Unit 1 –Introduction to Web

Introduction to Internet,

A network is a group of two or more computer systems (Multiple gadgets, additionally called hosts),
which are related through a couple of channels for the motive of sending and receiving data
(records/media) in a shared environment. The community also can consist of serval gadgets/mediums
that resource communique among or extra machines; those gadgets are called Network devices and
consist of routers, switches, hubs, and bridges, amongst others.

Internet is a group of computer systems connected from all around the world. The Internet protocol
suite is a framework defined through the Internet standards. Methods are divided right into a layered
set of protocols on this architecture. The Internet gives a huge variety of statistics and communique
offerings, which includes forums, databases, email, and hypertext. It is made of the neighborhood to
global personal, public networks connected through plenty of digital, wireless, and networking
technologies.

The Internet is a worldwide interconnected network of hundreds of thousands of computers of various

types that belong to multiple networks.

Advantages of Internet

Connectivity, communication, and sharing

In the past days, if you sent a letter or someone sent you, it could take days and sometimes even
months to a reach letter at the destination. In modern times, you can send a letter or important
information to anyone in the e-mail all over the world through the Internet. And, it often will be
delivered to the destination in less than a minute.

Information, knowledge, and learning

The Internet allows people to learn information about any topic and offers an answer to any type of
question, as it contains endless knowledge and information. Using a search engine like Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, and more, they all allow users to ask any question and find a web page with an answer
about that question. You can also watch videos about any topic on sites like YouTube, which contain
millions of videos of several topics. Also, you can learn online courses in many different subjects.

Information, knowledge, and learning

The Internet allows people to learn information about any topic and offers an answer to any type of
question, as it contains endless knowledge and information. Using a search engine like Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, and more, they all allow users to ask any question and find a web page with an answer
about that question. You can also watch videos about any topic on sites like YouTube, which contain
millions of videos of several topics. Also, you can learn online courses in many different subjects.

Address, mapping, and contact information

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The Internet can help users to provide information almost every place in the world on the map with the
help of GPS technology. You can find businesses in your area or the quickest route to your location.
Although, today's search engines are most powerful to know the user's location and help offer the
relevant searches for your area. Also, it can provide you the contact information or address of any
showroom or other services man. For example, if you want to get the address of an electrician, you
can search for an electrician and get a list of local electricians in your area with their address.

Selling and making money

If you want to sell products and services or run a business, the Internet is the best place to sell goods.
Because anyone can find and access your website all over the world with the help of the Internet. With
online business, you are able to sell goods every day at all times as the Internet is always on and
always available. Also, the Internet provides the advantage to promote your business online in the
world through advertising. Additionally, there are several ways to earn money online by performing
other online services.

Banking, bills, and shopping

If you want to view your bank balance without leaving your home, the Internet offers you the benefit
to access your bank account to view the balance. Also, you can send money, pay bills electronically, or
many other services can complete through the Internet.

Another advantage of the Internet is online shopping, which allows people to find products of interest
and buy them without having to visit a store. You can compare prices between companies for any
product through the Internet. Also, you can get help to make better purchasing decisions by online
reviews, which describes what others think about a product.

Donations and funding

With the help of an Internet connection, anyone can help fund projects and ideas that interest them or
quickly donate to their favorite charity. Also, if you want to donate and looking for charity services, you
can find many online services on the Internet that help make it easier to support their causes or help
donate.

Entertainment

The Internet provides people to access endless entertainment. With the Internet, you can watch
movies, videos, play games online, listen to music, etc. There are many sites available on the Internet,
which contain different entertainment material like music, videos, and more. Also, you can watch
online videos on a platform like YouTube. Furthermore, you can download any movies, videos, or other
entertainment material via the Internet on devices like computers or mobile phones that can be played
anytime without an Internet connection.

Work from home, collaboration, and access to a global workforce

The Internet offers people benefit to connect with others around the world. There are various online
services that help you to communicate and work with other people all over the world. Also, it can make
services and producing new products faster.

An Internet connection offers many people an option to create a virtual office by allowing them to work
from home. Sometime, there could be a condition for any organization to allow their employees to
work from home using their computer. In this condition, the Internet plays the most important role as

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it provides connectivity between all employees, through which they all can communicate and discuss
with each other regarding any project.

