INTERNET AND WEB APPLICATION

UNIT- I INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET:

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks -- a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at
other computers).
It is a global network of computer networks. It comprises of millions of computing devices that
carry and transfer volumes of information from one device to the other.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNET:
The Internet had its roots during the 1960's as a project of the United States government's
Department of Defense, to create a non-centralized network. This project was called ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), created by the Pentagon's Advanced Research
Projects Agency established in 1969 to provide a secure and survivable communications network
for organizations engaged in defense-related research. In order to make the network more global
a new sophisticated and standard protocol was needed. They developed IP (Internet Protocol)
technology which defined how electronic messages were packaged, addressed, and sent over the
network. The standard protocol was invented in 1977 and was called TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP allowed users to link various branches of other
complex networks directly to the ARPANET, which soon came to be called the Internet.
Father of the Internet: Tim Berners-Lee
Tim Berners-Lee was the man, who led the development of the World Wide Web, the defining of
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), HTML (hypertext markup language) used to create web
pages, and URLs (Universal Resource Locators). The development of WWW, HTTP, HTML
and URLs took place between 1989 and 1991. Tim Berners-Lee was born in London and he
graduated in Physics from Oxford University in 1976. Currently, Tim Berners-Lee is the
Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, the group that sets technical standards for the web.

USES OF INTERNET
The Internet is a global networking system that can be used on most devices nowadays
and has become an essential part of our lives. In today's technological era, most of the companies
are getting their operations done over the Internet. There are various uses of the Internet by
which companies and individuals are making their daily tasks more productive and more
comfortable.
Here, we have discussed the major uses of the Internet that play a vital role in daily life:
Online Booking & Orders
The Internet has made it a lot easier for people to book tickets for buses, trains, flights (domestic
and international) directly using their devices from anywhere. People can also book a taxi by
choosing their current location, and they will be picked up or dropped at a specified location.
Now no one needs to wait in long queues for their turn to book tickets at the ticket counter.
Besides, people can order a wide variety of products at home using the Internet and devices. It
can range from grocery products to ready to eat, fashionable clothes to medicines. Most items
can be ordered at home and received directly at the door.Backward Skip 10sPlay
Cashless Transactions
Most countries are promoting cashless transactions and digital payments. This helps people not
carry much cash. People can pay their bills through debit or credit cards using POS devices.
These devices are connected to the payment gateway on the Internet. Besides, People can also
use their smartphone and the Internet for processing transactions on UPI (Unified Payment
Interface). It does not even require them to carry their cards. The UPI payment method is
continuously evolving and is expected to cover most transactions in the near future.
Education
Most of the devices nowadays are connected through the Internet. The Internet has the
availability of broad educational content on any topic with different types. People can study the
relevant topic just by spending a couple of minutes over the Internet. Internet Search engines
help people quickly find the relevant study material in multiple formats (such as images, videos,
documents, etc.). This helps eliminate the need to go to the library to read several books to find
the desired information.
Besides, the Internet has also enabled students to participate in their classes through video
conferencing, where students can connect with their teachers or professionals anywhere in the
world.
Online Banking & Trading
The way of banking has changed after the introduction of the Internet. The Internet has made
banking online where people can manage their bank accounts while sitting at home or traveling
abroad. Nowadays, most of the features of banking are right in people's hands. With the help of
online banking, people can securely transfer the money from one account to another, change
their ATM pins, apply for the physical or virtual credit cards, update credit card limits, enable or
disable international transactions, track their transactions, and many more. Also, they can even
raise an online complaint or contact to bank's support staff.
Apart from this, the Internet has made it a lot easier for people to trade in the Stock market from
anywhere. People can easily buy, sell, or manage stocks online.
Research
The Internet is playing a significant role in the field of research. Before the use of the Internet, it
was quite hard to look for information about anything. People had to go through hundreds of
books for references to find the desired information. However, the Internet has made it a lot
easier, and anyone can find the required information at some clicks only. In research, people can
study about the success and failed research and work further for the improvements. Uses of the
Internet in research have incredibly beneficial for the researchers.
Electronic Mail
Email or electronic mail is one of the first significant uses of the Internet. The email has enabled
faster communication between people on the Internet. Using email, people can quickly share
information, data files, such as images, audio, video, and other types of files. The use of email
has significantly reduced paper use, which was the primary source of communication in the
olden days. Anyone can have a free email address and can easily communicate with others. This
has also reduced the load on the physical mail system, although it is still in use.
Job Search
Getting a job is a lot easier than before. Any person can view relevant job information using the
Internet. Earlier, people had to go through each company individually to know if a position was
vacant or not. However, the Internet has enabled people to find employment sitting at home to
suit their interests. Many websites provide details about job availability. Once people submit
their resumes, these websites keep informing about vacancies through email. Besides, each well-
known company has its website, where the company posts about the vacancy opening. So, just
sitting at home, people can search, apply for jobs and even give their interviews and see or know
their results.
Social Networking
Social networking sites have connected people around the world. Social networking is an
essential part of the Internet. With the help of the Internet, people have got the ability to form
social groups where they can share information, thoughts and ideas about anything. The social
networking platform is the largest source of content, covering everything from informative
content to entertainment. The best thing is that people don't have to pay anything to use these
services. This helps businesses develop their community and promote their products.
Collaboration
Due to the Internet, communication has become easier and better. You can easily connect with
anyone on the Internet, either texting, calling or video calling. It has created new cooperation
opportunities for the people. There are several online chat software and websites that help people
create group discussions or meetings. It helps businesses to have a hassle-free discussion.
Therefore, people do not always need to travel long distances to attend meetings. This helps
people avoid unnecessary travel and save time for productive use.
Besides, there are many cloud-based software and websites that offer people to work on the same
project simultaneously at the same time. People from different places can easily connect and
support their specialties using the Internet.
Entertainment
The Internet is the most effective means of entertainment. There are various options available on
the Internet, which people can try, such as watching movies, playing online games, listening to
songs, etc. The Internet has also made it easy for people to download entertainment items to their
local storage. Using the Internet, people can also share their videos, songs, pictures online with
others. Also, nowadays, people can watch live TV or sports on the Internet.
E-Commerce
The Internet is not just limited to ordering things; it can also be used to sell products. Many e-
commerce websites allow businesses and individuals to sell their products. Products are
purchased by these e-commerce companies, stored in their warehouses, packaged in their brand
packaging, and distributed by themselves. E-commerce companies charge some commission to
distribute goods to customers. Also, they offer great discounts and offers to customers. The best
thing is that customers do not have to go to physical stores.
Besides, sellers can also create their website and list their products there. They can refer to all
information about the product, answer customer questions and provide online payment options to
their customers. All these things are possible on the Internet.
File Transfer
The Internet has made file transfer between systems or devices easier. With FTP (File Transfer
Protocol), data can be securely exchanged over the Internet. FTP is mainly beneficial when large
files need to be transferred because email allows sharing files with limited size. FTP is the best
way to exchange information between two stakeholders. This method is still quite popular and in
use.
Navigation
The navigation mechanism is one of the most beneficial uses of the Internet. Once a user put the
location in the online maps (such as Google maps), it provides all the details about that location.
Users can even find the best route to visit that particular location. The map also provides the
distance between the locations. The best thing about navigation is that it will provide the shortest
possible route with less traffic. One can also search for any specific place like the nearest hotel,
restaurants, banks, ATM, etc. Apart from this, a person can share a live location with others
using the Internet and the navigation technique.
Advertising
Because most people use the Internet, it is the best means of promoting something or advertising.
There are options for paid promotion as well as free promotion. There are many advertising
platforms on the Internet that help promote products or businesses online. These platforms
advertise products on other related websites using banners, videos, email etc. They charge for
these advertisements according to distance, keywords and audience etc. However, one can also
use social media platforms to create online groups or communities and advertise freely.
Real-time updates
The Internet is helping people to keep up with what is happening around the world. Many news
and information websites provide real-time updates on various categories, such as politics,
history, news, geology, leisure, sports, technology, marketing, and more. One can easily select
the category of interest and stay connected with updates. The presence of e-newspapers and
magazines is updating people and helping to cut paper usage.
CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET
There are many connections that can be used for internet access. All the connections have their
own speed range that can be used for different purposes like for home, or for personal use.
In this article, we will discuss different types of internet connections.
Dial-Up Connection
A dial-up connection is established between your computer and the ISP server using a modem.
A dial-Up Connection is a cheap and traditional connection that is not preferred these days as
this type of connection is very slow.
To access the internet connection in the dial-up connection we need to dial a phone number on
the computer and that’s why it requires a telephone connection. It requires a modem to set up a
dial-up connection, which works as interference between your computer and the telephone line.
In this connection, we can use either an internet connection or telephone at a time.
Dial Up Connection
Broadband Connection
Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is faster than traditional dial-up access. It is
provided through either cable or telephone composition. It does not require any telephone
connection that’s why here we can use telephone and internet connection simultaneously. In this
connection, more than one person can access the internet connection simultaneously.
It is a wide bandwidth data transmission that transports several signals and traffic types. In this
connection, the medium used is coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, radio, or twisted pair cable.

Broadband Connection
DSL
DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It provides an internet connection through the telephone
line(network). DSL is a form of broadband communication that is always on, there is no need to
dial a phone number to connect. DSL connection uses a router to transport data and the speed of
this connection range between 128k to 8Mbps depending on the service offered. A DSL
connection can translate data at 5 million bytes per second, or 5mbps.
DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same
telephone line due to high-frequency bands for data.
 DSL
Cable
It is a form of broadband access cable modem that can provide extremely fast access to the
internet. The speed of this connection varies which can be different for uploading data
transmission or downloading.
It uses a cable modem to provide an internet connection and operates over cable TV lines. The
speed of cable connection ranges from 512k to 20Mbps.h

Cable
Satellite Connection
This type of connection is provided mainly in rural areas where a broadband connection is not
yet offered. It accesses the internet via a satellite that is in Earth’s orbit.
The signal travels from a long distance that is from earth to satellite and back again which
provides a delayed connection. Satellite connection speeds range from 512k to 2.0Mbps.
 Satellite Connection
Wireless Connection
As the name suggests wireless connection does not use telephone lines or cables to connect to the
internet. The wireless connection uses a radio frequency band to connect to the internet. It is also
an always-on connection and this connection can be accessed from anywhere and speed may
vary for different locations. It ranges from 5Mbps to 20Mbps.

Wireless Connection
Cellular
Cellular technology provides wireless Internet access through cell phones. Speed may vary
depending on the service provider. The most common are 3G and 4G which means from 3rd
generation and 4th generation respectively. The speed of the 3G cellular network is around
2.0Mbps and the 4G cellular network is around 21Mbps the goal of the 4G network is to achieve
peak mobile speeds of 100Mbps but the current speed of the 4G network is about 21Mbps.
Cellular

ISDN
ISDN stands for Integrated Service Digital Network and it is a circuit-switched telephone
network system, but it also provides access to packet-switched networks that transmits both
voice and data over a digital line. It provides a packet-switched connection for data in increments
of 64 kilobit/s.
ISDN connection provides better speeds and higher quality than traditional connections. It
provided a maximum of 128kbit/s bandwidth in both upstream and downstream directions.

WEB PAGE:
Web page is a document available on World Wide Web. Web Pages are stored on web server
and can be viewed using a web browser.
A web page can contain huge information including text, graphics, audio, video and hyperlinks.
These hyperlinks are the link to other web pages.
Collection of linked web pages on a web server is known as website. There is unique Uniform
Resource Locator (URL) is associated with each web page.

Static Web page

Static web pages are also known as flat or stationary web page. They are loaded on the client’s
browser as exactly they are stored on the web server. Such web pages contain only static
information. User can only read the information but can’t do any modification or interact with
the information.
Static web pages are created using only HTML. Static web pages are only used when the
information is no more required to be modified.

Dynamic Web page

Dynamic web page shows different information at different point of time. It is possible to
change a portaion of a web page without loading the entire web page. It has been made possible
using Ajax technology.
Server-side dynamic web page
It is created by using server-side scripting. There are server-side scripting parameters that
determine how to assemble a new web page which also include setting up of more client-side
processing.
Client-side dynamic web page
It is processed using client side scripting such as JavaScript. And then passed in to Document
Object Model (DOM).

Web Pages come from the web server:

Web server is a computer where the web content is stored. Basically web server is used to host
the web sites but there exists other web servers also such as gaming, storage, FTP, email etc.
Web Server Working
Web server respond to the client request in either of the following two ways:
 Sending the file to the client associated with the requested URL.
 Generating response by invoking a script and communicating with database
Key Points
 When client sends request for a web page, the web server search for the requested page if
requested page is found then it will send it to client with an HTTP response.
 If the requested web page is not found, web server will the send an HTTP
response:Error 404 Not found.
 If client has requested for some other resources then the web server will contact to the
application server and data store to construct the HTTP response.

Clients and servers:

Computers connected to the internet are called clients and servers. A simplified diagram of how
they interact might look like this:

 Clients are the typical web user's internet-connected devices (for example, your computer
connected to your Wi-Fi, or your phone connected to your mobile network) and web-
accessing software available on those devices (usually a web browser like Firefox or
Chrome).
 Servers are computers that store webpages, sites, or apps. When a client device wants to
access a webpage, a copy of the webpage is downloaded from the server onto the client
machine to be displayed in the user's web browser.

