance. Scaffolds also provide as
a structural support for the building, ensuring the stability and safety of the sections being
worked on. Scaffolding has developed to meet the demands of various structures since there
is a large diversity of buildings that need them, from tiny structures to industrial buildings.
Some scaffolds are made to function with standard plumbing and tubing. Proprietary
scaffolding and other scaffolding technologies rely on more modular construction
components. There are eight common types of scaffolding use in construction including
mobile tower scaffold, birdcage scaffolds, putlog scaffolds or also known as bricklayer’s
scaffold, independent scaffolds, slung scaffolds, truss-out scaffolds, gantry scaffolds and
suspended scaffolds. Based on our case study which using school building, we have
selected independent scaffolds for our project report.

Next, what is
independent scaffolding?
According to (Anupoju,
2009) independent tied
scaffolds, as compared to
putlog scaffolds, rely on
two lines of standards to
support the working deck
rather than the building's
wall, which is how they
vary from putlog scaffolds.
As a result, the entire
scaffold is separate from
the structure yet is
secured to it using rope. Mason's scaffolding is another name for double scaffolding, which is
often referred to as independent scaffolding and is typically used for stone construction. It is
challenging to drill putlog support holes in stone walls. In order to strengthen it, two rows of
scaffolding are built. The first row is 20 to 30 cm from the wall, and the second row is one

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meter distant. Then putlogs that are supported by both frames are placed. Rakers and cross
bracing are offered to increase its strength.

Moreover, according to (Arya, 2016) transoms, which span the scaffold's width, and
ledgers, which run down its length, are used to join two parallel rows of standards to form
independent scaffolds. In order to prevent the scaffold from obstructing the masonry work, a
distance is often kept between the scaffold and the building. The space makes it possible to
verify the brickwork for plumbness while also preventing mortar snots from splashing off the
scaffold and onto the wall from damaging the brickwork. Continuous diagonal tubes that
extend from the top to the bottom of the scaffold construction can be employed on lengthy
sections of scaffold. These serve to brace the façade. In order to stiffen the structure and
withstand horizontal loads, bracing is required. The bracing protects the rectangular grids
from bending. To connect the ledgers and standards, sway (zigzag) bracing can be added
diagonally to the scaffold's face. Along the ledgers, lateral bracing is also used.

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METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
The flow chart below shows how to install independent scaffolding at construction site.

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 Prepare platform
1.

Erection of sole plate, attach base plate

2.

Fix standard, transom and ledger

3.

Repeat similar instructions for a new layer.

4.

Adjust bracing as necessary.

5.

Fix toe board as working platform

6.

If essential for worker protection, attach guard rails, mesh

brick guard, and plastic netting.
7.

Fix ladder as means of access

8.

First, the most important step to install

independent scaffolding is to prepare a platform
itself. According to (Joevilgas2, 2017) care should

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be taken to ensure that the ground is adequate and free of loose debris before starting to
create any cuplock scaffolds in order to offer a solid base and clear access. The foundation
on which the soleplates are put must have enough bearing capacity to withstand the
imposed loads transmitted from the scaffold, and the scaffold must be constructed on
sufficient soleplates. Each soleplate should, in general, be long enough to accommodate at
least two standards. Bricks and masonry blocks should not be employed since they are
inappropriate. Verify if platform brackets are necessary next to the worksurface. If so, we
must increase the distance between the workface and the next neighbouring standard to the
workface and account for the width of the platform brackets.

Set up the first bay's movable bases, ledgers, and

transoms in their approximate locations. Then, place
adjustable bases atop the sole plates and put one into each
of the first set of standards. By placing the blades into the
bottom cups of the lowest cup joint, connect the standards
with a transom. By adjusting the adjustable base, we may
roughly level the transom. The scaffold should always be
built with a 3-meter standard on the outer and a 2-meter standard internally. The second
erector inserts an adjustable base into the third standard and connects it to the first pair with
a ledger while the first erector is still holding the first pair of standards. After that, the upper
cups can be momentarily dropped into the locking position. An additional ledger, Transom,
and the bay level can now be used to connect the fourth standard to the structure, which is
now self-supporting. Now the bay may be levelled. Adjust the bases with a spirit level
starting at the topmost point until the ledgers and transoms are level. At this point, accuracy
in levelling makes for a strong foundation.

