Cambridge IGCSE™

HISTORY 0470/11
Paper 1 October/November 2021

2 hours

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

* 5 9 3 3 3 8 3 4 2 3 *

You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 12 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (MB) 202584/2
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SECTION A: CORE CONTENT

Answer any two questions from this Section.

1 1848 was a year of great upheaval in Europe.

(a) Describe Kossuth’s role in the revolution in Hungary in 1848–49. [4]

(b) Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail? [6]

(c) ‘Liberal ideas were the main cause of the 1848 revolutions.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]

2 The path to Italian unification was not smooth.

(a) What happened at Plombières in 1858? [4]

(b) Why did Mazzini fail to unify Italy? [6]

(c) Is it surprising that it took until 1870–71 to unify Italy? Explain your answer. [10]

3 Tension increased between North and South before the American Civil War.

(a) What was the Dred Scott case? [4]

(b) Why did Lincoln win the 1860 election? [6]

(c) ‘The Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]

4 The growth of European empires was not trouble free.

(a) What was the Indian Mutiny? [4]

(b) Why was the opium trade damaging to China? [6]

(c) ‘European powers ruled harshly over their African colonies.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]

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5 The Versailles Settlement had mixed consequences.

(a) What were Clemenceau’s aims at Versailles? [4]

(b) Why was Wilson’s belief in self-determination important? [6]

(c) ‘Loss of territory was the most serious consequence of the Versailles Settlement for Germany.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

6 The 1930s saw an increase in aggression from some states.

(a) What did Hitler do to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? [4]

(b) Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement? [6]

(c) ‘The increase in aggression from some states in the 1930s was caused by economic factors.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

7 US involvement in the Cold War was not always popular.

(a) What was the Gulf of Tonkin incident? [4]

(b) Why did US public opinion turn against the Vietnam War? [6]

(c) How far do you agree that the US failed to contain the spread of communism? Explain your
answer. [10]

8 The USSR faced challenges to its control over Eastern Europe.

(a) Describe events in Hungary in 1956. [4]

(b) Why was Czechoslovakia invaded in 1968? [6]

(c) How far do you agree that Gorbachev was to blame for the collapse of Soviet power in
Eastern Europe? Explain your answer. [10]

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SECTION B: DEPTH STUDIES

Answer any one question from this Section.

DEPTH STUDY A: THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–18

9 It was difficult to advance on the Western Front.

(a) Describe the use of tanks on the Western Front. [4]

(b) Why was the Battle of Verdun important for the Allies? [6]

(c) Who achieved more from the Battle of the Somme, the Allies or the Germans? Explain your
answer. [10]

10 The First World War was fought on many fronts.

(a) Describe German use of U-boats in the First World War. [4]

(b) Why did Germany experience food shortages? [6]

(c) ‘Poor leadership was more important than food shortages in Russia’s decision to leave the
war.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45

11 Many factors contributed to the Nazi takeover of Germany.

(a) What happened on the Night of the Long Knives? [4]

(b) Why did the Nazi Party have little success before 1930? [6]

(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was the most important event in Hitler’s consolidation of power during
1933.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

12 The Nazis attempted to control German society in many ways.

(a) Describe actions taken by the Nazis against Jewish businesses in 1933. [4]

(b) Why were mass rallies important to the Nazis? [6]

(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis had control over German society? Explain your answer.
[10]

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DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41

13 The Tsar faced many challenges.

(a) Describe the work of Stolypin. [4]

(b) Why was there discontent with the Russian government by 1905? [6]

(c) How surprising is it that the Tsar fell from power in 1917? Explain your answer. [10]

14 Life in the Soviet Union changed under Stalin’s rule.

(a) How did life in the countryside change under Stalin? [4]

(b) Why was industry brought under government control? [6]

(c) How far do you agree that women benefited from Stalin’s rule? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41

15 The 1920s brought changes to life in the USA.

(a) What was the Sacco and Vanzetti case? [4]

(b) Why were the 1920s known as the ‘Roaring Twenties’? [6]

(c) How far do you agree that Prohibition failed because it was unpopular? Explain your answer.
[10]

16 There were mixed reactions to the New Deal.

(a) What did Roosevelt mean by a ‘New Deal’? [4]

(b) Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) introduced? [6]

(c) ‘The most serious opposition to the New Deal came from business leaders.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

17 Many changes occurred in China in the 1950s.

(a) Describe the changes made to education in China in the 1950s. [4]

(b) Why were the ‘barefoot doctors’ important? [6]

(c) ‘The main reason for the introduction of communes in 1958 was to improve agricultural
production.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

18 China’s relationship with foreign powers changed over time.

(a) Describe China’s relationship with India up to 1965. [4]

(b) Why did China’s relationship with Vietnam change in the 1970s? [6]

(c) ‘Differences over ideology caused the change in relations between China and the USSR.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

19 Apartheid was established during the 1950s and 1960s.

(a) What was the Group Areas Act of 1950? [4]

(b) Why was the Bantu Self-Government Act introduced? [6]

(c) ‘The Sharpeville Massacre was more important than the Defiance Campaign in the resistance
to apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

20 The South African government introduced radical measures to maintain apartheid.

(a) What happened in Soweto in 1976? [4]

(b) Why did the introduction of the Homelands policy make life worse for black South Africans?
[6]

(c) ‘Increased security measures were more important than government censorship in
maintaining apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

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DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

21 After 1945 there was a struggle over the future of Palestine.

(a) What were the aims of the Zionists after 1945? [4]

(b) Why did Israel win the 1948–49 war? [6]

(c) ‘US pressure was the main reason for the change in British policy towards Palestine.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

22 Bringing peace to the Middle East has proved challenging.

(a) Describe the differences in views between Labor and Likud towards the peace process. [4]

(b) Why did the Palestinian conflict become more intense after 1988? [6]

(c) How successful has the UN been in its efforts to deal with the Palestinian issue? Explain your
answer. [10]

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