For example, many offices needed their employees to work from home in the 2020 COVID-19
outbreak. To allow work from home can help organization owners to save money by not paying money
rent for offices and also help for employees to save them time and money by eliminating the daily
travel to and from work every day. Furthermore, if you are running a business and you want to hire
employees, there are many online services that can give you access to people looking for a job in the
world.

Working of Internet

History of the Internet

The first question that pops into your mind is probably, “Who started the internet?”. The Internet was
developed by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s. They began the design of what we today know as
the „internet.‟ It was the result of another research experiment which was called ARPANET, which
stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. This was initially supposed to be a
communications system for the Defense Team of the United States of America - a network that would
also survive a nuclear attack. It eventually became a successful nationwide experimental packet
network. But when was the first Internet started? It is believed that on 6 August 1991, when the World
Wide Web opened to the public.

How Does the Internet Work?

Computers that we use every day are called clients because they are indirectly connected to the
Internet through an internet service provider. When you open a webpage on your computer, you
connect to the webpage, and then you can access it. Computers break the information into smaller
pieces called packets, which are reassembled in their original order.

If we put the right address on a packet and send it to any computer which is connected as part of the
internet, each computer would figure out which cable to send it down next so that it would get to its
destination. With several computers on a network, it may create confusion even with unique
addresses. This transfer of messages is handled by the Packet Routing Network, and hence a router is
required to set up.

The Transfer Control Protocol is another system that makes sure no packet is lost or left behind
because it might create a disrupted message at the receiving end.

The below are the steps for how the message is transferred.

1. First, Computer1 sends a message by IP address to Computer2

2. The message sent by Computer1 is broken into small pieces- packets.

3. These small pieces- packets are transferred concerning Transfer Protocol so that the quality is
maintained.

4. Finally, these small pieces- packets reach Computer2 and are reassembled at their IP address.

The Internet works in a more complex manner than these above-given steps, but this might give a
basic idea of how the internet works.

Father of the Internet: Tim Berners-Lee

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Tim Berners-Lee was the man, who led the development of the World Wide Web, the defining of HTTP
(HyperText Transfer Protocol), HTML (hypertext markup language) used to create web pages, and
URLs (Universal Resource Locators). The development of WWW, HTTP, HTML and URLs took place
between 1989 and 1991. Tim Berners-Lee was born in London and he graduated in Physics from
Oxford University in 1976. Currently, Tim Berners-Lee is the Director of the World Wide Web
Consortium, the group that sets technical standards for the web.

Tim Berners-Lee, Vinton Cerf is also named as an internet daddy other than Tim Berners-Lee. After
being out for 10 years from high school, he began co-designing and co-developing the protocols and

World Wide Web (WWW)

WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is : all the resources
and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee helped found,
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).

The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human
knowledge.

In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the
Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.

Internet and Web is not the same thing: Web uses internet to pass over the information.

Evolution

World Wide Web was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in Geneva. World Wide
Web came into existence as a proposal by him, to allow researchers to work together effectively and
efficiently at CERN. Eventually it became World Wide Web.

WWW Operation

WWW works on client- server approach. Following steps explains how the web works:

1. User enters the URL (say, http://www.tutorialspoint.com) of the web page in the address
bar of web browser.

2. Then browser requests the Domain Name Server for the IP address corresponding to
www.tutorialspoint.com.
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 3. After receiving IP address, browser sends the request for web page to the web server using
HTTP protocol which specifies the way the browser and web server communicates.

4. Then web server receives request using HTTP protocol and checks its search for the requested
web page. If found it returns it back to the web browser and close the HTTP connection.

5. Now the web browser receives the web page, It interprets it and display the contents of web
page in web browser‟s window.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP

o HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol.

o It is a protocol used to access the data on the World Wide Web (www).

o The HTTP protocol can be used to transfer the data in the form of plain text, hypertext, audio,
video, and so on.

o This protocol is known as HyperText Transfer Protocol because of its efficiency that allows us to
use in a hypertext environment where there are rapid jumps from one document to another
document.

o HTTP is similar to the FTP as it also transfers the files from one host to another host. But, HTTP
is simpler than FTP as HTTP uses only one connection, i.e., no control connection to transfer the
files.

o HTTP is used to carry the data in the form of MIME-like format.

o HTTP is similar to SMTP as the data is transferred between client and server. The HTTP differs
from the SMTP in the way the messages are sent from the client to the server and from server
to the client. SMTP messages are stored and forwarded while HTTP messages are delivered
immediately.