Now, the bay should be square in design and situated properly in respect to the
scaffolded structures. Verify that the standards are square by comparing them diagonally.
Placing the necessary number of planks between transoms and assuring the planks sit
correctly with an even gap between the ends of the planks and the supporting transom will
allow the worker to track for straightness. Recheck the levels if the standards were shifted
noticeably during the squaring up process.

Attach a diagonal bracing to the first

bay's end face and outer face. To ensure
safer handling, always attach the top end
of the brace to the upper cup first. Finding
the upper ledgers and transoms completes

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the first bay of the cup lock. In this first bay, top cups can now be tightened. No need to
pound hard. By attaching ledgers, transoms, and standards to the existing bay, it is now
easy to extend the scaffold structure. As you go, make sure the standards are aligned.
Scaffold planks can now be used as decking and toeboards to build the working platform.
Transom flanges serve as a support for planks, while toeboard clamps are used to secure
toeboards to standards. By adding bays horizontally, placing, and levelling each bay as you
go, you may now finish the basic plan before tightening the cups. For the entire run, use the
2m and 3m standard combinations. The construction and dismantling of scaffold bays should
be done from a completely decked working platform or as specified in the relevant statutory
authorities' published Code of Practice.

Besides, according to (Joevilgas2, 2017) ledgers are positioned at 0.5m and 1m

above the planked level to provide a guardrail and mid-rail on the exterior face when their
planks stay in place as a working platform. Toeboards on the outside face are also
necessary for working platforms. In place of a mid-rail or toeboard, a mesh panel with a
toeboard that is 1 m high may be employed. Now, more lifts can be built by inserting extra
standards into the lower lift's spigots and spacing joints out whenever possible. Platform-
level transoms and ledgers are used. The exterior face of working levels should be provided
with guardrails, mid-rails, and toeboards (or mesh guards) at the necessary locations. Before
moving on to the following lift, a lift's longitudinal erection must be finished.

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 Moreover, to prevent any inclination for the scaffold to deform or sway, all scaffolds
need to have a specified amount of diagonal face bracing. Bracing should be applied to the
outside face and to the ends of the scaffold before it extends past the second lift. Braces are

attached to the standard's cup's outside. Braces should extend from one lift level to the next,
cross over standard joints, and be positioned all the way up the scaffold. The scaffold is
stabilised by diagonal braces, which are also employed to brace neighbouring standards
longitudinally or transversely. On the outside of the scaffold, face diagonal braces are placed
in the end bays of a scaffold run. They run from the first cup, which is close to the ground, to
the highest working level. To provide the structure more stability, they are often stacked
alternately (zig-zag). A maximum of 3 bays can be left unbraced for scaffold lines longer
than 5 bays, but intermediate bracing is still necessary. Changes to this space must be
stated in the design layout and approved by the relevant designer. Between the end pairs of
standards in the transverse direction, end diagonal braces are employed.

In addition, according to (Joevilgas2, 2017) every working platform level must have a
secure and appropriate access. A sturdy built-in ladder, stair access tower, or direct access
from within the building or structure can all be used to accomplish this. Steel stair stringers
or aluminium stair units can be used to build stair access. For this case study, we are using
ladder unit to construct the buildings at construction site. Ladder access is often employed
when just a small number of people want access to the working platform and when tools and

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equipment can be brought to the platform separately (such as by rope and gin wheel,
materials hoist, or crane). Ladder access bays can be built inside the scaffold's main run, but
if there is room, it is preferred to build a separate ladder access bay next to the main run.
Heavy duty single ladders must reach at least 0.9 metres above the landing level, be
fastened at the top and bottom, and have a maximum vertical separation of 6 metres
between each landing level. Ladders should be pitched at a slope of not less than 1 to 4 or
more than 1 to 6 from the horizontal to the vertical. To create an entrance within the deck
through which the ladder can pass, heavy strength cuplock ladder access transoms are
used. These transoms are used to connect ledgers and are normally placed in the middle of
the ledgers or in a position that will sustain two planks of a shorter length. Planks spread in
an unusual way between the transoms across the remaining width of the bay.

