Sl.No. Topic Sl.No.

Topic

1.Security in India 33.Indian Subs: Diesel Electric

2.Ministry of Defence Submarines
3.Indian Army 34.Kalvari Class Scorpene
4.Indian Navy 35.Scorpene and Kalvari
5.Indian Air Force 36.Nuclear Submarine
6.Ministry of Home Affairs (India) 37.Akula Class
7.Equivalent Ranks 38.Project 75 I
8.Military Operations 39.Project Sea Bird
9.Gallantry Awards 40.Indian Navy
10.Param Vir Chakra Awardees 41.STOBAR & CATOBAR System
11.Missile Tech 42.Indian Carriers
12.Ballistic vs. Cruise Missile 43.INS Vikrant - First Indigenous Aircraft
13.Stealth Technology Carrier (IAC)
14.Intercontinental Ballistic Missile 44.INS Vishal (IAC 2)
15.Hypersonic Missiles 45.Destroyers
16.Mach Number 46.Frigates
17.Missile Defence System 47.Corvette
18.India’s Ballistic Missile Defence 48.INS Astradharini
19.Prithvi / Pradhyumna Air Defence 49.Generations of Fighter Jets
20.Advanced Air Defence 50.Kamikaze Drones
21.S-400 51.Hull Mounted Sonar (HMSA)
22.Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 52.USHUS
23.Cruise Missile Detection 53.Dunking Sonar
24.Indian Missiles 54.Battlefield Surveillance Radar
25.BrahMos Missile 55.Rohini Radar
26.Agni Prime 56.Bharani
27.SMART 57.Revathi
28.Nuclear Triad 58.Ashlesha Radar
29.Submarines 59.Swathi Radar
30.Ballistic Missile Subs 60.Theatre Commands in India
31.Cruise Missile Submarine 61.Operation ‘Skylight’
32.Class of Submarine 62.Additional Developments
 1.Security in India · Associated Institutions:
o Institute for Defence
2 Sub Divisions Studies and Analysis
● Internal security: Ministry of Home o National Defence
Affairs College
● External security: Ministry of Defence
2. Department of Military Affairs (DMA)
· Head: Chief of Defence Staff
· Key Responsibilities:
o Managing Army, Navy,
and Air Force
o Territorial Army
o Procurement exclusive
2.Ministry of Defence
to armed forces
o Promotion of jointness
● Overview among military
· Foundation Day: 15 August 1947 services
· Headquarters: South Block, · Foundation Day: 24
Secretariat Building, New Delhi
December 2019
· Motto: “Raksha Mantralay”
(Defence Ministry) 3. Department of Defence Production
· President of India: Ceremonial (DDP)
Commander-in-Chief · Head: Defence Production
· Key Responsibilities: National Secretary
security, policy framework, resource · Foundation Day: November
allocation for defence
1962
· Significant Fact: Largest
· Key Responsibilities:
employer in the world with 2.92 million
employees o Defence production
· Budget: Largest among federal planning and control
departments in India; third in military o Indigenisation of
expenditure globally imported stores and
· Important Events: Republic Day equipment
celebrations and parade at Rajpath
· Associated Units:
● Departments
o Ordnance Factories
1. Department of Defence (DoD) Board
· Head: Defence Secretary of India o Public Sector
Undertakings:
· Key Responsibilities: Hindustan Aeronautics
o Defence policy and preparation Limited, Bharat
o Army, Navy, and Air Force reserves
Electronics, Bharat
o Defence accounts
o Indian Coast Guard Earth Movers, Bharat
o Border Roads Organisation Dynamics, Mazagon
o Capital acquisitions Dock Limited, Goa
o Defence cooperation with foreign Shipyard Limited,
countries Garden Reach
o Defence Budget
Shipbuilders &
o Coordination of defence activities
Engineers, Mishra Dhatu
Nigam

002
 3.Indian Army

4. Department of Defence Research and

Founded:
Development (DDR&D)
· Current Form: 26 January 1950
· Head: Defence Research and
· As Indian Army: 1 April 1895
Development Secretary
Size:
· Foundation Day: 1958 · Active Personnel: 1,237,117
· Key Responsibilities: · Reserve Personnel: 960,000
o Defence Research and Development · Aircraft: ~310 manned
Organisation (DRDO) Motto
· Associated Institutions: · Sevā Paramo Dharmaḥ (Service
o Technical Development Establishment Before Self)
o Directorate of Technical Development and Anniversaries:
· Army Day: 15 January
Production
Leadership
o Defence Science Organisation
o Commander-in-Chief:
§ President
5. Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare o Chief of Defence Staff
(DESW) (CDS):
· Head: Ex-Servicemen Welfare Secretary § General
· Foundation Day: 2004 o Chief of the Army Staff
· Key Responsibilities: (COAS):
§ General
o Veteran affairs
o Vice Chief of the Army Staff
o Directorate General of Resettlement
(VCOAS):
o KendriyaSainik Board § Lieutenant General
o Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Notable Commanders
Scheme · Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa
· Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw
Chiefs of the Tri-Services and Defence · General K. S. Thimayya
Staff Historical Engagements
· International Conflicts:
· Chief of Defence Staff
o Mahdist War, World War I,
· Chief of the Army Staff
World War II
· Chief of the Naval Staff o Third Anglo-Afghan War,
· Chief of the Air Staff Tirah Campaign,
Vice Chiefs of the Tri-Services Waziristan Campaign
· Vice Chief of the Army Staff o Boxer Rebellion, Sino-Indian
· Vice Chief of the Naval Staff War, Second Sino-Indian
War
· Vice Chief of the Air Staff
o Indian intervention in the Sri
Commands and Training Institutions Lankan Civil War and
· National Defence University Maldives coup d'état
· National Defence College · Wars with Pakistan:
o First Kashmir War,
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965,
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971,
Siachen Conflict, Kargil
War
003
 · Minor Conflicts and
4. Brigade:
Annexations:
o Around 3,000 combat
o Expedition to Tibet,
troops
Annexation of Hyderabad,
o Commanded by a Brigadier
Annexation of Goa,
o Includes Independent
Invasion of Sikkim
Brigades directly under
· Domestic Conflicts:
Corps Commander
o Insurgency in Jammu and
5. Battalion:
Kashmir, Insurgency in
o Composed of four rifle
Northeast India,
companies
Naxalite-Maoist
o Commanded by a Colonel
Insurgency
6. Company / Battery:
v Missions and Operations
o Composed of three
· Humanitarian Rescue
platoons
Operations:
o Commanded by a Major or
o Operation Surya Hope
Lieutenant-Colonel
· Major Operations:
o Comprising either 3 or 4
o Operation Vijay, Operation
sections in artillery and air
Meghdoot, Operation
defence units
Cactus
7. Platoon:
· Large Peacetime Exercises:
o Composed of three sections
o Operation Brasstacks,
o Commanded by a JCO
Exercise Shoorveer
8. Section:
· UN Peacekeeping Missions:
o Smallest military outfit,
o Numerous
strength of 10 personnel
o Commanded by a Havaldar
Field Formations
1. Command:
o Six operational commands
Commands
and one training
· Central Command: Lucknow
command
o Subordinate Unit:
o Headed by General Officer
§ 6th Mountain Division,
Commanding-in-Chief
Bareilly
(GOC-in-C)
· Eastern Command: Kolkata
o Rank: Lieutenant General
o Subordinate Units:
2. Corps:
§ III Corps, Dimapur
o Indian Army has 14 Corps
§ IV Corps, Tezpur
o Each commanded by
§ XXXIII Corps, Siliguri
General Officer
§ XVII Corps, Panagarh
Commanding (GOC)
· Northern Command: Udhampur
o Rank: Lieutenant General
o Subordinate Units:
3. Division:
§ XIV Corps, Leh
o 40 Divisions (including
§ XV Corps, Srinagar
RAPIDs, Infantry, Mountain,
§ XVI Corps, Nagrota
Armoured, and Artillery
§ I Corps, Mathura
Divisions)
o Commanded by GOC
(Major General)

004
 · Southern Command: Pune Armoured Corps
o Subordinate Units: · Director General:
§ 41st Artillery Division, o Lieutenant General
Pune · Headquarters:
§ XII Corps, Jodhpur o The Armoured Corps Centre
§ XXI Corps, Bhopal and School, Ahmednagar
· South Western Command: Jaipur · Foundation:
o Subordinate Units: o Historic regiments date
§ 42nd Artillery Division, back to the 19th century or
Jaipur earlier
§ X Corps, Bathinda · Important Units:
· Western Command: o President's Bodyguard
Chandimandir o 1st (Skinner's) Horse
o Subordinate Units: o 2nd Lancers (Gardner's
§ 40th Artillery Division, Horse)
Ambala o 3rd Cavalry
§ II Corps, Ambala o 4th (Hodson's) Horse
§ IX Corps, Yol o 7th Light Cavalry
§ XI Corps, Jalandhar o 8th Light Cavalry
· Army Training Command o 9th (Deccan) Horse
(ARTRAC): Shimla o 14th (Scinde) Horse
o 17th (Poona) Horse
Leadership at Army Headquarters o 20th Lancers
· Chief of the Army Staff o 21st (Central India) Horse
· Vice Chief of Army Staff · Key Facts:
· Deputy Chief of Army Staff o 65 armoured regiments
(Capability Development and including historic and
Sustenance) newly raised units
· Deputy Chief of the Army Staff
(Information Systems and
Coordination) Regiment of Artillery
· Deputy Chief of Army Staff · Director General:
(Strategy) o Lieutenant General
· Adjutant General · Headquarters:
· Military Secretary o The School of Artillery,
· Quartermaster General Devlali near Nasik
· Engineer-in-Chief · Foundation:
Training Institutions o 1935 as part of Royal Indian
o Army Training Command Artillery of British Indian
(ARTRAC) Army
o Integrated Defence Staff · Key Facts:
(IDS) o Second-largest arm of the
Indian Army
Modernisation Programs
o Played a significant role in
· Futuristic Infantry Soldier as a
the Kargil War
System (F-INSAS)
· Upgrading Armoured, Artillery,
and Aviation Branches

005
 Mechanised Infantry
Corps of Army Air Defence
· Director General:
· Director General:
o Lieutenant General
o Lieutenant General
· Headquarters:
· Headquarters:
o Ahmednagar
o Gopalpur, Odisha
· Foundation:
o Formed in the late 70s
under General
Army Aviation Corps
Krishnaswamy Sundarji
· Director General:
· Key Facts:
o Lieutenant General
o Comprises 48 Mechanised
· Headquarters:
Infantry battalions
o Combat Army Aviation
o Units: Brigade of the Guards,
Training School, Nasik
Mechanised Infantry
Regiment

Corps of Engineers
Infantry Regiments
· Director General:
· Director General:
o Lieutenant General
o Lieutenant General
· Headquarters:
· Headquarters:
o College of Military
o Multiple centers
Engineering, Pune
· Key Facts:
· Key Groups:
o Provide well-trained
o Madras Engineer Group,
personnel to field
Bangalore
formations
o Bengal Engineer Group,
o Regiments recruit based on
Roorkee
region, caste/community,
o Bombay Engineer Group,
or religion
Khadki near Pune
· Some regiments:
o Foundation: Recognizes its
o Parachute Regiment, Punjab
birth as 1780, with the
Regiment, Madras
Madras Sappers raised in
Regiment, Grenadiers,
1777
Maratha Light Infantry,
Rajputana Rifles, Rajput
Regiment, Jat Regiment,
Corps of Signals
Sikh Regiment, Sikh Light
· Director General:
Infantry, Dogra Regiment,
o Lieutenant General
Garhwal Rifles, Kumaon
· Headquarters:
Regiment, Assam
o Military College of
Regiment, Bihar Regiment,
Telecommunication
Mahar Regiment, Jammu
Engineering (MCTE), Mhow
& Kashmir Rifles, Jammu
· Training Centers:
and Kashmir Light Infantry,
o Two Signal Training Centres
Naga Regiment, Gorkha
at Jabalpur and Goa
Rifles, Ladakh Scouts,
Rashtriya Rifles, Arunachal
Scouts, Sikkim Scouts