WEB SITES:
A website is a collection of many web pages, and web pages are digital files that are written
using HTML (HyperText Markup Language). To make your website available to every person
in the world, it must be stored or hosted on a computer connected to the Internet round a clock.
Such computers are known as a Web Server.
Components of a Website: We know that a website is a collection of a webpages hosted on a
web-server. These are the components for making a website.
  Webhost: Hosting is the location where the website is physically located. Group of
webpages (linked webpages) licensed to be called a website only when the webpage is
hosted on the webserver. The webserver is a set of files transmitted to user computers
when they specify the website’s address..
 Address: Address of a website also known as the URL of a website. When a user wants
to open a website then they need to put the address or URL of the website into the web
browser, and the asked website is delivered by the webserver.
 Homepage : Home page is a very common and important part of a webpage. It is the first
webpage that appears when a visitor visits the website. The home page of a website is
very important as it sets the look and feel of the website and directs viewers to the rest of
the pages on the website.
 Design : It is the final and overall look and feel of the website that has a result of proper
use and integration elements like navigation menus, graphics, layout, navigation menus
etc.
 Content : Every web pages contained on the website together make up the content of the
website. Good content on the webpages makes the website more effective and attractive.
 The Navigation Structure: The navigation structure of a website is the order of the
pages, the collection of what links to what. Usually, it is held together by at least one
navigation menu.

How to access Websites?

When we type a certain URL in a browser search bar, the browser requests the page from the
Web server and the Web server returns the required web page and its content to the browser.
Now, it differs from how the server returns the information required in the case of static and
dynamic websites.

Types of Website:
 Static Website
 Dynamic Website

Static Website: In Static Websites, Web pages are returned by the server which are prebuilt
source code files built using simple languages such as HTML, CSS, or JavaScript. There is no
processing of content on the server (according to the user) in Static Websites. Web pages are
returned by the server with no change therefore, static Websites are fast. There is no interaction
with databases. Also, they are less costly as the host does not need to support server-side
processing with different languages.

Dynamic Website: In Dynamic Websites, Web pages are returned by the server which is
processed during runtime means they are not prebuilt web pages, but they are built during
runtime according to the user’s demand with the help of server-side scripting languages such as
PHP, Node.js, ASP.NET and many more supported by the server. So, they are slower than
static websites but updates and interaction with databases are possible. Dynamic Websites are
used over Static Websites as updates can be done very easily as compared to static websites
(Where altering in every page is required) but in Dynamic Websites, it is possible to do a
common change once, and it will reflect in all the web pages.

Types of Websites
There are several types of websites available to the users in a single touch. Here is the list of the
most famous websites
Affiliate network
A website that is used to sell the product of a third party. The seller will automatically receive a
large sum of money for facilitating the sales
Malware website
A website was created to attack the computer of any visitor who visits the sites and download the
files given. The users with poor anti-virus protection are their main target.
Blog
The website can enable users to post things online. The bloggers use the website to present their
ideas and express their feelings on a general or personal topic. Some professional bloggers got
paid for their blogs while others are amateurs. WordPress is an example of a website that can
help you to create your blogs.
Celebrity website
A website that revolves around luxurious celebrity lives where everything related to celebrities
and entertainment news is given away to the public through celebrity websites. It can be either
official or fan-made. Eg: jimcarrey.com
Corporate website
The cooperate website can help the users to get hold of the background information about
anything under the sun. Especially the business organizations, services, or multinational
company information are provided by the site.
E-commerce website
The website offers e-commerce services. The goods will be offered through the website to
facilitate the online sale. Online transactions are possible through the site and this enhances the
commercial development of the country. Eg: Amazon.com
Gallery website
This website can be of commercial or non-commercial nature which focuses on the use of the
gallery. The art gallery or photo gallery which facilitates the transmission of culture and art

Government website
This website is made by the governmental agencies through which the important notifications,
details, and notifies will be shared. This can be either made by the state, local , departmental or
national organizations. These can also facilitate tourism. Eg: Naenara, GOV.Uk, USA.gov,
Online game website
The website can help the users to play online games as much as they prefer. the online games can
be easily downloaded too. Eg: OGame, Travian, Browser games,
Information site
The informational sites pass on the information to the general public on various matters. Many of
the academic, governmental, and nongovernmental agencies are using the information website to
pass on valid information to the public.
Personal website
The personal website can be used by individuals or small groups of organizations. personal
websites are meant to deal with everything personal. The website is destined to cover up
anything that the individual tries to convey. It can either be a writing platform or be an
entertainment platform.

THE NORMAL MODEM:

Modem stands for Modulator and Demodulator. It is a device that modulates signals to encode
digital information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted
information.
A modem transmits data in bits per second (bps).
It is necessary for communication between digital devices and Analog devices.
Modem is necessary because it acts as a translator between the devices and rapidly transmits the
information.
It converts the digital signal to Analog and vice versa to communicate between devices.
It encodes the signal and decodes at the other end and vice versa between the devices.
Building blocks of modem are shown in the diagram below −

Types of Modems
The different types of modems used to access the internet at home are as follows −Telephone
modem
A computer is connected through telephone lines to access the network of other computers. It is
cheaper when compared to other modems because it does not have any installation cost and also
the monthly fee of a telephone modem is low. It can be used in any house if a telephone network
is provided.

Given below is the diagram of telephone modem −

Digital subscriber Line

It provides high speed internet connection through telephone lines. It is expensive when
compared to a telephone modem. The DSL is also connected with phone lines similar to
telephone modem, but the difference is in DSL voice communication and internet service is used
simultaneously whereas in telephone modem it is not provided.
Given below is the diagram of digital subscriber line (DSL) −

CABLE MODEM
Cable Modem is a device that allows high-speed data access via a cable TV (CATV) network.
Most cable modems are currently external devices that connect to the PC through a standard 10
BASE-T Ethernet card and twisted-pair wiring.
Given below is the diagram of cable modem −

Satellite modem
It is a device that provides internet connection through satellite dishes. It transfers the input bits
to output radio signals and then executes vice versa. It is costlier when compared to all other
modems but provides better reliability to the internet network.

ISDN:
ISDN was first defined in the CCITT red book in 1988.The Integrated Services of Digital
Networking, in short ISDN is a telephone network based infrastructure that allows the
transmission of voice and data simultaneously at a high speed with greater efficiency. This is a
circuit switched telephone network system, which also provides access to Packet switched
networks.
The model of a practical ISDN is as shown below.

ISDN supports a variety of services. A few of them are listed below −

 Voice calls
 Facsimile
 Videotext
 Teletext
 Electronic Mail
 Database access
  Data transmission and voice
 Connection to internet
 Electronic Fund transfer
 Image and graphics exchange
 Document storage and transfer
 Audio and Video Conferencing
 Automatic alarm services to fire stations, police, medical etc.

Types of ISDN
Among the types of several interfaces present, some of them contains channels such as the B-
Channels or Bearer Channels that are used to transmit voice and data simultaneously; the D-
Channels or Delta Channels that are used for signaling purpose to set up communication.
The ISDN has several kinds of access interfaces such as −
 Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
 Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
 Narrowband ISDN
 Broadband ISDN

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

The Basic Rate Interface or Basic Rate Access, simply called the ISDN BRI Connection uses
the existing telephone infrastructure. The BRI configuration provides two data or bearer
channels at 64 Kbits/sec speed and one control or delta channel at 16 Kbits/sec. This is a
standard rate.
The ISDN BRI interface is commonly used by smaller organizations or home users or within a
local group, limiting a smaller area.

Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

The Primary Rate Interface or Primary Rate Access, simply called the ISDN PRI connection is
used by enterprises and offices. The PRI configuration is based on T-carrier or T1 in the US,
Canada and Japan countries consisting of 23 data or bearer channels and one control or delta
channel, with 64kbps speed for a bandwidth of 1.544 M bits/sec. The PRI configuration is based
on E-carrier or E1 in Europe, Australia and few Asian countries consisting of 30 data or bearer
channels and two-control or delta channel with 64kbps speed for a bandwidth of 2.048 M
bits/sec.
The ISDN BRI interface is used by larger organizations or enterprises and for Internet Service
Providers.

Narrowband ISDN
The Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Network is called the N-ISDN. This can be
understood as a telecommunication that carries voice information in a narrow band of
frequencies. This is actually an attempt to digitize the analog voice information. This uses
64kbps circuit switching.
The narrowband ISDN is implemented to carry voice data, which uses lesser bandwidth, on a
limited number of frequencies.

Broadband ISDN
The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network is called the B-ISDN. This integrates the
digital networking services and provides digital transmission over ordinary telephone wires, as
well as over other media. The CCITT defined it as, “Qualifying a service or system requiring
transmission channels capable of supporting rates greater than primary rates.”
The broadband ISDN speed is around 2 MBPS to 1 GBPS and the transmission is related to
ATM, i.e., Asynchronous Transfer Mode. The broadband ISDN communication is usually made
using the fiber optic cables.

As the speed is greater than 1.544 Mbps, the communications based on this are
called Broadband Communications. The broadband services provide a continuous flow of
information, which is distributed from a central source to an unlimited number of authorized
receivers connected to the network. Though a user can access this flow of information, he cannot
control it.
Advantages of ISDN
ISDN is a telephone network based infrastructure, which enables the transmission of both voice
and data simultaneously. There are many advantages of ISDN such as −
 As the services are digital, there is less chance for errors.
 The connection is faster.
 The bandwidth is higher.
 Voice, data and video − all of these can be sent over a single ISDN line.
Disadvantages of ISDN
The disadvantage of ISDN is that it requires specialized digital services and is costlier.
However, the advent of ISDN has brought great advancement in communications. Multiple
transmissions with greater speed are being achieved with higher levels of accuracy.

ADSL:
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of broadband communications
technology that transmits digital data at a high bandwidth over existing phone lines to homes
and businesses.
In order to access ADSL, a Digital Subscriber Line modem (DSL modem) is installed at the
client side. The DSL modem sends data bits over the local loop of the telephone network. The
local loop is a two – wire connection between the subscriber’s house and the end office of the
telephone company. The data bits are accepted at the end office by a device called Digital
Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM).

Features of ADSL
 ADSL is one among the DSL family of technologies.
 ADSL is used in the local loop of the telephone network, i.e. the part of the telephone
network that connects the customer premises with the end office of the telephone
company.
 The telephone company uses a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) at
its end office so that multiple ADSL users can be connected to the high-speed backbone
network.
 Most ADSL communications are full-duplex communication. It is achieved by any of the
following technologies −
o frequency-division duplex (FDD)
o echo-cancelling duplex (ECD)
o time-division duplex (TDD)
 The most common technology uses FDD. Here two separate bands are used for upstream
and downstream communications.
 ADSL uses frequency bands 26.075 kHz to 137.825 kHz for upstream communication
and 138–1104 kHz is downstream communication. Voice transmission occurs at less than
4 KHz. So, data transmission occurs simultaneously with voice transmission.
 ADSL filters are used on customer premises with non-DSL connections.
 ADSL uses analog sinusoidal carrier waves for data transmission. The waves are
modulated and demodulated at the customer premises with ADSL modems.
 CABLE Modems:
Cable modem is a hardware device that is used to connect the computer with the Internet Service
Provider (ISP) through the local cable TV line. It has two interfaces – one to the cable TV
network outlet and the other to a computer or television or set-top box.
Cable modems used to be proprietary in the initial days and had to be installed by the cable
company. Nowadays, cable modems of open standards are available that can be personally
installed by the user. The standard is called Data Over Cable Service Interface Spectrum
(DOSCIS). The modem to computer interface is normally Ethernet or USB. The interface
between the modem and the cable network outlet supports FDM, TDM, and CDMA so that the
bandwidth of the cable can be shared among the subscribers.

Establishment of Connection
After a cable modem is plugged on to the cable TV network, it scans the downstream channels
for a particular packet that is periodically sent over the network. On detecting it, the modem
announces its presence over the network. If its authentication criteria are met, then it is assigned
for both upstream and downstream communication.
Channels for Communication
For downstream data, 6HMz or 8MHz channels are used which are modulated using QAM-64.
This gives the data rate of 36Mbps. For upstream data, there is more radio-frequency noise.
Consequently, the data rate is around 9Mbps.
Communication Method
For sharing upstream data, time division multiplexing (TDM) is used. TDM divides the time in
minislots, which are assigned to subscribers who want to send the data. When a computer has
data to send, it sends data packets to the cable modem. The modem requests the number of
minislots needed to send the data. If the request is granted, the modem receives an
acknowledgment along with the allotted number of slots. The modem then transmits the data
packets accordingly.

Introduction to Bluetooth:
Bluetooth wireless technology is a short range communications technology intended to replace
the cables connecting portable unit and maintaining high levels of security. Bluetooth technology
is based on Ad-hoc technology also known as Ad-hoc Pico nets, which is a local area network
with a very limited coverage.

History of Bluetooth
WLAN technology enables device connectivity to infrastructure based services through a
wireless carrier provider. The need for personal devices to communicate wirelessly with one
another without an established infrastructure has led to the emergence of Personal Area
Networks (PANs).
 Ericsson's Bluetooth project in 1994 defines the standard for PANs to enable
communication between mobile phones using low power and low cost radio interfaces.
 In May 1988, Companies such as IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba joined Ericsson to form
the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) whose aim was to develop a defacto standard
for PANs.
 IEEE has approved a Bluetooth based standard named IEEE 802.15.1 for Wireless
Personal Area Networks (WPANs). IEEE standard covers MAC and Physical layer
applications.

Bluetooth specification details the entire protocol stack. Bluetooth employs Radio Frequency
(RF) for communication. It makes use of frequency modulation to generate radio waves in
the ISM band.

