PMT

Cambridge IGCSE™

HISTORY 0470/11
Paper 1 May/June 2022

2 hours

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

* 8 3 7 1 7 4 5 4 0 3 *

You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 12 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (CE) 304135/3
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SECTION A: CORE CONTENT

Answer any two questions from this section.

1 The struggle for Italian unification led to the declaration of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

(a) Describe the activities of the Young Italy movement. [4]

(b) Why was Cavour suspicious of Garibaldi? [6]

(c) ‘Garibaldi’s success in Sicily was the turning point in the winning of Italian unification.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

2 Both war and diplomacy contributed to the achievement of German unification.

(a) Describe how the Zollverein worked. [4]

(b) Why did the Schleswig-Holstein question present Bismarck with opportunities? [6]

(c) ‘The Franco-Prussian War was more important than the Austro-Prussian War in bringing
about German unification.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
[10]

3 European imperialism impacted the local populations in different ways.

(a) Describe the work of missionaries in nineteenth-century Africa. [4]

(b) Why was the Boxer Rising important for China? [6]

(c) Which was more beneficial for the local population, indirect rule in Nigeria or assimilation in
Senegal? Explain your answer. [10]

4 Before the First World War Austria-Hungary and Germany were two of the great European powers.

(a) What was ‘Weltpolitik’? [4]

(b) Why was Austria-Hungary interested in events in the Balkans? [6]

(c) Which was more to blame for the arms race, Britain or Germany? Explain your answer. [10]

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5 The peace treaties of 1919 had to deal with many different issues.

(a) What territorial demands did Clemenceau make during the Paris Peace Conference? [4]

(b) Why was the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire confirmed in the Treaty of St Germain?
[6]

(c) Who had to compromise more during the peace negotiations in Paris, Clemenceau or Lloyd
George? Explain your answer. [10]

6 Hitler’s policies brought war closer.

(a) Describe the events in February and March of 1938 that led to Anschluss. [4]

(b) Why was involvement in the Spanish Civil War of benefit to Hitler? [6]

(c) ‘Hitler agreed the Nazi-Soviet Pact in order to avoid war against the Soviet Union.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

7 After the Second World War the United States was concerned about the threat of communism in
Europe.

(a) What was the Truman Doctrine? [4]

(b) Why was the failure of the Berlin Blockade important? [6]

(c) Was it surprising that Britain and the United States agreed at Yalta that Eastern Europe
should be a Soviet sphere of influence? Explain your answer. [10]

8 The United States was faced with challenges in various parts of the world.

(a) Describe MacArthur’s role in the Korean War. [4]

(b) Why did Kennedy go ahead with the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961? [6]

(c) ‘It was the United States’ strategy and tactics that led to its failure in Vietnam.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

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SECTION B: DEPTH STUDIES

Answer any one question from this section.

DEPTH STUDY A: THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–18

9 Events in the first few months of the war meant that it would not be over by Christmas.

(a) Describe the conduct of the German army as it advanced through Belgium. [4]

(b) Why did the introduction of trenches by both sides ensure the war would not be over quickly?
[6]

(c) How far did the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) succeed in achieving its aims? Explain
your answer. [10]

10 The tide of the war began to turn against Germany in 1917.

(a) What was the Hindenburg Line? [4]

(b) Why was a republic declared in Germany in November 1918? [6]

(c) How decisive was the American entry into the war in 1917? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45

11 It took some time for the Nazi Party to win popular support.

(a) Describe the role of the SA in the Nazi Party during the 1920s. [4]

(b) Why was the Nazi Party able to attract increasing support in the early 1930s? [6]

(c) ‘Hitler showed little leadership quality during the Munich Putsch.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

12 The Nazi regime used a range of different methods to control Germany.

(a) Describe how the SS controlled German society. [4]

(b) Why was there some opposition to Nazi rule? [6]

(c) ‘The Nazis’ economic policies were more effective than their use of the mass media in winning
the support of the German people.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41

13 The years after 1905 were crucial ones for the Tsar and for Russia.

(a) What was Bloody Sunday? [4]

(b) Why was the Tsar’s decision in 1915 to take personal command of the Russian army
important? [6]

(c) ‘The 1905 Revolution led to a period of significant reform.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]

14 Stalin was determined to achieve power, and then to hold on to it.

(a) What were the ‘gulags’? [4]

(b) Why did Stalin introduce the Great Purges in the mid-1930s? [6]

(c) ‘Stalin’s policy ideas explain why he, and not Trotsky, emerged as leader of the USSR in the
mid-1920s.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41

15 During the 1920s there were many examples of intolerance.

(a) Who were Sacco and Vanzetti? [4]

(b) Why did many Americans disapprove of the ‘Roaring Twenties’? [6]

(c) ‘Prohibition was introduced because some people believed drinking alcohol caused poverty
and neglect of families.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

16 The Depression changed everything in the United States.

(a) What were the ‘Okies’? [4]

(b) Why was Roosevelt able to win over many voters during his 1932 election campaign? [6]

(c) How far were speculators on the stock market responsible for the Depression? Explain your
answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

17 Between 1930 and 1949 the Nationalists gradually became weaker.

(a) What actions by the Nationalists lost them support during the Second World War? [4]

(b) Why were the Communists able to survive the five extermination campaigns by the
Nationalists? [6]

(c) ‘The Communists won the Civil War because of their tactics.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]

18 As China’s power grew, its relations with other countries became more important.

(a) Describe the improvement in relations between China and the United States in the early
1970s. [4]

(b) Why did China sign the Panchsheel Agreement of 1954? [6]

(c) Which has been more important to China, Taiwan or Vietnam? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

19 Apartheid was introduced and consolidated during the 1950s and 1960s.

(a) What was the Sabotage Act of 1962? [4]

(b) Why did the South African government introduce the Group Areas Act of 1950? [6]

(c) ‘The Sharpeville Massacre was a turning point for South Africa.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

20 In the period 1966 to 1980 the South African government used a range of methods to support
apartheid.

(a) What was the Bureau of State Security (BOSS)? [4]

(b) Why, from 1976, did the South African government claim to be giving independence to the
Bantustans? [6]

(c) How effective were the government’s methods of suppression in the period 1966 to 1980?
Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

21 War broke out between Arab states and Israel in 1967 and 1973.

(a) Describe the USA’s role in the Yom Kippur War. [4]

(b) Why was the Yom Kippur War important to the Arabs? [6]

(c) ‘The Arab states were to blame for the Six-Day War.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]

22 It has been impossible to resolve the issue of Palestine and the Palestinians.

(a) What is the West Bank? [4]

(b) Why did the emergence of Hamas make a peace settlement with Israel less likely? [6]

(c) How far have the Likud and Labor parties agreed over Palestine? Explain your answer. [10]

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