006
 Training Institutions
Services and Commands · Indian Military Academy:
o Dehradun
· Army Service Corps
· Officers Training Academy:
o Centre: Bangalore o Chennai
· Army Medical Corps · Army War College:
o Centers: Lucknow/Pune o Mhow, Madhya Pradesh
· High Altitude Warfare School
· Army Dental Corps
(HAWS):
o Centre: Lucknow
o Gulmarg, Jammu and
· Army Ordnance Corps Kashmir
o Centres:Jabalpur and · Counter Insurgency and Jungle
Secunderabad Warfare School (CIJW):
o Vairengte, Mizoram
· Corps of Electronics and Mechanical
· College of Military Engineering
Engineers (CME):
o Centre: Secunderabad o Pune
· Remount and Veterinary Corps · Army Training Command
o Centre: Meerut (ARTRAC):
o Shimla
· Army Education Corps
Recruitment and Training
o Centre: Pachmarhi
o Tour of Duty Scheme:
· Corps of Military Police § Proposed in 2020 for
o Centre: Bangalore voluntary
· Pioneer Corps recruitment for
three years of short
o Centre:Bangalore
service
· Army Postal Service Corps
o Centre: Kamptee near Nagpur Signals Technology Evaluation and
· Territorial Army Adaptation Group (STEAG)
o Centre: New Delhi o Foundation Day: 18 March
· Defence Security Corps 2024
o Role: Investigating and
o Centre:Kannur Cantonment,
evaluating cutting-edge
Kerala communication
· Intelligence Corps technologies (e.g., 5G, 6G,
o Centre: Pune quantum technologies)
· Judge Advocate General's
Training Institutions
Department
· National Defence University:
o Centre: Institute of Military Law o New creation for training
Kamptee, Nagpur military officials and
· Military Nursing Service civilian officials
o Centres: Pune and Lucknow · National Defence College
o College of Military
· Human Rights Cell
Engineering, Pune
o Centre: Delhi o Military College of
Telecommunication
Engineering (MCTE), Mhow
007
 Army Aviation Corps
Important Equipment
o Roles:
· Armoured Corps:
§ Tactical air transport,
o Tanks, armoured vehicles
reconnaissance,
· Regiment of Artillery:
medical evacuation.
o 130-mm and 155-mm guns,
o Fleet:
Pinaka multi-barrel rocket
§ Approx. 150
launchers
helicopters.
· Mechanised Infantry:
o Requirements:
o Infantry combat vehicles,
§ Helicopters to carry
TATA Kestrel
loads up to 750 kg
· Engineers:
to heights of 7,000
o Combat engineering
m.
vehicles, bridging
o Induction:
equipment
§ HAL Light Utility
Other Points
Helicopter to
· Indian Territorial Army:
replace ageing
o Part-time reserve with
Chetaks and
battalions affiliated with
Cheetahs.
various regiments
o Attack Helicopters:
· Women in Combat:
§ Control transferred to
o Plans to open combat
Indian Army in 2012.
positions to women,
· Infantry Modernization
starting with military police
o F-INSAS Program
Indigenous Equipment and Efforts
§ Aim:
· Ordnance Factories Board
ü Modernize 465
o Manufacturing facilities:
infantry and
§ Ichhapore, Cossipore,
paramilitary
Kanpur, Jabalpur,
battalions by
Tiruchirapalli.
2020.
o Indian Small Arms System
§ Features:
(INSAS) rifle:
ü Multi-calibre
§ Deployed since 1997,
rifle, grenade
produced by Rifle
launcher,
Factory Ishapore.
bulletproof
§ Ammunition
jackets,
manufactured at
helmets with
Khadki and possibly
advanced
Bolangir.
features,
· Akash Surface to Air Missile
lightweight
o Efforts to manufacture
waterproof
indigenous equipment by
uniform.
the Defence Research and
Development
Organisation.
·

008
 o New Infantry Divisions
- 2008:
o Approval for two new mountain divisions and an artillery
brigade.
- 2024:
o Proposal for XVIII Corps under Central Command.
o Future Formations
- 2024:
o Proposal for "adversial force" and "test-bed brigades" for
weapon testing.
· Small Arms
o Sig Sauer SIG 716:
§ 70,000 on order for frontline troops.
o AK-203:
§ 650,000 rifles to be manufactured under "Make in India".
o Submachine Guns:
§ 550 units each of indigenous ASMI and Taurus T9 on order.
Mechanized Forces

· Main Battle Tanks

o Arjun Mark 1 Alpha:
§ 248 tanks.
o T-90S MBTs:
§ 1,657 tanks.
o Night Vision Devices:
§ Acquiring for T-72, T-90, and infantry combat vehicles.
o Future Ready Combat Vehicle (FRCV)
§ 1,770 next-generation tanks, features include AI and drone integration.
o Zorawar LT:
§ Light tanks for mountainous terrain, 59 ordered, 295 planned.
o Futuristic Main Battle Tank (FMBT):
§ Fourth-generation MBT in the conceptual stage.
o Abhay IFV:
§ Future Infantry Combat Vehicle to replace BMP II.
o TATA Kestrel:
§ Modern APC, 198 units required.
· Aviation Assets
o Boeing AH-64 Apache:
§ 6 on order, 11 more planned.
o HAL Prachand (LCH):
§ 90 cleared for induction.
o HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH):
§ 6 LSP ordered, 90 initially planned.

009
 4.Indian Navy

Missile Systems Founding History

· Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles o Current Service:
o Prahaar: § 26 January 1950; 74 years
ago
§ 150 km range.
o East India Company's Marine:
o Agni Series: § 5 September 1612; 411 years
§ Agni P, Agni-IV, Agni-V, ago
Agni-VI with ranges Size
up to 12,000 km. o 64,000 active personnel
· Cruise Missiles o 50,000 reserve personnel
o Hypersonic cruise missile, o Approx. 250 ships (including
auxiliaries)
Nirbhay Missile, BrahMos NG.
o Approx. 300 aircraft
· Anti-Tank Guided Missiles
Motto
o Nag: o Shaṁ No Varunaḥ (ISO): 'May the
§ Ground and Lord of Water be auspicious unto
air-launched variants. us'
Artillery Navy Day:
· Field Artillery Rationalisation Plan o 4 December
(FARP) 2010 Commanders
o Commander-in-Chief: India
o Plans to procure 3000 to 4000
President
artillery units. o Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)
· Towed Guns: o Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS)
o 114 Dhanush ordered, 307 o Vice Chief of the Naval Staff
ATAGS planned. (VCNS)
· Mounted Guns: Personnel and Fleet
o 200 105 mm L/37 howitzers, o Active Personnel:
814 155 mm L/52 howitzers. § 67,252
o Reserve Personnel:
· Self-Propelled Tracked Guns:
§ 75,000
o 100 K-9 Vajra-T delivered, 100 o Fleet:
on order. § 150 ships and submarines,
· Ultra-Light Howitzer: 300 aircraft
o 145 M777 guns delivered.
Commands:
There are three commands in Indian
Navy:
● Eastern Naval Command –
Headquartered at
Visakhapatnam.

● Western Naval Command –

Headquartered at Mumbai.

● Southern Naval Command –

Headquartered at Kochi

010
 · Nuclear Submarines Torpedoes
o Attack Submarines: 1 · Mk 54 All-Up-Round Lightweight
(nuclear-powered) Torpedoes
o Ballistic Missile Submarines: 1
· Varunastra:
· Conventional Submarines
o Kalvari-class: o Advanced heavyweight torpedo
§ Total 6 Guns and Rocket Launchers
§ French Scorpène-class · 100 mm AK 190 gun
§ INS Kalvari, INS Vagsheer, · KH-35E 4 Quad Uran (130 km range)
INS Vela, INS Khanderi, INS · ASW RBU-2000: Anti-submarine rocket
Karanj, and INS Vagir. launchers
o Sindhughosh-class:
Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles
§ Total 7
§ Russian Kilo-class (SLBMs)
o Shishumar-class: · K-15 Sagarika:
§ Total 4 o Range of 700-1000 km, part of nuclear
§ German Type 209/1500 triad
Missile Systems: · K-4:
· Types: o Longer range SLBM, under induction
o Submarine-launched,
· K-5:
ship-launched, cruise, anti-ship,
air-to-air, surface-to-air o Future SLBM under development
· Notable Systems: Aircraft and Surveillance Systems
o BrahMos: · Boeing P-8I:
§ World's fastest anti-ship o Reconnaissance aircraft equipped
cruise missile, jointly with:
developed by India
§ AGM-84L Harpoon Block II
(DRDO) and Russia (NPO
Mashinostroyeniya) missiles
o AGM-84L Harpoon Block II § Mk 54 Lightweight Torpedoes
missiles · Information Technology:
o Exocet: o Navy Enterprise Wide Network
§ For next-gen (NEWN):
Scorpène-class § High-speed data network
submarines
o Naval Institute of Computer
o Barak 1:
§ Primary air-defense missile Applications (NICA):
o Barak 8: § IT training
§ Advanced version under o Information Technology Cadre:
development with Israel § Manages Naval networks
o Prithvi-II (Dhanush): Naval Satellites
§ Ship-launched, · GSAT-7:
nuclear-capable
o Launch Date: August 2013
o Fabrication: ISRO
o Orbit Slot: 74°E
o Coverage: 3,500–4,000 km over
Indian Ocean
o Capabilities: UHF, S-band, C-band,
Ku-band
· GSAT-7R:
o Order Date: 15 June 2019
o Cost: Rs 1589 crores
Naval Satellites GSAT-7:
o Launched: December 2024

011
Fleet and Vessels · Corvettes:
o Kamorta Class
· Destroyers:
o Kora Class
o Visakhapatnam-class: o Khukri Class
§ 4 ships (INS Visakhapatnam, o Veer Class
INA Mormugao, INS Imphal & o Abhay Class
· Tankers:
INS Surat) o Deepak Class
§ Project 15B: Next-generation o Jyoti Class
destroyers replacing o INS Aditya
· Combat Aircraft:
Rajput-class
o MiG-29K (Russia): 45
o Kolkata-class: · Maritime Patrol:
§ 3 ships (INS Kolkata, INA Kochi o Boeing P-8I (USA): 12
o Dornier 228 (Germany): 25 (12 on
& INA Chennai)
order)
§ Project 15A: Next-generation o Britten-Norman BN-2 (UK): 10
destroyers