METHOD STATEMENT
This safe work technique statement explains how to control workplace risks related with
scaffolds and scaffolding work. It is backed up with instructions for scaffold assembly,
disassembly, inspection, and maintenance, as well as advise for contractors and workers on
how to manage the dangers connected with scaffolds and related scaffolding operations.

The following method statement is created to offer a safe and efficient system of work for the
installation of general working scaffold in all sections of both interior and outdoor
construction sites. It will also include all scaffold adaptations to general scaffold, as well as
any safety and maintenance inspections required by current construction industry safety
requirements. It will cover topics such as the first installation scaffold, basic lifts for internal
and outdoor use, changes to basic scaffolding as the project advances, and general working
rules. Any modification from the safe work method statement must first be communicated to
the Project Manager and P.E., who will agree on the appropriate approach to the safe work
method statement with the principal contractor's agreement.

For the purpose of this guide, the following definitions apply:

BASE LIFT The first level of transoms and ledgers

above the jacks
CLOSED PLATFORM A platform that has been built and is
capable of functioning as a working
platform but is blocked to any loading or
access for the time being.
ERECTION PLATFORM The standards, transoms, ledgers,
guardrails, and mid-rails for the platform
above are installed on a temporary platform
that is put on the scaffold or temporarily
created as part of the scaffold.
HOP-UP BRACKET (PLATFORM A bracket affixed to a scaffold that allows a
BRACKET) platform to be positioned next to a bay of a

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 separate scaffold.
MUST Indicates that the rules are enforceable
under workplace health and safety
legislation.
PRINCIPAL CONTRACTOR A person who is appointed or assumed to
be the building project's main contractor.
SAFE WORK METHOD STATEMENT - Describes how work is to be carried
out
- Identifies the work activities
assessed as having safety risks
- Identifies the safety risks
- Describes the control measures that
will be applied to the work activities
- Includes a description of the
equipment utilised in the job, the
standards and rules that must be
followed, the credentials of the
workers, and the training needed to
do the job.
SHOULD Indicates a recommendation to do
something that is not a mandatory
requirement under the occupational health
and safety legislation.
SOLID SURFACE A surface that is rigid and strong enough to
withstand the scaffold's imposed loads.
TEMPORARY EDGE PROTECTION A guardrail and midrail, or a patented
system, is provided to provide scaffolders
with fall safety before the permanent edge
protection is built.
TIE BAR To prevent the brackets from spreading and
the planks from being dislodged, a member
is attached to the cantilevered end of a pair
of hop-up brackets.
TOE BOARD A scaffold plank or other specially
constructed component that is fastened to
the edge of a platform to keep stuff from
going off.
WORKING FACE The side of a building or structure where
scaffolding has been placed to allow work
to be done at some point throughout the
project.
WORKING PLATFORM A platform on a scaffold that is used to
create a working space that supports
employees, equipment, and material at a
work site.

CONTROL MEASURES FOR WORKING PLATFORMS

There should be a system in place to limit the number of platforms permitted as working

platforms, and to limit the respective platform ratings, to prevent the scaffold being
overloaded.

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Possible systems include:

- using physical measures to close off platforms at access points

- displaying signs at each station's access points, advising if the platform is closed or
showing the duty grade of a working platform
- appointing an on-site scaffold coordinator to oversee the usage of various platforms,
or parts of platforms, by the necessary contractors.

Principal contractors must clearly identify in their site-specific occupational health and safety
(OHS)

management plan those responsible for implementing the control measures.