The usage of Bluetooth has widely increased for its special features.
 Bluetooth offers a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and
communicate with each other.
 Bluetooth technology has achieved global acceptance such that any Bluetooth enabled
device, almost everywhere in the world, can be connected with Bluetooth enabled
devices.
 Low power consumption of Bluetooth technology and an offered range of up to ten
meters has paved the way for several usage models.
 Bluetooth offers interactive conference by establishing an adhoc network of laptops.
 Bluetooth usage model includes cordless computer, intercom, cordless phone and mobile
phones.

Piconets and Scatternets

Bluetooth enabled electronic devices connect and communicate wirelessly through
shortrange devices known as Piconets. Bluetooth devices exist in small ad-hoc configurations
with the ability to act either as master or slave the specification allows a mechanism
for master and slave to switch their roles. Point to point configuration with one master and one
slave is the simplest configuration.
When more than two Bluetooth devices communicate with one another, this is called
a PICONET. A Piconet can contain up to seven slaves clustered around a single master. The
device that initializes establishment of the Piconet becomes the master.
The master is responsible for transmission control by dividing the network into a series of
time slots amongst the network members, as a part of time division multiplexing scheme which
is shown below.

The features of Piconets are as follows −

 Within a Piconet, the timing of various devices and the frequency hopping sequence of
individual devices is determined by the clock and unique 48-bit address of master.
 Each device can communicate simultaneously with up to seven other devices within a
single Piconet.
 Each device can communicate with several piconets simultaneously.
 Piconets are established dynamically and automatically as Bluetooth enabled devices
enter and leave piconets.
 There is no direct connection between the slaves and all the connections are essentially
master-to-slave or slave-to-master.
 Slaves are allowed to transmit once these have been polled by the master.
 Transmission starts in the slave-to-master time slot immediately following a polling
packet from the master.
 A device can be a member of two or more piconets, jumping from one piconet to another
by adjusting the transmission regime-timing and frequency hopping sequence dictated by
the master device of the second piconet.
 It can be a slave in one piconet and master in another. It however cannot be a master in
more than once piconet.
 Devices resident in adjacent piconets provide a bridge to support inner-piconet
connections, allowing assemblies of linked piconets to form a physically extensible
communication infrastructure known as Scatternet.
Spectrum
Bluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at
2.4 to 2.485 GHZ, using a spread spectrum hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600
hops/sec. the 2.4 GHZ ISM band is available and unlicensed in most countries.
Range
Bluetooth operating range depends on the device Class 3 radios have a range of up to 1 meter or
3 feet Class 2 radios are most commonly found in mobile devices have a range of 10 meters or
30 feet Class 1 radios are used primarily in industrial use cases have a range of 100 meters or
300 feet.
Data rate
Bluetooth supports 1Mbps data rate for version 1.2 and 3Mbps data rate for Version 2.0
combined with Error Data Rate.
WiFi:
WiFi is a universal wireless networking technology that utilizes radio frequencies to transfer
data. WiFi allows high-speed Internet connections without the use of cables.
The term WiFi is a contraction of "wireless fidelity" and commonly used to refer to wireless
networking technology. The WiFi Alliance claims rights in its uses as a certification mark for
equipment certified to 802.11x standards.
WiFi is a freedom – freedom from wires. It allows you to connect to the Internet from just about
anywhere — a coffee shop, a hotel room, or a conference room at work. What’s more – it is
almost 10 times faster than a regular dial-up connection. WiFi networks operate in the unlicensed
2.4 radio bands, with an 11 Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate, respectively.
To access WiFi, you need WiFi enabled devices (laptops or PDAs). These devices can send and
receive data wirelessly in any location equipped with WiFi access.
All the modern laptops and mobiles are capable of using both bandwidths, it depends on the
Wi-Fi adapter which is inside the device to catch the Wi-Fi signal. 2.4 GHz is the default
bandwidth supported by all the devices. 2.4 GHz can cover a big range of areas to spread the
Wi-Fi signal but the frequency is low, so in simple words, the speed of the internet is less and 5
GHz bandwidth is for a lower range of area but the frequency is high so the speed is very high.
How does Wi-Fi work?
Wi-Fi is a wireless technology for networking, so it uses Electromagnetic waves to transmit
networks. We know that there are many divisions of Electromagnetic waves according to their
frequency such as X-ray, Gamma-ray, radio wave, microwave, etc, in Wi-Fi, the radio
frequency is used. For transmitting Wi-Fi signal there is three medium,
 Base station network or an Ethernet(802.3) connection: It is the main host network from
where the network connection is provided to the router.
 Access point or router: it is a bridge between a wired network and a wireless network. It
accepts a wired Ethernet connection and converts the wired connection to a wireless
connection and spreads the connection as a radio wave.
 Accessing devices: It is our mobile, computer, etc from where we use the Wi-Fi and
surfing internet.

Working of Wi-Fi
 UNIT- II

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

ISP stands for Internet Service Provider which is a term used to refer to a company that
provides internet access to people who pay the company or subscribe to the company for the
same. For their services, the customers have to pay the internet service provider a nominal fee
which varies according to the amount of data they actually use or the data plan which they
purchase. An Internet Service Provider is also known as an Internet Access Provider or an
online service provider. An Internet Service Provider is a must if one wants to connect to the
internet.

History:
The first Internet Service Provider was Telenet. Telenet was the commercialized version of the
ARPANET – a precursor to the internet, of sorts. Telenet was introduced in 1974. Since then,
many Internet Service Providers have entered the scene and this was partly because of the
proliferation of the internet as a commodity that fuelled the consumerist attitude of the people.
Pretty soon, an Internet Service Provider called “The World” came to be in vogue and ever
since it started serving its customers today in 1989 has cemented itself as the first archetypal
Internet Service Provider. Examples of major Internet Service Providers include Google Fiber,
Verizon, Jio, AT&T etc.

Characteristics
 E-mail Account: Many Internet Service Providers offer an e-mail address to their
consumers.
 User Support: Professionals and an increasing number of lay users prefer an ISP that can
provide them with customer support so that they have someone they can refer to if things
go awry.
 Access to high-speed internet: Probably the most obvious item on this list as this feature
of an Internet Service Provider lies literally in its name. Furthermore, the higher the speed
 an Internet Service Provider can offer one, the better it’s standing in the market and the
more customers it can attract.
 Spam Blocker: An Internet Service Provider that hinders its customers’ productivity by
way of not blocking spam and displaying frequent ads is not something that is generally
favoured in the market today. Therefore, many of the Internet Service Providers offer spam
blocking features to their customers.
 Web Hosting: Some of the ISPs offer web hosting services to their clientele as well.

Different types of ISP connections

 DSL
 Wi-Fi broadband
 mobile broadband
 fibre optic broadband
 cable broadband

List of ISP
 Reliance Jio
 Vodafone Idea
 Airtel
 BSNL
 Hathway

Advantages
 The customer need not then bother with either the technicalities or finances of investing
and inventing a web browser to work with. An ISP can readily do all of this for its
customers.
 Many ISPs, being professional companies, provide its clientele with high-speed internet
and that is not possible if one decides to side steps these companies.
 ISPs offer a very high degree of reliability and availability
 The ISPs are secure – they offer a tremendous deal of protection against viruses and use
only the latest software patches whilst operating and thereby, maintaining the integrity of
the browser.
 User do not need to invest in user’s own web server.
 ISP’s should give the best uptime guarantee.

Disadvantages
 Because of the range of options available in the market and due to cut-throat competition,
some of the ISPs have been accused of violating the customers’ trust by way of inflated
pricing, data losses, etc. It is true that using an ISP makes the customer entirely dependent
on it.
 If an Internet Service Provider is stretched thin because of hosting too many sites on a
shared server, it can compromise the quality of the customers’ data by way of slow
download rates and poor performance of websites.
 User need to trust user’s ISP for uptime and security.
 ISP can directly affect user if the it gets blacklisted.

Dialer programs and Internet programs

A Dialer is an electronic device that is connected to a telephone line to monitor the dialed
numbers and alter them to seamlessly provide services that otherwise require lengthy access
codes to be dialed.
A dialer automatically inserts and modifies the numbers depending on the time of day, country or
area code dialed, allowing the user to subscribe to the service providers who offer the best rates.
Another type of dialer is a computer program which creates a connection to the Internet or
another computer network over the analog telephone or Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) Network.
Many operating systems already contain such a program for connections through the point- to-
point protocol (PPP).
In recent years, the term “dialer” often refers specifically to dialers that connect without the
user’s full knowledge as to cost, with the creator of the dialer intending to commit fraud.

Internet Explorer:
Internet Explorer is a free web browser, commonly called IE or MSIE, that allows users
to view web pages on the internet. It is also used to access online banking, online marketing over
the internet, listen to and watch streaming videos, and many more. It was introduced
by Microsoft in 1995. It was produced in response to the first geographical browser, Netscape
Navigator.
Microsoft Internet Explorer was a more popular web browser for many years from 1999 to
2012 as it surpassed the Netscape Navigator during this time. It includes network file sharing,
several internet connections, active Scripting, and security settings. It also provides other
features such as:
o Remote administration
o Proxy server configuration
o VPN and FTP client capabilities

Elements of the Internet Explorer Window:

Internet Explorer runs inside a window that provides you with an array of menus, buttons,
labels, and information displays. When all of its components are made visible (not all are shown
when you first start IE), the Internet Explorer window looks like Figure 20-1. From top to
bottom, it contains a menu bar, a Standard Buttons toolbar, an Address bar, a Links bar, an
Explorer bar, a viewing window, and a status bar.

The Standard Buttons Toolbar:

Internet Explorer’s Standard Buttons toolbar (called the Button bar in the Mac version) enables
you to invoke several of the most frequent commands with a single click. It is very similar to
Navigator’s toolbar; if you are familiar with one system’s toolbar, the other’s is easy to learn.
The Internet Explorer toolbar appears above the viewing window, just below the menu bar

Using the Standard Buttons:

When fully displayed, the Standard Buttons toolbar contains the following buttons, from left to
right (the rightmost buttons aren’t displayed if your window is too narrow for the full toolbar):
■ Back Returns you to the Web page previously displayed in the viewing window. If multiple
IE windows are open, each maintains its own list of displayed pages. Click the down-arrow next
to the Back button (or right-click the Back button) to see a menu of recently displayed pages. On
a Mac, hold down the mouse button over Back. Return to any of these pages by selecting it from
the menu.
■ Forward Undoes what Back has done. After you click the Back button or select a previously
viewed page from the Back menu, the pages subsequent to that page are transferred from the
Back menu to the Forward menu. Click the Forward button to go through these pages one by
one. Click the down-arrow next to the Forward button (or right-click the Forward button) to
display the Forward menu. On a Mac, hold down the mouse button over Forward. To return to
any of these pages, select it from the menu. Selecting a link within the viewing window erases
the Forward menu and causes the Forward button to be grayed out.

■ Stop Interrupts the process of downloading a page from the Web. The viewing window then
displays as much of the page as it can construct from the partial download.
 ■ Refresh Asks the server to send the most recent version of the page you are viewing. When a
page is updated on the server, the new version is not automatically sent to anyone who might be
viewing an older version, because Web pages are stored temporarily (cached) on your hard disk.
Push Refresh to make sure you have the latest version. If the page took a long time to load the
first time, refreshing may take a long time again.

■ Home Returns you to your Start page.

■ Search Opens one of the major Internet search engines in the Explorer bar.

■ Favorites, History, and Channels Display the Favorites, History, or Channels folder trees on
the Explorer bar. The Channels button appears in IE 4 but not IE 5. On Macs, Favorites appears
after Mail, and History and Channels aren’t buttons at all. On Macs, all three of these buttons,
along with Search, are tabs on the left edge of the viewing window.

■ Fullscreen Shrinks all icons and toolbars, to maximize the viewing area. If the browser
window is already in full-screen mode, click the Fullscreen button again to return the browser
window to its previous state. The Mac version has no Fullscreen button.

■ Mail Opens your designated e-mail client. By default, this is Outlook Express, but if you name
another client (such as Eudora) on the Programs tab of the Internet Options dialog box, that
program opens instead.

■ Fonts Lets you increase or decrease the size of all fonts on the Web pages that you view,
without changing the default settings. This button is optional in IE 4, and doesn’t appear in IE 5.
To put it on your toolbar (or remove it) in IE 4, check (or uncheck) the Show Font Button icon
on the Advanced tab of the Internet Options dialog box. Macs use two buttons: Font Larger and
Font Smaller.

■ Print Opens a Print dialog box. (See “Printing and Saving Pages,” later in this chapter.) The
Mac version has no Print button, unless you choose the Netscape Compatible or Compatible Plus
toolbar, which are described in “Customizing the Internet Explorer Button Bar on a Macintosh,”

■ Edit opens the currently displayed page in your designated HTML-composing application. By
default, this is FrontPage Express, but if you name another HTML-composing application on the
Programs tab of the Internet Options dialog box, that program opens instead. The Mac version
has no Edit button.

■ Preferences Opens the Internet Explorer Preferences dialog box in the Mac version. Windows
versions of Internet Explorer have no Preferences button.
The Address Bar:
The Address bar displays the URL of the currently displayed Web page or the file address of the
currently displayed local file. Hide the Address bar by unchecking View | Toolbars | Address
Bar.

The Links Bar:

The Links bar (called the Favorites bar in the Mac version) is a row of icons linked to
Web pages. It is the most convenient, easiest-to-access place to put links to Web sites that you
visit regularly. Drag the left boundary to expand or shrink this toolbar. Hide Links by
unchecking View | Toolbars | Links in Windows, or View | Favorites Bar on a Mac. When the
Links bar is hidden, access its Web pages from the Links folder (Toolbar Favorites folder on
Macs) of the Favorites menu.