· Helicopters:
o Delhi-class:
o HAL Dhruv (India):
§ 3 ships (INS Delhi, INS Mysore & § MK. I - 7 (11 on order), MK. III - 6
INS Mumbai) o Kamov Ka-27 (ASW) (Russia):
§ Ka-28 - 14 (4 on order)
o Rajput-class:
o Westland Sea King (UK):
§ 3 ships (being replaced by § 31
Visakhapatnam-class) o HAL Chetak (India):
§ 51 (6 on order)
o SH-60 Seahawk (ASW/SAR) (USA):
· Frigates: § MH-60R - 2 (5 delivered, 19 on
order)
o Shivalik-class: · Trainer Aircraft:
o MiG-29KUB (Russia): 8
§ 3 ships (INS Nilgiri, INS Himgiri, o BAE Hawk (UK): 17
INS Udaygiri, INS Dunagiri, INS o HAL Kiran (India): 20
Taragiri, INS Vindhyagiri and · UAVs:
o IAI Heron (Israel): Surveillance
INS Mahendragiri)
o IAI Searcher (Israel): Surveillance
§ Project 17A: 7 additional o DRDO Lakshya (India): Target drone
modified Shivalik-class o General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper (USA):
2 (on lease)
frigates under construction
o Drishti-10 Starliner (India): 2 (2 on
o Talwar-class: order)
§ 6 ships
012
 5.Indian Air Force
Commands

· Operational Commands: Conduct

Founded:
military operations using aircraft.
· Current Service: 26 January 1950
o Central Air Command (CAC):
· As Royal Indian Air Force: 8 October
§ Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
1932
o Eastern Air Command (EAC):
Size:
§ Shillong, Meghalaya
· Active Personnel: 170,576
o Southern Air Command (SAC):
· Reserve Personnel: 140,000
§ Thiruvananthapuram,
· Aircraft: Approx. 1926+
Kerala
· Headquarters: Integrated Defence
o South Western Air Command
Headquarters, Ministry of Defence, New
(SWAC):
Delhi
§ Gandhinagar, Gujarat
· Motto: "NabhaḥSpr̥śaṁDīptam" (Glory
o Western Air Command (WAC):
that touches the sky)
§ New Delhi
· Anniversaries: Air Force Day (8
October)
· Functional Commands: Maintain
combat readiness.
Commanders
o Training Command (TC):
· Commander-in-Chief: President
§ Bangalore, Karnataka
· Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)
o Maintenance Command (MC):
· Chief of the Air Staff (CAS)
§ Nagpur, Maharashtra
· Vice Chief of the Air Staff (VCAS)

Training
Notable Commanders
· Primary Flight Training:
· Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan
o Air Force Academy, Hyderabad.
Singh
· Specialised Training Schools:
· Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal
o Bidar, Karnataka
· Air Marshal Subroto Mukherjee
o Hakimpet, Telangana

Establishment:
Wings
· Officially established on 8 October 1932
· Formation intermediates between a
as an auxiliary air force of the British
command and a squadron.
Empire.
· Consists of:
Post-Independence:
o 2-3 IAF squadrons and helicopter
· Continued as Royal Indian Air Force
units.
until India became a republic in 1950.
o Forward Base Support Units
Conflicts: (FBSU):
· Participated in four wars with Pakistan. o Do not host squadrons or
Operations: helicopter units.
· Operation Vijay, Operation Meghdoot, o Act as transit airbases for routine
Operation Cactus, Operation Poomalai. operations.
Peacekeeping: o Can become fully-fledged air
· Participates in UN peacekeeping bases in times of war.
missions. o Total: 47 wings and 19 FBSUs.
Notable Rank: o Commanded by an air
· Arjan Singh, the first and only five-star commodore.
rank officer of the IAF.
013
Stations Garud Commando Force
· Smaller than wings. · Special forces of the IAF.
· Typically include: · Tasks:
o 9 to 16 bases or stations per o Counter-terrorism.
operational command. o Hostage rescue.
o Static units commanded by a o Security for IAF assets.
group captain. o Air force-specific special
o Usually have one wing and one or operations.
two squadrons assigned. · Established:
o February 6, 2004.
Squadrons and Units · Training:
· Field units attached to static locations. o 52-week basic training.
· Flying squadrons or units: o 3-month probation.
o Sub-units of air force stations. o Special operations and airborne
o Perform primary tasks of IAF. training.
· Fighter squadrons: o Advanced training: weapons and
o Consist of 18 aircraft. survival skills.
o Commanded by a wing · Mandated tasks:
commander. o Direct action.
o Some transport squadrons and o Special reconnaissance.
helicopter units: o Rescuing downed pilots.
o Commanded by a group captain. o Establishing airbases in hostile
territory.
Flights o Air-traffic control.
· Sub-divisions of squadrons. o Suppression of enemy air
o Commanded by a squadron defences.
leader. o Destruction of enemy assets (e.g.,
o Consist of two sections. radars).
o Guiding Indian airstrikes with
Sections laser designators.
· Security of IAF installations:
· Smallest unit.
o Typically, by Air Force Police and
o Led by a flight lieutenant.
Defence Security Corps.
o Consist of three aircraft.
o Critical assets protected by
Garuds.
Service Branches
· Flying Branch:
· Technical Branch:
o Engineering.
· Ground Branch:
o Logistics.
o Administration.
o Accounts.
o Education.
o Medical & Dental.
o Meteorological.

014
 Sarang Helicopter Display Team:
· Formed in October 2003.
· First public performance at the Asian
Integrated Space Cell Aerospace Show, Singapore, 2004.
· Joint operation: · Flies four HAL Dhruvs.
o All three services of Indian armed · Painted in red and white with a
forces. peacock figure on each side of the
o Civilian Department of Space. fuselage.
· Based at Sulur Air Force Station,
o Indian Space Research
Coimbatore.
Organisation (ISRO).
· Purpose: Rank Structure:
o Utilize space-based assets for · Based on that of the Royal Air Force.
military purposes. · Highest rank: Marshal of the Indian Air
· Differentiation: Force (MIAF).
o Aerospace command: Air force · Conferred by the President of India
after exceptional wartime service.
control.
· Chief of the Air Staff holds the rank of
o Integrated Space Cell: Air Chief Marshal.
Cooperation and coordination
between services and civilian Notable Achievement:
agencies. · In May 2022, Abhilasha Barak became
· Assets: the first-ever woman combat aviator in
o 10 remote sensing satellites. the Indian Air Force.
· Notable satellites:
Indian Air Force Training
o Technology Experiment Satellite
Establishments:
(TES): 1-metre resolution.
· National Defence Academy (NDA):
o RISAT-2: All-weather imaging, o Trains personnel for all branches
1-metre resolution. of the Indian Armed Forces.
o CARTOSAT series: 800mm · Air Force Academy, Dundigul
resolution. (Hyderabad):
o Superseded by Defence Space o Training center for pilots.
Agency in 2019.

Surya Kiran Aerobatic

Team (SKAT):

· Formed in 1996, successors to the

Thunderbolts. · Pilot Training Establishment
· Total of 13 pilots selected from the (Allahabad):
fighter stream of the IAF. o Facility for pilot training.
· Operate 9 HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.2 trainer · Air Force Administrative College
(Coimbatore):
aircraft.
o Trains administrative staff.
· Painted in "day-glo orange" and white · Institute of Aerospace Medicine
color scheme. (Bangalore):
· Conferred squadron status in 2006, o Focuses on aerospace medicine.
designated as 52 Squadron ("The · Air Force Technical College
Sharks"). (Bangalore):
o Offers technical training.
· Based at the Indian Air Force Station at
· Tactics and Air Combat and Defence
Bidar. Establishment (Gwalior):
· Process of converting Surya Kirans to o Conducts tactical training.
BAE Hawks underway. · Paratrooper's Training School (Agra):
o Specializes in paratrooper
015 training.
Multirole Fighter Aircraft
Light Combat Aircraft
· Dassault Rafale
· HAL Tejas
o Latest addition to the Indian Air
o Replacement for IAF MiG-21s.
Force (IAF).
o First unit (No. 45 Squadron, Flying
o India signed a deal for 36 Rafale
Daggers) formed on 1 July 2016.
fighters.
o Second unit (No. 18 Squadron,
o As of June 2022, all 36 Rafale
Flying Bullets) formed on 27 May
fighters are in service with the
2020.
IAF.
o Initial station: Bangalore; home
base: Sulur, Tamil Nadu.
· Air Superiority Fighters
o February 2021: IAF ordered 83
o Sukhoi Su-30MKI
Tejas (40 Mark 1, 73 single-seat
o Primary air superiority fighter with
Mark 1As, 10 two-seat Mark 1
air-to-ground capability.
trainers).
o 260 Su-30MKIs in service.
o Total of 123 Tejas ordered.

· Mikoyan MiG-29
Ground Attack Aircraft
o Known as Baaz (Hawk).
· SEPECAT Jaguar
o Dedicated air superiority fighter,
o Known as Shamsher.
second line of defense.
o Primary ground attack force.
o 69 MiG-29s in service, all
o 139 Jaguars in service,
upgraded to MiG-29UPG
undergoing DARIN-3 upgrade.
standard.
o Scheduled to be phased out by
o 21 additional MiG-29s were
2030.
upgraded to UPG standard in
2016.
Interceptor Aircraft
· Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
o Serving as an interceptor.
o Phasing out most MiG-21s,
retaining 125 upgraded MiG-21
Bison.
o Phase-out initially set for
2014-2017, later postponed to
2019, then to 2021-2022.
· Dassault Mirage 2000
o Known as Vajra Airborne Early Warning and Control
(diamond/thunderbolt). System (AEW&C)
o 49 Mirage 2000Hs and 8 Mirage · Netra Embraer ERJ 145I
2000THs in service, being · 3 aircraft in service.
upgraded to Mirage 2000-5 MK2 · EL/W-2090 Phalcon AEW&C
standard. · 3 systems in service on Beriev A-50
o Scheduled to be phased out by platform, with 2 potential additional
2030. orders.
· DRDO Project
· Developing six new AEW&C aircraft as
an upgrade to Netra systems.

016
Aerial Refueling
Trainer Aircraft
· Ilyushin Il-78MKI
· HAL HPT-32 Deepak
· 6 aircraft in service for aerial refueling
o Basic flight training aircraft, fitted
(tanker) role.
with parachute recovery system
(PRS).
Transport Aircraft
o Phasing out, replaced by 75
· Ilyushin Il-76
Pilatus trainers and 70 HTT-40
o Known as Gajraj (King Elephant).
trainers.
o 17 in service (2010), being
o Additional 36 HTT-40s to be
replaced by C-17 Globemaster
ordered.
IIIs.
· HAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I&mk.II
· Boeing C-17 Globemaster III
o Intermediate and advanced flight
o For strategic airlift operations.
training.
o Mk.II also used by Surya Kiran
· Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules
Aerobatic Team (SKAT).
o Used by special forces.
o To be replaced by HAL HJT-36
o Purchased 6; one crashed in 2014.
Sitara.

· Antonov An-32
· BAE Hawk Mk 132
o Known as Sutlej.
o Advanced jet trainer, replacing
o Medium transport, used in
Kiran Mk.II.
bombing and paradropping.
o 106 ordered, 39 in service as of
o 105 in service, undergoing
July 2010.
upgrades.
· Pipistrel Virus SW 80
· Dornier 228
o 72 microlight aircraft for basic
o Light transport duties.
training.
o 53 in service.

· Boeing 737 & Embraer ECJ-135 Legacy

o VIP transport and passenger
airliners for troops.

· Boeing 777
o Specially modified for Indian
President and Prime Minister
(Air India One).

· Hawker Siddeley HS 748 HAL HJT-16 Kiran MK.II

o Used mainly for training and
communication duties;
replacement under
consideration.

017
Helicopters
Honorary Officers:
· HAL Dhruv
· Sachin Tendulkar:
o Light utility helicopter, used for
o First civilian without an aviation
transport, utility, and attack
background awarded honorary
roles.
rank of group captain by Indian
o 4 operated by Sarang Helicopter
Air Force.
Display Team.

· HAL Chetak
o Light utility helicopter, primarily
for training, rescue, and
transport.
o Gradually replaced by HAL Dhruv.