Features of HTTP:

o Connectionless protocol: HTTP is a connectionless protocol. HTTP client initiates a request

and waits for a response from the server. When the server receives the request, the server
processes the request and sends back the response to the HTTP client after which the client
disconnects the connection. The connection between client and server exist only during the
current request and response time only.

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 o Media independent: HTTP protocol is a media independent as data can be sent as long as
both the client and server know how to handle the data content. It is required for both the client
and server to specify the content type in MIME-type header.

o Stateless: HTTP is a stateless protocol as both the client and server know each other only
during the current request. Due to this nature of the protocol, both the client and server do not
retain the information between various requests of the web pages.

Universal Resource Locator (URL)

URL: Uniform Resource Locator

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is the address of a resource, which can be a specific
webpage or a file, on the internet. It is also known as web address when it is used with http. It was
created in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee. URL is a specific character string that is used to access data from
the World Wide Web. It is a type of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier).

Every URL contains the following information:

o The scheme name or protocol.

o A colon, two slashes.

o A host, normally called a domain name but sometimes as a literal IP address.

o A colon followed by a port number.

o Full path of the resource.

The URL of a web page is displayed above on the page in the address bar. A typical URL looks like this:

http://www.javatpoint.com/full-form

The above URL contains:

o protocol: http

o host or domain: www.javatpoint.com

o Path of the resource: /full-form

A URL can be entered manually by typing it in the address bar of your web browser. If the URL does
not contain a valid server, a browser may display a "Server not found" error and if the path in the URL
is incorrect, the browser may display a "404 error". A URL does not contain spaces and uses forward
slashes to represent different directories. So, dashes and

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http:// or https://

The http is a protocol that stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It tells the browser to which protocol
will be preferred to use for accessing the information that is specified in the domain.

The https (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is an enhanced protocol as compared to http as it
concerned with security. It provides the surety that the information, which is transmitted over HTTP is
secure and encrypted. The colon (:) and two forward slashes (//) are used to separate the protocol
from the rest of the part of the URL.

www.

The www is used to distinguish the content, which stands for World Wide Web. This portion of the URL
can be left out many times, as it is not required. For instance, if you type "http://javatpoint.com," you
will still get the javatpoint website. For an important subpage, this portion can also be substituted,
which is known as a subdomain.

javatpoint.com

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The javatpoint.com is the domain name for the website, and the .com is called TLD or suffix. It helps to
identify the location or type of the website. For example, ".org" stands for an organization, ".co.uk"
stands for the United Kingdom, and ".com" is for commercial. There are various types of domain
suffixes available; you are required to register the name through a domain registrar to get a domain.

What is a Browser?

A browser is a software program that is used to explore, retrieve, and display the information available
on the World Wide Web. This information may be in the form of pictures, web pages, videos, and other
files that all are connected via hyperlinks and categorized with the help of URLs (Uniform Resource
Identifiers). For example, you are viewing this page by using a browser.

A browser is a client program as it runs on a user computer or mobile device and contacts the
webserver for the information requested by the user. The web server sends the data back to the
browser that displays the results on internet supported devices. On behalf of the users, the browser
sends requests to web servers all over the internet by using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). A
browser requires a smartphone, computer, or tablet and internet to work.

History of Web Browser

o The WorldWideWeb was the first web browser. It was created by W3C Director Tim Berners-
Lee in 1990. Later, it was renamed Nexus to avoid confusion caused by the actual World Wide
Web.

o The Lynx browser was a text-based browser, which was invented in 1992. It was not able to
display the graphical content.

o Although, the first graphical user interface browser was NCSA Mosaic. It was the first most
popular browser in the world, which was introduced in 1993.

o In 1994, there were some improvements occurred in Mosaic and came to Netscape Navigator.

o In 1995, Microsoft introduced the Internet Explorer It was the first web browser developed
by Microsoft.

o A research project started on Opera in 1994. Later, it was publicly introduced in 1996.

o Apple's Safari browser was introduced in 2003. It was specifically released for Macintosh
computers.

o In 2004, Mozilla introduced Firefox as Netscape Navigator.

o In 2007, a browser Mobile Safari was released as Apple mobile web browser.

o The popular browser Google Chrome was launched in 2008.

o The fast-growing mobile-based browser Opera Mini was released in 2011.

o The Microsoft Edge browser was launched in 2015.