The Explorer Bar:

The Explorer bar displays Search, History, Favorites, or Channels in a pane at the left
side of the IE window. In Windows, choose which of these to display from the View | Explorer
Bar menu. To hide them, select View | Explorer Bar | None, or click the X in the upper-right
corner of the Explorer bar. You can drag the border between the Explorer bar and the viewing
window.

The Viewing Window:

The viewing window displays Web pages. The only way to hide this window is to
minimize the entire IE window, since the main point of running a browser is to view pages. To
maximize the viewing window, click the Fullscreen button on the toolbar. Click Fullscreen again
to return to the previous (unmaximized) state.

Printing Pages To print exactly what is displayed on your screen, select File | Print. If you want
to print one frame only, click inside the frame and then select File | Print. In either case, the Print
dialog box appears. In Windows, this box looks like Figure 20-3.

Versions of Internet Explorer

All 11 versions of Internet Explorer were released in many years. The last IE11 web browser
was introduced in 2013. At that time, Microsoft has introduced versions of Internet Explorer for
Unix machines and for Mac OS X operating system, but those versions were discontinued as
well. The below table contains all versions of IE and release date:
Versions Release Date

Internet Explorer 1 In 1995, it was introduced.

Internet Explorer 1.5 It was also introduced in 1995 for Windows NT.

Internet Explorer 2 It was introduced on 22 November 1995 for PC and later for Mac
in 1996.

Internet Explorer 3 On 13 August 1996, it was introduced for PC and Mac.

Internet Explorer 4 In September 1997, it was released for PC and Mac.

Internet Explorer 4.5 In 1999, it was introduced for the Mac.

Internet Explorer 5 In 1999, it was introduced for the PC and Mac.

Internet Explorer 5.5 In July 2000, it was introduced.

Internet Explorer 6 On 27 August 2001, it was introduced.

Internet Explorer 7 On 18 October 2006, it was introduced.

 Internet Explorer 8 On 19 March 2009, it was released.

Internet Explorer 9 On 14 March 2011, the 9th version of IE was introduced.

Internet Explorer 10 It was introduced on 26 October 2012.

Internet Explorer 11 On 17 October 2013, it was introduced.

How to Open an Internet Explorer Browser

To browse the internet you first open an Internet browser. To do this, you follow the steps given
below:
• Click the Start button.
• Go to Programs Menu and, highlight and click Internet Explorer.
• Alternatively click the Internet Explorer icon on the Desktop or on the Taskbar. As soon as you
start a browser, the browser window opens and displays a page. This page is called "the Home"
page of your browser. You can change the home page of a browser to any site of your choice.
Opening Multiple Windows:
At times, you will find it convenient to open two or more browsing windows. You might, for
example, want to compare two Web pages. Or perhaps you are bouncing back and forth among
several browsing tasks, and want each to have its own Back menu.
Select File | New | Window (or File | New Window on Macs) to open a new browsing window.
The new window opens displaying the same page as the previous window. To open a new
window displaying a particular page, select File | Open and then specify the file, as described
earlier in this chapter in “Opening a Page.”
If the current page contains a link that you want to open without closing the current page, open a
context menu over the link (right-click in Windows; hold down the mouse button on a Mac) and
choose Open In New Window.

NETSCAPE:
Netscape was the general name for a series of web browsers originally produced by Netscape
Communications Corporation, now a subsidiary of AOL.
The original browser was once the dominant browser in terms of usage share, but as a result of
the first browser war, it lost virtually all of its share to Internet Explorer.
Netscape was discontinued and support for all Netscape browsers and client products was
terminated on March 1, 2008.
Netscape Browser is the name of a proprietary windows web browser published by AOL, but
developed by Mercurial Communications.
It is the eighth major release in name of the Netscape series of browsers, originally produced by
the defunct Netscape communications corporation.
Netscape Browser’s version number star at 8, it is based on Mozilla Firefox, whereas Netscape 6
and 7 were based on Mozilla Application Suite, itself a complete rewrite of the codebase
developed in versions 1 through 4-Netscape Navigator and Netscape communicator.

Netscape navigation:
Navigation
A web page may contain hyperlinks. When we click on these links other web page is opened.
These hyperlinks can be in form of text or image. When we take the mouse over an hyperlink,
pointer change its shape to hand.
Key Points
 In case, you have accessed many web pages and willing to see the previous webpage then
just click back button.
 You can open a new web page in the same tab, or different tab or in a new window.

Elements of the Navigator Window Navigator runs inside a window that provides you with an
array of menus, buttons, labels, and information displays. When all of its components are made
visible, the Navigator window looks like Figure 19-1. From top to bottom, it contains: Menu bar,
Navigation toolbar, Location toolbar, Personal toolbar, viewing window, and Status bar. In
Communicator’s Macintosh version, the Personal toolbar is not present and the menu bar rises to
the top of the screen when the Communicator window is active.

To rearrange the toolbars, drag and drop the vertical tab on the left edge of a toolbar. The
toolbars can be shuffled vertically, but they can’t be placed next to each other on a single row.
The Menu Bar:
The menu bar provides Navigator’s most complete set of commands. Click any of the words on
this bar to see a drop-down menu of options. The menu bar is visible at all times and isn’t
configurable. In Macintosh systems, the menu bar is at the top of the screen when the Navigator
window is active.

The Navigation Toolbar Buttons Left to right, the Navigation toolbar contains the following
buttons
■ Back Returns you to the Web page previously displayed in the viewing window. If multiple
Navigator windows are open, each maintains its own list of displayed pages. Hold down the
mouse button over Back (or right-click the Back button in Windows) to see a menu of recently
displayed pages. Return to any of these pages by selecting it from the menu.

■ Forward Undoes what Back has done. After you click the Back button or select a previously
viewed page from the Back menu, the pages subsequent to that page are transferred from the
Back menu to the Forward menu. Click the Forward button to go through these pages one by
one. Hold down the mouse button over Forward (or right-click the Forward button in Windows)
to display the Forward menu. To return to any of these pages, select it from the menu. Select a
link within the viewing window to erase the Forward menu and cause the Forward button to be
grayed out.

■ Reload asks the server to send the most recent version of the page currently being viewed.
When a page is updated on the server, the new version is not automatically sent out to anyone
who might be viewing an older version. Push Reload to make sure that you have the latest
version. Also, if a page has loaded improperly or incompletely, Reload tells Navigator to try
again. Press the SHIFT key while you click Reload to download the page from the server,
regardless of whether a new version exists.
■ Home Returns you to your start page.

■ Search Sends you to Netscape’s Net Search page, which contains links to most of the major
search engines, Web guides, online white and yellow pages, as well as more-specialized search
tools.

■ Images (Mac only) Loads any unloaded images in the current page. The button is grayed out if
all images are loaded.

■ Print Sends the current Web page to the printer.

■ Security Takes you to the Netscape security information screen.

■ Stop Is active only when the browser is in the process of downloading a page from the Web;
clicking it stops this process.

The Location Toolbar:

The Location toolbar contains the following objects:
■ Bookmarks button Opens the Bookmarks menu.In the Macintosh version, the Bookmarks
button is replaced by a Bookmarks menu on the menu bar.
■ Bookmark icon Represents the URL of the current page (called the Page Proxy icon in
Navigator Help). Drag the bookmark icon onto the Bookmarks button or into the Bookmarks
window to create a bookmark for the current page. Drag the bookmark icon onto the desktop to
create an Internet shortcut. Drag it onto the Personal toolbar to create a button linked to the
current page.
■ Netsite (or Location) box:
Displays the address of the current page. Go to a new page by typing its URL into the box. In
Windows, the AutoComplete feature tries to save you keystrokes by guessing which URL you
are typing, based on URLs that you have visited before. The drop-down list shows URLs that
you recently typed into this box. (On Macs, a similar list appears on the Go menu.) For other
ways of opening pages, see “Opening a Page,”
■ What’s Related button Displays an automatically generated list of Web pages that might be
related to the current page. To enable or disable the What’s Related button, open the Preferences
dialog box (select Edit | Preferences) and choose Navigator/Smart Browsing in the Category list.

The Viewing Window:

Web pages are displayed in the viewing window. The viewing window changes shape
only when you resize the Navigator window—it can’t be hidden, minimized, maximized, or
reshaped in any other way. Many of the things that you see in the Viewing window can be
customized, however, including the background color, the size and color of text, and the colors
used to denote links. You can also choose whether to download and display images or other
multimedia content that may take a long time to download.

The Status Bar:

The Status bar sits at the bottom of the Navigator window and cannot be hidden. Left to
right, it contains the following items:
■ Lock icon Tells you at a glance whether you have a secure connection. If the icon is locked, a
secure connection is established, capable of transmitting sensitive information safely. If the icon
is unlocked, the connection is insecure, and information that you send could conceivably be
intercepted.
■ Connection icon Tells whether Navigator is working online or offline. If Navigator is online,
the icon’s two cables are connected; if offline, the cables are separated. Click the icon to change
from one state to the other. This icon isn’t present in the Macintosh version.

■ Download bar Displays a shaded rectangle, moving back and forth, while Navigator is
downloading small files. When larger files are being downloaded, this bar displays the
percentage of the file downloaded so far. On Macs, the background of the Status message area
turns striped when a file is being downloaded.

■ Status message area Keeps you informed about what Navigator is doing. When Navigator is
getting a Web page that you have requested, status messages tell you when the Web site has been
contacted, and whether it has replied. While the files of a Web page are being downloaded, status
messages display the sizes of the files being downloaded and the rate at which they are coming
in. When the cursor passes over a link in the viewing window, the status message area shows the
linked URL.

■ Communicator bar dock displays a miniature version of the Communicator Floating toolbar
when the toolbar’s full-size version is not displayed elsewhere.

The Floating Toolbar

The Communicator Floating toolbar contains buttons representing the components of
Communicator. Click one of these buttons to open the corresponding component. When docked,
a miniature version of the Communicator Floating toolbar is found on the right side of the Status
bar, at the bottom of the Navigator window. This version is fully functional, though the icons on
the buttons are hard to discern. To enlarge the bar, click the textured tab on the bar’s left edge.

Context Menus:
If moving the cursor up to the toolbar or the menu bar starts to seem like too much work,
you may be able to avoid it by using a context menu. In Windows, right-click inside the
Navigator window to display a menu of Navigator’s best guesses about what you might want to
do. On a Macintosh, display a context menu by holding down the mouse button. Be careful if
you are over a link. If you release the mouse button before the context menu appears, Navigator
opens the linked page. The context menu changes depending on where the cursor is located.
(That’s why it’s a context menu.) For example, a click inside the viewing window gives you
options such as Back, Forward, Reload, Stop, and Add Bookmark, among others, while the
context menu over the menu bar gives you choices about which toolbars to make visible.

Keeping Track of Your Favorite Web Sites:

Navigator provides six tools that enable you to return to previously visited Web sites:
■ Home button
■ Start page
■ Bookmarks
■ History list
■ Personal toolbar
■ Location (or Netsite) box
If your operating system supports Internet shortcuts, Navigator enables you to create them, as
well. In addition, if Navigator is the default browser in Windows, entries on the Favorites menu
open in Navigator.

Animation:
Generally, Computer animation is a visual digital display technology that processes the moving
images on screen. In simple words, it can be put or defined as the art or power of giving life,
energy and emotions etc. to any non-living or inanimate object via computers. It can be
presented in form of any video or movie. Computer animation has the ability to make any dead
image alive. The key/main concept behind computer animation is to play the defined images at a
faster rate to fool the viewer so that the viewer should interpret those images as a continuous
motion of images.
Computer Animation is a sub-part or say small part of computer graphics and animation.
Nowadays, animation can be seen in many area around us. It is used in a lot of movies, films and
games, education, e-commerce, computer art, training etc. It is a big part of entertainment area as
most of the sets and background is all build up through VFX and animation.

Methods/Techniques:
1. Frame by Frame (Traditional Method):
Earlier, in traditional method, animation was done by hands because of the absence of the
computer-aided drawing facilities. And, these traditional method required a lot of effort
for even making a short video because of the fact that every second of animation requires
24 frames to process.

2. Procedural:
In Procedural method, set of rules are used to animate the objects. Animator defines or
specify the initial rules and procedure to process and later runs simulations.Many of the
times rules or procedure are based on real world.s physical rule which are shown by
mathematical equations.

3. Behavioral:
According to this method/technique, to a certain extent the character or object
specifies/determines it’s own actions which helps / allows the character to improve later,
and in turn, it frees the animator in determining each and every details of the character’s
motion.

4. Key Framing:
A key frame in computer animation is a frame where we define changes in an animation.
According to key framing, a storyboard requirement is must as the animator/artist draws
the major frames (frames in which major/important changes can be made later) of
animation from it. In key framing, character’s or object’s key position are the must and
need to be defined by the animator, because the missing frames are filled in those key
position via computer automatically.
 5. Motion Capture:
This method of animation uses the live action/motion footage of a living human character
which is recorded to the computer via video cameras and markers and later, that action or
motion is used/applied to animate the character which gives the real feel to the viewers as
if the real human character has been animated. Motion Capture is quite famous among
the animators because of the fact that the human action or motion can be captured with
relative ease.