· HAL Cheetah
o Light utility helicopter for high
altitude operations, transport,
and search-and-rescue.

· Mil Mi-8 and Mi-17 Series

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs):
o Medium lift strategic and utility
· IAI Searcher II and IAI Heron
roles.
o Reconnaissance and surveillance.
o Replacement: Mi-8 being
· IAI Harpy
replaced by Mi-17 series.
o Unmanned Combat Aerial
Vehicle (UCAV).
· Boeing AH-64E Apache
o Designed to attack radar
o Attack helicopter.
systems.
· DRDO Lakshya
· HAL Rudra
o Towed aerial sub-targets for live
o Attack helicopters.
fire training.
· CH-47F Chinook
o Heavy lift helicopters. Missile Systems:
· Anti-tank Guided Missiles:
· Mi-26 o Spike NLOS
o Heavy lift helicopter. o Air-launched.
o Functions: Transport troops, flying o Procured for Mi-17 helicopters.
ambulance. o 9M120 Ataka-V (AT-9 Spiral-2)
o 9K114 Shturm (AT-6 Spiral)
· Mil Mi-35
o Functions: Attack helicopter, troop · Dhruvastra
transport. o Completed user trials and ready
o Operated by: No. 104 Firebirds and for induction.
No. 125 Gladiators squadrons.
· Amogha missile
o Integrated on HAL Rudra and HAL
Prachand.

018
 Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)
· Type: Exo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic
Ballistic and Cruise Missiles:
missile
· BrahMos
· Origin: India
o Supersonic cruise missile.
· Status: being replaced by Prithvi
o Operates air-launched and
Defence Vehicle (PDV)
surface-launched variants.
· Key Features: Dual-stage liquid-fueled
o Fastest operational supersonic
missile. Intercept targets at 80 km
cruise missile.
altitude
o Range: 290–700 km.

Air Defence Systems:

· Pralay
· S-400 Triumph
o Short-range ballistic missile.
o Type: Long-range surface-to-air
o Quasi-ballistic missile.
missile system
o Range: 150–400 km.
o Quantity: 3 regiments
o Origin: Russia
· Prithvi II
o Status: In service
o Short-range ballistic missile.
o Key Features: Operational range
o Range: 150–350 km.
of 400 km. Each regiment has
o IAF-specific variant of the Prithvi
two batteries with eight
ballistic missile.
launchers each.

Anti-Satellite Missile Systems:

· Barak-8 (MR-SAM)
· Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mk-II
o Type: Medium-range
o Type: Exo-atmospheric
surface-to-air missile
Anti-ballistic missile /
o Quantity: 18 squadrons for IAF, 5
Anti-satellite weapon
regiments for Army
o Origin: India
o Origin: India, Israel
o Status: In service
o Status: In service
o Key Features: Dual-stage
o Key Features: Max range of 70–80
solid-fueled missile with final
km. Used to counter aerial
kinetic-kill stage. Target speed:
threats.
10 km/s. Flight Altitude: 1,200 km

· Akash
Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems
o Quantity: 15 squadrons for IAF (120
launchers), 2 regiments for Army
Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) (48 launchers)
· Type: Exo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic o Origin: India
missile o Status: In service
· Origin: India o Key Features: Operational range
· Status: In service of 40 km, flight ceiling of 20 km.
· Key Features: Dual-stage solid-fueled Akash NG being tested with
missile. Flight Altitude: 150 km increased range of 70–80 km.

Advanced Air Defence (AAD)

· Type: Endo-atmospheric Anti-ballistic
missile
· Origin: India
· Status: In service

019
 · SPYDER
Future of the Indian Air Force:
o Type: Short and Medium range
· Modernization efforts include
surface-to-air missile
upgrading existing aircraft, equipment,
o Quantity: 18 Systems (Batteries) in
and infrastructure.
service with IAF
· Induction of new aircraft and
o Origin: Israel
equipment, both indigenous and
o Status: In service
imported, to maintain a fleet of 42
o Key Features: Operational range
squadrons.
of 50 km, flight ceiling of 16 km.
· Proposal to rename IAF as Indian Air
Typical battery consists of one
and Space Force (IASF) to emphasize
central command and control
its space capabilities.
unit, six missile firing units, and a
resupply vehicle.
Expected future acquisitions:
· SAMAR · Plans for acquiring 200 new
o Type: Short-range Surface-to-air single-engine fighters to be made in
missile India.
o Quantity: Unknown (On order) · Scaling up manufacturing of Tejas at
o Origin: India HAL and exploring exports.
o Status: On order · Scrapping the plan to import
o Key Features: Employs Vympel single-engine fighters to strengthen
R-73 and Vympel R-27 air-to-air domestic defense industry.
missiles. · Submission of a request for information
for a stealth unmanned combat air
· S-125 (SA-3 Goa) vehicle (UCAV).
o Quantity: 25 Squadrons for IAF
o Origin: Soviet Union Indian Air Force (IAF) Current
o Status: Being replaced by Akash. Acquisitions
Mainly used for point-defense of · TAPAS-BH-201, Medium Altitude Long
airbases. Endurance (MALE) UAV
· HAL Tejas:
· 9K33 Osa (SA-8 Gecko) o 73 Mk 1A on order
o Quantity: 80 o 17 trainers on order
o Origin: Soviet Union o 97 more cleared for order
o Status: In service · HAL HTT-40: 70 on order
o Key Features: To be replaced by · HAL Prachand: 66 cleared
QRSAM. · HAL Light Utility Helicopter (LUH): 6 on
order
Man-portable air-defense systems: · EADS CASA C-295: 55 on order
· 9K38 Igla (SA-18), 9K338 Igla-S · IAI Harop UCAVs
o Type: Man-portable air-defense · General Atomic MQ-9B Predator: 8
system planned
o Quantity: 2500
o Origin: Russia
o Status: In service
o Key Features: Additional 24
launchers, 216 missiles Igla-S
system inducted.

020
 6.Ministry of Home Affairs
(India)
DRDO and HAL Projects for IAF
· HAL Tejas Mk 2
Function:
· HAL AMCA (5th generation aircraft)
o Extends manpower and
· NAL Saras
financial support, guidance,
· HAL HJT-36 Sitara
and expertise to State
· DRDO Rustom
Governments for security,
· DRDO Ghatak UCAV
peace, and harmony.
· HAL CATS: Development of unmanned
Objective:
aircraft family by 2024–25
o Maintenance of security without
· Akash-NG: Being developed by DRDO,
infringing on States'
similar range to Barak 8
constitutional rights.
· DRDO Nirbhay: Successfully developed
nuclear-capable cruise missile
Constituent Departments

1. Department of Border Management

· Role: Management of borders,
including coastal borders.

2. Department of Internal Security

· Role: Police, law and order,
rehabilitation.
Network-Centric Warfare
· Air Force Network (AFNET): 3. Department of Jammu, Kashmir and
o Launched in 2010 Ladakh Affairs
o Enables quick and accurate · Role: Constitutional provisions and
threat responses matters relating to Union
o Integrated Air Command and Territories (excluding those
Control System (IACCS): handled by Ministry of External
o Automated system for Air Affairs).
Defence operations
o Rides on AFNET backbone 4. Department of Home
o Integrates ground and airborne · Role: Notifications of assumption
sensors, weapon systems, and of office by the
command and control nodes President/Vice-president,
· Features of AFNET: appointment of Prime Minister and
o Provides integrated Air Situation other Ministers.
Picture
o Acts as a force multiplier for 5. Department of Official Language
intelligence analysis, mission · Role: Implementation of
control, maintenance, and constitutional provisions and the
logistics Official Languages Act, 1963.
o Incorporates multiple layers of · Foundation: June 1975.
security measures, including
encryption and intrusion
prevention technologies

021
6. Department of States 7. Foreigners Division
· Role: Centre-state relations, inter-state · Functions: Visa, immigration,
relations, union territories, freedom citizenship, overseas citizenship,
fighters' pension. foreign contribution and
hospitality acceptance.
Divisions of the Ministry
8. Freedom Fighters and Rehabilitation
1. Administration Division Division
· Functions: Administrative, vigilance · Functions: Freedom Fighters'
matters, compliance monitoring, Pension Scheme, rehabilitation
awards (Padma, Gallantry, Jeevan of migrants, relief to refugees,
Raksha Padak), national symbols Enemy Properties management.
management.
9. Human Rights Division
2. Border Management Division Functions: Protection of Human Rights
· Functions: Coordination for Act implementation, national integration,
international border management, communal harmony.
infrastructure creation, border areas
development, coastal security. 10. Internal Security Division-I
· Functions: Internal security, law
3. Centre-State Division and order,
· Functions: Centre-State relations, anti-national/subversive
appointment of governors, creation activities, terrorism policy,
of new states, inter-state boundary security clearances, ISI activities
disputes, Crime and Criminal monitoring, cyber coordination
Tracking Network System (CCTNS). center (CYCORD).

4. Coordination Division 11. Internal Security Division-II

· Functions: Intra-ministry · Functions: Arms and explosives
coordination, parliamentary matters, management, mutual legal
public grievances, annual report assistance in criminal matters,
publication, record retention, internal National Security Act, Narcotics
work study, reports on scheduled Control Bureau administration,
castes/tribes and persons with central assistance to violence
disabilities. victims, MPs privilege breach
matters.
5. Disaster Management Division
· Functions: Response, relief, 12. Judicial Division
preparedness for disasters, · Functions: Indian Penal Code,
legislation, policy, capacity building, Code of Criminal Procedure,
long-term rehabilitation. Commission of Inquiry Act, state
legislations, political pension,
6. Finance Division mercy petitions under Article 72.
· Functions: Budget formulation,
13. Left Wing Extremism Division
operation, control under Integrated
· Functions: Countering
Finance Scheme.
Naxalite-Maoist extremism.

022
14. North East Division Directorate of Enforcement (ED)
· Functions: Internal security, law and
· Foundation Day: May 1, 1956
order in northeastern states,
insurgency matters, extremist · Headquarters: New Delhi
groups talk. · Motto: "Fighting Economic
Offences"
15. Police Division-I · Director: Appointed by the Central
· Functions: Cadre control of Indian Government
Police Service (IPS), Presidents' Police · Important Operations:
Medals for service and gallantry.
Enforcement of economic laws
16. Police Division-II and fighting financial crimes
· Functions: Policy, personnel, · Training Institutions: ED Academy
operational matters of Central · Important Equipments: Financial
Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), welfare investigation tools, cyber forensic
of CAPF personnel, UN peacekeeping labs
missions.
Narcotics Control Bureau
17. Police Modernisation Division
· Functions: Modernisation of State (NCB)
Police Forces, procurement for · Foundation Day:
Central Police Forces, police reforms. March 17, 1986
· Headquarters: New Delhi
18. Policy Planning Division · Director General: Appointed by the
· Functions: Internal security policy Central Government
formulation, international
· Important Operations: Anti-drug
cooperation on counter-terrorism,
international covenants, bilateral trafficking operations
assistance treaties. · Training Institutions: NCB Training
Centre
19. Union Territories Division · Important Equipments: Drug
· Functions: Legislative/constitutional detection kits, surveillance tools
matters of Union Territories, cadre
control of AGMUT cadre (IAS, IFS, IPS),
DANICS/DANIPS, overseeing crime National Counter Terrorism Center
and law and order in UTs. (NCTC)
· Foundation Day: Proposal in 2012
(Not operational yet)
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) · Headquarters: Proposed in New
· Foundation Day: April 1, 1963 Delhi
· Headquarters: New Delhi
· Director: Appointed by the Central
· Motto: "Industry, Impartiality,
Integrity" Government
· Director: Appointed by the Central · Important Operations:
Government Counter-terrorism coordination
· Important Operations: Investigation of · Training Institutions: Proposed
corruption, economic crimes, special training modules and institutions
crimes
· Important Equipments:
· Training Institutions: CBI Academy,
Surveillance and
Ghaziabad
· Important Equipments: Advanced counter-terrorism technology
forensic labs, cyber-crime units