The system should also:

- Include the control measures and the names of personnel responsible for applying
the controls in the site induction.
- - be able to detect closed working platforms; this may be discussed in frequent
toolbox meetings.
- Have the ability to constantly monitor and renew control measures; if they are
ineffective, they should be adjusted, and records of the monitoring and revisions
should be retained.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ERECTION PLATFORMS

Type of erection platform Criteria

Ladder-based erection platforms (for Load rating: min 120 kg
scaffolding platform erection platform max Stiles: min spacing 350mm
2m in height)
Platform area: min 350mm wide x 300mm
deep including the ladder rung if it is at
the same level as the platform

Include a built-in-mid-rail on the three

non-access sides of erecting platforms up
to 1.2m in height. The continuous stiles
are termed mid-rails for single ladders.
Include guardrails on the three non-
access sides of erecting platforms
between 1.2m and 2m in height.
On ledgers/guardrails, erection platforms Load rating: min 120 kg
are supported (suitable for scaffolding Erection platform area: min 500mm x
platform spacing of up to 2m 600mm
On scaffolding edge sides, incorporate a
build-in mid-rail
Planks of scaffolding supported by Platform area: min 2 x 225 mm wide

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temporary transoms (suitable for scaffold planks
scaffolding platform spacing of up to 2m)

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SCAFFOLD ERECTING AND DISMANTLING

Task Activity – Erection of scaffold

Break the job down into steps
Base out scaffold and erect base lift and - Keep unauthorised people out of
first lift the scaffolding area.
- One scaffolder is in charge of the
standards, while another is in
charge of the transoms and
ledgers.
- Level the scaffold by adjusting the
screw jacks.
- For the initial lift, erect transoms
and ledgers.
- For the initial lift, erect boards from
below.
Complete first lift - For the first lift, construct an
access staircase or ladder to the
platform.
- If using a stairwell, make sure the
stairwell access bay is aligned with
the scaffold's run.
- For the initial lift, install edge
protection consisting of guardrail,
mid-rail, and toe board of mesh
panels.
Erect next lift from a platform Install standards, transoms, ledgers, and
hop-ups for the next lift above, starting
with a completely planked platform on the
first lift.
Where using erection platforms
- - Place an erection platform on the
scaffold. - Erect standards (where
the standard joint is 1 to 1.5 m
above the erection platform level),
mid-rails, and guardrails for the lift
above, working from the erection
platform.
- - Place planks within the transoms
to build the above working platform
while standing on the working
platform (or an erecting platform
for lifts of 2.5 to 3 m).
- - Install a ladder or stairs to get
access to the working platform
above. - Work on the working
platform above.
- - Set up toe boards (or other
systems to prevent objects falling).

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Task Activity
Break the job down into steps
Where using temporary edge protection
- For the platform above, provide
interim edge protection.
- For the platform above, install
transoms and ledgers.
- Place planks within the transoms
to build the above working platform
while standing on the working
platform (or an erecting platform
for lifts of 2.5 to 3 m).
- Provide access to the working
platform above via a ladder or
stairwell.
- Go to the above-mentioned
functional platform.
- Install the following standards,
guardrails, and mid-rails.
- Set up toe boards (or other
systems to prevent objects falling).
- Scaffold should be constructed as
near to the working face as
possible. Install guardrails and
mid-rails to the inner face
requirements if the scaffold is more
than 225 mm from the working
face.
Erect next lifts - Fix the first row of ties no more
than 4 m above the ground unless
a special engineering design is
given. A scaffold or a row of ties
should not be allowed to stand free
more than 4 meters above the
ground.
- Securing or removing unsecured
items from the scaffold
- Perform the erection sequence as
instructed in the previous job.
Dismantle scaffold General precautions
- Use a ladder or stair access to
reach the scaffold platform; do not
climb the standards, ledgers, or
transoms.
- Keep your workspace neat and
tidy.
- Don't overcrowd the scaffold bays;
remove scaffolding equipment
from platforms one at a time and
place it neatly on the ground.
- Do not allow loose items to
accumulate on platforms.
- No materials or scaffolding