6. Dynamics:
In this method, simulations are used in order to produce a quite different sequence while
maintaining the physical reality. Physics’s laws are used in simulations to create the
motion of pictures/characters. High level of interactivity can be achieved in this method,
via the use of real-time simulations, where a real person performs the action or motions
of a simulated character.

UNIT -III INTERNET BASICS:

WHAT IS THE INTERNET?

Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the web.
However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
 Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
 Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
 Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
  IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a
computer location.
 A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address
so that user can locate a computer by a name.
 For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a
particular IP address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
 Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

Evolution
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological &
Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
 The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project Agency
Network (ARPANET).
 ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
 Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies of
government.
 Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
 In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different
countries and thus became known as Internet.
 By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols, DNS, WWW,
browsers, scripting languages etc.,Internet provided a medium to publish and access
information over the web.

Advantages
Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we will discuss some of the
advantages of Internet:
  Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote locations. There are
various apps available on the wed that uses Internet as a medium for communication. One
can find various social networking sites such as:
o Facebook
o Twitter
o Yahoo
o Google+
o Flickr
o Orkut
 One can surf for any kind of information over the internet. Information regarding various
topics such as Technology, Health & Science, Social Studies, Geographical Information,
Information Technology, Products etc can be surfed with help of a search engine.
 Apart from communication and source of information, internet also serves a medium for
entertainment. Following are the various modes for entertainment over internet.
o Online Television
o Online Games
o Songs
o Videos
o Social Networking Apps
 Internet allows us to use many services like:
o Internet Banking
o Matrimonial Services
o Online Shopping
o Online Ticket Booking
o Online Bill Payment
o Data Sharing
o E-mail
 Internet provides concept of electronic commerce, that allows the business deals to be
conducted on electronic systems

Disadvantages
However, Internet has prooved to be a powerful source of information in almost every field, yet
there exists many disadvanatges discussed below:
  There are always chances to loose personal information such as name, address, credit card
number. Therefore, one should be very careful while sharing such information. One
should use credit cards only through authenticated sites.
 Another disadvantage is the Spamming. Spamming corresponds to the unwanted e-mails
in bulk. These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to obstruction of entire system.
 Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such virus attacks may
cause your system to crash or your important data may get deleted.
 Also a biggest threat on internet is pornography. There are many pornographic sites that
can be found, letting your children to use internet which indirectly affects the children
healthy mental life.
 There are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information. This leads to
misconception among many people.

Basic Terminology:
List of Basic Internet Terminologies
1. Internet
One of the most important and basic internet terminologies is the Internet itself. The Internet is
a worldwide network of computers, which provides a wide array of information that follows a
standard communication protocol. This communication protocol is what we call as TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol) or IP (Internet Protocol).
2. World Wide Web
Another one of the basic Internet terminologies is the World Wide Web. World Wide Web or
www is a collection of data stored and shared in the digital space. This collection of information
form and connect into websites and divides into web pages. Tim Bernes-Lee in the CERN
laboratory invented it in 1989.
The World Wide Web is accessible anywhere as long as there’s an internet connection.
3. Host (Network)
A Network Host is usually a computer or any device that connects to a computer network. It
provides information and facilities to other computers and their users. In addition, you can use
the term host when there’s two or more computer system that connects through a modem or other
internet connection channels.
4. Domain Name
This is a friendly naming system for giving addresses to web pages and servers. It is a
description of a computer’s location on the Internet. Usually, a dot separates a domain name, for
example, www.google.com or www.slashdigit.com.
In addition, Domain Names are part of the DNS (Domain Name System, a database
of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses). Also, a domain name follows certain
rules and algorithms in the DNS.
5. Web Browser
A web browser or browser is a software program that can access websites. Popular web browsers
include Google Chrome, Apple’s Safari, Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox. Each web
browser has its own settings and works separately from each other. However, they have the same
function and that is to serve as portals to the World Wide Web.
6. IP Address
An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique set of numbers assigned to a computing device that
uses the internet protocol. Also, IP address identifies a device on the Internet communication
network. Furthermore, it allows a system to be acknowledged by other systems.
7. Homepage
A Homepage is the main page of a particular website. Usually, this is the first page you see when
you open a website. Additionally, a home page can have one of several different filenames.
8. URL
URL or short for “Universal Resource Locator.” From the name itself, it provides a way of
locating a resource on the web. It also serves as a method of retrieving location on a computer
network.
9. Search Engine
Search Engine is a software system that works to search information on the World Wide Web.
Common examples of online search engines are Google, Yahoo, and Bing. These programs
allow you to search keywords and phrases to locate information on the Internet.

Getting into the net:

There are a variety of ways to connect to the internet. On some devices, you can connect to the
internet using a wired connection, which provides the most reliable connection. Most devices can
connect to the internet wirelessly. This wikiHow teaches you how to connect to the internet on
different devices.
Ensure that the source of the internet is on. It may seem obvious, but a common mistake that's
often made when connecting to the internet is not making sure the source of the internet is on.
Especially if you've just set up a router and/or modem, ensure that it's on and that everything is
plugged in properly, and that any lights on it aren't indicating that there are problems.

Understand that most mobile devices can only connect to wireless broadband. Devices like
smartphones, tablets, iPods, handheld gaming systems, and so forth can usually only connect to
Wi-Fi services, due to the portable nature of them. Therefore, you won't be able to connect a
mobile device to ethernet or to a dial-up network. Ethernet and dial-up connections are limited to
non-portable gaming devices (not covered in this article) and computers.

Know what "path" to take to get to your network settings.

Regardless of what operating system or device you're using, you'll probably need to access your
network settings at some point in the process. The process is slightly different for every device,
but the general path that you'll need to take to access your network settings is usually the same,
depending on the OS. Some common devices or operating systems, and their paths to the
settings, are listed below.
 Windows XP: Start –> Control Panel –> Network and Internet Connections
 Windows Vista: Start –> Network –> Network and Sharing Center
 Windows 7: Start –> Control Panel –> Network and Internet
 Windows 8: Start –> Search "View network connections" –> View Network Connections
 Windows 10/11: Search "View network connections" –> View Network Connections
 Mac OS X Jaguar and later: System Preferences –> Network
 Ubuntu and Fedora: Network Manager
 iOS (iPhone, iPad, etc.): Settings –> Wi-Fi
 Android: Settings –> Wi-Fi (or Wireless & Networks)
 Windows phone: Settings –> Wi-Fi

Browsers:
Web Browser is an application software that allows us to view and explore information on the
web. User can request for any web page by just entering a URL into address bar.
Web browser can show text, audio, video, animation and more. It is the responsibility of a web
browser to interpret text and commands contained in the web page.
Earlier the web browsers were text-based while now a days graphical-based or voice-based web
browsers are also available. Following are the most common web browser available today:
Browser Vendor

Internet Explorer Microsoft

Google Chrome Google

Mozilla Firefox Mozilla

 Netscape Navigator Netscape Communications Corp.

Opera Opera Software

Safari Apple

Sea Monkey Mozilla Foundation

K-meleon K-meleon

Architecture
There are a lot of web browser available in the market. All of them interpret and display
information on the screen however their capabilities and structure varies depending upon
implementation. But the most basic component that all web browser must exhibit are listed
below:
 Controller/Dispatcher
 Interpreter
 Client Programs

Controller works as a control unit in CPU. It takes input from the keyboard or mouse, interpret
it and make other services to work on the basis of input it receives.

Interpreter receives the information from the controller and execute the instruction line by line.
Some interpreter are mandatory while some are optional For example, HTML interpreter
program is mandatory and java interpreter is optional.

Client Program describes the specific protocol that will be used to access a particular service.
Following are the client programs tat are commonly used:
 HTTP
 SMTP
 FTP
 NNTP
 POP
Starting Internet Explorer
Internet explorer is a web browser developed by Microsoft. It is installed by default with the
windows operating system howerver, it can be downloaded and be upgraded.
To start internet explorer, follow the following steps:

 Go to Start button and click Internet Explorer.

The Internet Explorer window will appear as shown in the following diagram:

Accessing Web Page

Accessing web page is very simple. Just enter the URL in the address bar as shown the following
diagram:
Applications of Internet:
1) On-line communication:
Computer users around the world use the E-mail services to communicate with each other
extensively.

2) Feedback about products:

Commercial organizations are also using the internet to gather information about the satisfaction
of existing products and market opportunities of new products.
This is usually accomplished by putting up an interactive survey application by the organization
on a WWW site on the Internet.

3) Product promotion:
Several commercial organizations are effectively using the internet services for promoting their
products by the use of different social networks.

4) Customer Support Service:

Many organizations are also using the internet to provide timely customer support.

5) On-line shopping:
The Internet has also facilitated the introduction of a new market concept, which consists of
virtual shops. These shops remain open 24 hrs all the year round and are accessible to make
purchase all around the world.

6) On-line journals and magazines:

There are many WWW sites on the internet, which consists of an electronic version of many
journals and magazines.

7) Real-time updates:
It helps to provide news and other happenings that may be on-going in different parts of the
word but with the use of the internet, we come to know about the real-time updates in every
field be it in business, sports, finance, politics, entertainment and others very easily.
Many time the decisions are taken on the real-time updates that are happening in the various
parts of the world and for this, the internet is very essential and helpful.
8) Research:
In order to do research, we need to go through hundreds of books as well as the references and
that was one of the most difficult jobs to do earlier.
Since, the internet came into life, everything is available in just a click. The user just has to
search for the concerned topic and will get hundreds of references that may be beneficial for the
research and since, the internet is here to make research activity easy and hence, public user can
take a large amount benefit from the research work that have been done.

9) Education:
Education is one of the best things that the internet can provide. There are a number of books,
reference books, online help centers, expert`s views and other study oriented material on
the internet that can make the learning process very easier as well as a fun to learn.

10) Financial Transaction:

It is a term which is used when there is an exchange of money. With the use of internet in
the financial transaction, the work has become a lot easier. Payments, Funds transfer,
banking transactions can be done through on-line banking service.

11) Entertainment:
The Internet is also used for entertainment. Such as chatting with friends, sharing videos,
watching movies, listening music, live telecast of sports and other events, playing games, etc.

12) Job Search:

Using internet, searching job has become an easier task. There are an endless amount of
websites on the internet that provided news about a vacancy in various post as required.

13) Blogging:
There are many people who are very much interested in writing blogs and for them
the internet is the best place. They can not only write blogs as per their wish but can also
publicize their work so that their work reaches to most of the people and they get appreciated.

Introduction to internet protocols:

Internet Protocols are a set of rules that governs the communication and exchange of data over
the internet. Both the sender and receiver should follow the same protocols in order to
communicate the data.
Need of Protocols
It may be that the sender and receiver of data are parts of different networks, located in
different parts of the world having different data transfer rates. So, we need protocols to
manage the flow control of data, and access control of the link being shared in the
communication channel. Suppose there is a sender X who has a data transmission rate of 10
Mbps. And, there is a receiver Y who has a data receiving rate of 5Mbps. Since the rate of
receiving the data is slow so some data will be lost during transmission. In order to avoid this,
receiver Y needs to inform sender X about the speed mismatch so that sender X can adjust its
transmission rate. Similarly, the access control decides the node which will access the link
shared in the communication channel at a particular instant in time. If not the transmitted data
will collide if many computers send data simultaneously through the same link resulting in the
corruption or loss of data.

TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

These are a set of standard rules that allows different types of computers to communicate with
each other. The IP protocol ensures that each computer that is connected to the Internet is
having a specific serial number called the IP address. TCP specifies how data is exchanged
over the internet and how it should be broken into IP packets. It also makes sure that the
packets have information about the source of the message data, the destination of the message
data, the sequence in which the message data should be re-assembled, and checks if the
message has been sent correctly to the specific destination. The TCP is also known as a
connection-oriented protocol.

SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

These protocols are important for sending and distributing outgoing emails. This protocol uses
the header of the mail to get the email id of the receiver and enters the mail into the queue of
outgoing mail. And as soon as it delivers the mail to the receiving email id, it removes the
email from the outgoing list. The message or the electronic mail may consider the text, video,
image, etc. It helps in setting up some communication server rules.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

This protocol is used for transferring files from one system to the other. This works on a client-
server model. When a machine requests for file transfer from another machine, the FTO sets up
a connection between the two and authenticates each other using their ID and Password. And,
the desired file transfer takes place between the machines.

HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

This protocol is used to transfer hypertexts over the internet and it is defined by the
www(world wide web) for information transfer. This protocol defines how the information
needs to be formatted and transmitted. And, it also defines the various actions the web
browsers should take in response to the calls made to access a particular web page. Whenever a
user opens their web browser, the user will indirectly use HTTP as this is the protocol that is
being used to share text, images, and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web.

TELNET(Terminal Network)
TELNET is a standard TCP/IP protocol used for virtual terminal service given by ISO. This
enables one local machine to connect with another. The computer which is being connected is
called a remote computer and which is connecting is called the local computer. TELNET
operation lets us display anything being performed on the remote computer in the local
computer. This operates on the client/server principle. The local computer uses the telnet client
program whereas the remote computer uses the telnet server program.

UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless, unreliable transport layer protocol. Unlike
TCP, it does not establish a reliable connection between devices before transmitting data, and
it does not guarantee that data packets will be received in the order they were sent or that they
will be received at all. Instead, UDP simply sends packets of data to a destination without any
error checking or flow control. UDP is typically used for real-time applications such as
streaming video and audio, online gaming, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) where a
small amount of lost data is acceptable and low latency is important. UDP is faster than TCP
because it has less overhead. It doesn’t need to establish a connection, so it can send data
packets immediately. It also doesn’t need to wait for confirmation that the data was received
before sending more, so it can transmit data at a higher rate.