023
National Investigation Agency (NIA)
National Security Guard (NSG)
· Foundation Day: December 31, 2008
· Foundation Day: October 15, 1984
· Headquarters: New Delhi
· Headquarters: New Delhi
· Motto: "In pursuit of justice"
· Motto: "Sarvatra, Sarvottam,
· Director General: Appointed by the
Suraksha"
Central Government
· Director General: Appointed by the
· Important Operations: Investigation of
Central Government
terrorism, waging war against India, etc.
· Important Operations:
· Training Institutions: NIA Training Centre
Counter-terrorism, hostage
· Important Equipments: Forensic tools,
rescue
communication interceptors
· Training Institutions: NSG Training
Centre, Manesar
National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) · Important Equipments:
· Foundation Day: Announced in 2009 Specialized weapons, tactical gear
· Headquarters: New Delhi
· CEO: Appointed by the Central
Border Security Force (BSF)
Government
· Foundation Day: December 1, 1965
· Important Operations: Integrated
· Headquarters: New Delhi
intelligence grid linking databases
· Motto: "Duty unto Death"
· Training Institutions: Training programs
· Director General: Appointed by the
for data analysis
Central Government
· Important Equipments: Data analytics
· Important Operations: Border
and integration tools
guarding, counter-insurgency
· Training Institutions: BSF Academy,
Intelligence Bureau (IB) Tekanpur
· Foundation Day: 1887 (World’s oldest · Important Equipments: Border
intelligence agency) surveillance systems, patrolling
· Headquarters: New Delhi vehicles
· Director: Appointed by the Central
Government
Central Reserve Police Force
· Important Operations:
(CRPF)
Counterintelligence, counter-terrorism,
· Foundation Day: July 27, 1939
VIP security
· Headquarters: New Delhi
· Training Institutions: IB Training Centre
· Motto: "Service and Loyalty"
· Important Equipments: Surveillance
· Director General: Appointed by the
systems, communication interceptors
Central Government
· Important Operations: Internal
v Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)
security, counter-insurgency
· Foundation Day: September 21, 1968
· Training Institutions: CRPF
· Headquarters: New Delhi
Academy, Gurugram
· Secretary: Appointed by the Central
· Important Equipments: Riot control
Government
gear, armored vehicles
· Important Operations: Foreign
intelligence
· Training Institutions: RAW Training
Academy
· Important Equipments: Advanced
intelligence gathering tools

024
Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) Special Protection Group (SPG)
· Foundation Day: October 24, 1962 · Foundation Day: April 1985
· Headquarters: New Delhi · Headquarters: New Delhi
· Motto: "Shaurya, Dridhata, Karm · Motto: "Bravery, Dedication,
Nishtha" Security"
· Director General: Appointed by the · Director: Appointed by the Central
Central Government Government
· Important Operations: Border security, · Important Operations: Protection
high altitude operations of the Prime Minister and
· Training Institutions: ITBP Academy, immediate family
Mussoorie · Training Institutions: SPG Training
· Important Equipments: High altitude Centre
gear, surveillance drones · Important Equipments: Advanced
security systems, armored
vehicles
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
· Foundation Day: December 20, 1963 Railway Protection Force (RPF)
· Headquarters: New Delhi · Foundation Day: 1957
· Motto: "Service, Security, Brotherhood" · Headquarters: New Delhi
· Director General: Appointed by the · Motto: "Yasho Labhasva"
Central Government · Director General: Appointed by the
· Important Operations: Border security, Central Government
internal security · Important Operations: Railway
· Training Institutions: SSB Training security
Centre · Training Institutions: RPF Training
· Important Equipments: Surveillance Centre
equipment, transport vehicles · Important Equipments:
Surveillance systems, patrolling
gear

Central Industrial Security Force Directorate of Revenue

(CISF) Intelligence (DRI)
· Foundation Day: March 10, 1969
· Headquarters: New Delhi · Foundation Day: December 4, 1957
· Motto: "Protection and Security" · Headquarters: New Delhi
· Director General: Appointed by the · Motto: "Fearless and United"
Central Government · Director General: Appointed by the
· Important Operations: Industrial Central Government
security, airport security · Important Operations: Combating
· Training Institutions: CISF Training smuggling and related crimes
Centre · Training Institutions: DRI Training
· Important Equipments: Security Centre
scanners, bomb disposal units · Important Equipments: Advanced
surveillance and intelligence tools

025
 7.Equivalent Ranks 8.Military Operations

1. Operation Polo
Indian Indian Navy Indian Air Star
· Year: 1948
Army Force s
· Location: Hyderabad
Field Admiral of the Marshal of 5 · Notes: Indian armed forces ended
Marshal Fleet the Air Force the rule of the Nizam of
Hyderabad and led to the
incorporation of the princely state
General Admiral Air Chief 4 of Hyderabad into the Indian
Marshal Union.

Lieutenant Vice Admiral Air Marshal 3 2. Golden Temple Raid I

General
· Year: 1955
· Location: Punjab
Major Rear Admiral Air Vice 2 · Notes: To curb the Punjabi Suba
General Marshal
Morcha.
Brigadier Commodore Air 1
Commodore 3. Operation Vijay
· Year: 1961
· Location: Goa, Daman & Diu
Colonel Captain Group
Captain · Notes: The operation led to the
incorporation of Portuguese India
Lieutenant Commander Wing into India.
Colonel Commander
4. Operation Steeplechase
Major Lieutenant Squadron · Year: 1971
Commander Leader · Location: Red Corridor
· Notes: Combined operation
against Naxalites.
Captain Lieutenant Flight
Lieutenant 5. Amalgamation of Sikkim
· Year: 1975
Lieutenant Sub-Lieutena Flying Officer · Location: Sikkim
nt · Notes: Indian Army disarmed and
disbanded the Royal Guard of the
Sikkimese King, leading to Sikkim
joining India as a state.

6. Operation Blue Star

· Year: 1984
· Location: Punjab
· Notes: To remove Jarnail Singh
Bhindranwale and his followers
from the Harmandir Sahib
complex in Amritsar.

026
7. Operation Woodrose 15. Operation Pawan
· Year: 1984 · Year: 1987
· Location: Punjab · Location: Sri Lanka
· Notes: Operations by the Indian
8. Operation Red Rose Peace Keeping Force to control
· Year: 1984 Jaffna and enforce LTTE
· Location: Punjab disarmament as part of the
Indo-Sri Lankan Accord.
9. Operation Shivalik
· Year: 1985 16. Operation Black Thunder II
· Location: Karnataka, Madhya · Year: 1988
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Himachal · Location: Punjab
Pradesh, Haryana, and Uttar · Notes: Capture of Golden Temple,
Pradesh 90+ militants surrendered, 2
· Notes: To capture Sikh militant soldiers killed.
leaders outside Punjab.
17. Operation Night Dominance
10. Operation Black Thunder I · Year: 1990-1994
· Year: 1986 · Location: Punjab
· Location: Punjab · Notes: To control the landscape of
· Notes: Capture of the Golden Punjab at night.
Temple, no militant casualties, 2
civilians, and 1 soldier killed. 18. Operation Rakshak I
· Year: 1990
11. Operation Pacification · Location: Punjab
· Year: 1986 · Notes: To curb Sikh militancy.
· Location: Punjab
19. Operation Vadhi Pahar
12. Operation Mand · Year: 1991
· Year: 1986 · Location: Punjab
· Location: Punjab · Notes: Indian Police and Army
· Notes: To capture or kill Sikh operation to kill militant Seetal
militant Avatar Singh Bramha. Singh Mattewal.

13. Operation Bluebird 20. Operation Election

· Year: 1987 · Year: 1992
· Location: Manipur · Location: Punjab
· Notes: Indian retaliation to the · Notes: To secure elections, which
1987 attacks on the Assam Rifles' was boycotted by militants,
outpost. resulting in only 21% voter turnout.

14. Golden Temple Raid II 21. Golden Temple Raid III

· Year: 1987 · Year: 1992
· Location: Punjab · Location: Punjab
· Notes: Rumor-based operation to · Notes: To stop commemoration of
find militant Gurjit Singh. General Shidhar Vaidya's
assassins.

027
22. Operation Sarp Vinash 30. Operation Rakshak II
· Year: 2003 · Year: 1991-Present
· Location: Jammu and Kashmir · Location: Jammu and Kashmir,
· Notes: Assault on insurgent Punjab
hideouts, over 60 militants killed. · Notes: To curb Sikh and Kashmiri
Muslim insurgencies.
23. Operation Black Tornado
· Year: 2008 31. Operation Goodwill
· Location: Mumbai, Maharashtra · Year: 1998–present
· Notes: Against the 2008 Mumbai · Location: Jammu and Kashmir
Terror Attacks. · Notes: Humanitarian tasks in J&K.

24. Operation All Out 32. Operation Good Samaritan

· Year: 1990 · Location: Manipur / Nagaland
· Location: Jammu and Kashmir · Notes: Humanitarian tasks in
· Notes: Flushing out militants from Manipur and Nagaland.
Kashmir region.
33. Operation All Out Kashmir
25. 2015 Indian Counter-Insurgency · Year: 2017
Operation in Myanmar · Location: Jammu and Kashmir
· Year: 2015
· Location: Myanmar
· Notes: Indian Army's hot pursuit of Navy Operations
Naga terror outfit NSCN-Khaplang
along the India-Myanmar border. 1. Operation Vijay
· Year: 1961
26. Operation Calm Down · Notes: Annexation of Goa.
· Year: 2016
· Location: Jammu and Kashmir 2. Operation Trident
· Year: 1971
27. Operation Randori Behak · Notes: Offensive operation against
· Year: 2020 Pakistan's Karachi port during the
· Location: Jammu and Kashmir Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

28. Operation Devi Shakti 3. Operation Python

· Year: 2021 · Year: 1971
· Location: Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, · Notes: Follow-up to Operation
Afghanistan Trident on Karachi.
· Notes: To help fleeing Hindus and
Sikhs from Afghanistan. 4. Operation Cactus
· Year: 1988
29. Operation Ganga · Notes: Against the coup to
· Year: 2022 overthrow the Government of
· Location: Ukraine Maldives.
· Notes: To evacuate Indian citizens
amidst the 2022 Russian invasion
of Ukraine.