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 equipment should be thrown down.
- Working from a completely
planked platform, remove chain
wire mesh and shade cloth.
- When removing and passing mesh
panels down, work with a guardrail
in place.
- When disassembling hop-up
brackets, tie bars, and planks,
work from a completely planked
platform below.
- Do not allow an unsheeted scaffold
to free stand more than 4 m above
the highest tie remaining in place,
and do not allow a sheeted
scaffold to free stand more than 2
m above the highest tie remaining
in place.
- Before raising a toeboard, double-
check that the neighbouring plank
is secure..
Dismantling sequence
Note: Follow the below dismantling
sequence if you are using erection
platforms. If you are using a temporary
edge protection system, modify the
dismantling sequence to suit.

- Access the top platform by

stairway or ladder.
- Start dismantling from an end bay.
- Remove chain wire mesh and
shade cloth, or mesh panels, from
the level to be dismantled or from
the whole scaffold if not required
during the dismantling process.
- Move down to the platform below.
- Dismantle top platform planks.
- Working from an erection platform
on the fully planked platform,
dismantle guardrails, mid-rails,
ledgers, transoms and standards
from the level above.
- Step off the erection platform.
- Dismantle the hop-up platform
above, if in place
- Remove not more than three
planks (ensure at least two planks
remain) to enable the dismantled
materials to be passed down to the
next level (where they are to be
temporarily stacked or removed
from the scaffold).
- If removing dismantled materials

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 progressively down through the
scaffold, ensure that the gaps
created are not directly below each
other and that planks are replaced
when a gap is not being used to
lower materials.
- Remove ties progressively as the
scaffold is dismantled.

5. USES OF EVERY COMPONENT IN INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING

Independent scaffolding is employed when it is not possible to drill a hole in the wall
to insert a putlog and when a single form of scaffolding cannot be utilised, such as in
stone masonry work. It usually comes with two rows of criteria to improve
performance and give a solid foundation. In each row, a separate vertical framework is
formed. The first row is put 20–30 cm away from the wall, while the second row is set 1
metre away from the first. The two rows are connected by ledgers that serve the same
purpose as the single scaffold's 'putlogs.' Diagonal braces and raking beaches can also
be used to keep the scaffold from slipping. According to (Alex, 2022), scaffolding
provides a safe and secure platform for builders and workers to do their tasks. Moreover,
scaffolding increases the efficiency of any construction operation by allowing workers
to move around buildings of any shape or size swiftly and easily.

Each part and component of independent scaffolding plays a different role in

ensuring the scaffold is well installed and safe to use by the workers. For independent
scaffolding, there a 12 important component used for the installation process consists
of:

 Working Platform
 Ledger
 Putlog
 Standard
 Bracing
 Transom
 Guard Rail
 Base Plate
 Coupler
 Toe board
 Ladder

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 Tags

INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING

COMPONENT FIGURE FUNCTION

This is a horizontal platform to
support workers and materials
which supported by the putlogs.
Working platforms should be
suitably boarded off and broad
enough to allow safe passage of
WORKING people along them. They should
PLATFROM also be able to withstand the loads
that are placed on them, such as
heavy wind loads that could cause
the scaffold boards to detach.

A ledger runs horizontally along

the length of the scaffold between
each standard, providing additional
support and weight distribution.
These ledgers run from the back to
the front of the scaffold, connecting
multiple bays. The height at which
the worker platforms are staged is
LEDGER
determined by the placement of
ledgers. It is vertically spaced at
1.2 – 1.5 m and Ledger joints
should also be staggered, meaning
that adjacent ledger joints should
not occur in the same bay.

Putlog is a horizontal element that

supports the platform and rests on
ledgers. This is usually 90 cm long
and 1.2 metres apart.

