Theme 3

Energy Supply
India
Methods
Coal reserves and coal-fired power plants (SCCL Telangana)
2245 MW Bhadla Solar Park, buildings such as Kochi airport fully solar
Suzlon Energy wind farms, 1450 MW Sardar Sarovar HEP dam
Nuclear energy - 1400 MW Tarapur power plant
Rajasthan
Impact of using coal/wood as energy source
Census of India 2011 - 60% rural households use fuelwood and agricultural residues
Indoor air pollution - 1.6 million deaths annually in India, respiratory and cardiovascular issues
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) - women spend 3-4 hours/per collecting wood
5.5% of the state is forest - overharvesting of fuelwood leads to deforestation and desertification
Water Supply
India
Methods of water supply
Thousands of rivers - Ganga, Yamuna, and Brahmaputra
5,000+ dams - Tehri (Uttarakhand) and Bhakra-Nangal (Himachal Pradesh)
Groundwater - 65-70% of irrigation and 85-90% drinking needs in rural India (hand operated
pumps)
Rainwater - 5 million structures constructed as of 2021, mandated by law in all residential
buildings in Tamil Nadu in 2003
72,000 km of canals (agricultural needs) - Indira Gandhi Canal (Rajasthan) and Upper Ganga
Canal (Uttar Pradesh)
Food Supply
Sri Lanka
Causes
Yala crop reduced to 50%, rice yield dropped 20%, tea yield 18%
Ban by President Rajapaksa on chemical fertilizers in 2021
Shortage of foreign reserve for imports (debts)
Rising cost of farm inputs
Inflation - bag of urea - 1,500₹ in 2020, 40,000₹ in 2021; price of empty sack tripled to 160₹
Impacts
6.3 million people face severe acute food insecurity
60% families eating less, cheaper, and less nutritious
Nutrition programmes - school meals and fortified food (mothers/undernourished children)
scaled back
2022 cereal import deficit of 1.27 million mt.
97% year-on-year food inflation rate in 2022
Management
Diversification of crops - high yielding varieties suggested by the agronomists of WFA
Education and awareness programs for farmers
Increased funding and help (Sri Lankan government, UNICEF, World Food Programme)
At most-risk people - pregnant women, and undernourished children helped
High-nutrient animal feed, vaccines and veterinary kits to farmers at subsidized price
Tourism
Goa
Attractions
Human
Historical sites - 17th-century Portuguese Fort Aguada, UNESCO World Heritage Site Basilica
of Bom Jesus
Culture - Goa Carnival, Portuguese/Goan fusion cuisine (seafood - tangy balchao)
Recreational activities - water sports (scuba diving - dive sites such as Suzy’s Wreck and
Grande Island), cruises (Mandovi River dinner cruises)
Natural
Beaches - Baga Beach, Calangute Beach, Anjuna Beach (golden sand beaches)
Waterfalls - Dudhsagar Falls (one of the tallest waterfalls of India)
300 days of sunshine a year, occasional rainfall
Opportunities
30% population employed
₹25 crore generated for conservation projects and wildlife
Recreational facilities benefit over 1 million residents
Hazards
Human
4 out of 5 women feel unsafe in their neighborhoods due to sexual harassment and sex
trafficking
Petty crimes - 2019 over 2,000 cases of theft
Drugs and alcoholism - 2020 NCB seized over 150 kg of drugs (cannabis, MDMA, cocaine)
Natural
Sewage and wastewater discharge - 80% sewage untreated
INTACH estimates - Goa loses 10,000 trees annually
Beach litter - 9,000 tons of plastic waste generated every year
60% energy consumption by tourism sector
Management of hazards
Goa Tourism Policy 2020-25 - promotion of eco-tourism and environmental protection policies
Goa Waste Management Corporation (GWMC) - segregates waste, recycles and composts
solid waste, 80% in 2022, 100% expected in 2025
NGOs and volunteer groups - beach clean up drives (2020 - 10,000 volunteers removed
approximately 150 tons of plastic from beaches)
Education and awareness - 500 local families to participate in tourism activities, over 200
schools incorporated sustainable tourism concepts in curriculums, Goa Tourist Department
reaches over 50,000 tourists annually (conducts seminars on sustainable tourism)
Agriculture
Punjab
“Granary of India”
Impacts of agriculture
Large-scale monocropping - wheat
Groundwater depletion (1 meters to 5 meters)
Chemical soil degradation (Ludhiana and Jalandhar face acidification)
Loss of biodiversity in the Harike and Kanji Wetlands
Type of farming and land use

Kharif (monsoon) and Rabi (winter) crops
4.2 million hectares (83% land) under cultivation
Large-scale monocropping
Wheat - 15 million mt/year and basmati rice - 11 million mt/year
Capital intensive farming (mechanization post 20th century, previously subsistence farming)
Inputs - high-yielding variety seeds, fertilizers (diammonium phosphate - DAP, marinate of
potash - MOP), water (canals - Indira Gandhi Canal and bore well groundwater)
Economic Activity
Tata Industries Limited, India
Benefits
Economy benefited - Tata on average contributes to 3% of India’s GDP
Employment - Tata plant in Pune employs over 6,000 workers
Technological advancements - first electric compact SUV in 2020 Tata Nexon EV
Global links
Jaguar-Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors) - renowned luxurious British brand
Tata Steel acquired Corus Group (now Tata Steel Europe), operates in the UK, Netherlands etc.
TCS operates in over 50 countries
Tetley, Tata Tea, Eight O’Clock Coffee sold in over 100 countries
Tata Chemicals, Mithapur, Dwarka

Centre of soda ash - 900,000 tonnes annually, 500,000 tonnes of cement
Produces caustic soda, sulphuric acid, and liquid chlorine
Location
Massive salt reserves
Okha port 10 km away for exports
Population of 100,000 in a small town - mostly everyone employed in the industry

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Energy Supply

Type of farming and land use

Tata Chemicals, Mithapur, Dwarka

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