028
 9.Gallantry Awards

5. Operation Talwar
· Year: 1999 Gallantry Awards are classified into two
· Notes: Blockage of Karachi Port. Categories
● Gallantry in the Face of Enemy
6. Operations during 2004 Indian Ocean ● Gallantry Other than in the Face of
earthquake Enemy
· Notes: Operation Madath,
Operation Sea Waves, Operation First Category of Gallantry Awards
Castor, Operation Rainbow, Comprises of the following Awards
Operation Gambhir, Operation ● Param Vir Chakra (PVC)
Rahat-II. ● Mahavir Chakra (MVC)
● Vir Chakra
7. Operation Sukoon
· Year: 2006
Second Category of Gallantry Awards
· Notes: Relief operation to
Comprises of the following Awards
evacuate nationals during the
2006 Lebanon War. ● Ashok Chakra
● Kirti Chakra
8. Operation Searchlight ● Shaurya Chakra
· Year: 2014
· Notes: Search operation for 10.Param Vir Chakra
missing Boeing 777 M.H 17 Awardees
Malaysian Flight.
1. Major Somnath Sharma
9. Operation Raahat · Rank: Major
· Year: 2015
· Unit: Kumaon Regiment
· Notes: Evacuation of citizens from
· Place of action: Badgam, Jammu
Yemen during the Yemeni Crisis.
and Kashmir, India
10. Operation Nistar
· Year: 2018 2. Naik Jadunath Singh
· Notes: Evacuation of Indian ·
citizens from Yemen Island of Rank: Naik
Socotra during Cyclone Mekenu. · Unit: Rajput Regiment
· Place of action: Naushera, Jammu
11. Operation Madad
and Kashmir, India
· Year: 2018
· Notes: Major rescue and relief
operation in flood-hit Kerala. 3. Second Lieutenant Rama
Raghoba Rane
12. Operation Samudra Setu · Rank: Second Lieutenant
· Year: 2020 · Unit: Bombay Sappers
· Notes: To bring back Indian · Place of action: Naushera, Jammu
citizens struck overseas during the and Kashmir, India
Covid-19 pandemic.

029
4. Company Havildar Major Piru Singh 11. Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Tarapore

· Rank: Company Havildar Major · Rank: Lieutenant Colonel

· Unit: Rajputana Rifles · Unit: Poona Horse

· Place of action: Tithwal, Jammu · Place of action: Phillora, Sialkot,

and Kashmir, India Pakistan

5. Lance Naik Karam Singh 12. Lance Naik Albert Ekka

· Rank: Lance Naik · Rank: Lance Naik

· Unit: Sikh Regiment · Unit: Brigade of the Guards

· Place of action: Tithwal, Jammu · Place of action: Gangasagar,

and Kashmir, India Agartala, India

6. Captain Gurbachan Singh Salaria 13. Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon

· Rank: Captain · Rank: Flying Officer

· Unit: 1 Gorkha Rifles · Unit: No. 18 Squadron IAF

· Place of action: Élisabethville, · Place of action: Srinagar,

Katanga, Congo Jammu and Kashmir, India

7. Major Dhan Singh Thapa 14. Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal

· Rank: Major · Rank: Second Lieutenant
· Unit: 8 Gorkha Rifles · Unit: Poona Horse
· Place of action: Ladakh, Jammu · Place of action: Barapind-Jarpal,
and Kashmir, India Shakargarh, Pakistan

8. Subedar Joginder Singh 15. Major Hoshiar Singh Dahiya

· Rank: Subedar · Rank: Major
· Unit: Sikh Regiment · Unit: The Grenadiers
· Place of action: Tongpen La, · Place of action: Basantar River,
North-East Frontier Agency, India Shakargarh, Pakistan

9. Major Shaitan Singh 16. Naib Subedar Bana Singh

· Rank: Major · Rank: Naib Subedar
· Unit: Kumaon Regiment · Unit: Jammu and Kashmir Light
· Place of action: Rezang La, Jammu Infantry
and Kashmir, India · Place of action: Siachen Glacier,
Jammu and Kashmir, India

10. Company Quarter Master Havildar

Abdul Hamid 17. Major Ramaswamy Parameshwaran
· Rank: Company Quarter Master · Rank: Major
Havildar · Unit: Mahar Regiment
· Unit: The Grenadiers · Place of action: Sri Lanka
· Place of action: Khemkaran, India

030
 18. Lieutenant Manoj Kumar Pandey · Recent Developments
· Rank: Lieutenant o India has developed various
· Unit: 11 Gorkha Rifles indigenous missile systems,
· Place of action: Khaluber / Juber continually upgrading its
Top, Jammu and Kashmir, India defense capabilities.

19. Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav · Missile Classification & Its Various
Types
· Rank: Grenadier
o Based on Launch Mode
· Unit: The Grenadiers
§ Surface-to-Surface
· Place of action: Tiger Hill, Jammu
Missiles (SSM)
and Kashmir, India
§ Surface-to-Air Missiles
(SAM)
20. Rifleman Sanjay Kumar
§ Air-to-Air Missiles (AAM)
· Rank: Rifleman
§ Air-to-Surface Missiles
· Unit: Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
(ASM)
· Place of action: Kargil, Jammu and
§ Sea-to-Sea Missiles
Kashmir, India
§ Torpedoes
§ Anti-Tank Missiles
21. Captain Vikram Batra
o Based on Range
· Rank: Captain
§ Short-Range Missiles
· Unit: Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
(SRBM)
· Place of action: Kargil, Jammu and
§ Medium-Range Missiles
Kashmir, India
(MRBM)
§ Intermediate-Range
11.Missile Tech Missiles (IRBM)
§ Intercontinental Ballistic
Missiles (ICBM)
Definition and Overview o Based on Trajectory
o Missile: A guided airborne ranged § Ballistic Missiles
weapon capable of self-propelled § Cruise Missiles
flight, usually powered by a jet engine
o Special Types
or rocket motor.
§ Hypersonic Missiles
o Components: Targeting, guidance
§ Anti-Ship Missiles
system, flight system, engine, and
warhead. § Anti-Submarine Missiles

Historical Context
o Mysorean Rockets: First iron-cased
rockets used successfully for military
purposes by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan
in the 1780s and 1790s against the
British East India Company.

031
 12.Ballistic vs. Cruise 14.Intercontinental Ballistic
Missile Missile

· Ballistic Missiles · Definition

o Trajectory: Follow a predetermined o Intercontinental Ballistic Missile:
path, mostly unpowered and
A missile with a minimum range
unguided after the initial launch.
o Range: Typically, longer, capable of of 5,500 kilometers, designed
intercontinental distances. primarily for nuclear weapons
o Examples: ICBMs, Tactical Ballistic delivery.
Missiles.
· Countries with Operational ICBMs
· Cruise Missiles
o Trajectory: Fully powered and o India, Russia, the United States,
guided throughout their flight. China, the United Kingdom,
o Range: Generally shorter, within the France, Israel, North Korea.
Earth's atmosphere.
· Features
o Examples: BrahMos, Harpoon,
Exocet. o MIRVs (Multiple Independently
· Comparison Targetable Reentry
o Advantages of Ballistic Missiles: Vehicles):Each missile can carry
Greater range, fuel efficiency.
several warheads, each capable
o Advantages of Cruise Missiles:
Precision, high speed, difficult to of hitting different targets.
intercept. · Indian Context
o Agni-V:India's longest-range
13.Stealth Technology
ICBM with a range exceeding
5,000 km.
· Definition
o Techniques used to make aircraft, ships,
submarines, missiles, and satellites less
detectable by radar, infrared, sonar, and
other detection methods.
· Applications
o Aircraft: Stealth fighters like F-22 Raptor.
o Submarines: Use of anechoic tiles.
o Missiles: Design features to reduce radar
cross-section.

· Technological Aspects
o Materials: Radar-absorbent materials
(RAM).
o Design: Shape and surface features that
minimize detection.
o Electronic Countermeasures: Jamming
and spoofing.
032
 15.Hypersonic Missiles
· Definition
o Missiles that travel at speeds greater than Mach 5.
· Types
o Hypersonic Cruise Missiles
· Definition: Hypersonic cruise missiles use rocket or jet propellant throughout their flight
and are regarded as faster versions of existing cruise missiles.

§ Characteristics:
· Speed: Typically, these missiles travel at speeds greater than Mach 5 (five
times the speed of sound).
· Propulsion: They utilize air-breathing engines like scramjets, allowing them to
maintain high speeds over extended distances.
§ Examples:
· BrahMos-II: A hypersonic version of the existing BrahMos missile, being
developed by India in collaboration with Russia.
· Russian Zircon: A sea-based hypersonic missile with a range of approximately
1,000 km.

o Hypersonic Glide Vehicle (HGV)

§ Definition:
· These missiles first ascend into the atmosphere on a conventional rocket
before being launched towards their target, gliding at hypersonic speeds.
§ Characteristics:
· Launch Method: Initially propelled by a rocket to a high altitude, then released
to glide towards the target.
· Maneuverability: Capable of evading missile defenses due to their
unpredictable flight paths and high speeds.
§ Examples:
· Chinese DF-ZF: A hypersonic glide vehicle tested by China, capable of
reaching speeds between Mach 5 and Mach 10.
· U.S. AGM-183A ARRW (Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon): Under
development by the United States Air Force.
· Hypersonic Weapons
o Overview:
§ Hypersonic weapons are a class of weapons that travel at speeds greater than Mach 5.
§ Both hypersonic cruise missiles and hypersonic glide vehicles.
· Global Developments:
o China:
§ Tested a nuclear-capable hypersonic glide vehicle in August 2021 that circled the
globe before speeding towards its target.
§ Combined a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) with a hypersonic
weapon, allowing missiles to strike targets from unexpected directions, potentially
over the South Pole.
§ Expanding strategic forces, including new ICBMs, nuclear bombers, submarines, missile
defenses, and hypersonic missiles.
o United States:
§ Developing multiple hypersonic systems such as the AGM-183A ARRW and the
Common Hypersonic Glide Body (C-HGB).
§ Emphasis on counter-hypersonic defense systems due to the challenge posed by
these fast, maneuverable weapons.
· Advantages
o Speed: Makes interception difficult.
o Maneuverability: Can evade radar and defense systems.

033
 · Missile Defence System: Various
16.Mach Number Countries
o France, UK, and Italy
· Definition § PAAMS (Sea Viper):
o A dimensionless quantity Integrated missile defense
representing the ratio of the system.
speed of an object to the o Israel
speed of sound. § Arrow Missiles, Iron Dome,
· Categories Iron Beam, Barak-8:
o Subsonic: Mach < 1 Multi-layered defense.
o Transonic: Mach ~ 1 o USA
o Supersonic: Mach > 1 § THAAD (Terminal High
o Hypersonic: Mach > 5 Altitude Area Defense):
· Importance in Missile Tech High-altitude interception.
o Determines the classification of o China
missile speeds and their § KT and HQ Series: Advanced
corresponding technological missile defense systems.
requirements. o Russia
§ A135, A35, S400, S300:
17.Missile Defence System Comprehensive defense
network.

· Purpose 18.India’s Ballistic Missile

Defence
o To shield against incoming
missiles, especially ballistic
· Objective
missiles.
o To develop and deploy a
· Countries with Developed Systems
multi-layered defense
o United States, Russia, India,
system against ba*-llistic
France, Israel, Italy, United
missile attacks.
Kingdom, China, Iran.
· Components
· Technological Components
o PAD (Prithvi Air Defense):
o Radar Systems: Early detection.
High-altitude interception.
o Interceptors: Destroy incoming
o AAD (Advanced Air Defense):
threats.
Lower-altitude interception.
o Command and Control:
· Technological Aspects
Coordination of the defense
network. o PAD:Exo-atmospheric, capable
of intercepting medium and
· Challenges
intermediate-range ballistic
o Detection: Differentiating
missiles.
between real threats and
o AAD: Endo-atmospheric,
decoys.
designed for lower altitude
o Interception: High speeds and
interceptions.
maneuverability of modern
· Recent Developments
missiles.
o Prithvi and Pradhyumna
Systems:Integration with
existing defense infrastructure.
034
 21. S-400

· Overview
19.Prithvi / Pradhyumna Air o Type: Long-range
Defence
surface-to-air missile system.
o Origin: Russia.
· Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)
o Capabilities: Can engage
o Type: Anti-ballistic missile.
aircraft, ballistic missiles, cruise
o Range: 80 km altitude missiles, and ground targets.
interception.
· Features
o Technology: Two-stage missile
o Range: Up to 400 km.
with solid and liquid fuel
o Missile Types: Equipped with
stages.
four different missiles for
· Pradhyumna Air Defence
layered defense.
o Role: Part of India's
o Engagement: Capable of
multi-layered defense
engaging 80 targets
strategy.
simultaneously with a
o Capabilities: Enhanced radar response time of 9-10 seconds.
and targeting systems.
· Indian Context
· Significance
o Procurement: India has
o Protection: Provides a shield acquired the S-400 system to
against incoming ballistic enhance its air defense
missiles. capabilities.
o Integration: Works in
conjunction with other missile
defense systems.