E-mail and voice mail:

What Is Voicemail?
A voicemail is an electronically stored voice message that is left by a caller to be retrieved later
by the intended recipient. The recipient can retrieve the stored message through phone, desktop,
email and other communications devices, depending on the business phone system the recipient's
company uses.

Features Of Voicemail
Voicemail comes with features like a user interface to enable selecting, playing, and managing of
messages. There are delivery features for the sender of the voicemail to either play or deliver the
message. There are also notification features that notify voicemail recipients of waiting
messages.

Advantages And Benefits Of Voicemail

24/7 Accessibility

Voicemail ensures that your business and employees are always reachable. While voicemail is
often less desirable than reaching someone live, it's a better experience than not being able to
reach a person at all. This is especially useful for roles where employees are typically away from
the phone, like traveling salespeople or service people, or even just when average employees are
unable to answer their phones while they attend meetings.

Eliminate On-Hold Calls

Being put on hold is a frustrating experience for most people. With voicemail, a client or
customer gets to communicate their concerns promptly without feeling that their time has been
wasted by being put on hold. Then, the recipient can return their call as soon as they're available,
which reduces on-hold wait time time for the caller.

Many Clients Prefer Voicemails

Voicemails enable clients and customers express their concerns efficiently without being
interrupted. A client or customer gets to focus on their main concerns without diverging into
irrelevant information.

Cost-Effective
Voicemail may reduce staff expenses while still maintaining certain levels of customer
satisfaction. With voicemail, a business may not need as much customer service staff. A business
can also cut down on overtime pay in customer service staff by allowing voicemail to answer
calls during certain times of day.

Call Screening
Voicemail enables your staff to screen incoming calls. The high priority calls to get immediate
attention and non-urgent matters may be sent to voicemail to be acted upon at a later time.

Chart of comparisons
E-mail Voice mail
For less urgent messages* For more urgent messages*
Appears to request attention. Appears to demand attention.
The reader may read the message many times The listener generally tries to understand and
to be sure he or she understands it. Vanilla remember the message the first time through but
layout gives few clues about differences in may rewind the tape and repeat it as many times
importance. The language alone, must as necessary. Tone of voice and language yield
convey relative importance or urgency. clues about relative importance or urgency.
Written, may be read quickly or slowly, as Oral, must be listened to at the speed it was
the receiver desires delivered
May be stored on disk for future reference. May be stored on tape for future reference. Hard
Easy to access specific stored messages. to locate specific stored messages.
Provides a record of message sent and
Provides a short-term record of the message.
message received, which reassures the sender
Many voice-mail systems provide no record for
and saves the reader an acknowledgment
the sender that the message has been received.
step.
The flashing signal that indicates a voice-
The receiver accesses the message at his or
mail message is waiting is potentially irritating to
her convenience, perhaps long after the
the receiver, especially if he or she is feeling
usefulness of the message has passed.
pressured by other events.
The writer organizes and edits the message
The speaker is responsible for organizing the
for the reader on screen. If the message
message. If the message contains pauses,
contains typos and other errors, the writer
repetitions, or backtracking, the speaker may
may appear careless, inconsiderate, or
sound inarticulate or poorly organized.
illiterate.
Preferred by visual learners Preferred by auditory

Introduction:
Electronic mail, commonly known as email, is a method of exchanging messages over the
internet. Here are the basics of email:

1. An email address: This is a unique identifier for each user, typically in the format of
name@domain.com.
2. An email client: This is a software program used to send, receive and manage emails, such as
Gmail, Outlook, or Apple Mail.
3. An email server: This is a computer system responsible for storing and forwarding emails to
their intended recipients.

To send an email:
1. Compose a new message in your email client.
2. Enter the recipient’s email address in the “To” field.
3. Add a subject line to summarize the content of the message.
4. Write the body of the message.
5. Attach any relevant files if needed.
6. Click “Send” to deliver the message to the recipient’s email server.
7. Emails can also include features such as cc (carbon copy) and bcc (blind carbon copy)
to send copies of the message to multiple recipients, and reply, reply all, and forward
options to manage the conversation.

Electronic Mail (e-mail) is one of most widely used services of Internet. This service allows an
Internet user to send a message in formatted manner (mail) to the other Internet user in any
part of world. Message in mail not only contain text, but it also contains images, audio and
videos data. The person who is sending mail is called sender and person who receives mail is
called recipient. It is just like postal mail service. Components of E-Mail System : The basic
components of an email system are : User Agent (UA), Message Transfer Agent (MTA), Mail
Box, and Spool file. These are explained as following below.

1. User Agent (UA) : The UA is normally a program which is used to send and receive mail.
Sometimes, it is called as mail reader. It accepts variety of commands for composing,
receiving and replying to messages as well as for manipulation of the mailboxes.
2.
3. Message Transfer Agent (MTA) : MTA is actually responsible for transfer of mail from
one system to another. To send a mail, a system must have client MTA and system MTA. It
transfer mail to mailboxes of recipients if they are connected in the same machine. It delivers
mail to peer MTA if destination mailbox is in another machine. The delivery from one MTA
to another MTA is done by Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
4.
5. Mailbox : It is a
user
can
read
it
delete
it

according to his/her requirement. To use e-mail system each user must have a mailbox .
Access to mailbox is only to owner of mailbox.

6. Spool file : This file contains mails that are to be sent. User agent appends outgoing mails in
this file using SMTP. MTA extracts pending mail from spool file for their delivery. E-mail
allows one name, an alias, to represent several different e-mail addresses. It is known
as mailing list, Whenever user have to sent a message, system checks recipient’s name
against alias database. If mailing list is present for defined alias, separate messages, one for
each entry in the list, must be prepared and handed to MTA. If for defined alias, there is no
such mailing list is present, name itself becomes naming address and a single message is
delivered to mail transfer entity.

Services provided by E-mail system :

 Composition – The composition refer to process that creates messages and answers. For
composition any kind of text editor can be used.
 Transfer – Transfer means sending procedure of mail i.e. from the sender to recipient.
 Reporting – Reporting refers to confirmation for delivery of mail. It help user to check
whether their mail is delivered, lost or rejected.
 Displaying – It refers to present mail in form that is understand by the user.
 Disposition – This step concern with recipient that what will recipient do after receiving
mail i.e save mail, delete before reading or delete after reading.
Advantages Or Disadvantages:
Advantages of email:
1. Convenient and fast communication with individuals or groups globally.
2. Easy to store and search for past messages.
3. Ability to send and receive attachments such as documents, images, and videos.
4. Cost-effective compared to traditional mail and fax.
5. Available 24/7.

Disadvantages of email:
1. Risk of spam and phishing attacks.
2. Overwhelming amount of emails can lead to information overload.
3. Can lead to decreased face-to-face communication and loss of personal touch.
4. Potential for miscommunication due to lack of tone and body language in written messages.
5. Technical issues, such as server outages, can disrupt email service.
6. It is important to use email responsibly and effectively, for example, by keeping the subject
line clear and concise, using proper etiquette, and protecting against security threats.

Creating mail address:

 Visit a website that offers an email service, such as Gmail, Outlook, or Yahoo.
 Find where to sign up or create an account, and click the link or button.
 Follow the instructions on the screen, filling out all the required details, such as your name,
username, password, and security questions.
 Read and agree to the service agreement and privacy policy of the email provider.
 Confirm your account by verifying your phone number or email address, if needed.
 Sign in to your new email address and start using it.

Meaning of Net Meeting and Chatting:

Internet nowadays is very common and available to all at cheap rates and can be used as a
good means of communication. Using the internet we can make text conversations with anyone.
Send your message to anyone and will get a reply, it’s known as instant messaging. You can talk
over the internet with anyone, which is known as voice chatting, and even with the help of a
webcam, we can also have video calls or video chatting.
Chatting refers to the kind of communication done with the help of the internet which
present live transmission of text messages from sender to receiver. Online chatting can be termed
as the point-to-point, one sender-to-one receiver, or one sender-to-many receiver. It also features
voice, video, and also web conferencing services. Chatting can be done as a chat-based as well as
video-based (using webcams). Chatting nowadays has evolved uniquely. In today’s world, we
have a lot of applications and websites which are widely used across the world. Chatting over the
internet has made it a lot easier to have a conversation with anyone. People from any corner of
the world are now able to contact the person on the other edge.
Following are the most common type of chatting:

 Instant Messaging: It is the most common way of chatting. It is text-based communication.

It happens between two people or groups of people.
 Internet Relay Chat: It is known as IRC. It is also a text-based chat. It is not owned by any
company and to use IRC we need a client program. Using IRC we can participate in
discussion channels or can communicate with only two partners or users.
 ICQ: It is known as I seek you. It is the most useful communication program. Using ICQ we
can send files, URLs, and more. It is just like instant messaging but allows you to enter into
the chat room and can chat with multiple people at a time.
 Voice Chatting: We can chat not only with text but also with sounds as well. It is known as
voice chatting. Voice chatting can be used with the internet just as a phone call. Internet
voice call is free and unlimited, it only needs a good internet connection.
 Video chatting: Video chatting is also a kind of chatting which is also done with the help of
the internet and it also requires a webcam as it is a face to face chatting. Internet speed
required by video chatting is higher as compared to text and video chatting. And a good
quality camera too.

Chat Room
A chat room is a part of an online service where users can have conversations with each other
through the internet. It can also be termed a virtual room. First users need to register to the server
after registration users can log in with the help of a username and password. In the chat room,
users are allowed to have conversations in multiple mediums such as text voice, or even video
calls. Transmission of multimedia ( images, videos, etc.) can also be done in the chat room.

Chatting Platforms
Nowadays there are many chatting platforms available for users. Some of them are mentioned
below:
 Facebook: Facebook is one of the oldest and most used platforms for chatting. It was
founded in February 2004. Facebook offers text, voice, and video chat to its users. Users
can also post some materials on Facebook. Facebook is available for users in many
different languages. Facebook is currently owning different chatting applications.
(WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook Messenger).
 WhatsApp: WhatsApp is also one of the most used platforms. It is owned by the
Facebook group. WhatsApp too offers all types of chatting (Text, voice, and video). It is
available in many different languages.
 Skype: Skype was initially released in August 2003. It is mostly used for live meetings.
It is available in 101 different languages.
 Telegram: Telegram is a popular chatting application widely used across the world. It
also allows group as well as individual conversations. It is a multiplatform application, it
can be used on different operating systems for example mac, windows, Linux, ios,
android.
 Snapchat: Snapchat is a mobile application for both Android as well as ios. One of the
core concepts of Snapchat is that the message sends to anyone whether it’s a videos
message, text, or audio it will only last for a short period.
 Hike: Hike messenger also known as hike sticker chat is a mobile application. Its main
feature is that it comes with sticker chatting which is unique as compared to other apps
whatever text you want to send it can be converted into a sticker.

Tool bar:

 Temporary display: Open Explorer > press Alt key > Menu bar will appear.
 Permanent display: Open Explorer > right-click title bar above URL bar > select Menu
Bar check box.

The Microsoft Internet Explorer 11 browser hides the top menu bar by default. The menu bar
contains the browser's primary menus: File, Edit, View, Favorites, Tools, and Help.

Hiding the menu bar does not make its features inaccessible. Instead, it expands the area the
browser can use to display web page content. You can show the menu bar either temporarily or
set it to display unless you explicitly hide it:
 To temporarily view the menu bar: Make sure that Explorer is the active application (by
clicking somewhere in its window), and then press the Alt key. At this point, selecting
any item in the menu bar displays until you click elsewhere on the page; then, it
becomes hidden again.
 To set the menu bar to remain visible: Right-click the title bar above the URL address
bar in the browser and select the Menu Bar check box. The menu bar will display unless
you clear the Menu Bar check box again to hide it.
 Alternatively, press Alt (to show the menu bar), and select the View menu.
Choose Toolbars and then Menu Bar.
 UNIT -IV
INTRODUCTION TO HTML:
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used to design web pages using a markup
language. HTML is a combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the
link between web pages. A markup language is used to define the text document within the tag
which defines the structure of web pages. This language is used to annotate (make notes for the
computer) text so that a machine can understand it and manipulate text accordingly. Most
markup languages (e.g. HTML) are human-readable. The language uses tags to define what
manipulation has to be done on the text.

HTML is a markup language used by the browser to manipulate text, images, and other
content, in order to display it in the required format. HTML was created by Tim Berners-Lee in
1991. The first-ever version of HTML was HTML 1.0, but the first standard version was
HTML 2.0, published in 1995.

Hello World using HTML.

Just to give you a little excitement about HTML, I'm going to give you a small
conventional HTML Hello World program, You can try it using Demo link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Hello World!</p>
</body>
</html>
Applications of HTML
As mentioned before, HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to
list few of them here:
 Web pages development - HTML is used to create pages which are rendered over the
web. Almost every page of web is having html tags in it to render its details in browser.
 Internet Navigation - HTML provides tags which are used to navigate from one page to
another and is heavily used in internet navigation.
 Responsive UI - HTML pages now-a-days works well on all platform, mobile, tabs,
desktop or laptops owing to responsive design strategy.
 Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available offline on the machine
without any need of internet.
 Game development- HTML5 has native support for rich experience and is now useful in
gaming developent arena as well.

HTML Tags
Tag is a command that tells the web browser how to display the text, audio, graphics or video on
a web page.