Features of Web Browser

Most Web browsers offer common features such as:

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 1. Refresh button: Refresh button allows the website to reload the contents of the web pages.
Most of the web browsers store local copies of visited pages to enhance the performance by
using a caching mechanism. Sometimes, it stops you from seeing the updated information; in
this case, by clicking on the refresh button, you can see the updated information.

2. Stop button: It is used to cancel the communication of the web browser with the server and
stops loading the page content. For example, if any malicious site enters the browser
accidentally, it helps to save from it by clicking on the stop button.

3. Home button: It provides users the option to bring up the predefined home page of the
website.

4. Web address bar: It allows the users to enter a web address in the address bar and visit the
website.

5. Tabbed browsing: It provides users the option to open multiple websites on a single window.
It helps users to read different websites at the same time. For example, when you search for
anything on the browser, it provides you a list of search results for your query. You can open all
the results by right-clicking on each link, staying on the same page.

6. Bookmarks: It allows the users to select particular website to save it for the later retrieval of
information, which is predefined by the users.

Web Servers

Web pages are a collection of data, including images, text files, hyperlinks, database files etc., all
located on some computer (also known as server space) on the Internet. A web server is dedicated
software that runs on the server-side. When any user requests their web browser to run any web page,
the webserver places all the data materials together into an organized web page and forwards them
back to the web browser with the help of the Internet. Therefore, we can conclude that: -

How do web servers work?

The term web server can denote server hardware or server software, or in most cases, both hardware
and software might be working together.

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 1. On the hardware side, a web server is defined as a computer that stores software and
another website raw data, such as HTML files, images, text documents, and JavaScript files. The
hardware of the web servers are connected to the web and supports the data exchange with
different devices connected to the Internet.

2. On the software side, a web server includes server software accessed through website
domain names. It controls how web users access the web files and ensures the supply of
website content to the end-user. The web server contains several components, including an
HTTP server.

Whenever any web browser, such as Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge or Firefox, requests for a web
page hosted on a web server, the browser will process the request forward with the help of HTTP. At
the server end, when it receives the request, the HTTP server will accept the request and immediately
start looking for the requested data and forwards it back to the web browser via HTTP.

Let's discover the step-by-step process of what happens whenever a web browser approaches the web
server and requests a web file or file. Follow the below steps:

1. First, any web user is required to type the URL of the web page in the address bar of your
web browser.

2. With the help of the URL, your web browser will fetch the IP address of your
domain name either by converting the URL via DNS (Domain Name System) or by looking for
the IP in cache memory. The IP address will direct your browser to the web server.

3. After making the connection, the web browser will request for the web page from the
web server with the help of an HTTP request.

4. As soon as the web server receives this request, it immediately responds by sending back
the requested page or file to the web browser HTTP.
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 5. If the web page requested by the browser does not exist or if there occurs some error in
the process, the web server will return an error message.

6. If there occurs no error, the browser will successfully display the webpage.

The main differences between the Web browser and web servers:

Web Browser Web Server

A web browser is a software program that shows a A web server is a computer or software that
web page. It normally connects to the internet to provides services to other applications known as
access the document. clients.
The web browser requests online pages and The Web server acknowledges, approves, and
services from the server. answers a web browser‟s request for web content
or service.
A web browser is software that searches the The web server is in charge of linking. websites
internet for information using web pages. and web browsers.
The web browser is a conduit between the server A web server is a piece of software, or a system
and the client, displaying web content to the client. that manages web applications, creates responses
and takes input from clients.
A controller, a client application, and interpreters Hardware, operating system software and web
are the components of web browser architecture. server software are the components of web server
architecture.
The web browser sends an HTTP. request and The web server receives HTTP requests and
receive an HTTP response. responds with HTTP answers.
There is no processing model for web browsers. Web servers have three processing models:
process-based, thread-based, and hybrids.
The client‟s machine has a web browser installed. The web server can be a remote machine on the
other side of your system or even on the other
side of the world, or it might be your home
computer.
Mozilla, Chrome Browser, and Internet Explorer Apache Server is an example of a Web Server.
are examples of web browsers.