PUTLOG

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 INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING
COMPONEN
T FIGURE FUNCTION
A standard is the vertically running
long pipe or tube that connects the
scaffold's mass to the ground. Each
standard's base is attached to a base
plate, or sill, which distributes the
weight of the standard. Standards are
STANDARD positioned at the back (nearest the
building) and front of the scaffolding,
forming a bay with a width (back-to-
front measurement) and length (side-
to-side dimension).

Two types of bracing:

i. Facade bracing
Utilised to prevent the framework from
wobbling or shifting. They are placed
securely on every platform and are
attached to the front face of the
structure. They run diagonally along
BRACING the length of the frame.

ii. Cross brace

To increase the framework's strength,
this sort of brace is usually run
diagonally between the inside ledger
and is linked to the outside standards
using a swivel coupler.
Transoms or bearers, which are
positioned on top of ledgers and at
right angles to them, define the bay
width by running horizontally from
back to front. Standards are
supported by main transoms, which
keep them in place as well as
TRANSOM supporting boards or planks. To
provide additional board support,
intermediate transoms are positioned
alongside main transoms.

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 INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING
COMPONEN
T FIGURE FUNCTION
On all scaffolds with a working height
greater than four feet, guard rail must
be fitted as the fall prevention system
to keep workers safe and to avoid any
incident or injuries. Before employees
use the platform as a work platform,
GUARD RAIL the guardrail system must be placed
along both open sides and ends.
When the scaffold platform is within
14 inches of the work's face, there is
an exception.

Base plate is the flat supporting plate

or frame at the base of a column that
distributes the weight of the column
across a larger surface and improves
stability. A scaffold's uprights or
standards must all be fixed on a steel
base plate. The steel base plate must
have a minimum thickness of 6mm
BASE PLATE and a size of 150 mm x 150 mm. The
base plate must be used regardless of
the supporting ground condition or
concrete surface.

Scaffold couplers are the most basic

component needed to put tube-and-
coupler scaffolding together. This
basic fitting, which connects two
scaffold tubes, can be used to build a
variety of scaffolding structures or as
an add-on to prefabricated scaffolding
systems.
COUPLER

INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING

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 COMPONEN
T FIGURE FUNCTION
On work platforms where materials or
tools may be used, toe boards must
be placed. Toe boards must be
properly secured and installed not
more than 1/4 inch above the
platform. They can be composed of
TOE BOARD solid material or mesh with no more
than 1-inch openings. Toe boards
must be capable of withstanding a
downward or outward force of at least
50 pounds.

Ladder access towers should be

placed on the outside of the scaffold
utilising single lift ladders and self-
closing ladder gates to isolate the
access tower from the working
platform. Lashings should be used to
secure the tops of ladder stiles to the
scaffold, and the ladder should be set
LADDER
at an angle of not more than 4
verticals to 1 horizontal, allowing
enough room for employees to enter
and exit through the ladder access
opening.

Scaffold tags are used to protect

workers from any incident and
injuries. It determines if a scaffold is
safe to use or not. Inspection and
labelling of the scaffold must be done
by a competent person with scaffold
construction experience, and all
scaffolds must be inspected after
TAGS erection in accordance with regulatory
criteria.

ADVANTAGES

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 Scaffolding is an important aspect of the construction industry since it makes
workers' lives easier. Regardless of the magnitude of the construction, it remains a valuable
and life-saving structure for employees throughout its long existence. Aside from safety,
scaffolding makes the job of construction easier.

Scaffolding is a necessary and makes life easier for you, whether you're a huge
construction firm erecting commercial structures or a small builder building homes. It's also
worth noting that it speeds up the construction process, which can assist a company meet
tight deadlines. In that vein, here are some of the benefits of employing independent
scaffolds while constructing, renovating, or repairing any structure.

LONG LASTING

Scaffolds last a very long period, in fact, they last a very long time. While wooden
scaffolding is slowly losing favor, it can still be used for a long period. Steel (independent
scaffolding) on the other hand, is the obvious victor in terms of longevity. What's more
crucial is that it lasts a long time while still providing a high level of security. In building large
project like school (SMK Samalaju), independent scaffolding is said to be perfect one to use
as it is long lasting

in either case, scaffolding is critical to your project. They help to reduce hazards,
increase efficiency, and cut building time in half.