Key Points:
 Tags are indicated with pair of angle brackets.
 They start with a less than (<) character and end with a greater than (>) character.
 The tag name is specified between the angle brackets.
 Most of the tags usually occur in pair: the start tag and the closing tag.
 The start tag is simply the tag name is enclosed in angle bracket whereas the closing tag is
specified including a forward slash (/).
 Some tags are the empty i.e. they don’t have the closing tag.
 Tags are not case sensitive.
 The starting and closing tag name must be the same. For example <b> hello </i> is
invalid as both are different.
 If you don’t specify the angle brackets (<>) for a tag, the browser will treat the tag name
as a simple text.
 The tag can also have attributes to provide additional information about the tag to the
browser.

Basic tags
The following table shows the Basic HTML tags that define the basic web page:
Tag Description

<html> </html> Specifies the document as a web page.

<head> </head> Specifies the descriptive information about the web documents.

<title> </title> Specifies the title of the web page.

<body> </body> Specifies the body of a web document.

The following code shows how to use basic tags.

<html>
<head> Heading goes here…</head>
<title> Title goes here…</title>
 <body> Body goes here…</body>
</html>

Formatting Tags
The following table shows the HTML tags used for formatting the text:
Tag Description

<b> </b> Specifies the text as bold. Eg. this is bold text

<em> </em> It is a phrase text. It specifies the emphasized text. Eg. Emphasized text

<strong> </strong> It is a phrase tag. It specifies an important text. Eg. this is strong text

<i> </i> The content of italic tag is displayed in italic. Eg. Italic text

 Specifies the subscripted text. Eg. X1

 Defines the superscripted text. Eg. X2

<ins> </ins> Specifies the inserted text. Eg. The price of pen is now 2015.

<del> </del> Specifies the deleted text. Eg. The price of pen is now 2015.

<mark> </mark> Specifies the marked text. Eg. It is raining

Table Tags
Following table describe the commonaly used table tags:
Tag Description

<table> </table> Specifies a table.

<tr> </tr> Specifies a row in the table.

<th> </th> Specifies header cell in the table.

<td> </td> Specifies the data in an cell of the table.

<caption> </caption> Specifies the table caption.

<colgroup> </colgroup> Specifies a group of columns in a table for formatting.

List tags
Following table describe the commonaly used list tags:
Tag Description

<ul> </ul> Specifies an unordered list.

 <ol> </ol> Specifies an ordered list.

<li> </li> Specifies a list item.

<dl> </dl> Specifies a description list.

<dt> </dt> Specifies the term in a description list.

<dd> </dd> Specifies description of term in a description list.

Frames
Frames help us to divide the browser’s window into multiple rectangular regions. Each region
contains separate html web page and each of them work independently.
A set of frames in the entire browser is known as frameset. It tells the browser how to divide
browser window into frames and the web pages that each has to load.
The following table describes the various tags used for creating frames:
Tag Description

<frameset> It is replacement of the <body> tag. It doesn’t contain the tags that are
</frameset> normally used in <body> element; instead it contains the <frame> element
used to add each frame.

<frame> Specifies the content of different frames in a web page.

</frame>

<base> </base> It is used to set the default target frame in any page that contains links whose
contents are displayed in another frame.

Forms
Forms are used to input the values. These values are sent to the server for processing. Forms
uses input elements such as text fields, check boxes, radio buttons, lists, submit buttons etc. to
enter the data into it.
The following table describes the commonly used tags while creating a form:
Tag Description

<form> </form> It is used to create HTML form.

<input> </input> Specifies the input field.

<textarea> </textarea> Specifies a text area control that allows to enter multi-line text.

<label> </label> Specifies the label for an input element.

HTML Code for Web Page:

HTML Basic Structure of Web Page
The basic structure of an HTML page is laid out below. It contains the essential building-block
elements (i.e. doctype declaration, HTML, head, title, and body elements) upon which all web
pages are created.
HTML Page Structure
HTML Basic Tags

 <DOCTYPE! html> – A doctype or document type declaration is an instruction that tells the
web browser about the markup language in which the current page is written. It is not an
element or tag. The doctype declaration is not case-sensitive.
 <html> – This tag is used to define the root element of HTML document. This tag tells the
browser that it is an HTML document. It is the second outer container element that contains
all other elements within it.
 <head> – This tag is used to define the head portion of the HTML document that contains
information related to the document. Elements within the head tag are not visible on the
front-end of a webpage.
 <body> – The body tag is used to enclose all the visible content of a webpage. In other
words, the body content is what the browser will show on the front end.
 Example: This is the basic example of HTML that display the heading and paragraph content.
 HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<!-- Head Section content -->
<head>
<!-- Page title -->
<title>Basic Web Page</title>
</head>
<!-- Body Section content -->
<body>
<!-- Used to display heading content -->
<h1>Welcome to GeeksforGeeks</h1>
<!-- Used to display paragrapg content -->
<p>A computer science portal for geeks</p>
</body>
</html>
Run on IDE

Output:

HTML Tags:

Basic HTML Document: Below mentioned are the basic HTML tags that divide the whole
document into various parts like head, body, etc.
 Every HTML document begins with a HTML document tag. Although this is not mandatory,
it is a good convention to start the document with this below-mentioned tag. Please refer to
the HTML Doctypes article for more information related to Doctypes.
<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html> : Every HTML code must be enclosed between basic HTML tags. It begins
with <html> and ends with </html> tag.
 <head>: The head tag comes next which contains all the header information of the web page
or documents like the title of the page and other miscellaneous information. This information
is enclosed within the head tag which opens with <head> and ends with </head>. The
contents will of this tag will be explained in the later sections of the course.
 <title>: We can mention the title of a web page using the <title> tag. This is header
information and hence is mentioned within the header tags. The tag begins with <title> and
ends with </title>.
  <body>: Next step is the most important of all the tags we have learned so far. The body tag
contains the actual body of the page which will be visible to all the users. This opens
with <body> and ends with </body>. All content enclosed within this tag will be shown on
the web page be it writings or images or audio or videos or even links. We will see later in
the section how using various tags we may insert mentioned contents into our web pages.
The whole pattern of the code will look something like the below code example.

Example: This example illustrates the HTML basic structure.

 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<!-- Information about the page -->
<!--This is the comment tag-->

<title>GeeksforGeeks</title>
</head>

<body>
<!--Contents of the webpage-->
</body>

</html>

This code won’t display anything. It just shows the basic pattern of how to write the HTML code
and will name the title of the page as GeeksforGeeks. <! – – comment here – – > is the comment
tag in HTML and it doesn’t read the line present inside this tag.

HTML Headings: These tags help us to give headings to the content of a webpage. These tags
are mainly written inside the body tag. HTML provides us with six heading tags
from <h1> to <h6>. Every tag displays the heading in a different style and font size.
Most HTML heading tag that we use :-

 Heading 1
 Heading 2
 Heading 3

Example: This example illustrates the use of 6 heading tags from <h1> to <h6> in HTML.
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>GeeksforGeeks</title>
</head>
 <body>
<h1>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h1>
<h2>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h2>
<h3>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h3>
<h4>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h4>
<h5>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h5>
<h6>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h6>
</body>

</html>

Output:

HTML Headings
HTML Paragraph: These tags help us to write paragraph statements on a webpage. They start
with the <p> tag and ends with </p>.
HTML Break: – These tags are used for inserting a single line type break. It does not have any
closing tag. In HTML the break tag is written as <br>.

Example: This example illustrates the use of the <p> tag for writing a paragraph statement in
HTML.
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>GeeksforGeeks</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h1>

<p> A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>

A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
</p>
 </body>

</html>

Output:

HTML Paragraph
HTML Horizontal Line: The <hr> tag is used to break the page into various parts, creating
horizontal margins with help of a horizontal line running from the left to right-hand side of the
page. This is also an empty tag and doesn’t take any additional statements.
Example: This example illustrates the use of the <hr> tag for the horizontal line in HTML.
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>GeeksforGeeks</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>Hello GeeksforGeeks</h1>
<p>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
</p>
<hr>
<p>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
</p>
<hr>
<p>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
A Computer Science portal for geeks<br>
</p>
<hr>
</body>

</html>
 Output:

Adding horizontal line using the <hr> tag

HTML Images: The image tag is used to insert an image into our web page. The source of the
image to be inserted is put inside the <img src=”source_of_image“> tag.
Image can be inserted in the image tag in two formats: –
 If the image is in the same folder, then we can just write the name of the image and the
format as the path.
 If the image is in another folder, then we do need to mention the path of the image and the
image name as well as the format of the image.
Example: This example illustrates the use of the <img> tag for inserting the images in HTML.
 HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>GeeksforGeeks</title>
</head>

<body>
<img src=
"https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/Geek_logi_-low_res.png">
</body>

</html>

Output:
Web Page Basics:
What is a Webpage?
A webpage is a document written in HTML and can be viewed on any web browser. It is
contained within the web server, which can be accessed by entering the URL for that web page,
and once it is loaded, it appears on the user's web browser. Each webpage is linked with a unique
URL; hence two pages cannot have the same URL.
A webpage may contain text, links for other pages, graphics, videos, etc. Moreover, it is mainly
used to provide information to the user in text, images, etc.

Difference between a Webpage and a Website

Website Webpage

A website is a collection of different web pages A webpage is a single hypertext document.

that are linked together with hyperlinks.

It consists of more than one webpage. It is a single document that is displayed on

the user's browser.

To develop a website, developers need more To develop a webpage, developers need

skills and more time compared to a webpage. basic HTML knowledge and less time.

A website is accessed through its domain name, A webpage is accessed through a unique
and it does not include any extension in the URL with some extension.
URL.

It can contain information for different entities, It can contain information for a single
such as Javatpoint.com, which contains entity, such as currently viewing a web
information about different technologies. page containing information about this
page only.

It is a little challenging to create a perfect It is very simple to create a webpage.

website and requires lots of programming.

Some examples of the website are Some examples of Webpages are the
Javatpoint.com, Amazon.com, etc. currently viewing page, contact page,
registration page, the home page, etc.
Since both Websites and Web pages are related to each other, some users may use them
interchangeably, but they are much different from each other. The basic difference between them
is that webpage is a single web document, whereas a Website is a collection of different web
pages. Here are some more differences between both of them:

How does a Web Page Work?

A simple web page is created using HTML, which is a markup language. However, we can also
use CSS and JavaScript to add more functionalities and make it more attractive.
It is created using HTML, hence containing different markup tags that specify how the data
should be formatted on screen.
The webpage is contained within the webserver. To load this webpage, a client sends the request
to the server, and generally, the browser is known as the client, which can request the page on
the internet.
The web browser requests the page on the internet. Once it is responded to by the server, the
browser interprets the markup tags and displays them on the user's screen in the correct format.

The browser sends the request for a page or a file via an HTTP request. The HTTP is
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, a network protocol that allows transferring hypermedia
documents over the internet between a browser and server.
Once the request reaches the server, the HTTP server accepts the request, finds the requested
page, and sends it back to the browser through the HTTP response. If a server is unable to find
the requested page, it returns a 404 response.

Elements of a Webpage
The main element of the webpage is a text file composed of HTML. Apart from this, a webpage
can also have the following elements:
o CSS: The CSS code is used to make the page more interactive and control its look and
feel.
o Scripts: The JavaScript code is included in a webpage to add interactivity to the page and
add more functionalities to it.
o Media: It is used to include media components such as audio, video, and images.

How to Create a Simple Webpage?

Creating a simple webpage is very easy; anyone with basic knowledge of computers and HTML
can create it. But before creating a webpage, you should be aware of the below points:
o A simple webpage can be created using HTML code only. Such pages are simple but not
interactive and have very few functionalities.
o To make your webpage interactive and add functionality, you need to learn and use
scripting languages, such as PHP, Python, etc.
 o A web page can also be created using Notepad, but it is recommended to use IDEs for
advanced uses such as Atom, Sublime Text editor, PyCharm,

Follow the below steps to create your webpage:

1. Open the Notepad application on your computer.
2. Write Below code on it.
1. <!DOCTYPE html>
2. <html>
3. <head>
4. <title>Your title goes here</title>
5. </head>
6. <body bgcolor="white" text="red">
7. <h1>first Web page</h1>
8. <p>This is my first web page!</p>
9. </body>
10. </html>

Display a Web Page in a Web Browser:

1. The browser requests the page on the internet via an HTTP request.
2. Once the server responds, the browser interprets the markup tags and displays them on the
user's screen in the correct format.
3. Each browser uses a rendering engine to take the content and styling information contained
within the code, and display it on screen in its fully formatted form.
4. The browser reads the display instructions contained in the web page, which are called
HTML tags, to display the page.
5. Once the browser receives the first chunk of data, it can begin parsing the information
received. Parsing is the step the browser takes to turn the data it receives over the network
into the DOM and CSSOM, which is used by the renderer to paint a page to the screen. The
DOM is the internal representation of the markup for the browser.

Format texts:
The HTML Text Formatting refers to the HTML elements that are designed specially for
formatting content in an HTML document.

Syntax
Following is the syntax –

<tagname>content</tagname>

Following are the text formatting tags in HTML:

Sr.No. Tag & Explanation

1 <b>It specifies bold text in an HTML document.

2 <em>It specifies emphasized text in an HTML document

3 <i>It specifies italic text in an HTML document.

4 <small>It specifies smaller text in an HTML document.

 Sr.No. Tag & Explanation

5 <strong>It specifies important text in an HTML document.

6 <sub>It specifies subscripted text in an HTML document.

7 <sup>It specifies superscripted text in an HTML document

8 <ins>It specifies inserted text in an HTML document.

9 <del>It specifies deleted text in an HTML document.