20.Advanced Air Defence

22.Anti-Ballistic Missile
Treaty
· AAD (Advanced Air Defence)
o Type: Anti-ballistic missile. · Definition
o Range: 40 km altitude o Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty: An
interception. arms control treaty between
the United States and the
o Technology: Single-stage,
Soviet Union limiting the use of
solid-fueled missile.
missile defense systems to
o Guidance: Indigenous RFID
prevent a nuclear arms race.
seeker for terminal phase
· Key Provisions
guidance.
o Limitations: Each party limited
· Role
to two ABM complexes with 100
o Provides lower-altitude defense
missiles each.
against ballistic missile threats.
o Signatories: Signed in 1972.
· Integration
· Withdrawal
o Complements the PAD system
o US Withdrawal:In 2002, the
for a layered defense strategy.
United States withdrew from
the treaty, citing the need for
defense against emerging
threats.
035
 · Medium Range Ballistic Missiles
(MRBMs)
o Agni I:
§ Range: 1,250 km
23.Cruise Missile Detection
§ Status: In service.
· Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles
· Challenges (IRBMs)
o Low Trajectory:Difficult to o Agni II:
detect using conventional
§ Range: 2,000 km
radar.
§ Status: In service.
o Speed and Maneuverability:
o Agni III:
Makes interception
challenging. § Range: 3,000 km

· Technological Solutions § Status: In service.

o AEW&CS (Airborne Early o Agni IV:

Warning and Control § Range: 4,000 km
System):Provides early § Status: In service.
detection. · Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles
o Advanced Radars: Enhanced (ICBMs)
tracking and guidance o Agni V:
systems. § Range: 5,000 km
· Indian Developments § Status: In service.
o AAD System:Capable of o Agni VI:
intercepting cruise missiles. § Range: 5,500 km
§ Status: Under
development.
o Agni P (Prime):
24.Indian Missiles
§ Features: Maneuverable
reentry vehicle, can be
used as Anti-Ship
· Short Range Ballistic Missiles Ballistic Missile (ASBM)
(SRBMs) § Status: Tested in 2021,
o Prithvi I: details pending.
§ Range: 150 km · Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs)
§ Status: Nuclear-capable, o Trishul:
no longer in service. § Range: 9 km
o Prithvi II: § Status: Not in service.
§ Range: 350 km o Akash:
§ Status: In service. § Range: 30 km
o Prithvi III: § Status: Recently
§ Range: 600 km authorized for export to
§ Status: In service. friendly nations.
o Dhanush:
§ Variant: Naval version of
Prithvi II
§ Range: 350 km
§ Status: In service.

036
 · Cruise Missiles
· Air-to-Air Missiles (AAMs) o Nirbhay:
o Astra: § Range: 1,000 km
§ Range: 80 km § Status: In service,
§ Features: Active radar nuclear-capable, no
homing, beyond visual MTCR issues.
range, Mach 4.5 speed, · Other Similar Missile Systems
solid fuel. o Chinese HD-1 Supersonic Missile
· Tactical and Strategic Missiles o Tomahawk: Used by the U.S.
o Shaurya: and its allies.
§ Range: 700-1,900 km o Israel’s Sea Breaker
§ Status: In service, o P-800 Oniks/Yakhont
land-based parallel of · Other Developments
submarine-launched K-15.
o Python 5: 5th Gen AAM, Israeli
o Prahaar: origin, integrated with Tejas,
§ Range: 150 km beyond visual range, radar
§ Status: In service, meant to guided.
replace Prithvi I. o Avangard: Russia’s hypersonic
o K4: long-range nuclear-capable
§ Range: 3,500 km missile, SCRAMJET engine.
§ Status: Under development,
part of India’s nuclear triad.
o Sagarika (K-15): 25.BrahMos Missile
§ Range: 700 km
§ Status: SLBM version of · Overview
Shaurya, integrated with INS o Type: Supersonic cruise missile.
Arihant.
o Joint Development: India and
· Naval Missiles Russia.
o Barak 1: o Launch Platforms: Land, sea, air,
§ Range: 12 km and submarine.
§ Status: Built with Israel, to be · Specifications
integrated with o Speed: Mach 2.8 to 3.
Shivalik-class frigates.
o Range: 290-450 km.
o Barak 8:
o Warhead: Conventional and
§ Range: 90 km nuclear.
§ Status: Built with Israel, to be · Features
integrated with
o Stealth Technology:Reduced
Kolkata-class destroyers.
radar cross-section.
o Precision Strike: High accuracy
BrahMos Missile and low reaction time.
· Significance
o Fastest: One of the fastest
cruise missiles in operation.
o Versatility: Adaptable to
various platforms.

037
 28.Nuclear Triad

26.Agni Prime
· Definition
o Nuclear Triad: The three
components of nuclear
· Overview defense: land-based missiles,
o Type: Advanced submarine-launched missiles,
version of Agni-I. and strategic bombers.
· Components
o Range: 1,000-2,000 km.
o Land-based ICBMs: Fixed and
o Features: Lighter, more mobile launchers.
accurate, enhanced mobility. o Submarine-launched Ballistic
· Development Missiles (SLBMs):
o DRDO: Developed by the Nuclear-powered submarines.
Defence Research and o Strategic Bombers: Aircraft
capable of delivering nuclear
Development Organisation.
weapons.
o Status: Successful test · Importance
launches. o Deterrence: Ensures a
· Capabilities second-strike capability.
o Nuclear-capable: Can carry o Survivability: Diversified launch
multiple warheads. platforms reduce the risk of
complete neutralization.
o Precision: Improved navigation
· Indian Context
and guidance systems.
o Components: Agni missiles
(land-based), K-series
27.Supersonic Missile (submarine-launched), and
Assisted Torpedo (SMART) strategic bombers under
development.
· Overview
o Type: Long-range 29.Submarines
missile-assisted torpedo
system.
· Categories
o Purpose: Anti-submarine
warfare. o Ballistic Missile Submarines
(SSBN): Equipped with SLBMs.
· Features
o Attack Submarines (SSN/SSK):
o Range: Greater than traditional
Conventional or
torpedoes.
nuclear-powered, primarily for
o Speed: Supersonic delivery of anti-ship and anti-submarine
the torpedo. warfare.
· Technological Aspects · Indian Submarine Fleet
o Launch Platform: Can be o Diesel-Electric Submarines
launched from aircraft and (SSK): Kalvari class
ships. (Scorpene).
o Guidance: Advanced navigation o Nuclear-Powered Attack
and targeting systems. Submarines (SSN): Chakra
· Significance class (Akula).
o Enhanced ASW Capabilities: · Technological Aspects
Extends the reach and o Stealth: Quiet operation and
effectiveness of advanced sonar systems.
anti-submarine operations.
o Weaponry: Torpedoes, cruise
missiles, and SLBMs

038
 30.Ballistic Missile Subs 32.Class of Submarine

· Role · Categories
o Strategic Deterrence: Part of o Attack Submarines (SSN/SSK)
the nuclear triad, ensuring o Ballistic Missile Submarines
second-strike capability. (SSBN)
· Indian SSBNs o Cruise Missile Submarines
o Arihant Class: First indigenous (SSGN)
ballistic missile submarine, o Special Operations Submarines
equipped with K-15 and K-4 · Indian Fleet
SLBMs. o SSN: Chakra class (leased
· Features Akula class).
o Stealth: Quiet operation to o SSK: Kalvari class (Scorpene).
avoid detection. o SSBN: Arihant class.
o Endurance: Extended · Technological Enhancements
underwater operation due to
o AIP Systems:Air-independent
nuclear propulsion.
propulsion for conventional
subs.
31.Cruise Missile
o Nuclear Propulsion: Extended
Submarine
endurance for nuclear subs.

· Role
o Versatility: Equipped with cruise 33.Indian Subs: Diesel
missiles for precision strikes. Electric Submarines
o Operations: Anti-ship,
· Kalvari Class (Scorpene)
land-attack, and special
operations. o Type: Diesel-electric attack
submarines.
· Indian Context
o Origin: Jointly developed with
o Kalvari Class
France.
(Scorpene):Capable of
launching Exocet anti-ship o Capabilities: Anti-ship,
missiles. anti-submarine warfare, and
intelligence gathering.
· Technological Aspects
· Features
o Advanced Sonar:Detection and
tracking of targets. o Stealth: Quiet operation.

o Stealth Features:Reduced o Weaponry: Torpedoes and

acoustic signature. Exocet missiles.
o AIP System: Planned integration
for extended underwater
endurance.

039
 34.Kalvari Class Scorpene 36.Nuclear Submarine

· Overview
· Overview
o Type: Diesel-electric attack
o Type: Submarines powered by
submarine.
nuclear reactors.
o Origin: Joint development with
o Capabilities: Extended endurance,
France (DCNS).
high speed, and strategic
o Fleet: Part of Project 75. deterrence.
· Capabilities · Indian Context
o Stealth: Low acoustic signature. o Arihant Class: First indigenous
o Weaponry: Heavyweight nuclear-powered ballistic missile
torpedoes, Exocet anti-ship submarines.
missiles. o Chakra Class: Nuclear-powered
o AIP Integration: Enhances attack submarines (leased Akula
submerged endurance. class).
· Significance · Significance
o Modernization: Enhances India's o Strategic Deterrence:Part of India's
underwater capabilities. nuclear triad.
o Versatility: Multi-mission o Operational Advantages: Extended
capable for various naval underwater operation and rapid
operations. deployment.