EASY TO ASSEMBLE

Independent Scaffolding does not take long to assemble or dismantle, contrary to

popular belief. They are, in fact, easy to assemble and disassemble, and they save a lot of
time.

Anything that might save time is more than welcome for builders who are constantly
battling building deadlines. Scaffolding companies accomplish this by economizing on the
time it takes to erect and dismantle scaffolds.(Pieńko, Robak, Błazik-Borowa, & Szer, 2018)

PROVIDE GOOD BALANCE

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 The balance is another advantage of independent scaffolding, in addition to accessibility.
In construction, there are many precision activities that demand personnel to be at their
sharpest. This is only possible when a worker is placed on a solid foundation, which
scaffolding excels at providing. This Scaffolds provide a level surface on which employees
can balance themselves in various postures.

The latter is significant since certain jobs need the employment of a specific location.
That is one of the reason why we choose to use independent scaffolding in this project as it
can gives balance to the worker to do the construction in order to make progress of the
building for SMK SAMALAJU.

SAFETY

Few would argue that one of the most important benefits of independent scaffolding in
construction is safety. Construction workers may be required to work at dizzying heights
depending on the task at hand (100 feet or more). The height of the scaffolding is
determined by the number of floors in the building. Independent Scaffolding provides a safe
working surface for workers to build numbers of floors.

DISADVANTAGES

Apart from the advantages of independent scaffolding, like any other learning theory or
approach, has its disadvantages .Understanding and comparing both will aid in evaluating
the strategies and approaches usefulness, as well as allow for full planning prior to
implementation. The difficulties are genuine, but with careful planning and preparation, they
may be surmounted.

FALL OF OBJECTS

The installation and disassembly procedure, which considers falls from heights and manual
handling of the plant and the structural integrity, whether due to faulty erection, vehicle
strike, overloading, or a weather event, are all inherent risks. In reality, contractors are
expected to investigate whether there are any other mechanical access options that might
be employed instead.

COST

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Depending on the circumstances, the cost may rise as a result of additional labour or an
overhire charges which mean, the bigger the project, the higher the cost needed because
bigger project require more scaffoldings.

7. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTION

Independent Scaffolding is one of the most popular types of scaffolds used widely
around our country. Based on (Scaffolding Solution, 2019), Scaffolding systems that
are well-built allow to work at height, which is necessary for many projects and
operations. However, it come with their own set of risks, such as the possibility of
sliding and falling, being harmed by a falling object, or having scaffolding collapse.
This type of scaffold has its own weakness which could lead to a problem in
construction process. There are some problems that could possibly occur in using
independent scaffolding such as:

I. Tools and materials

While working at height, workers will most likely need to move tools and supplies
around, which a scaffolding system can help with. Items left lying around on the other
hand, might be a dangerous to other workers around there. Trip and fall hazards from
tools left lying around can result in serious injuries, especially if they cause someone
to fall off the scaffolding.
Solution:
Workers need to make sure that they have clear policies in place for clean-up and
inspections. On the scaffold, no tools or construction materials should be left
unattended, and everything should be packed away at the ending of the workday.
Cleaning the scaffold on a regular basis is also necessary to avoid problems that
could cause any damages and injuries.

II. Fall prevention

The lack of fall prevention are the common problems encountered during the usage
of scaffolding. When operating at a height especially at the top of scaffolding, proper
safety equipment, such as PPE (personal protective equipment), fall arrest devices,
or even guard rails, is required to avoid any falls incident.
Solution:
safety officer on the site need to ensure that all the workers are obey to the rules
based on the requirement. The workers should understand the standard operation
procedure of the scaffolding before undergoing the project. Other than that, the

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 structure of the scaffolding needs to be carefully constructed especially the guard rail
component to decrease the potential of fall incident.