10 <mark>It specifies highlighted text in an HTML document.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<style>
body {
color: #000;
height: 100vh;
background-color: #8BC6EC;
background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, #8BC6EC 0%, #9599E2 100%);
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<body>
<h1>HTML Text Formatting Demo</h1>
<b>I'm Bold Tag</b>
<br>
<em>I'm Em Tag</em>
<br>
<i>I'm I Tag</i>
<br>
<small>I'm Small Tag</small>
<br>
<strong>I'm Strong Tag</strong>
<br>
_{I'm Sub Tag}
<br>
^{I'm Sup Tag}
<br>
<ins>I'm Ins Tag</ins>
<br>
<del>I'm Del Tag</del>
<br>
<mark>I'm Mark Tag</mark>
<br>
</body>
</html>
Output

Font Style and sizes:

 The font-family property is used to change the face of a font.
 The font-style property is used to make a font italic or oblique.
 The font-variant property is used to create a small-caps effect.
 The font-weight property is used to increase or decrease how bold or light a font appears.
 The font-size property is used to increase or decrease the size of a font.
 The font property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other font properties.

Set the Font Family

Following is the example, which demonstrates how to set the font family of an element. Possible
value could be any font family name.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-family:georgia,garamond,serif;">
This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the
default serif font depending on which font you have at your system.
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −

Set the Font Style

Following is the example, which demonstrates how to set the font style of an element. Possible
values are normal, italic and oblique.
<html>
<head>
 </head>

<body>
<p style = "font-style:italic;">
This text will be rendered in italic style
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −

Set the Font Variant

The following example demonstrates how to set the font variant of an element. Possible values
are normal and small-caps.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-variant:small-caps;">
This text will be rendered as small caps
</p>
</body>
</html>

Set the Font Weight

The following example demonstrates how to set the font weight of an element. The font-weight
property provides the functionality to specify how bold a font is. Possible values could
be normal, bold, bolder, lighter, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-weight:bold;">
This font is bold.
</p>

<p style = "font-weight:bolder;">

This font is bolder.
</p>

<p style = "font-weight:500;">

This font is 500 weight.
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −
Set the Font Size
The following example demonstrates how to set the font size of an element. The font-size
property is used to control the size of fonts. Possible values could be xx-small, x-small, small,
medium, large, x-large, xx-large, smaller, larger, size in pixels or in %.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-size:20px;">
This font size is 20 pixels
</p>

<p style = "font-size:small;">

This font size is small
</p>

<p style = "font-size:large;">

This font size is large
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −

Set the Font Size Adjust

The following example demonstrates how to set the font size adjust of an element. This property
enables you to adjust the x-height to make fonts more legible. Possible value could be any
number.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font-size-adjust:0.61;">
This text is using a font-size-adjust value.
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −

Set the Font Stretch

The following example demonstrates how to set the font stretch of an element. This property
relies on the user's computer to have an expanded or condensed version of the font being used.
Possible values could be normal, wider, narrower, ultra-condensed, extra-condensed,
condensed, semi-condensed, semi-expanded, expanded, extra-expanded, ultra-expanded.
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
 <p style = "font-stretch:ultra-expanded;">
If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that your computer
doesn't have a <br>condensed or expanded version of the font being used.
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −

Shorthand Property
You can use the font property to set all the font properties at once. For example −
<html>
<head>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "font:italic small-caps bold 15px georgia;">
Applying all the properties on the text at once.
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −

Lists: – Ordered Lists – Unordered Lists:

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain
one or more list elements. Lists may contain −
 <ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
 <ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
 <dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in
a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list
is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default, it is a
disc. Following are the possible options −
<ul type = "square">
<ul type = "disc">
<ul type = "circle">
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML ordered
list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is
incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default, it
is a number. Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
 <body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need.
Following are the possible options −
<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are listed
like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list
of terms, or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.
 <dl> − Defines the start of the list
 <dt> − A term
 <dd> − Term definition
 </dl> − Defines the end of the list
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>

<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
 <dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

Image:
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple way
on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your web
pages.
Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax
to use this tag.
<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes and it has
no closing tag.
Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same
directory −
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result −

Add an image:
HTML Images Syntax
The HTML <img> tag is used to embed an image in a web page.
Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked to web pages.
The <img> tag creates a holding space for the referenced image.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.
The <img> tag has two required attributes:
 src - Specifies the path to the image
 alt - Specifies an alternate text for the image
Syntax
<img src="url" alt="alternatetext">

The src Attribute

The required src attribute specifies the path (URL) to the image.
Note: When a web page loads, it is the browser, at that moment, that gets the image from a web
server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the image actually stays in the same
spot in relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken
link icon and the alt text are shown if the browser cannot find the image.
Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers in Chania">

The alt Attribute

The required alt attribute provides an alternate text for an image, if the user for some reason
cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a
screen reader).
The value of the alt attribute should describe the image:
Example
<img src="img_chania.jpg" alt="Flowers in Chania">

Background Image:
The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML elmement,
specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of
your HMTL page or table. Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML
tag.
The background is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for background setting.
<tagname background="Image URL"...>
Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Set table background -->
<table background = "/images/html.gif" width = "100%" height = "100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Note that when your HTML element is larger than the dimensions of your picture, the image
simply begins to repeat itself.

Horizontal Rule:
HTML hr tag
HTML <hr> tag is used to specify a paragraph-level thematic break in HTML document. It is
used when you abruptly change your topic in your HTML document. It draw a horizontal line
between them. It is also called a Horizontal Rule in HTML.

HTML hr tag
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of the document</title>
<style>
hr {
width: 70%;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Center Horizontal Line</h1>
<hr />
</body>
</html>

Output
Center Horizontal Line

UNIT -V
INTRODUCTION TO HTML TABLE:
HTML table tag is used to display data in tabular form (row * column). There can be many
columns in a row.
We can create a table to display data in tabular form, using <table> element, with the help of
<tr> , <td>, and <th> elements.
In Each table, table row is defined by <tr> tag, table header is defined by <th>, and table data is
defined by <td> tags.
HTML tables are used to manage the layout of the page e.g. header section, navigation bar, body
content, footer section etc. But it is recommended to use div tag over table to manage the layout
of the page.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result –

Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If
you do not need a border, then you can use border = "0".

Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is
used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown
below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row. Headings, which are defined in <th> tag
are centered and bold by default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
 </tr>

<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result –

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the
white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table cells, while
cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result –
Colspan and Rowspan Attributes
You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column.
Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result –
Table Height and Width
You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify table
width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result –

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the
table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
 <tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result –

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are
rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for
every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −
 <thead> − to create a separate table header.
 <tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.
 <tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of data. But
it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>

<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>

<tbody>
 <tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>

</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result –

Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags inside
table data tag <td>.
Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">

<tr>
<td>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
 </tr>

</table>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result −

To create table border in HTML, the border attribute was used. But the introduction of HTML5,
deprecated the border tag. Create table border using the CSS property border. Set table border as
well as border for <th> and <td>.

Example
You can try to run the following code to create a border in the table in HTML. We’re using
<style> tag here:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
 <h1>Employee Details</h1>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<td>Amit</td>
<td>Sachin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Age</th>
<td>27</td>
<td>34</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Output

Introduction to XML:
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is a text-based markup language derived from
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
XML tags identify the data and are used to store and organize the data, rather than specifying
how to display it like HTML tags, which are used to display the data. XML is not going to
replace HTML in the near future, but it introduces new possibilities by adopting many successful
features of HTML.
There are three important characteristics of XML that make it useful in a variety of systems and
solutions −
 XML is extensible − XML allows you to create your own self-descriptive tags, or
language, that suits your application.
 XML carries the data, does not present it − XML allows you to store the data
irrespective of how it will be presented.
 XML is a public standard − XML was developed by an organization called the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is available as an open standard.
XML Usage
A short list of XML usage says it all −
 XML can work behind the scene to simplify the creation of HTML documents for large
web sites.
 XML can be used to exchange the information between organizations and systems.
 XML can be used for offloading and reloading of databases.
 XML can be used to store and arrange the data, which can customize your data handling
needs.
 XML can easily be merged with style sheets to create almost any desired output.
 Virtually, any type of data can be expressed as an XML document.
What is Markup?
XML is a markup language that defines set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is
both human-readable and machine-readable. So what exactly is a markup language? Markup is
information added to a document that enhances its meaning in certain ways, in that it identifies
the parts and how they relate to each other. More specifically, a markup language is a set of
symbols that can be placed in the text of a document to demarcate and label the parts of that
document.
Following example shows how XML markup looks, when embedded in a piece of text −
<message>
<text>Hello, world!</text>
</message>
This snippet includes the markup symbols, or the tags such as <message>...</message> and
<text>... </text>. The tags <message> and </message> mark the start and the end of the XML
code fragment. The tags <text> and </text> surround the text Hello, world!.
XML: XML (eXtensible Markup Language ) is also used to create web pages and web
applications. It is dynamic because it is used to transport the data not for displaying the data.
The design goals of XML focus on simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is
a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although
the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is widely used for the representation of
arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services.
Example:
html

<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<contactinfo>
<address category = "college">
<name>G4G</name>
<College>Geeksforgeeks</College>
<mobile>2345456767</mobile>
</address>
</contactinfo>

Output:
G4G
Geeksforgeeks
2345456767
Difference between HTML and XML: There are many differences between HTML and
XML. These important differences are given below:

HTML XML

1. It was written in 1993. It was released in 1996.

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup XML stands for Extensible Markup
2.
Language. Language.

3. HTML is static in nature. XML is dynamic in nature.

It was developed by Worldwide Web

4. It was developed by WHATWG.
Consortium.

5. It is termed as a presentation language. It is neither termed as a presentation nor a

 programming language.

XML provides a framework to define

6. HTML is a markup language.
markup languages.

7. HTML can ignore small errors. XML does not allow errors.

8. It has an extension of .html and .htm It has an extension of .xml

9. HTML is not Case sensitive. XML is Case sensitive.

10. HTML tags are predefined tags. XML tags are user-defined tags.

There are limited number of tags in

11. XML tags are extensible.
HTML.

12. HTML does not preserve white spaces. White space can be preserved in XML.

HTML tags are used for displaying the XML tags are used for describing the data
13.
data. not for displaying.

In HTML, closing tags are not

14. In XML, closing tags are necessary.
necessary.

15. HTML is used to display the data. XML is used to store data.

HTML does not carry data it just XML carries the data to and from the
16.
displays it. database.

IN XML, the objects are expressed by

17. HTML offers native object support.
conventions using attributes.

XML document size is relatively large as

18. HTML document size is relatively small. the approach of formatting and the codes
both are lengthy.

An additional application is not required DOM(Document Object Model) is

19. for parsing of JavaScript code into the required for parsing JavaScript codes and
HTML document. mapping of text.

20. Some of the tools used for HTML are: Some of the tools used for XML are:
 Visual Studio Code  Oxygen XML
  Atom
 XML Notepad
 Notepad++
 Liquid Studio
 Sublime Text
and many more.
and many more.

XML Advantages
 It is the platform, and programming language independent therefore it can be used
with any technology and platform. XML is completely compatible with Java and 100%
portable.
 XML is readable and understandable, even by novices, and no more difficult to code
than HTML.
The XML tag names are readable and convey the meaning of the data. The information structure
is easily discerned by both humans and computers as each XML tag immediately precedes the
associated data. The data structure follows a noticeable and useful pattern, making it easy to
manipulate and exchange the data.
 XML gives the flexibility of modification that means without touching the application
code, we can pass inputs or metadata info to the application code. For example:- If you
are working with Java then after easy modification you have to compile the program, but
XML solves this problem.
 XML supports Unicode which is based on international standards and it allows XML
to transmit any information written in any human language.
 Since it is platform-independent in nature therefore it simplifies data sharing between
various systems without any conversion.
 XML allows validation using DTD and Schema. And it makes a syntax-error-free XML
document.

XML Disadvantages
 In Order to write XML files in any technology/framework-based application, we need to
understand the technology/framework supplied XSD/DTD rules, which is a quite
complex process.
 XML is a separate language to learn, in order to use them we need to learn its basics
separately.
 In XML files compared to data, more focus is on the description of the data or
decoration of the data like open tag, closing tag, maintaining the hierarchy of the tag, and
e.t.c. It causes higher storage and transportation cost when the volume of data is large.
 We need to write application code (Java, Python, and e.t.c.) and their metadata (in .xml)
in two separate files. It kills the readability of the application code.
 To load and process XML files, it needs XML parsers which are heavy-weight and kills
the performance.
 XML doesn’t support the array.

XML Parser:
XML parser is a software library or a package that provides interface for client applications to
work with XML documents. It checks for proper format of the XML document and may also
validate the XML documents. Modern day browsers have built-in XML parsers.
Following diagram shows how XML parser interacts with XML document −
The goal of a parser is to transform XML into a readable code.
To ease the process of parsing, some commercial products are available that facilitate the
breakdown of XML document and yield more reliable results.

Some commonly used parsers are listed below −

 MSXML (Microsoft Core XML Services) − This is a standard set of XML tools from
Microsoft that includes a parser.
 System.Xml.XmlDocument − This class is part of .NET library, which contains a
number of different classes related to working with XML.
 Java built-in parser − The Java library has its own parser. The library is designed such
that you can replace the built-in parser with an external implementation such as Xerces
from Apache or Saxon.
 Saxon − Saxon offers tools for parsing, transforming, and querying XML.
 Xerces − Xerces is implemented in Java and is developed by the famous open source
Apache Software Foundation.