Introduction to Web page

A web page is a single hypertext document available on World Wide Web (WWW). It is composed of
HTML elements and displayed on the user's browser such as Mozilla, Firefox, Chrome, etc. It is also
referred to as "Page."

A webpage may contain text, links for other pages, graphics, videos, etc. Moreover, it is mainly
used to provide information to the user in text, images, etc.

A webpage is a part of a website; it means a website contains different web pages. Such
as javaTpoint.com is a website, and the page currently you are accessing is the webpage. It can be
understood as an example of a book. So, a Website is like a complete book, and a webpage is like a
page of that book.

The WWW or Internet contains millions of web pages, and daily, a lot is being added. Tim Berners-Lee
developed the first webpage.

o WebSite: A website is a collection of several web pages. These pages are linked together with
hyperlinks. A website has a unique domain name, and we can access it by entering that domain
name in the URL.

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 o Search Engine: A search engine is an internet service that helps users find any information
available on the internet. Some examples of search engines are Google, Yahoo, Bing, It is
usually accessed with the help of Web browser.

o Web Browser: A web browser or simply browser is application software used to access the
internet. Some examples of Web browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Safari, etc. It does two things:

o It connects to a web server on the internet and requests a page that the user wants to
view; once it finds that page, it displays it on its device.

o It can interpret the set of HTML tags within a page to display the page in the correct
format.

o Webserver: A web server can be understood as a computer that hosts or provide a website on
the internet. It contains webserver software and component files of a website such as HTML
document, images, CSS stylesheet, and JS files

Types of a Web page

There are mainly two types of a Web page based on functionality:

Static Webpage

Dynamic Webpage

Static Webpage

Static webpages are those webpages that cannot be modified or altered by the client. These are also
known as stationary or flat web pages. They are displayed on the client's browser in the same format
and manner as they are saved in the webserver. Users can only load the page and read the
information but cannot perform any change on the page.

A static webpage is generally made up of HTML and CSS only.

Dynamic Webpage

As the name suggests, Dynamic webpages are dynamic, which means it shows different information at
different point of time.

The dynamic webpage shows different content each time it is viewed. There are two types of Dynamic
web pages, which are:

o Server-Side Dynamic Webpage: These web pages are created using Server-side scripting.
These pages are changed when they are visited or viewed. Some examples of server-side pages
are login pages, submission forms, shopping carts, etc. Various scripting languages such
as PHP, ASP.Net, JSP, etc., can be used for server-side scripting.

o Client-side Dynamic Webpage: These web pages are created using Client-side scripting.
These pages get changed in response to actions that occur within that page, such as mouse or
keyboard action. Scripting languages such as JavaScript, Dart, etc., can be used for client-
Side scripting.

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Different between static and dynamic website

Difference between a Webpage and a Website

Since both Websites and Web pages are related to each other, some users may use them
interchangeably, but they are much different from each other. The basic difference between them is
that webpage is a single web document, whereas a Website is a collection of different web
pages. Here are some more differences between both of them:

Website Webpage
A website is a collection of different web pages that are A webpage is a single hypertext document.
linked together with hyperlinks.
It consists of more than one webpage. It is a single document that is displayed on
the user's browser.
To develop a website, developers need more skills and To develop a webpage, developers need
more time compared to a webpage. basic HTML knowledge and less time.
A website is accessed through its domain name, and it A webpage is accessed through a unique
does not include any extension in the URL. URL with some extension.
It can contain information for different entities, such as It can contain information for a single
Javatpoint.com, which contains information about entity, such as currently viewing a web
different technologies. page containing information about this page
only.
It is a little challenging to create a perfect website and It is very simple to create a webpage.
requires lots of programming.
Some examples of the website are Javatpoint.com, Some examples of Webpages are the
Amazon.com, etc. currently viewing page, contact page,
registration page, the home page, etc.

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Important questions

Write note on WWW & URL,Web Server?

What is Browser? Explain any 4 browser

What is web page? Explain static and dynamic web pag

What is Internet ? Explain internet services.

Different between static web site and dynamic web site

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