35.Scorpene and Kalvari

37.Akula Class

· Overview
o Type: Nuclear-powered attack
submarines.
o Origin: Russia.
· Indian Context
· Scorpene Class o INS Chakra: Leased from Russia,
o Origin: France. enhancing India's underwater
o Global Presence: Operated by capabilities.
several navies worldwide. · Features
· Kalvari Class o Speed: High submerged speed.
o Indian Variant:Customized for o Stealth: Advanced quieting
the Indian Navy. technologies.
o Features: Indigenous content o Weaponry: Torpedoes and cruise
and advanced systems. missiles.
· Technological Aspects · Significance
o Stealth: Reduced detectability. o Technological Edge:Provides critical
o Weaponry: Advanced training and operational experience.
torpedoes and missiles. o Strategic Impact: Enhances
o AIP: Future integration for deterrence and operational
enhanced performance. capabilities.
040
 38.Project 75 I 40.Indian Navy

· Overview
o Aircraft Carriers:INS Vikramaditya,
o Type: Follow-on project to INS Vikrant.
Project 75 (Scorpene-class).
o Destroyers: Kolkata class, Delhi
o Objective: Build six class.
new-generation submarines
o Frigates: Shivalik class, Talwar
with advanced capabilities.
class.
· Features
o Corvettes: Kamorta class.
o AIP Technology:Enhances
o Support Ships: Fleet replenishment
submerged endurance.
and logistics.
o Stealth Features: Reduced
acoustic signature.
· Sea Denial and Sea Control
o Weaponry: Advanced
o Sea Denial
torpedoes and missiles.
§ Objective: Prevent the
· Development:
adversary from using the
o Collaboration with global
sea for their advantage.
defense manufacturers.
§ Tactics: Submarine
o Significance: Strengthens
operations, mine warfare,
India's underwater warfare
and anti-ship missiles.
capabilities.
o Sea Control
§ Objective: Ensure friendly use
39.Project Sea Bird
of the sea for naval
operations and commerce.
§ Tactics: Carrier strike groups,
· Overview
surface action groups, and
o Objective: Develop Karwar
air superiority.
naval base into a
o Indian Navy Strategy
state-of-the-art naval facility.
§ Balance: Combines sea
o Components: Docks, berthing
denial and sea control
spaces, maintenance facilities,
capabilities.
and residential areas.
§ Assets: Submarines, aircraft
· Significance
carriers, and multi-role
o Strategic Location: Enhances
warships.
India's maritime security in the
Arabian Sea.
o Capacity: Accommodates
aircraft carriers, nuclear
submarines, and other
warships.
· Development Phases
o Phase I: Completed with
operational infrastructure.
o Phase II: Expansion and
modernization ongoing. Project 75 I

041
 41.STOBAR & CATOBAR 43.INS Vikrant - Indigenous
System Aircraft Carrier (IAC 1)

Overview
STOBAR (Short Take-Off But Arrested
o Type: Aircraft carrier.
Recovery)
o Displacement: 40,000 tonnes.
o Mechanism: Aircraft take off using a
ski-jump and land using arrestor o Construction: Cochin Shipyard
wires. Limited.

o Example: INS Vikramaditya, INS Vikrant. · Capabilities

· CATOBAR (Catapult Assisted Take-Off But o Air Wing:Can operate 30 aircraft

Arrested Recovery) including MiG-29K fighters and
helicopters.
o Mechanism: Aircraft are launched
using a catapult and land using o Propulsion: Combined diesel and
arrestor wires. gas (CODAG).

o Example: Future Indian carriers, US · Significance

Nimitz class. o Self-Reliance:Boosts India's
· Advantages indigenous shipbuilding
capabilities.
o STOBAR: Simpler, less expensive.
o Operational Role: Enhances
o CATOBAR: Can launch heavier and
maritime security and power
more heavily armed aircraft.
projection.

42.Indian Carriers 44.INS Vishal (IAC 2)

· Overview
· INS Vikramaditya
o Type: Planned aircraft carrier.
o Origin: Modified Kiev-class
o Displacement: 65,000 tonnes.
aircraft carrier from Russia
(Admiral Gorshkov). o Propulsion: Likely to be
nuclear-powered.
· INS Vikrant (IAC-1)
· Capabilities
o Type: First indigenous aircraft
carrier. o Air Wing: Advanced fighter jets,
AEW&C aircraft.
o Significance: Symbol of India's
self-reliance in defense o Technology: CATOBAR system.
technology. · Significance
· INS Vishal (IAC-2) o Future Strength: Enhances India's
o Planned: Future aircraft carrier blue-water navy capabilities.
with CATOBAR capabilities. o Strategic Impact: Increases
o Role: Enhances power projection operational reach and deterrence.
and air superiority.

INS Vikrant

042
 47.Corvette

45.Destroyers · Overview
o Role: Smaller warships for coastal
defense and patrol duties.
· Overview o Capabilities: Anti-surface and
o Role: Multi-role warships for offensive anti-submarine warfare.
and defensive operations. · Indian Corvettes
o Capabilities: Anti-air, anti-surface, o Kamorta Class: Anti-submarine
and anti-submarine warfare. warfare corvettes.
· Indian Destroyers o Kora Class: Guided-missile
o Kolkata Class: Advanced stealth corvettes.
destroyers. · Technological Features
o Delhi Class: Earlier class of o Weaponry: Missiles, torpedoes, and
guided-missile destroyers. naval guns.
· Technological Features o Stealth: Designed for reduced
o Weaponry: Long-range missiles, detectability.
torpedoes, and naval guns. o Sensors: Advanced sonar and
o Stealth: Reduced radar signature. radar systems.
o Sensors: Advanced radar and sonar
systems
48.INS Astradharini

· Overview
46.Frigates o Type: Torpedo launch and recovery
vessel.
o Role: Testing and evaluating naval
· Overview
weapon systems.
o Role: Versatile warships for
· Features
escort and protection missions.
o Design: Catamaran hull for stability
o Capabilities: Anti-air,
and speed.
anti-surface, and
o Capabilities: Launch and recovery
anti-submarine warfare.
of torpedoes and underwater
· Indian Frigates
weapons.
o Shivalik Class: Stealth frigates
· Significance
with advanced sensors and
o Testing Platform: Supports the
weaponry.
development of advanced naval
o Talwar Class: Multi-role frigates
weaponry.
with Russian design and Indian
o Operational Role: Enhances India's
enhancements.
maritime research capabilities.
· Technological Features
o Weaponry: Missiles, torpedoes,
and naval guns.
o Stealth: Low radar
cross-section.
o Sensors: Comprehensive radar
and sonar suites.

043
 49.Generations of Fighter 51.Hull Mounted Sonar
Jets (HMSA)

· Definition
· First Generation
o Role: Underwater detection system
o Era: Post-WWII to early 1950s.
mounted on the hull of a ship.
o Examples: MiG-15, F-86 Sabre&HAL
HF-24 Marut (India’s first indigenous · Technological Features
jet fighter). o Detection: Identifies submarines
· Second Generation and underwater threats.
o Era: 1950s to early 1960s. o Integration: Works with other naval
o Examples: MiG-21, F-4 Phantom II& systems for comprehensive
MiG-21 (First supersonic fighter situational awareness.
acquired by India).
· Indian Context
· Third Generation
o USHUS: Indigenous hull-mounted
o Era: 1960s to 1970s.
sonar system used on Indian
o Examples: MiG-23, MiG-27&F-5 Tiger.
submarines.
· Fourth Generation
o Era: 1970s to early 2000s.
o Examples: MiG-29, F-16, Mirage 2000,
Sukhoi Su-30MKI & HAL Tejas.
· Fifth Generation
o Era: 2000s to present.
o Examples: F-22 Raptor, F-35 Lightning
II, Su-57&AMCA (Advanced Medium
Combat Aircraft).
· Sixth Generation (Planned)
o Future: Advanced stealth, AI, and
network-centric warfare capabilities.
52.USHUS

50.Kamikaze Drones
· Overview
o Type: Indigenous sonar system.
Definition
o Developed By: DRDO's Naval
o Role: Unmanned aerial vehicles
designed to conduct suicide Physical and Oceanographic
attacks. Laboratory (NPOL).
o Other Names: Loitering · Capabilities
munitions. o Detection: Submarines, torpedoes,
· Technological Features and underwater mines.
o Autonomy: Capable of loitering o Integration: Used on Indian Navy's
in the target area before
submarines, including the Kilo
striking.
class.
o Precision: Equipped with
advanced targeting systems. · Technological Features
· Indian Context o Advanced Algorithms: Improved
o Development: Indigenous detection and classification.
efforts to enhance drone o Reliability: Enhanced operational
warfare capabilities. performance.
o Usage: Tactical applications in
asymmetric warfare
044
 53.Dunking Sonar 55.Rohini Radar

· Definition:
· Definition
o Rohini Radar: A 3D surveillance
o Role: Sonar system deployed from radar system developed by DRDO
helicopters for anti-submarine for the Indian Army and Air Force.
warfare.
· Features:
· Technological Features
o Capable of tracking multiple
o Deployment: Lowered into the water targets.
by cable.
o Operates in the S-band.
o Detection: Locates and tracks
o Provides high accuracy and
submarines.
reliability.
· Indian Context
· Latest Developments:
o Operation: Used by Indian Navy's
o Rohini Radar is integrated into
anti-submarine helicopters.
various air defense systems and
· Advantages has been exported to friendly
o Mobility: Can be deployed quickly to countries.
different locations.
o Flexibility: Complements
hull-mounted sonar systems.
56.Bharani

54.Battlefield Surveillance
Radar · Definition:
o Bharani Radar: A low-level
· Definition lightweight radar developed by
DRDO for the Indian Army.
o Role: Detects and tracks enemy
movements on the battlefield. · Features:

· Technological Features o Primarily used for surveillance of

low-flying aircraft and
o Range: Short to medium-range
helicopters.
detection.
o Portable and can be quickly
o Mobility: Portable and
deployed.
vehicle-mounted options.
· Indian Context
o Development: Indigenous
systems like BFSR-SR
developed by DRDO.
· Applications
o Border Security:Monitoring and
securing borders

Bharani Radar

045
 57.Revathi 60.Theatre Commands in
India

· Definition: · Definition:
o Revathi Radar:A multi-function radar o Theatre Commands: Unified
system designed by DRDO for coastal commands integrating the
and low-level airspace surveillance.
capabilities of the Indian Army,
· Features:
Navy, and Air Force under a
o Provides 3D surveillance capabilities.
single operational
o Effective in tracking multiple air and
commander.
sea targets.
· Current Structure:
o India currently has integrated
commands such as the
58.Ashlesha Radar
Andaman and Nicobar
Command (ANC).
· Definition: o Plans to establish more theatre
o Ashlesha Radar: A 3D lightweight commands, such as the
low-level radar developed by Northern Theatre Command,
DRDO.
Western Theatre Command,
· Features:
Peninsula Command, and
o Used for surveillance of low-level
Air Defence Command.
air targets.
o Portable and suitable for
mountainous and forested · Latest Developments:
terrain. o Ongoing discussions and
planning for operationalizing
these commands to enhance
59.Swathi Radar
jointness and synergy among
the armed forces.
· Definition:
o Swathi Weapon Locating Radar
(WLR): An artillery locating radar
developed by DRDO.
· Features:
o Detects and tracks incoming
artillery, mortar, and rocket fire.
o Provides precise location for
counter-battery fire.
· Latest Developments:
o Successfully deployed along the
borders, enhancing the Indian
Army’s counter-artillery Swathi Radar
capabilities.

046
 61.Operation ‘Skylight’ 62.Additional Developments

· Dirty Bomb:
· Definition:
o Utilizes non-highly refined nuclear
o Operation Skylight: A classified material like uranium from
operation involving the deployment hospitals, nuclear power stations,
and testing of advanced surveillance or research labs.
and communication systems by the o Cheaper and quicker to make.
Indian armed forces. · Carl Gustaf M4:
· Context: o Sweden plans to manufacture this
man-portable recoilless rifle in
o To enhancing the operational
India.
readiness and capabilities of the
· Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher:
Indian military through advanced
o Armenia has placed the first-ever
technology. export order for India’s MBRL, with
· Significance: a range of 40 km (Mk 1) to 75 km
o Aims to ensure the Indian armed (Pinaka ER).
forces are equipped with · Submersible Platform for Acoustic
Characterization and Evaluation:
state-of-the-art systems
o A DRDO facility for testing and
forreal-time battlefield awareness
evaluating SONAR systems.
and communication.
· Abhyas:
· Latest Developments: o High-speed expendable aerial
o Continuous upgrades and integration target developed by DRDO.
of new technologies to maintain a · High Energy Laser Systems (HELS):
technological edge in military o SFO Technologies, in partnership
operations. with DRDO, is developing HELS for
use as directed energy weapons.
o India has launched various HELS
projects like Durga, KALI, and
Aditya.

Operation ‘Skylight’

Pinaka Multi Barrel Rocket Launcher:

047