III. Improper scaffolding construction

Scaffolds should be correctly constructed to reduce the danger of injury even more.
Accidents can be caused by loose or insecure planks, chaotic scaffold construction,
and inappropriate materials. Planks that are loose can shift or break, leading to a fall.
If the foundation of a scaffold isn't strong, it can collapse, spilling tonnes of materials,
tools, and employees onto the ground and endangering anyone working nearby.
Solution:
Workers should be precise when constructing scaffolding and make sure that
they utilise the proper materials. Mixing and matching components from various
manufacturers or systems can result in an unstable construction. Double checking
process are necessary to ensure that all parts and components are in place.

IV. Damage of scaffolding

Parts of a scaffold may become damaged over time, jeopardising the structure's
integrity. Some part may fracture or deteriorate over time and possibly become rust,
and surrounding equipment may cause harm. A scaffold that has been damaged may
become structurally weak, resulting in a collapse. If you're using wooden planks,
it may deteriorate with time, causing them to shift or break, potentially harming the
people working nearby.
Solution:
When working with scaffolding systems, regular inspections are a necessary. These
inspections should be carried out daily. Employees should also be allowed to report
any harm that occurs as a result of their regular work duties.

Conclusion

As a result, scaffolding was required in every project to make it easier for workers to
erect the structure. Scaffolding is set up right at the start of any building or maintenance
activity. It's a makeshift platform that provides support, elevation, and allows employees to
transport goods and carry out their tasks throughout the building process, which can include,
but isn't limited to, repairs and cleaning. Scaffolding is erected prior to construction work to

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guarantee the employees' safety while the building is being maintained or constructed. It
also provides some support to the standing structure.

One of the biggest advantages for builders or workers is that scaffolding places them
in a strategic position to carry out their work. The elevation scaffolding provides to them
means they are not solely reliant on ladders, which can be unstable and not secure. Ladders
often means the worker or builder is working at an angle; they don’t have a solid platform to
work from and they don’t often great balance. Whereas, scaffolding places workers directly
in front of the building, meaning they are able to work easily on portions of the wall or ceiling.
It also allows numerous people to work alongside each other at the same time, which is
impossible with a ladder. Scaffolding is an important aspect of the construction business, to
summarise. It permits the construction of high-rise structures and/or the essential repairs
and maintenance of any structure or building in a safe manner. Scaffolding also guarantees
that the necessary construction work is completed quickly while simultaneously ensuring the
safety of workers and the general public. That is why it is critical to choose a reputable and
professional scaffolding company.

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References
Websites

Anupoju, S. (2009). Types of Scaffolding used in Construction. Retrieved from

theconstructor.org: https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-scaffolding-in-
construction/11845/

Arya, M. (2016, august 25). Scaffolding | Scaffold Components | Types. Retrieved from
civildigital.com: https://civildigital.com/scaffolding-scaffold-components-types/

Joevilgas2. (2017, February 17). Method Statement for Scaffolding Installation. Retrieved
from qaqcconstruction.com: https://qaqcconstruction.com/2021/08/29/method-
statement-for-scaffolding-installation/

Thomas. (2022). Types of Scaffolding. Retrieved from www.thomasnet.com:

https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-equipment/types-of-scaffolding/

Alex. (2022, May 26). SafewayScaffolding . Retrieved from WHY SCAFFOLDING IS

IMPORTANT DURING CONSTRUCTION:
https://safewayscaffolding.co.uk/scaffolding-important-construction/

Scaffolding Solution. (2019, November 27). Retrieved from

https://scaffoldingsolutions.com/articles/6-scaffolding-hazards-be-aware-of/

Pieńko, M., Robak, A., Błazik-Borowa, E., & Szer, J. (2018). Safety conditions analysis of
scaffolding on construction sites. Int. J. Civ. Env. Eng, 12(2), 72-77.
Steiner, K. E., & Moher, T. G. (1994). Scaffolding Story Construction with Interactive
Multimedia. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 3(2), 173-195.

Slide

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